compendium on pesticide use in vegetables

Vegetable StatisticsVegetable Statistics

Technical Bulletin No. 51

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Varanasi - 221 305 (Uttar Pradesh)

(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

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Extension Bulletin No. 50

M.H. Kodandaram

Sujoy Saha

A.B. Rai

Prakash S. Naik

Compendium on Pesticide

Use in Vegetables


Use in Vegetables




Selectivity & Efficacy

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Rational Pesticide

Use


Compendium on PesticideUse in Vegetables

M.H. Kodandaram

Sujoy Saha

A.B. Rai

Prakash S. Naik

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research(Indian Council for Agriculture Research )

Varanasi – 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India

IIVR Extension Bulletin No. 50

Printed: March 2013, 500 copies

Correct citation

Kodandaram, M.H., Sujoy Saha, A.B. Rai and Prakash S. Naik 2013.Compendium on pesticide use in vegetables. IIVR Extension BulletinNo. 50, IIVR, Varanasi, pp. 133

Published by

Dr. Prakash S. Naik

DirectorIndian Institute of Vegetable ResearchPost Bag No. 01, Post Office: Jakhini (Shahanshahpur)Varanasi – 221 305, UPE-mail: [email protected]

Printed at

Nirmal Vijay Printer, New Delhi - 110 028Ph. : 45576780, M. : 98110 53617, E-mail: [email protected]

Foreword

Vegetables are rich sources of dietary

fibre, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants,

phytochemicals and are important for food

and nutritional security of the country. Area

under vegetable crops is expanding

contributing to increase in per capita income

of the farmers and health benefits to the

society. Presently, India produces about 156.33

million tonnes of vegetables from an area of 8.99 million hectares

with an average productivity of 17.4 t/ha.

The crop losses in the country due to various pests range from 10

to 30 percent. Pesticides play an important role in sustaining

vegetable production in keeping pest population below economic

threshold. Per hectare consumption of pesticide in India is 381 g a.i.,

which is much less compared to the world average of 500 g a.i.

However, comprehensive information on selection of pesticide, label

claims and safe use of pesticides is not available at a single place

leading to non-judicious and indiscriminate use of pesticides in

vegetables resulting to several pesticide hazards including harmful

residues.

The publication titled, “Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables”

brought out by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi

is commendable effort in this direction. This compendium contains

complete information on pesticide use/status in vegetables,

classification based on chemistry/mode of action, label claim,

dosage, pre-harvest interval (PHI) and maximum residual limit

(MRL).

The compilation will be very useful to the scientists, subject matter

specialists (SMS) of KVK, agricultural extension officers, farmers

and policy makers.

The efforts made by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,

Varanasi deserve appreciation in bringing out such a useful

publication.

(N.K. Krishna Kumar)

Deputy Director General (Horticulture)Indian Council of Agricultural Research

New Delhi-110012

Preface

Pesticides are the most essential agricultural inputs for protectingcrop plants and increasing agricultural production. In India, 241pesticides and 41 combination products are registered as on datefor use in agriculture. Out of these 62 insecticides, 40 fungicidesand 7 plant growth promoters have been registered for use only invegetable crops. The average pesticide consumption in India isaround 0.381 kg a.i./ha as compared to world average of 0.5 kg a.i./ha.Around 13-14 per cent of pesticides are used in the country areapplied on vegetables, maximum use is in chilli (5.13%) followedby brinjal (4.6%).

The information on status and safe use of pesticides on vegetablecrops is scattred in various documents and is not readily availableat one platform. This bulletin is inspired by the disscusionsregarding safe use of pesticides in agriculture on various platforms.It has been designed to serve as ready reference on different aspectsof pesticide use in vegetable pest management and contains usefulinformation on the different groups/classes of pesticides, IRAC/FRAC classification, mode of action, registered and bannedpesticides and their formulations in India, dosage, target pests, labelcalims, permitted MRL values and their safe use.

The authors express deep sense of gratitude to Dr. N.K. KrishnaKumar, Deputy Director General (Horticulture), ICAR, New Delhifor his valuable suggestions and encouragement. We hope that thisbulletin will be useful for researchers, extension functioneries,students, farming community, policy makers and all the stakeholders.

Authors

Abbreviations

a.i. Active ingredient

AChE Acetylcholinesterase

AE Aerosol dispenser

APEDA Agricultural and Processed Food Products ExportDevelopment Authority

ATP Adenosine triphosphate

BB Block Bait

CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission

CB Bait Concentrate

CG Encapsulated Granule

CIB & RC Central Insecticide Board and RegistrationCommittee.

CS Capsule Suspension

DAC Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

DBM Diamond Back Moth

DC Dispersible Concentrate

DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane

DP Dustable Powder

DS Powder of Dry Seed

EC Emulsifiable Concentrate

ES Emulsion for Seed Treatment

EU European Union

EW Emulsion, oil in water

FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation

FRAC Fungicide Resistance Action Committee

FS Flowable Concentrate for Seed Treatment

FSB Fruit and Shoot Borer

FSSA Food Safety and Standards Act

FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

g Grams

GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GB Granular Bait

GluCl Glutamate-gated chloride channels

GR Granule

ha Hectare

IGR Insect Growth Regultaor

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee

IRM Insecticide Resistance Management

Kg Kilogram

l Litre

ml Mililitre

MoA Mode of Action

MRL Maximum Residue Limits

nAChR Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

NHB National Horticultutre Board

NPOP National Programme for Organic Production

OD Oil Dispersion

PAM Pralidoxime

PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration

PGR Plant growth regulators

PHI Pre-harvest Interval

ppm Parts per million

RB Bait (ready for use)

SC Suspension Concentrate

SE Suspension Emulsion

SG Water Soluble Granule

SL Soluble Concentrate

SP Water Soluble Powder

t Tonnes

ULV Ultra Low Volume

UV Ultra Violet

WG Water Dispersible Granules

WHO World Health Organisation

WP Wettable Powder

WS Water Dispersible Powder for Slurry Treatment

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Abbreviations

1. Status of pesticide use in India 1

2. Classification of pesticides 7

3. Pesticides registered for use in India 33

4. Label claim of pesticides in different vegetable crops 79

5. Maximum residual limits (MRLs) for vegetable crops 99

6. Selection of eco-friendly pesticides for protecting 110honey bees/pollinators

7. Guidelines for pest management in organic vegetable 115production

8. Pesticide doses calculations 120

9. Safe use of pesticides and standard guidelines for 124handling pesticide poisoning

10. References 132

1

Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables

1. Status of Pesticide Use in India

Vegetables are important component of Indian agriculture.Diverse agroclimatic conditions of the country permit growing ofseveral vegetables round the year. Among these potato, tomato,onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower and okra are most importantand they have major share in vegetable production (Figure 1).Presently, India produces about 156.33 million tonnes of vegetablesfrom an area of 8.99 million hectares with an average productivityof 17.4 t/ha. Though there has been phenomenal increase in area(2.99 folds), production (8.88 folds) and productivity (2.96 folds) ofvegetables in our country during the last 6 decades, still there ishuge gap between present production and future requirements.Thisnecessitates enhancing vegetable production for meeting currentand future needs.

Figure 1: Production share (%) of major vegetable crops in India(NHB 2010-11)

One of the major constraints in vegetable production is pestproblem and crop losses in the country due to various pests rangefrom 10 to 30 percent each year depending upon the severity ofpest attack (Figure 2). The estimated loss due to pests in horticulturalcrops is approximately Rs. 40,000-50,000 crores. Pest control by useof chemicals has been playing a vital role in sustainable increase inthe vegetable production. Farmers use pesticides as first line ofdefense for the management of pests and frequently resort to

2


indiscriminate and non-judicious use of pesticides, which leads toseveral problems such as resistant development in insects /pathogens, resurgence of pests due to destruction of naturalenemies, toxic hazards due to pesticide residues on the edibleproducts and deficient pollination due to destruction of pollinatorsresulting in non setting of fruits and low yields.

Pesticide consumption in India and other countries

In developed countries like USA, Europe, Japan, China, etc.,pesticide use is 20 times more than in India. Per hectare consumptionof pesticide in India is 381 g a.i./ha which is lower than the worldaverage of 500 g a.i/ha (Figure 3). Lower consumption of pesticides

Figure 2: Losses caused by different pests

Figure 3: Pesticide consumption (a.i.kg/ha) in different countries

3


in India can be attributed to the fragmented land holdings,dependence on monsoons, inadequate awareness among farmersand low investment capabilities of small and marginal farmers.Only 25-30 percent of the total cultivated area in the country isunder pesticide cover.

In India, annual consumption of pesticides showed a rising trendfrom 1955-56 to 1990-91 and thereafter it started declining (Table 1).The present consumption of technical grade pesticides in thecountry during year 2010-11 is around 55,542 tonnes. India’sconsumption of pesticides is only 2 percent of the total worldconsumption. Several reasons could be ascribed to this trendincluding the new eco-friendly novel molecules, where thequantities of newer pesticide molecules required per unit area arealmost 8-100 times less than the conventional molecules(Bambawale 2007).

Table 1: Consumption of Pesticides in India

Year Consumption Year Consumption Year Consumption(Tonnes Tech. (Tonnes Tech. (Tonnes Tech.

Grade) Grade) Grade)

1955-56 2353 1995-96 61,260 2004-05 40,672

1965-66 14,630 1996-97 56,114 2005-06 39,773

1975-76 45,613 1997-98 52,240 2006-07 41,510

1985-86 61,881 1998-99 49,160 2007-08 44,770

1990-91 75,033 1999-00 46,200 2008-09 43,860

1991-92 72, 133 2000-01 43,584 2009-10 41,824

1992-93 70,794 2001-02 47,020 2010-11 55,542

1993-94 63,651 2002-03 48,300

1994-95 61,360 2003-04 41,000

(Source: Anonymous, 2002 and 2012)

Among different classes of pesticides used in India the percentshare of insecticides (60%) is high followed by fungicides (19%),herbicides (16%), biopesticides (3%) and others (3%) (Figure 4). Itis estimated that around 13-14 % of total pesticides used in thecountry are applied on vegetables, of which insecticides account

4


for two-thirds of total pesticides used in vegetables (Figure 5).Among different vegetable crops the maximum pesticide usage isin chilli (5.13 a.i kg /ha) followed by brinjal (4.60 a.i kg /ha), colecrops (3.73 a.i kg /ha) and okra (2-3 a.i kg /ha) (Figure 6). Theglobal agro-chemical consumption on the other hand, is dominatedby fruits and vegetables, which account for 25% of the total market.

Figure 4: Share (%) of different classes of pesticides used in India

Figure 5: Consumption of pesticides (%) in different crops

Role of novel molecules in pest management

During last two decades the focus on insecticide research shiftedto search and develop new green chemistries or newer bio-rationalor “low risk” pesticides having novel modes of action, which havereplaced many old and conventional pesticides. Biorational or

5


“reduced risk” insecticides are synthetic or natural compounds thateffectively control insect pests, but have low toxicity to nontargetorganisms and the environment (Hara, 2000). In India, around 27new insecticides and their different formulations belonging to newchemistry with unique mode of action have been registered sincelate 1990s to early 2010, for insect control in vegetables. These newclasses of insecticides belong to neonicotinoids, oxadiazines,diamides, tetramic/tetronic acid derivatives, phenylpyrazoles,pyridine, avermectins, spinosyns, pyrroles and insect growthregulators (IGRs). Most of the newer insecticides have severaladvantages over conventional insecticides like:

• greater specificity to target pests

• excellent efficacy at low rates or dosage

• high level of selectivity

• non persistance in the environment

• low mammalian toxicity

• less harmfull to natural enemies than other broad spectruminsecticides

• less likely to cause outbreaks of secondary pests that are wellcontrolled by natural enemies

• extremely helpful for delaying development of resistance inkey pests and have no cross-resistance with the old and alreadyestablished insecticides.

