Competition

Competition

TheoriesTheories

Human Ecology

Human Ecology

Spatial and Social Distance

Spatial and Social Distance

NichesNiches

Power Threat Theory

Power Threat Theory

Enclave Theory

Enclave Theory

Conflic

t O

r C

onflic

t O

r C

om

peti

tion?

Com

peti

tion?

IRISHIRISHAmericansAmericans

ANGLOANGLOAmericansAmericans

AFRICANAFRICANAmericansAmericans

HISPANICHISPANICAmericansAmericans

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

Split Labor Market TheorySplit Labor Market Theory

Social DistanceSocial Distance

Hum

an E

colo

gy

Hum

an E

colo

gy

Theory

Theory

IRISHIRISHAmericansAmericans

AFRICANAFRICANAmericansAmericans

HISPANICHISPANICAmericansAmericansSpatial or Locational DistanceSpatial or Locational Distance

Nic

he T

heory

Nic

he T

heory

• • Niche:Niche:The particular area within a habitat occupied

by an organism or a groupNiche Overlap

Niche OverlapTwo Or More Groups Exploit

Two Or More Groups Exploit

The Same Niche

The Same NicheStable Niche Conditions

Stable Niche ConditionsSeparate Niches

Separate NichesSymbiotic Niches

Symbiotic NichesBi-Locational Niches

Bi-Locational Niches

Gunner Gunner MyrdalMyrdal

Pow

er

Thre

at

Pow

er

Thre

at

Theory

Theory

Motivation To Motivation To DiscriminateDiscriminate

CompetitionCompetitionEthnocentrismEthnocentrism

Power DifferencesPower Differences

Fear Of Fear Of CompetitCompetit

ionion

Percent Percent Non-Non-

WhitesWhites

Fear Of Fear Of Power Power ThreatThreat

Competitive Competitive ResourcesResources

(e.g., (e.g., education, education,

wealth)wealth)

Pressure Pressure ResourcesResources(e.g., political (e.g., political

power)power)

Hubert Hubert BlalockBlalock

Pow

er

Thre

at

Pow

er

Thre

at

Theory

Theory Fear Of Fear Of

CompetitCompetitionion

Percent Percent Non-Non-

WhitesWhites

Fear Of Fear Of Power Power ThreatThreat

Motivation Motivation To To

DiscriminatDiscriminatee

CompetitionCompetitionEthnocentrismEthnocentrism

Power Power DifferencesDifferences

IOWAIOWA91% White91% White3% Black3% Black4% Latino4% Latino

8 Hate Crimes8 Hate Crimes

NASHVILLENASHVILLE66% White66% White27% Black27% Black5% Latino5% Latino

6 Hate Crimes6 Hate Crimes

MEMPHISMEMPHIS34% White34% White61% Black61% Black3% Latino3% Latino

6 Hate Crimes6 Hate Crimes

ARIZONAARIZONA58% White58% White4% Black4% Black

30% Latino30% Latino121 Hate 121 Hate CrimesCrimes

TENNESSEETENNESSEE76% White76% White17% Black17% Black5% Latino5% Latino

91 Hate 91 Hate CrimesCrimes

Hubert Hubert BlalockBlalock

FBI 2011FBI 2011

Encl

ave

Theory

Encl

ave

Theory

• • Enclave:Enclave:Location of concentrated immigrant enterprise

in which there is an extensive division of labor

and a highly differentiated entrepreneurial

class.

KEY CHARACTERISTIC: A significant portion of

the immigrant work force works in enterprises

owned by immigrant entrepreneurs.

Are These Middleman Minorities?

Are These Middleman Minorities?

Is This Segregation?

Is This Segregation?Does This Hurt Immigrant

Does This Hurt Immigrant Achievement?

Achievement?Are Barrios and Ghettos

Are Barrios and Ghettos Enclaves?Enclaves?

Alejandro Alejandro PortesPortes