Figure 6: Pesticide consumption (a.i. kg/ha) in major vegetable crops

6


All these advantages make many of the new insecticides safer,highly suitable and fit well into integrated pest management (IPM)or insect resistance management (IRM) programs. As growers andpest control advisors become familiar and aware of uniquecharacteristics, novel mode of action, usage rates, their target pestspectrum and selectivity of these new insecticides, their adoptionand judicious use is likely to increase.

7


2. Classification of Pesticides

(A) Classification of Insecticides

(i) Based on chemistry

Insecticide Group IRAC Examplesmode of

actionclass

Synthetic insecticides

1 Organochlorines 2A Dicofol, Endosulfan

2 Organophosphates 1B Acephate, Chlorpyrifos, Ethion,Quinolphos, Triazophos, Dimethoate,Malathion etc.

3 Carbamates 1A Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan,Methomyl etc.

4 Synthetic pyrethroids 3A Bifenthrin, Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin,Lamda cyhalothrin, Fenvalrate,Fenpropathrin etc.

5 Neonicotinoids 4A Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid,Thiamethoxam, Thiacloprid,Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram

6 Phenylpyrazoles 2B Fipronil, Ethiprole

7 Pyridine 9A Pymetrozine

8 Oxadiazines 22A Indoxacarb

9 METI acaricides 21A Pyridaben, Fenzaquin, Fenpyroximate

10 Nereistoxin 14A Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium

11 Formamidines 19A Chlordimeform and Amitraz

12 Ketoenols 23A Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,Spirotetramat

13 Diamides 28A Flubendamide, Chlorantraniliprole,Cyantraniliprole

8


Insecticide Group IRAC Examplesmode of

actionclass

Insecticides derived from soil microorganisms /macrocyclic lactones

1 Avermectins 6A Abamectin, Emamectin Benzoate,Ivermectin

2 Milbemycins 6A Milbemectin, Milbemycin D

3 Spinosyns 5A Spinosad, Spinetoram

4 Pyrrole Insecticides 13A Chlorfenapyr

Insect growth regulators

1 Chitin Synthesis 15A Diflubenzuron, Chlorofluazuron,Inhibitors Teflubenzuron, Hexaflumuron,(for lepidopterans) Novaluron, Lufenuron, and

Flufenoxuron

2 Chitin Synthesis 16A BuprofezinInhibitors(for Homoptera)

3 Chitin Synthesis 17A CryomazineInhibitors (for dipterans)

4 Ecdysone Agonists 18A Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide,and Diacylhdrazines Halofenozide, Methofenozide

5 Juvenile Hormone 17A Pyriproxifen, Fenoxycarb, Diofenolan,Mimics Hydroprene, Methoprene and

Kinoprene

(Source: Kodandaram et al., 2010)

9


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Ace

tylc

ho

lin

e is

th

e m

ajo

r ex

cita

tory

4Bn

euro

tran

smit

ter

in t

he

inse

ct c

entr

alN

ico

tin

eN

ico

tin

en

erv

ou

s sy

stem

.

Gro

up

5:

Nic

oti

nic

5Aac

ety

lch

oli

ner

ecep

tor

Sp

ino

syn

sS

pin

osa

d,

Sp

inet

ora

m(n

AC

hR

) al

lost

eric

acti

vat

ors

Ner

ve

acti

on

All

ost

eric

ally

act

ivat

e n

AC

hR

s,ca

usi

ng

hy

per

exci

tati

on

of

the

ner

vo

us

syst

em.

Ace

tylc

ho

lin

e is

th

e m

ajo

r ex

cita

tory

neu

ro-

tran

smit

ter

in t

he

inse

ct c

entr

al n

erv

ou

s sy

stem

.

Gro

up

6:

Ch

lori

de

chan

nel

act

ivat

ors

6AN

erv

e an

d m

usc

le a

ctio

nA

ver

mec

tin

s,A

bam

ecti

n,

Em

amec

tin

ben

zoat

e, L

epim

ecti

n,

All

ost

eric

ally

act

ivat

e g

luta

mat

e-g

ated

ch

lori

de

Mil

bem

yci

ns

Mil

bem

ecti

nch

ann

els

(Glu

Cls

), c

ausi

ng

par

aly

sis.

Glu

tam

ate

is a

n i

mp

ort

ant

inh

ibit

ory

neu

rotr

ansm

itte

r in

inse

ct.

12


ain

Gro

up

an

d P

rim

ary

Ch

emic

al S

ub

-gro

up

Act

ive

Ing

red

ien

tsS

ite

of

Act

ion

or

exem

pli

fyin

gA

ctiv

e In

gre

die

nt

Gro

up

7 :

Ju

ven

ile

ho

rmo

ne

mim

ics

7AH

yd

rop

ren

e, K

ino

pre

ne,

Met

ho

pre

ne

Gro

wth

reg

ula

tio

nJu

ven

ile

ho

rmo

ne

Ap

pli

ed i

n t

he

pre

-met

amo

rph

ic i

nst

ar,

anal

og

ues

thes

e co

mp

ou

nd

s d

isru

pt

and

7Bp

rev

ent

met

amo

rph

osi

s.F

eno

xy

carb

Fen

ox

yca

rb

7C Py

rip

rox

yfe

nP

yri

pro

xy

fen

Gro

up

8:

Mis

cell

aneo

us

no

n-s

pec

ific

8A(m

ult

i-si

te)

inh

ibit

ors

Alk

yl

hal

ides

Met

hy

l b

rom

ide

and

oth

er a

lky

l h

alid

es

8B Ch

loro

pic

rin

Ch

loro

pic

rin

8C Su

lfu

ryl

flu

ori

de

Su

lfu

ryl

flu

ori

de

8D Bo

rax

Bo

rax

8E Tar

tar

emet

icT

arta

r em

etic

Gro

up

9:

Sel

ecti

ve

ho

mo

pte

ran

fee

din

g9B

blo

cker

sP

ym

etro

zin

eP

ym

etro

zin

eIn

com

ple

tely

def

ined

Mo

A c

ausi

ng

sel

ecti

ve

9Cin

hib

itio

n o

f ap

hid

an

d w

hit

efly

fee

din

gF

lon

icam

idF

lon

icam

id

13


ain

Gro

up

an

d P

rim

ary

Ch

emic

al S

ub

-gro

up

Act

ive

Ing

red

ien

tsS

ite

of

Act

ion

or

exem

pli

fyin

gA

ctiv

e In

gre

die

nt

Gro

up

10:

Mit

e g

row

th i

nh

ibit

ors

10A

Gro

wth

reg

ula

tio

nC

lofe

nte

zin

eC

lofe

nte

zin

e, H

exy

thia

zox

, D

iflo

vid

azin

Inco

mp

lete

ly d

efin

ed M

oA

lea

din

g t

oH

exy

thia

zox

gro

wth

in

hib

itio

nD

iflo

vid

azin

10B

Eto

xaz

ole

Eto

xaz

ole

Gro

up

11:

Mic

rob

ial

dis

rup

tors

of

inse

ctB

acil

lus

thu

rin

gien

sis

orB

acil

lus

thu

rin

gien

sis

sub

sp.

isra

elen

sis

mid

gu

t m

emb

ran

esB

acil

lus

spha

eric

us

and

Bac

illu

s sp

haer

icu

sP

rote

in t

ox

ins

that

bin

d t

o r

ecep

tors

on

th

eth

e in

sect

icid

al p

rote

ins

Bac

illu

s th

uri

ngi

ensi

s su

bsp

. ai

zaw

aim

idg

ut

mem

bra

ne

and

in

du

ce p

ore

fo

rmat

ion

,th

ey p

rod

uce

Bac

illu

s th

uri

ngi

ensi

s su

bsp

. ku

rsta

kire

sult

ing

in

io

nic

im

bal

ance

an

d s

epti

cem

ia.

Bac

illu

s th

uri

ngi

ensi

s su

bsp

. te

neb

rion

is B

t cr

op

pro

tein

s: C

ry1A

b, C

ry1A

c, C

ry1F

a, C

ry2A

b, m

Cry

3A,

Cry

3Ab,

Cry

3Bb,

Cry

34/3

5Ab1

Gro

up

12

: In

hib

ito

rs o

f m

ito

cho

nd

rial

12A

AT

P s

yn

thas

eD

iafe

nth

iuro

nD

iafe

nth

iuro

nE

ner

gy

met

abo

lism

12B

Inh

ibit

th

e en

zym

e th

at s

yn

thes

izes

AT

PO

rgan

oti

n m

itic

ides

Azo

cycl

oti

n,

Cy

hex

atin

, F

enb

uta

tin

ox

ide

12C

Pro

par

git

eP

rop

arg

ite

12D

Tet

rad

ifo

nT

etra

dif

on

14


ain

Gro

up

an

d P

rim

ary

Ch

emic

al S

ub

-gro

up

Act

ive

Ing

red

ien

tsS

ite

of

Act

ion

or

exem

pli

fyin

gA

ctiv

e In

gre

die

nt

Gro

up

13:

Un

cou

ple

rs o

f o

xid

ativ

e p

ho

sph

o-

13 A

ryla

tio

n v

ia d

isru

pti

on

of

the

pro

ton

gra

die

nt

Ch

lorf

enap

yr

Ch

lorf

enap

yr

En

erg

y m

etab

oli

smD

NO

CD

NO

C P

roto

no

ph

ore

s th

at s

ho

rt-c

ircu

it t

he

Su

lflu

ram

idS

ulf

lura

mid

mit

och

on

dri

al p

roto

n g

rad

ien

t so

th

atA

TP

can

no

t b

e sy

nth

esiz

ed.

Gro

up

14

: N

ico

tin

ic a

cety

lch

oli

ne

rece

pto

r14

A(n

AC

hR

) ch

ann

el b

lock

ers

Ner

eist

ox

in a

nal

og

ues

Ben

sult

ap,

Car

tap

hy

dro

chlo

rid

e, T

hio

cycl

am,

Ner

ve

acti

on

Th

iosu

ltap

-so

diu

mB

lock

th

e n

AC

hR

io

n c

han

nel

, re

sult

ing

in

ner

vo

us

syst

em b

lock

an

d p

aral

ysi

s.A

cety

lch

oli

ne

is t

he

maj

or

exci

tato

ryn

euro

tran

smit

ter

in t

he

inse

ct c

entr

aln

erv

ou

s sy

stem

.

Gro

up

15

: In

hib

ito

rs o

f ch

itin

bio

syn

thes

is,

15 A

typ

e 0

Ben

zoy

lure

asB

istr

iflu

ron

, C

hlo

rflu

azu

ron

, D

iflu

ben

zuro

n,

Gro

wth

reg

ula

tio

nF

lucy

clo

xu

ron

, F

lufe

no

xu

ron

, H

exaf

lum

uro

n,

Inco

mp

lete

ly d

efin

ed M

oA

lea

din

g t

oL

ufe

nu

ron

, N

ov

alu

ron

, N

ov

iflu

mu

ron

,in

hib

itio

n o

f ch

itin

bio

syn

thes

is.

Tef

lub

enzu

ron

, T

rifl

um

uro

n

Gro

up

16

: In

hib

ito

rs o

f ch

itin

bio

syn

thes

is,

16 A

typ

e 1

Bu

pro

fezi

nB

up

rofe

zin

Inco

mp

lete

ly d

efin

ed M

oA

lea

din

g t

oin

hib

itio

n o

f ch

itin

bio

syn

thes

is i

n a

nu

mb

ero

f in

sect

s, i

ncl

ud

ing

wh

itef

lies

15


ain

Gro

up

an

d P

rim

ary

Ch

emic

al S

ub

-gro

up

Act

ive

Ing

red

ien

tsS

ite

of

Act

ion

or

exem

pli

fyin

gA

ctiv

e In

gre

die

nt

Gro

up

17:

Mo

ult

ing

dis

rup

tor,

Dip

tera

n17

AG

row

th r

egu

lati

on

Cy

rom

azin

eC

yro

maz

ine

Inco

mp

lete

ly d

efin

ed M

oA

th

at l

ead

s to

mo

ult

dis

rup

tio

n.

Gro

up

18:

Ecd

yso

ne

rece

pto

r ag

on

ists

18 A

Gro

wth

reg

ula

tio

nD

iacy

lhy

dra

zin

esC

hro

maf

eno

zid

e, H

alo

fen

ozi

de,

Met

ho

xy

fen

ozi

de,

Mim

ic t

he

mo

ult

ing

ho

rmo

ne,

ecd

yso

ne,

Teb

ufe

no

zid

ein

du

cin

g a

pre

coci

ou

s m

ou

lt

Gro

up

19:

Oct

op

amin

e re

cep

tor

ago

nis

ts19

AN

erv

e ac

tio

nA

mit

raz

Am

itra

zA

ctiv

ate

oct

op

amin

e re

cep

tors

, le

adin

g t

oh

yp

erex

cita

tio

n.

Oct

op

amin

e is

th

e in

sect

equ

ival

ent

of

adre

nal

ine,

th

e fi

gh

t-o

r-fl

igh

tn

euro

ho

rmo

ne

Gro

up

20:

Mit

och

on

dri

al c

om

ple

x II

I el

ectr

on

20A

tran

spo

rt i

nh

ibit

ors

Hy

dra

met

hy

lno

nH

yd

ram

eth

yln

on

En

erg

y m

etab

oli

sm20

BIn

hib

it e

lect

ron

tra

nsp

ort

co

mp

lex

III

,A

ceq

uin

ocy

lA

ceq

uin

ocy

lp

rev

enti

ng

th

e u

tili

zati

on

of

ener

gy

by

cel

ls.

20C

Flu

acry

py

rim

Flu

acry

py

rim

Gro

up

21:

Mit

och

on

dri

al c

om

ple

x I

elec

tro

n21

Atr

ansp

ort

in

hib

ito

rsM

ET

I ac

aric

ides

an

dF

enaz

aqu

in,

Fen

py

rox

imat

e, P

yri

mid

ifen

,E

ner

gy

met

abo

lism

inse

ctic

ides

Py

rid

aben

, T

ebu

fen

py

rad

, T

olf

enp

yra

dIn

hib

it e

lect

ron

tra

nsp

ort

co

mp

lex

I,

pre

ven

tin

g21

Bth

e u

tili

zati

on

of

ener

gy

by

cel

ls.

Ro

ten

on

eR

ote

no

ne

(Der

ris)

16


ain

Gro

up

an

d P

rim

ary

Ch

emic

al S

ub

-gro

up

Act

ive

Ing

red

ien

tsS

ite

of

Act

ion

or

exem

pli

fyin

gA

ctiv

e In

gre

die

nt

Gro

up

22:

Vo

ltag

e-d

epen

den

t so

diu

m c

han

nel

22A

blo

cker

sIn

do

xac

arb

Ind

ox

acar

bN

erv

e ac

tio

n22

BB

lock

so

diu

m c

han

nel

s, c

ausi

ng

n

erv

ou

sM

etaf

lum

izo

ne

Met

aflu

miz

on

esy

stem

sh

utd

ow

n a

nd

par

aly

sis.

So

diu

m c

han

nel

s ar

e in

vo

lved

in

th

ep

rop

agat

ion

of

acti

on

po

ten

tial

s al

on

g n

erv

eax

on

s.

Gro

up

23:

In

hib

ito

rs o

f ac

ety

l C

oA

23 A

carb

oxy

lase

. L

ipid

sy

nth

esis

& g

row

thT

etro

nic

an

d T

etra

mic

Sp

iro

mes

ifen

, S

pir

od

iclo

fen

, S

pir

ote

tram

atre

gu

lati

on

acid

der

ivat

ives

Inh

ibit

ace

tyl

coen

zym

e A

car

bo

xy

lase

, p

art

of

the

firs

t st

ep i

n l

ipid

bio

syn

thes

is,

lead

ing

to i

nse

ct d

eath

.

Gro

up

24:

Mit

och

on

dri

al c

om

ple

x IV

24A

elec

tro

n t

ran

spo

rt i

nh

ibit

ors

Ph

osp

hin

eA

lum

iniu

m p

ho

sph

ide,

Cal

ciu

m P

ho

sph

ide,

En

erg

y m

etab

oli

smP

ho

sph

ine,

Zin

c p

ho

sph

ide

Inh

ibit

ele

ctro

n t

ran

spo

rt c

om

ple

x I

V,

24B

pre

ven

tin

g t

he

uti

liza

tio

n o

f en

erg

y b

y c

ells

.C

yan

ide

Cy

anid

e

Gro

up

25:

Mit

och

on

dri

al c

om

ple

x II

ele

ctro

n25

Atr

ansp

ort

in

hib

ito

rsB

eta-

ket

on

itri

leC

yen

op

yra

fen

, C

yfl

um

eto

fen

En

erg

y m

etab

oli

smd

eriv

ativ

esIn

hib

it e

lect

ron

tra

nsp

ort

co

mp

lex

IV

,p

rev

enti

ng

th

e u

tili

zati

on

of

ener

gy

by

cel

ls.

17


Mai

n G

rou

p a

nd

Pri

mar

yC

hem

ical

Su

b-g

rou

pA

ctiv

e In

gre

die

nts

Sit

e o

f A

ctio

no

r ex

emp

lify

ing

Act

ive

Ing

red

ien

t

Gro

up

28:

Ry

ano

din

e re

cep

tor

mo

du

lato

rs28

AN

erv

e an

d m

usc

le a

ctio

nD

iam

ides

Flu

ben

dia

mid

e, C

hlo

ran

tran

ilip

role

,A

ctiv

ate

mu

scle

ry

ano

din

e re

cep

tors

, le

adin

gC

yan

tran

ilip

role

to c

on

trac

tio

n a

nd

par

aly

sis.

Ry

ano

din

ere

cep

tors

med

iate

cal

ciu

m r

elea

se i

nto

th

ecy

top

lasm

fro

m i

ntr

acel

lula

r st

ore

s

UN

Co

mp

ou

nd

s o

f u

nk

no

wn

or

un

cert

ain

Aza

dir

ach

tin

Aza

dir

ach

tin

Mo

A2

Ben

zox

imat

eB

enzo

xim

ate

(Tar

get

pro

tein

res

po

nsi

ble

fo

r b

iolo

gic

alB

ifen

azat

eB

ifen

azat

eac

tiv

ity

is

un

kn

ow

n,

or

un

char

acte

rize

d)

Bro

mo

pro

py

late

Bro

mo

pro

py

late

Ch

ino

met

hio

nat

Ch

ino

met

hio

nat

Cry

oli

teC

ryo

lite

Cy

flu

met

ofe

nC

yfl

um

eto

fen

Dic

ofo

lD

ico

fol

Py

rid

aly

lP

yri

dal

yl

(So

urc

e: I

nse

ctic

ides

Res

ista

nce

Act

ion

Co

mm

itte

e, I

RA

C A

pri

l 20

12 V

ersi

on

7.2

)

18


(B) Classification of fungicides

(i) Based on chemistry

Chemical group Sub group FRAC FungicidesCode

Aliphatic nitrogen Quinones M9 Cymoxanilfungicides (anthraxquinones)

Amide Thiophene 38 Silthiofam, Carpropamid,Fungicides carboxamides Fenoxanil,

Mandipropamid,Metominostrobin,Prochloraz

Acylamino acid 4 Benalaxyl, Metalaxyl,Metalaxyl M, Valifenalate.

Anilide fungicides 4 Boscalid, Carboxin,Fenhexamid, Fluxapyroxadisotianil, Oxycarboxin,Thifluzamide, Tiadinil

Benzanilide fungicides 7 Flutolanil

Furanilide fungicides 7 Furalaxyl, Furcarbanil

Sulfonanilide fungicides 36 Flusulfamide

Benzamide fungicides 43 Fluopicolide

Toluamides 22 Zoxamide

Valinamide fungicides 40 Benthiavalicarb, Iprovalicarb

Antibiotic Hexopyranosyl antibiotic 24 Kasugamycinfungicides Glucopyranosyl antibiotic 25 Streptomycin

Glucopyranosyl antibiotic 26 Validamycin

Strobilurin Methoxyacrylate 11 Azoxystrobinfungicides Methoxycarbanilate 11 Pyraclostrobin,

Pyrametostrobin

Methoxyiminoacetamide 11 Dimoxystrobin,Fenaminstrobin,Metominostrobin

Methoxyiminoacetate 11 Kresoxim-methyl,Trifloxystrobin

Aromatic Chloronitriles M5 Chlorothalonilfungicides (phthalonitriles)

Benzophenone U8 Metrafenone,

Benzimidazole Benzimidazoles 1 Benomyl, Carbendazim,fungicides

Benzimidazole Thiophenates 1 Thiophanate-methylprecursorfungicides

19


Chemical group Sub group FRAC FungicidesCode

Carbamate Vanilamides 40 Iprovalicarb

fungicides Carbamates 28 Propamocarb

Carbanilate fungicides 10 Diethofencarb

Conazole fungicides 3 Difenoconazole, (triazoles) Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole,

Flusilazole, Hexaconazole,Ipconazole, Myclobutanil,Penconazole, Propiconazole,Simeconazole, Tebuconazole,Tetraconazole, Triadimefon.

Copper fungicides - Bordeaux mixture, Basiccopper hydroxide

Dicarboximide Phthalimide fungicidesx 11 Famoxadonefungicides M4 Captan

Dinitrophenol Dinitrophenol 29 Dinocapfungicides

Dithiocarbamate Dithiocarbamate M3 Thiram, ziramfungicides Polymeric dithiocarbamate M3 Mancopper, Mancozeb,

fungicides Maneb, Metiram, Propineb,Zineb

Dithiolane Dithiolanes 6 Isoprothiolanefungicides Imidazolinones 11 Fenamidone

Dicarboximides 2 Iprodione

Conazole fungicides 3 Prochloraz, Triflumizole(imidazole)

Mercury fungicides Inorganic mercury - Mercuric chloridefungicides

Organomercury fungicides - 2-methoxyethylmercurychloride

Morpholine - 5 Dimethomorph, Flumorph,fungicides Tridemorph

Organophosphorus Phosphoro-thiolates 6 Edifenphos fungicides

Oxathiin fungicides Oxathin-carboxamides 7 Carboxin, Oxycarboxin

Pyrimidine - 3 Fenarimol fungicides

Triazolopyrimidine - 45 Ametoctradinfungicides

Urea fungicides Phenylureas 20 Pencycuron, Quinazamid

Unclassified Benzo- thiadiazole P Acibenzolar-s-methylfungicides

(Source: Fungicides Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) 2012)

20


(ii)

Bas

ed o

n m

od

e o

f ac

tio

n

MO

AT

arg

et S

ite

Gro

up

Nam

eC

hem

ical

Gro

up

Co

mm

on

Nam

e

An

d C

od

e

A:

Nu

clei

c ac

idA

1: R

NA

PA

– f

un

gic

ides

Acy

lala

nin

esB

enal

axy

l, B

enal

axy

l-M

syn

thes

isp

oly

mer

ase

I(P

hen

yl

Am

ides

)(=

kir

alax

yl)

, F

ura

lax

yl,

Inh

ibit

s R

NA

Met

alax

yl,

Met

alax

yl-

M

po

lym

eras

e I

and

(=m

efen

ox

am)

DN

A t

op

ois

om

eras

e

typ

e II

(g

yra

se)

Ox

azo

lid

ino

nes

Ox

adix

yl

enzy

mes

req

uir

ed

for

the

syn

thes

is o

fB

uty

rola

cto

nes

Ofu

race

nu

clei

c ac

ids

A2:

Ad

eno

sin

Hy

dro

xy

-(2-

amin

o-)

Hy

dro

xy

-(2-

amin

o-

Bu

pir

imat

e, D

imet

hir

imo

l,

dea

min

ase

py

rim

idin

esp

yri

mid

ines

) E

thir

imo

l

A3:

DN

A/R

NA

Het

ero

Iso

xaz

ole

sH

ym

exaz

ole

syn

thes

isar

om

atic

sIs

oth

iazo

lon

esO

cth

ilin

on

e

A4:

DN

AC

arb

ox

yli

c ac

idC

arb

ox

yli

c ac

ids

Ox

oli

nic

aci

d

to

po

iso

mer

ase

typ

e II

(g

yra

se)

B:

Mit

osi

s an

d c

ell

B1:

ß-t

ub

uli

ne

MB

C-f

un

gic

ides

Ben

zim

idaz

ole

sB

eno

my

l,

div

isio

nas

sem

bly

in

mit

osi

s(M

eth

yl

Car

ben

daz

im,

Inh

ibit

s ß

-tu

bu

lin

Ben

zim

idaz

ole

Fu

ber

idaz

ole

asse

mb

ly i

n m

ito

sis.

Car

bam

ates

)T

hia

ben

daz

ole

21


OA

Tar

get

Sit

eG

rou

p N

ame

Ch

emic

al G

rou

pC

om

mo

n N

ame

and

Co

de

Cau

ses

sev

eral

tar

get

Th

iop

han

ates

Th

iop

han

ate

site

mu

tati

on

s, m

ost

lyT

hio

ph

anat

e-m

eth

yl

E19

8A E

198/

G/K

, F

200Y

in b

-tu

bu

lin

gen

e.B

2:ß

-tu

bu

lin

N

-ph

eny

lN

-ph

eny

lD

ieth

ofe

nca

rbA

lso

cau

ses

asse

mb

lyca

rbam

ates

carb

amat

esd

elo

cali

sati

on

of

in m

ito

sis

spec

trin

-lik

e p

rote

ins

B3:

ß-t

ub

uli

nB

enza

mid

esT

olu

amid

esZ

ox

amid

eas

sem

bly

in m

ito

sis

B4:

Cel

l d

ivis

ion

Ph

eny

lure

asP

hen

ylu

reas

Pen

cycu

ron

(pro

po

sed

)

B5:

Del

oca

lisa

tio

n o

fB

enza

mid

esP

yri

din

ylm

eth

yl-

Flu

op

ico

lid

esp

ectr

in-l

ike

pro

tein

sb

enza

mid

es

C.

Res

pir

ato

ry e

nzy

me

C1:

Co

mp

lex

IP

yri

mid

in a

min

esP

yri

mid

inam

ines

Dif

lum

eto

rim

inh

ibit

ors

NA

DH

Inh

ibit

s se

ver

alO

xid

o-r

edu

ctas

een

zym

es i

nv

olv

ed i

np

ath

og

en r

esp

irat

ion

C2:

Co

mp

lex

II:

SD

HI

Ph

eny

l-b

enza

mid

esB

eno

dan

il,

Flu

tola

nil

,e.

g.

I N

AD

H O

xid

o-

succ

inat

e-(S

ucc

inat

eM

epro

nil

red

uct

ase

deh

yd

rog

enas

ed

ehy

dro

gen

ase

Py

rid

iny

l-et

hy

l-F

luo

py

ram

(py

rim

idin

amin

es);

inh

ibit

ors

)b

enza

mid

essu

ccin

ate-

deh

yd

ro-

Fu

ran

-car

bo

xam

ides

Fen

fura

mg

enas

e S

DH

IO

xat

hii

n-c

arb

ox

amid

esC

arb

ox

in O

xy

carb

ox

in

22


OA

Tar

get

Sit

eG

rou

p N

ame

Ch

emic

al G

rou

pC

om

mo

n N

ame

and

Co

de

(Su

ccin

ate

Th

iazo

le-c

arb

ox

amid

esT

hif

luza

mid

eD

ehy

dro

gen

asP

yra

zole

-car

bo

xam

ides

Ben

zov

ind

iflu

py

r, B

ixaf

en,

inh

ibit

ors

)wit

h t

arg

etF

lux

apy

rox

ad,

Fu

ram

etp

yr,

site

mu

tati

on

s in

sd

hIs

op

yra

zam

, P

enfl

ufe

n,

gen

e, e

.g.

H/Y

(o

r H

/L)

Pen

thio

py

rad

, S

edax

ane

at 2

57,

267,

272

or

Py

rid

ine-

carb

ox

amid

esB

osc

alid

P22

5L,

dep

end

ent

on

C3:

Co

mp

lex

III

:Q

oI-

fun

gic

ides

Met

ho

xy

-acr

yla

tes

Azo

xy

stro

bin

,fu

ng

al s

pec

ies;

cyto

chro

me

bc1

(Qu

ino

ne

ou

tsid

eC

ou

mo

xy

stro

bin

,cy

toch

rom

e b

c1(u

biq

uin

ol

ox

idas

e)In

hib

ito

rs)

En

ox

astr

ob

in,

(ub

iqu

ino

l o

xid

ase)

at

at Q

sit

e (c

yt

bg

ene)

Flu

fen

ox

yst

rob

in,

Qo

sit

e (c

yt

b g

ene)

Pic

ox

yst

rob

in,

wit

h t

arg

et s

ite

Py

rao

xy

stro

bin

mu

tati

on

s in

cy

t b

gen

eM

eth

ox

y-c

arb

amat

esP

yra

clo

stro

bin

,(G

143A

, F

129L

);P

yra

met

ost

rob

incy

toch

rom

e b

c1 t

Ox

imin

o a

ceta

tes

Kre

sox

im-m

eth

yl

Qi

site

. al

so i

nh

ibit

sT

rifl

ox

yst

rob

ino

xid

ativ

e p

ho

s-O

xim

ino

-ace

tam

ides

Dim

ox

yst

rob

in,

ph

ory

lati

on

an

d A

TP

Fen

amin

ost

rob

insy

nth

ase

Met

om

ino

stro

bin

,O

rysa

stro

bin

Ox

azo

lid

ine-

dio

nes

Fam

ox

ado

ne

Dih

yd

ro-d

iox

azin

esF

luo

xas

tro

bin

Imid

azo

lin

on

esF

enam

ido

ne

Ben

zyl-

carb

amat

esP

yri

ben

carb

23


OA

Tar

get

Sit

eG

rou

p N

ame

Ch

emic

al G

rou

pC

om

mo

n N

ame

and

Co

de

C4:

Co

mp

lex

III

:Q

iI -

fu

ng

icid

esC

yan

o-

imid

azo

leC

yaz

ofa

mid

cyto

chro

me

(Qu

ino

ne

insi

de

Su

lfam

oy

l-tr

iazo

leA

mis

ulb

rom

bc1

(ub

iqu

ino

ne

Inh

ibit

ors

)re

du

ctas

e)

at Q

i si

te

C5:

Un

cou

ple

rs o

f-

Din

itro

ph

eny

l-B

inap

acry

l, M

epty

ldin

oca

p,

ox

idat

ive

ph

os-

cro

ton

ates

Din

oca

pp

ho

ryla

tio

n

2,6-

din

itro

-an

ilin

esF

luaz

inam

Py

r-h

yd

razo

nes

Fer

imzo

ne

C6:

In

hib

ito

rs o

fO

rgan

o t

inT

ri p

hen

yl

tin

Fen

tin

ace

tate

,o

xid

ativ

e p

ho

s-co

mp

ou

nd

sco

mp

ou

nd

sF

enti

n c

hlo

rid

e,p

ho

ryla

tio

n, A

TP

Fen

tin

hy

dro

xid

esy

nth

ase

C7:

AT

P p

rod

uct

ion

Th

iop

hen

e-T

hio

ph

ene-

Sil

thio

fam

(pro

po

sed

)ca

rbo

xam

ides

carb

ox

amid

es

C8:

Co

mp

lex

III

:Q

xI

– fu

ng

icid

eT

riaz

olo

-A

met

oct

rad

incy

toch

rom

e b

c1(Q

uin

on

e x

py

rim

idy

lam

ine

(ub

iqu

ino

ne

Inh

ibit

or)

red

uct

ase)

at

Q x

(u

nk

no

wn

)si

te

24


OA

Tar

get

Sit

eG

rou

p N

ame

Ch

emic

al G

rou

pC

om

mo

n N

ame

and

Co

de

D:

Am

ino

aci

d a

nd

D1:

Met

hio

nin

eA

P -

fu

ng

icid

esA

nil

ino

-py

rim

idin

esC

yp

rod

inil

pro

tein

sy

nth

esis

bio

syn

thes

is(A

nil

ino

-Py

rim

idin

es)

Mep

anip

yri

mIn

hib

its

met

hio

nin

e(p

rop

ose

d)

Py

rim

eth

anil

bio

syn

thes

is (

cgs

gen

e)(c

gs

gen

e)an

d p

rote

in s

yn

thes

is

D2:

Pro

tein

sy

nth

esis

En

op

yra

nu

ron

icE

no

py

ran

uro

nic

Bla

stic

idin

-Sac

id a

nti

bio

tic

Aci

d a

nti

bio

tic

D3:

Pro

tein

sy

nth

esis

Hex

op

yra

no

syl

Hex

op

yra

no

syl

Kas

ug

amy

cin

anti

bio

tic

anti

bio

tic

D4:

Pro

tein

sy

nth

esis

Glu

cop

yra

no

syl

Glu

cop

yra

no

syl

Str

epto

my

cin

anti

bio

tic

anti

bio

tic

D5:

Pro

tein

sy

nth

esis

Tet

racy

clin

eT

etra

cycl

ine

Ox

yte

trac

ycl

ine

anti

bio

tic

anti

bio

tic

E:

Sig

nal

tra

nsd

uct

ion

E1:

Sig

nal

Aza

-nap

hth

alen

esA

rylo

xy

qu

ino

lin

eQ

uin

ox

yfe

nIn

hib

its

G-p

rote

ins

intr

ansd

uct

ion

Qu

inaz

oli

no

ne

Pro

qu

inaz

idea

rly

cel

l si

gn

alli

ng

.(m

ech

anis

mH

isti

din

e-K

inas

e in

un

kn

ow

n)

osm

oti

c si

gn

alE

2:M

AP

/ H

isti

din

e-P

P-f

un

gic

ides

Ph

eny

lpy

rro

les

Fen

pic

lon

iltr

ansd

uct

ion

Kin

ase

in o

smo

tic

(Ph

eny

l P

yrr

ole

s)F

lud

iox

on

ilsi

gn

al t

ran

sdu

ctio

n(o

s-2,

HO

G1)

E3:

MA

P/

His

tid

ine-

Dic

arb

ox

imid

esD

icar

bo

xim

ides

Ch

lozo

lin

ate

Kin

ase

in o

smo

tic

Ipro

dio

ne

sig

nal

tra

nsd

uct

ion

Pro

cym

ido

ne

(os-

1, D

af1)

Vin

clo

zoli

n

25


OA

Tar

get

Sit

eG

rou

p N

ame

Ch

emic

al G

rou

pC

om

mo

n N

ame

and

Co

de

F:

Lip

id s

yn

thes

is a

nd

F1:

-F

orm

erly

mem

bra

ne

inte

gri

tyd

icar

bo

xim

ides

Inh

ibit

s p

ho

sph

oF

2: P

ho

sph

oli

pid

Ph

osp

ho

ro-t

hio

late

sP

ho

sph

oro

-th

iola

tes

Ed

ifen

ph

os,

Ip

rob

enfo

s (I

BP

),

lip

id b

iosy

nth

esis

, b

yb

iosy

nth

esis

,P

yra

zop

ho

s

inac

tiv

atin

g m

eth

yl

met

hy

ltra

ns-

fera

seD

ith

iola

nes

Dit

hio

lan

esIs

op

roth

iola

ne

tran

sfer

ase

enzy

mes

F3:

Lip

id p

ero

xid

atio

nA

H-f

un

gic

ides

Aro

mat

ic

Bip

hen

yl,

Ch

loro

neb

,

or

lip

id p

ero

xid

atio

n.

(pro

po

sed

)(A

rom

atic

hy

dro

carb

on

sD

iclo

ran

, Q

uin

toze

ne

Ham

per

s th

e ce

llH

yd

roca

rbo

ns)

(PC

NB

), T

ecn

azen

e

mem

bra

ne

(ch

loro

ph

eny

ls(T

CN

B),

To

lclo

fos-

met

hy

l

per

mea

bil

ity

an

dn

itro

anil

ines

)

dis

rup

ts c

ell

wal

lH

eter

oar

om

atic

s1,

2,4-

thia

dia

zole

sH

trid

iazo

le

dep

osi

tio

nF

4: C

ell

mem

bra

ne

Car

bam

ates

Car

bam

ates

Iod

oca

rb

per

mea

bil

ity,

Pro

pam

oca

rb

fatt

y a

cid

s (p

rop

ose

d)

Pro

thio

carb

F5:

-

Fo

rmer

ly C

AA

--

-

fun

gic

ides

F6:

Mic

rob

ial

Mic

rob

ial

Bac

illu

s su

btil

is a

nd

Bac

illu

s su

btil

is

dis

rup

ters

of

(Bac

illu

s sp

.)th

e fu

ng

icid

alst

rain

QS

T 7

13

pat

ho

gen

cel

lli

po

pep

tid

es

Bac

illu

s su

btil

is

mem

bra

nes

pro

du

ced

stra

in F

ZB

24

F7:

Cel

l m

emb

ran

eP

lan

t ex

trac

tT

erp

ene

hy

dro

carb

on

Ex

trac

t fr

om

dis

rup

tio

n (

pro

po

sed

)S

and

ter

pen

e al

coh

ols

Mel

aleu

ca a

lter

nif

olia

(tea

tre

e)

26


OA

Tar

get

Sit

eG

rou

p N

ame

Ch

emic

al G

rou

pC

om

mo

n N

ame

and

Co

de

G:

Ste

rol

bio

syn

thes

isG

1: C

14-

dem

eth

yla

seD

MI-

fun

gic

ides

Pip

eraz

ines

Tri

fori

ne

in m

emb

ran

esin

ste

rol

bio

syn

thes

is(D

eMet

hy

lati

on

Py

rid

ines

Py

rife

no

x,

Py

riso

xaz

ole

Inh

ibit

s C

14-

(erg

11/c

yp

51)

Inh

ibit

ors

)P

yri

mid

ines

Fen

arim

ol,

Nu

arim

ol

dem

eth

yla

se i

n s

tero

l(S

BI:

Cla

ss I

)Im

idaz

ole

sIm

azal

il,

Ox

po

con

azo

le,

bio

syn

thes

isP

efu

razo

ate,

Pro

chlo

raz

(erg

11/c

yp

51)

Tri

azo

les

Aza

con

azo

le,

Bit

erta

no

l,(D

e M

eth

yla

tio

nT

riaz

oli

nth

ion

esB

rom

uco

naz

ole

,In

hib

ito

rs)

or

Cy

pro

con

azo

le,

∆14

Red

uct

ase

and

Dif

eno

con

azo

le,

∆8→

∆7

Iso

mer

ase

inD

inic

on

azo

le,

Ep

ox

ico

naz

ole

,st

ero

l b

iosy

nth

esis

or

Eta

con

azo

le,

Fen

bu

con

azo

le,

3-k

eto

red

uc-

tase

, o

rF

luq

uin

con

azo

le,

squ

alen

e-ep

ox

idas

eF

lusi

lazo

le,

Flu

tria

fol,

Hex

aco

naz

ole

,Im

iben

con

azo

le,

Ipco

naz

ole

,M

etco

naz

ole

, M

ycl

ob

uta

nil

,P

enco

naz

ole

, P

rop

ico

naz

ole

,S

imec

on

azo

le,

Teb

uco

naz

ole

,T

etra

con

azo

le,

Tri

adim

efo

n,

Tri

adim

eno

l, T

riti

con

azo

le,

Pro

thio

con

azo

le

G2:

∆14

Red

uct

ase

Am

ines

Mo

rph

oli

nes

Ald

imo

rph

, D

od

emo

rph

,an

d ∆

8→∆

7(M

orp

ho

lin

es)

Fen

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tan

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2)

30


(iii) Classification of insecticides and fungicides based ontoxicity/hazard

(i) WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard

WHO Class LD50 for the rat Colour of Symbol in(mg/kg body weight) toxicity toxicity

Oral Dermal triangle triangle

Ia Extremely hazardous < 5 < 50 Red Skull+Poision

Ib Highly hazardous 5–50 50–200 Yellow Poison

II Moderately hazardous 50–2000 200–2000 Blue Danger

III Slightly hazardous Over 2000 Over 2000 Green Caution

U Unlikely to present 5000 or higher Green Cautionacute hazard

(Source: Anonymous, 2009)

(ii) Grouping of approved pesticides based on WHOrecommended classification by hazard for use in vegetables

Common name Insecticide/ Strength and FormulationFungicides

Ia = Extremely hazardous

1 Phorate Insecticide 10% G

2 Phosphamidon Insecticide 40% SL

Ib = Highly hazardous

3 Carbofuran Insecticide 3 % G

4 Dichlorvos Insecticide 76% EC

5 Methomyl Insecticide 40 % SP

6 Oxydemeton methyl Insecticide 25% EC

7 Triazophos Insecticide 40% EC

II = Moderately hazardous

8 Carbaryl Insecticide 5% DP, 10 % DP

9 Carbosulfan Insecticide 25 % EC

10 Cartap Hydrochloride Insecticide 50 % SP, 4% G

11 Chlorfenpyre Insecticide 10 % SC

12 Chlorpyrifos Insecticide 20% EC

13 Cypermethrin Insecticide 0.25 % DP

14 Deltamethrin Insecticide 2.8 % EC

31



15 Dicofol Insecticide 18..5 % EC

16 Dimethoate Insecticide 30% EC

17 Endosulfan Insecticide 35 % EC

18 Ethion Insecticide 50 % EC

19 Fenazaquin Insecticide 10 % EC

20 Fenpropathrin Insecticide 30 % EC

21 Fenpyroximate Insecticide 5 % EC

22 Fenvalrate Insecticide 20 %EC

23 Fipronil Insecticide 5 % SC

24 Imidacloprid Insecticide 70 % WG, 48 % FS,70 % WS, 17.8 % SL

25 Indoxacarb Insecticide 14.5% SC, 15.8 % SC

26 Lambda Cyhalothrin Insecticide 5 % EC

27 Permethrin Insecticide 25 %EC

28 Phosalone Insecticide 35 % EC

29 Quinalphos Insecticide 25% Gel

30 Thiacloprid Insecticide 21.7% SC

31 Thiodicarb Insecticide 75% WP

32 Trichloforon Insecticide 5% Gr, 5% Dust,50% EC

33 Copper Sulphate Fungicide 2.62% SC

34 Copper Hydroxide Fungicide 77% WP

35 Difenoconazole Fungicide 25% EC

36 Dinocap Fungicide 48% EC

37 Flusilazole Fungicide 40% EC

38 Myclobutanil Fungicide 10% WP

39 Triadimefon Fungicide 25% WP

40 Tebuconazole Fungicide 25.9% m/m EC

41 Ziram Fungicide 80% WP

III = Slightly hazardous

42 Buprofezin Insecticide 25 % SC

43 Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticide 5% WPvar. kurstaki

44 Difenthiuron Insecticide 50 % WP

45 Flufenoxuron Insecticide 10 % DC

46 Malathion Insecticide 50% EC

47 Propargite Insecticide 57%EC

32



48 Spinosad Insecticide 2.5% SC, 45% SC

49 Fenarimol Fungicide 12%EC

50 Hexaconazole Fungicide 2% SC

51 Sulphur Fungicide 80% WP, 80% WG,40% WP, 52% SC, 85% DP

U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use

52 Chlorantranilprole Insecticide 18.5% SC

53 Flubendamide Insecticide 39.5 % SC , 20 % WG

54 Hexythiazox Insecticide 5.45 % EC

55 Novaluron Insecticide 10% EC

56 Azoxystrobin Fungicide 23% SC

57 Benomyl Fungicide 50% WP

58 Carbendazim Fungicide 50% WP

59 Captan Fungicide 50% WG

60 Dimethomorph Fungicide 50% WP

61 Mancozeb Fungicide 75% WG, 35% SC,75% WP

62 Mandipropamid Fungicide 23.4%SC

63 Metarim Fungicide 70% WG

64 Propineb Fungicide 70% WP

65 Thiophanate Methyl Fungicide 70% WP

66 Zineb Fungicide 75% WP

Unclassified group

1 Acetamiprid Insecticide 20% SC

2 Emamectin benzoate Insecticide 5 % SG

3 Flubendamide Insecticide 39.35 % SC

4 Flumite/ Flufenzine Insecticide 20 % SC

5 Lufenuron Insecticide 5.4% EC

6 Metaflumizone Insecticide 22 % Sc

7 Milbemectin Insecticide 1 % EC

8 Pyridalyl Insecticide 10%EC

9 Spiromesifen Insecticide 22.9% SC

10 Thiamethoxam Insecticide 25% WDG 70% WG

11 Thiameton Insecticide 25 % EC

(Source: Anonymous, 2009)

33


3. Pesticides Registered for Use in India

(A) List of pesticides registered under Section 9(3) of theInsecticides Act, 1968 for use in India (As on 30.11.2012)

Insecticides

1. Acephate

2. Acetamiprid

3. Allethrin

4. Alphacypermethrin

5. Bendiocarb

6. Benfuracarb

7. Beta Cyfluthrin

8. Bifenazate

9. Bifenthrin

10. Buprofezin

11. Carbaryl

12. Carbofuran

13. Carbosulfan

14. Cartap Hydrochloride

15. Chlorantraniliprole

16. Chlorfenapyr

17. Chlorfluazuron

18. Chlorpyriphos

19. Chlorpyriphos Methyl

20. Chlothianidin

21. Chromafenozide

22. Cyfluthrin

23. Cypermethrin

24. Cyphenothrin

25. Deltamethrin

26. Diafenthiuron

27. Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT)

28. Diclorvos (DDVP)

29. Dicofol

30. Diflubenzuron

31. Dimethoate

32. Dinotefuron

33. D-trans Allethrin

34. Emamectin Benzoate

35. Endosulfan*

36. Ethiprole

37. Ethion

38. Ethofenprox (Etofenprox)

39. Fenazaquin

40. Fenitrothion

41. Fenobucarb

42. Fenpropathrin

43. Fenpyroximate

44. Fenthion

45. Fenvalerate

46. Fipronil

47 Flonicamid

48 Flubendiamide

49 Flufenoxuron

50 Flufenzine

51 Fluvalinate

52 Hexythiazox

53 Imidacloprid

54 Imiprothrin

55 Indoxacarb

56 Lambdacyhalothrin

57 Lufenuron

58 Malathion

59 Metaldehyde

60 Methomyl

34


61 Methyl Parathion

62 Milbemectin

63 Monocrotophos

64 Novaluron

65 Oxydemeton-Methyl

66 Permethrin

67 Phenthoate

68 Phorate

69 Phosalone

70 Phosphamidon

71 Prallethrin

72 Primiphos-methyl

73 Profenophos

74 Propergite

75 Propetamphos

76 Propoxur

77 Pyridalyl

78 Pyriproxyfen

79 Quinalphos

80 S-bioallethrin

81 Spinosad

82 Spiromesifen

83 Temephos

84 Thiacloprid

85 Thiodicarb

86 Thiomethoxain

87 Thiometon

88 Transfluthrin

89 Triallate

90 Triazophos

91 Tricholorofon

Rodenticide (R) and Fumigant(F)

1 Aluminium Phosphide(F) 6 Ethylene Dichloride andCarbon Tetrachloride mixture(EDCT Mixture 3:1) (F)

2 Barium Carbonate (R) 7 Magnesium Phosphide Plates (F)

3 Bromadiolone (R) 8 Methyl Bromide (F)

4 Coumachlor (R) 9 Sodium Cyanide (F)

5 Coumatetralyl (R) 10 Zinc Phosphide (R)

Fungicides

1. Aureofungin

2. Azoxystrobin

3. Benomyl

4. Bitertanol

5. Captan

6. Carbendazim

7. Carboxin

8. Carpropamid

9. Chlorothalonil

10. Copper Hydroxide

11. Copper Oxychloride

12. Copper Sulphate

13. Cuprous Oxide

14. Cymoxanil

15. Diazinon

16. Difenoconazole

17. Dimethomorph

18. Dinocap

19. Dithianon

20. Dodine

21. Edifenphos

22. Famoxadone

23. Fenamidone

24. Fenarimol

25. Flusilazole

26. Fosetyl-Al

35


27. Hexaconazole

28. Iprobenfos

29. Iprodione

30. Iprovalicarb

31. Isoprothiolane

32 Kasugamycin

33 Kresoxim Methyl

34 Lime Sulphur

35 Mancozeb

36 Mandipropamid

37 Metalaxyl

38 Metalaxyl-M

39 Methoxy Ethyl MercuryChloride (MEMC)

40 Metiram

41 Myclobutanil

42 Oxycarboxin

43 Penconazole

44 Pencycuron

45 Propiconazole

46 Propineb

47 Pyrachlostrobin

48 Streptomycin + Tetracycline

49 sulphur

50 Tebuconazole

51 Thifluzamide

52 Thiobencarb (Benthiocarb)

53 Thiophanate-Methyl

54 Thiram

55 Triadimefon

56 Tricyclazole

57 Tridemorph

58 Trifloxistrobin

59 Validamycin

60 Zineb

61 Ziram

Herbicides

1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

2 Alachlor

3 Anilophos

4 Atrazine

5 Azimsulfuron

6 Bensulfuron Methyl

7 Bispyribac Sodium

8 Butachlor

9 Carfentazone Ethyl

10 Chlorimuron ethyl

11 Chlormequat Chloride (CCC)

12 Chlorpropham

13 Clodinafop-propargyl

14 Clomazone

15 Cyhalofop-butyl

16 Dazomet

17 Diclofop-Methyl

18 Diuron

19 Ethoxysulfuron

20 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

21 Fluazifop-p-butyl

22 Fluchloralin

23 Flufenacet

24 Glufosinate Ammonium

25 Glyphosate

26 Hexazinone

27 Imazamox

28 Imazethapyr

29 Isoproturon

30 Linuron

31 Mepiquate Chloride

32 Mesosulfuron Methyl +Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium

33 Metaflumizone

34 Methabenzthiazuron

35 Methyl Chlorophenoxy AceticAcid (MCPA)

36 Metolachlor

36


37 Metribuzin

38 Metsulfuron Methyl

39 Orthosulfamuron

40 Oxadiargyl

41 Oxadiazon

42 Oxyfluorfen

43 Paraquat dichloride

44 Pendimethalin

45 Pinoxaden

46 Pretilachlor

47 Propanil

48 Propaquizafop

49 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl

50 Pyrithiobac sodium

51 Quizalofop ethyl

52 Quizalofop-P-tefuryl

53 Sirmate

54 sulfosulfuron

55 Trifluralin

Plant Growth Regulators

1 Alphanaphthyl Acetic Acid 5 Hydrogen Cyanamide

2 Ethephon 6 Paclobutrazol

3 Forchlorfenuron 7 Triacontanol

4 Gibberellic Acid

Biopesticides

1 Ampelomyces quisqualis 9 Nuclear polyhyderosis virusof Helicoverpa armigera

2 Azadirachtin (Neem Products) 10 Nuclear polyhyderosis virusof Spodoptera litura

3 Bacillus sphaericus 11 Pseudomonas fluorescens

4 Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis 12 Pyrethrins

5 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 13 Trichoderma harzianum

6 Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae 14 Trichoderma viride

7 Beauveria bassiana 15 Verticillium lecanii

8 Metarhizium anisopliae

*Endosulfan has been banned by the Supreme Court of India w.e.f. 13-05-2011 forproduction, use & sale, all over India.

[Source: Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee (CIB & RC)]

(B) Combination products registered for agricultural use

Insecticide Combinations

1. Acephate 25% + Fenvalerate 3% EC

2. Acephate 5% + Imidacloprid 1.1%

3. Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP

4 Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD

37


5 Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos 20% EC

6 Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC

7 Chloropyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC

8 Deltamethrin 0.72% + Buprofezin 5.65% EC

9 Deltamethrin 0.75% + Endosulfan 29.75% EC

10 Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC

11 Endosulfan 35% + Cypermethrin 5% EC

12 Indoxacarb 14.5% + Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC

13 Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC

14 Phosphamidon 40% + Imidacloprid 2% SP

15 Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC

16 Pyriproxyfen 5% EC + Fenpropathrin 15% EC

Fungicide Combinations

1 Captan 70% + Hexaconazole 5% WP

2 Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP

3 Carbendazim 25%+ Mancozeb 50% WS

4 Carbendazim 25 + Flusilazole 12.5% SE

5 Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS

6 Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP

7 Famoxadone 16.6% + Cymoxanil 22.1% SC

8 Fenamidone 4.44% + Fosetyl AI 66.7% WG

9 Fenamidone 10% + Mancozeb 50% WDG

10 Iprodione 25% + Carbendazim 25% WP

11 Metalaxyl M 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP

12 Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP

13 Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG

14 Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG

Herbicide combinations

1 Anilofos 24% +2,4-D ethyl Ester 32% EC

2 Bensulfuron methyl 0.6%+Pretilachlor 6% GR

3 Clodinafop Propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron Methyl 1% WP

38


4 Clomazone 20%+2,4-D EE 30% EC

5 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 7.77% w/w + Metribuzin 13.6% w/w EC

6 Hexazinone 13.2% + Diuron 46.8 % WP

7 Imazamox 35% + Imazethapyr 35% WG

8 Mesosulfuron Methyl 3% + Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium 0.6% WG

9 Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP

10 Pendimethalin 30%+ Imazethapyr 2% EC

11 Sulfosulfuran 75%+ Metsulfuron Methyl 5%WG

(Source: CIB & RC)

(C) Pesticides and formulations banned for use in India

(i) Pesticides banned for manufacture, import and use

S.No Name of the pesticide Type of pesticide

1. Aldrin Insecticide

2. Benzene Hexachloride Insecticide

3. Calcium Cyanide Insecticide and Rodenticide

4. Chlordane Insecticide

5. Copper Acetoarsenite Fungicide

6. Clbromochloropropane Insecticide

7. Endrin Insecticide

8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride Insecticide

9. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide

10. Heptachlor Insecticide

11. Menazone

12. Nitrofen Herbicide

13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate Herbicide

14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene Fungicide

15. Pentachlorophenol Herbicide

16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate Fungicide

17. Sodium Methane Arsonate Herbicide

18. Tetradifon Acaricide

19. Toxafen Insecticide

20. Aldicarb Insecticide

39


S.No Name of the pesticide Type of pesticide

21. Chlorobenzilate Insecticide

22. Dialdrine Insecticide

23. Maleic Hydrazide Herbicide

24. Ethylene Dibromide Fumigant/Insecticide

25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) Herbicide

26. Metoxuron Herbicide

27. Chlorofenvinphos Insecticide

28. Lindane* Insecticide

*Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)-Banned forManufecture, Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March, 2011 and banned for usew.e.f. 25th March, 2013.

(ii) Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufactureand use

1 Carbofuron 50% SP Insecticide

2 Methomyl 12.5% L Insecticide

3 Methomyl 24% formulation Insecticide

4 Phosphamidon 85% SL Insecticide

(iii) Pesticide banned for use but continued to manufacturefor export

1 Captafol 80% Powder Fungicide

2 Nicotin Sulfate Insecticide

(iv) Pesticides withdrawn**

1 Dalapon Herbicide

2 Ferbam Fungicide

3 Formothion Insecticide

4 Nickel Chloride Fungicide

5 Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) Insecticide

6 Simazine Herbicide

7 Warfarin Rodenticide

**Withdrawal may become in operative as soon as required complete data as per theguidelines is generated and submitted by the Pesticides Industry to the Government and

accepted by the Registration Committee. (S.O 915(E) dated 15th June, 2006)

40


(v) List of pesticides refused registration

1. Calcium Arsonate Insecticide

2. EPM Not available

3. Azinphos Methyl Insecticide

4. Lead Arsonate Insecticide

5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) Insecticide

6. 2,4, 5-T Herbicide

7. Carbophenothion Insecticide

8. Vamidothion Insecticide

9. Mephosfolan Insecticide

10. Azinphos Ethyl Insecticide

11. Binapacryl Fungicide

12. Dicrotophos Insecticide

13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton Insecticide

14. Fentin Acetate Fungicide

15. Fentin Hydroxide Fungicide

16. Chinomethionate (Morestan) Fungicide

17. Ammonium Sulphamate Herbicide

18. Leptophos (Phosvel) Insecticide

(vi) Pesticides restricted for use in India

S.N Name of Pesticide Insecticide/ Types of Restriction imposedFungicide

1. Aluminium Insecticide The Pest Control Operations withPhosphide (Fumigant) Aluminium Phosphide may be

undertaken only by Govt./Govt.undertakings / Govt.Organizations / Pest controloperators under the strictsupervision of Govt. Experts orexperts whose expertise isapproved by the Plant ProtectionAdvisor to Govt. of India.

[RC decision circular F No. 14-11(2)-CIR-II (Vol. II) dated 21-09-1984 and G.S.R. 371(E) dated20th May 1999].

41



The production, marketing anduse of Aluminium Phosphide tubepacks with a capacity of 10 and 20tablets of 3 g each of AluminiumPhosphide are banned completely.(S.O.677 (E) dated 17th July, 2001)

2. Captafol Fungicide The use of Captafol as foliar sprayis banned. Captafol shall be usedonly as seed dresser.

(S.O.569 (E) dated 25th July, 1989)

The manufacture of Captafol 80 %powder for dry seed treatment(DS) is banned for use in thecountry except manufacture forexport.


3. Cypermethrin Insecticide Cypermethrin 3 % SmokeGenerator is to be used onlythrough Pest Control Operatorsand not allowed to be used by theGeneral Public. [Order of Hon,bleHigh Court of Delhi in WP(C)10052 of 2009 dated 14-07-2009and LPA-429/2009 dated08-09-2009]

4. Dazomet Herbicide The use of Dazomet is notpermitted on Tea

(S.O.3006 (E) dated 31st Dec., 2008)

5. Diazinon Insecticide Diazinon is banned for use inagriculture except for householduse. (S.O.45 (E) dated 08th Jan.,2008)

6. Dichloro Diphenyl Insecticide The use of DDT for the domesticTrichloroethane Public Health Programme is(DDT) restricted up to 10,000 Metric

Tonnes per annum, except in caseof any major outbreak ofepidemic. M/S HindustanInsecticides Ltd., the solemanufacturer of DDT in thecountry may manufacture DDTfor export to other countries for

42



use in vector control for publichealth purpose. The export ofDDT to Parties and State non-Parties shall be strictly inaccordance with the paragraph2(b) article 3 of the StockholmConvention on Persistent OrganicPollutants (POPs).

(S.O.295 (E) dated 8th March, 2006)

Use of DDT in Agriculture iswithdrawn. In very specialcircumstances warranting the useof DDT for plant protection work,the state or central Govt. maypurchase it directly from M/SHindustan Insecticides Ltd. to beused under expert Governmentalsupervision.

(S.O.378 (E) dated 26th May, 1989)

7. Fenitrothion Insecticide The use of Fenitrothion is bannedin Agriculture except for locustcontrol in scheduled desert areaand public health.

(S.O.706 (E) dated 03rd May, 2007)

8. Fenthion Insecticide The use of Fenthion is banned inAgriculture except for locustcontrol, household and publichealth.

(S.O.46 (E) dated 08th Jan., 2008)

9. Lindane Insecticide Lindane is banned for(Gamma-HCH) manufacture, import or formulate.

However it is allowed for use upto 24th March, 2013 for termitecontrol in building includingwood, and termite control inAgriculture as per approved labelclaims by the RegistrationCommittee and for exports.

[S.O.637 (E) dated 25th March, 2011AND S.O.1472 (E) dated 29th Aug.,2007]

43



10. Methoxy Ethyl Fungicide The use of MEMC is banned

Mercuric Chloride completely except for seed

(MEMC) treatment of potato and

sugarcane.


11. Methyl Bromide Insecticide Methyl Bromide may be used only

(Fumigant) by Govt./Govt. undertakings/Govt.

Organizations / Pest control

operators under the strict

supervision of Govt. Experts or

Experts whose expertise is

approved by the Plant Protection

Advisor to Govt. of India.

[G.S.R.371 (E) dated 20th May, 1999

and earlier RC decision]

12. Methyl Parathion Insecticide Methyl Parathion 50 % EC and 2%

DP formulations are banned for

use on fruits and vegetables.


The use of Methyl Parathion is

permitted only on those crops

approved by the Registration

Committee where honeybees are

not acting as pollinators. (S.O.658

(E) dated 04th Sep., 1992.)

13. Monocrotophos Insecticide Monocrotophos is banned for use

on vegetables.

(S.O.1482 (E) dated 10th Oct, 2005)

14. Sodium Cyanide Insecticide/ The use of Sodium Cyanide shall

Fumigant be restricted for Fumigation of

Cotton bales under expert

supervision approved by the Plant

Protection Advisor to Govt. of

India.

(S.O.569(E) dated 25th July, 1989)

(Source: CIB & RC)

44


(D) Formulations of pesticides registered for use in India

Name of the Type of Formulation* registeredPesticides pesticides

1 2 ,4-Dichlorophenoxy Herbicide a) 2,4-D Sodium Salt used as TechAcetic Acid (2,4-D a.i. 80% w/w min.b)2,4-D AmineSodium Amine and Salt 58% SL 22.5% SLc)2,4-D EthylEster Salt Ester 38% EC, 4.5% Gr., 20%WP,

2 Acetamiprid Insecticide 20 SP

3 Acephate Insecticide 75% SP

4 Alachlor Herbicide 50%EC, 10% GR

5 Allethrin Insecticide 0.5% Coil, 4% Mat, 0.5% Aer., 3.6%L, 0.2% & 0.02% Coil

6. Alphacypermethrin Insecticide 10% EC, 5% WP, 0.5% Chalk, 10%SC, 0.1%RTU

7. Alphanaphthyl Plant Growth 4.5% Sol.Acetic Acid Regulator

8. Aluminium Insecticide 56% Tab’, 56% P,77.5% GRphosphide **(R)

9. Anilofos Herbicide 30% EC, 18% EC

10. Atrazine Herbicide 50% WP

11. Aureofungin Fungicide 46.15% SP

12. Azadirachtin Insecticide 25%, 10%, 0.03% EC 0.1 EC, 0.15(neem products) EC, 5 EC, 0.3% 15% extract

concentrate, 1% EC

13. Azoxystrobin Fungicide 23% SC(FI)

14. Bacillus thuringiensis Biopesticide Liquid & WP formulations, 5% AS(B.t.)

15. Barium Carbonate Rodenticide 1% P

16. Betacyfluthrin Insecticide 2.45% SC

17. Beauveria bassiana Biopesticide 1.15% WP, 1.0% WP

18. Bendiocarb Insecticide 80% WP

19. Benfuracarb Insecticide 40%EC, 3.0% GR

20. Bensulfuron Methyl Herbicide 60% DF(FI)

21. Bispyribac sodium Herbicide 10% SC

22. Benomyl Fungicide 50% WP

23. Bitertanol Fungicide 25% WP

24. Bifenthrin Insecticide 10% EC,2.5%EC,23.4%, MUP(Imp),8% SC(FI)

25. Bromadiolone Rodenticide 0.25% CB, 0.005% RB & 0.005% RBcake

26. Buprofezin Insecticide 25% SC

45


Name of the Type of Formulation*registeredPesticides pesticides

27. Butachlor Herbicide 50% EC, 5% Gr., 50% EW,

28. Captan Fungicide 50% WP, 75% WP, 50% WDG

29. Carbaryl Insecticide 5% DP, 10% DP, 50% WP, 85% WP,4% Gr., 40% LV, 42% Flow

30. Carbendazim Fungicide 25% DS, 50% WP, 46.27% SC

31. Carbofuran Insecticide 3% CG, 50% SP for Govt use.

32. Carbosulfan Insecticide 25% DS, 25% EC, 6% Gr.

33. Carboxin Fungicide 75% WP

34. Carpropamid Fungicide 27.8% SC

35. Cartap Hydrochloride Insecticide 4% Gr., 50% SP

36. Chlorfenapyr Insecticide 10% SC (FI)

37. Chlorimuron ethyl Herbicide 25% WP,

38. Chlormequat Chloride Herbicide 50% Sol.

39. Chlorofenviphos Insecticide 10% Gr.

40. Chlorothalonil Fungicide 75% WP

41. Chlorpyriphos Insecticide 20% EC, 10% Gr, 1.5% DP, 50% EC,2% RTU

42. Chlorpyriphos Methyl Insecticide 40% EC

43. Chlopropham Herbicide 50% HN

44. Cinmethylene Rodenticide 10% EC

45. Chlorantraniliprole Insecticide 18.5% SC, 0.4% Gr.

46. Clodinafop-propargyl Herbicide 15% WP(Pyroxofop-propinyl)

47. Clomazone Herbicide 50% EC

48. Clothianidin Insecticide 50%WG(FI)

49. Copper Oxychloride Fungicide 50% WP, 40% Paste, 5% DP, 50 WG

50. Copper Hydroxide Fungicide 77% WP

51. Copper Sulphate Fungicide Used as Tech. 8%, 25% w/w min.,2.62% SC

52. Coumachlor Rodenticide 0.5% CB, 0.025% RB

53. Coumatetralyl Rodenticide 0.75% TP, 0.037% Bait.

54. Cuprous Oxide Fungicide 4% DP

55. Cyfluthrin Insecticide 10% WP, 5% EW,Cyfluthrin +Propoxur (0.5%) (0.015%)

56. Cyhalofop-butyl Herbicide 10% EC

57. Cymoxonil Fungicide 80% WP

58. Cypermethrin Insecticide 10% EC, 25% EC, 1% Chalk, 0.1%Aquous (HH), 0.25 DP, 3% SmokeGenerator

59. Cyphenothrin Insecticide 5% EC, 0.15% in combination asAer.

60. Dazomet Herbicide Dazomet Technical GR

46



61. Deltamethrin Insecticide 2.5% Flow, 2.5% WP, 2.8% EC, 0.5%Chalk, 1.25% ULV, 25% Tab., 11%EC, 0.5% Tablet bait

62. Diafenthiuron Insecticide 50% WP

63. Diazinon Insecticide 20% EC, 10% GR, 2% DP, 40% WP,5% GR, 25% Micro Encapsulation

64. Dichloro Diphenyl Insecticide 50% WP, 75% WPTrichloroethane (DDT)

65. Dichloropropene and Insecticide 1:1Dichloropropanesmixture(DD Mixture) **

66. Diclorvos (DDVP) Insecticide 76% EC

67. Diclofop-methyl Herbicide 28% EC

68. Dicofol Insecticide 18.5% EC

69. Difenoconazole Fungicide 25% WP

70. Diflubenzuron Insecticide 25% WP,2%Tab,2%GR.(FI)

71. Dimethoate Insecticide 30% EC

72. Dimethomorph Fungicide 50% WP

73. Dinocap Fungicide 48% EC

74. Dithianon Fungicide 75% WP

75. Diuron Herbicide 80% WP

76. Dodine Fungicide 65% WP, 50% flow

77. D-trans allethrin Insecticide 2% Mat, 0.1% coil, 0.1% coil (12 hr.)

78. Edifenphos Fungicide 50% EC

79. Emamectin Benzoate Insecticide 5% SG (FI) & (FIM)

80. Endosulfan Insecticide 2% DP, 4% DP, 35% EC, 4% GR

81. Ethephon Plant 39% SL, 10% PasteGrowthRegulator

82. Ethion Insecticide 50% EC

83. Ethofenprox Insecticide 10% EC(Etofenprox)

84. Ethoxysulfuron Herbicide 10% EC

85. Ethylene Dichloride Fumigant 3:1and CarbonTetrachloride mixture(EDCT mixture 3:1)

86. Fenarimol Fungicide 12% EC

87. Fenazaquin Insecticide 10% EC

47



88. Fenitrothion Insecticide 5% DP, 40% WP, 50% EC, 82.5%EC, 2% Spray, 20% OL

89. Fenobucarb (BPMC) Insecticide 50% EC

90. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Herbicide 10% EC, 9.3% EC one timeimport, 6.7% EC

91. Fenpropathrin Insecticide 10% EC, 30% EC

92. Fenthion Insecticide 82.5% EC, 2% GR, 2% Spray

93. Fenvalerate Insecticide 0.4% DP, 20%EC

94. Fenpyroximate Insecticide 5% SC

95. Fipronil Insecticide 0.3% Gr., 5% SC, 0.05% Gel(Import) & FIM, 80%WG

96. Flubendiamide Insecticide 39.35% SC, 20% WG

97. Fluchloralin Herbicide 45% EC

98. Flumite Insecticide 20% SC

99. Flusilazole Fungicide 40% EC

100. Flufenacet Herbicide 60% WP

101. Flufenoxuron Insecticide 10% DC

102. Fluvalinate Insecticide 25% EC

103. Forchlorfenuron Plant 0.1%, 0.12% EC (FI)(CPPU) Growth

Regulator

104. Fosetyl-Al Fungicide 80% WP

105. Gibberellic Acid Plant Tech. P, 0.186% SP, 0.001% W/WGrowthRegulator

106. Glufosinate Herbicide 13.5% SLAmmonium

107. Glyphosate Herbicide 41% SL, 20.2% SL, 5% SL

108. Glyphosate Herbicide 71% SGammonium salt

109. Hexaconazole Fungicide 5% EC, 5% SC, 2% SC

110. Hexythiazox Insecticide 5.45% EC

111. Hydrogen cyanamid Fumigant 50% SC, 49%

112. Imazethapyr Herbicide 10% EC

113. Imidacloprid Insecticide 17.8% SL, 70% WS, 48% FS, 30.5%SC, 2.5% Gel, 70%WG

114. Iprobenfos (Kitazin) Fungicide 48% EC, 17% GR

48



115. Imiprothrin Insecticide 50% MUP (Imiprothrin 0.1% +Cyfenothrin 0.15%)

116. Indoxacarb Insecticide 14.5% SC,15.8%EC

117. Iprodione Fungicide 50% WP

118. Isoprothiolane Fungicide 40% EC

119. Isoproturon Herbicide 50% WP, 75% WP, 50% Flow

120. Kasugamycin Fungicide 3% SL

121. Kresoxim-methyl Fungicide 44.3%

122. Lambdacyhalothrin Insecticide 5% EC, 10% WP, 2.5% EC, 0.5%Chalk, 22.9%CS(FI), 4.9%

123. Lime Sulphur Fungicide 22% SC

124. Lindane ** Insecticide 0.65% DP, 1.3% DP, 6.5% WP, 20%EC, 6% GR

125. Linuron Herbicide 50% WP

126. Lufenuron Insecticide 5.4% EC

127. Magnesium Fumigant 56%Min. Plates (FI)phosphide Plates

128. Malathion Insecticide 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% EC, 0.25%Spray and 96% ULV, 2% Spray, 5%Spray

129. Mancozeb Fungicide 75% WP, 35% SC, 75%WG

130. Mepiquat Chloride Herbicide 5%AS, 50% TK

131. Milbemectin Insecticide 1% EC

132. Metaflumizone Herbicide 22% SC (FI)

133. Metalaxyl Fungicide 35% WS, 40% WS

134. Metalaxyl – M Fungicide 31.8% ES

135. Metaldehyde Molloscucide 2.5% DP

136. Metiram Fungicide 70% WG

137. Methomyl Insecticide 40% SP

138. Methabenzthiazuron Herbicide 70% WP

139. Methoxy ethyl Fungicide 3% FS, 6% FSmercury chloride **

140. Methyl bromide ** Fungicide 99% L, 98% L

141. Methyl chlorophenoxy Herbicide 40% SL or 40% ASacetic acid (MCPA)

142. Methyl Parathion ** Insecticide 2% DP, 50% EC

49



143. Metasulfuron -methyl Herbicide 20% WD, 20%WG(FI)

144. Metolachlor Herbicide 50% EC

145. Metoxuron Herbicide 80% WP

146. Metribuzin Herbicide 70% WP

147. Monocrotophos Insecticide 36% SL

148. Myclobutanil Fungicide 36% SL

149. Novaluron Insecticide 10% EC (FI)

150. NPV of Helicoverpa Biopesticide 0.43% AS, 2.0% ASarmigera

151. NPV of Spodoptera Biopesticide 0.5% ASlitura

152. Oxadiazon Herbicide 25% EC

153. Oxadiargyl Herbicide 80% WP, 6% EC

154. Oxycarboxin Fungicide 20% EC

155. Oxydemeton-methyl Insecticide 25% EC

156. Oxyfluorfen Herbicide 23.5% EC, 0.35% GR

157. Paclobutrazol Plant Growth 23% SCRegulator

158. Paraquat dichloride Herbicide 24% SL

159. Penconazole Fungicide 10% EC

160. Pendimethalin Herbicide 30% EC, 5% GR,38.7% CS

161. Pencycuron Fungicide 22.9% SC

162. Permethrin Insecticide 25% EC, 5% SG

163. Phenthoate Insecticide 2% DP, 50% EC

164. Phorate Insecticide 10% CG

165. Phosalone Insecticide 4% DP, 35% EC

166. Phosphamidon Insecticide 40% SL,

167. Pinoxaden Herbicide 5.1% EC

168. Primiphos-methyl Insecticide 25% WP, 50% EC, 1% Spray

169. Prallethrin Insecticide 0.8% mat for 12 hours, 1% Mat,0.8% L, 1.6% L, 0.5% mosquito coil,0.04% Mosquito coil, 1.2% mat, 19%w/w VP, 0.6% mat

170. Pretilachlor Herbicide 50% EC, 30.7% w/w EC, 37.0% EW

171. Profenophos Insecticide 50% EC

172. Propanil Herbicide 35% EC

173. Propergite Insecticide 57% EC

50



174. Propetamphos Insecticide 20% EC, 1% Spray

175. Propiconazole Fungicide 25% EC

176. Propineb Fungicide 70% WP

177. Propoxur Insecticide 20% EC, 1% Aer., 2% Aer. 1% HHSpray, 2% Bait

178. Propaquizafop Herbicide 10% EC(FI)

179. Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum) Insecticide 0.2% DP, 2.5% EC, 0.05% Spray,0.2% PH, 2.0% EC

180. Pyraclostrobin Fungicide 20% WG

181. Pyrazosulfuron -ethyl Herbicide 10% WP

182. Pyriproxifen Insecticide 0.5% GR

183. Quinalphos Insecticide 1.5% DP, 25% EC, 20% AF

184. Quizalofop ethyl Herbicide 5% EC (FI)

185. Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Herbicide 4% EC (FI)

186. S-Bioallethrin Insecticide 2.4% mat

187. Sirmate Herbicide 38 WP, 4 GR

188. Sodium Cyanide ** Rodenticide Used as Tech., 96% a.i. min

189. Spinosad Insecticide 45% SC, 2.5% SC

190. Spiromesifen Insecticide 22.9% SC

191. Streptomycin + Bactericide 90: 10 SPTetracycline

192. Sulfosulfuron Herbicide 75% WG

193. Sulphur Fungicide 85% DP, 80% WP, 40% SC, 80%WG/WDG, 55.16 SC (800 gm / L)

194. Tebuconazole Fungicide 2.5% DS, 2% DS, 25.9% EW

195. Temephos Insecticide 50% EC, 1% Sand Granules

196. Tetraconazole Fungicide 3.8% EC (FI)

197. Thiobencarb Fungicide 50% EC, 10% GR(Benthiocarb)

198. Thiodicarb Insecticide 75% WP

199. Thiamethoxam Insecticide 25% WG, 70% WS, 30% FS

200. Thiometon Insecticide 25% EC

201. Thiophanate-methyl Insecticide 70% WP

202. Thiacloprid Insecticide 21.7% SC

203. Thiram Fungicide 80% WP

204. Thifluzamide Fungicide 24% SC

51



205. Transfluthrin Insecticide 0.88% Liquid Vaporiser, 0.03% Mos.Coil, 20% MV Gel(30 days mattray)

206. Triadimefon Fungicide 25% WP

207. Trichoderma viride Biopesticide 1% WP (CFU 2x106 gm/min), 0.5%WP, 5% WP

208. Triallate Insecticide 50% EC

209. Triazophos Insecticide 40% EC, 20% EC

210. Trichlorfon Insecticide 5% DP, 50% EC, 5% GR

211. Tricontanol Plant 0.05% EC, 0.1% EW, 0.05% GRGrowthRegulator

212. Tricoderma harzianum Biopesticide 0.5% WS

213. Tricyclazole Fungicide 75% WP

214. Tridemorph Fungicide 80% EC

215. Trifluralin Herbicide 48% EC

216. Validamycin Fungicide 3% L

217. Zinc Phosphide Fumigant 2% RB

218. Zineb Fungicide 80% WP, 27% Colloidal Suspension

219. Ziram Fungicide 80 WP, 27% CS

(Source: CIB & RC)

*Formulation

Solids Liquids Others

BB: Block Bait DC: Dispersible Concentrate AE: AerosolCB: Bait Concentrate EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate dispenserCG: Encapsulated Granule ES: Emulsion for Seed TreatmentCS: Capsule Suspension EW: Emulsion, Oil in WaterDP: Dispersible Powder FS: Flowable Concentrate for Seed TreatmentDS: Powder of Dry Seed OD: Oil DispersionGB: Granular Bait SC: Suspension ConcentrateGR: Granule SE: Suspension EmulsionRB: Bait (ready for use) SL: Soluble ConcentrateSG: Water Soluble GranuleWP: Wettable PowderSP: Water Soluble PowderWG:Water Dispersible GranulesWS: Water Dispersible Powder for Slurry Treatment

**R= Restricted

52


(E) Insecticides and combination products approved forinsect control in vegetable crops

Sl Common Strength and Target Pests Dosage /Ha

No name Formulation a.i Formu-(g) lation

(g/ml)

Insecticides

1 Acetamiprid 20% SP Aphids 15 75

Thrips 10-20 50-100

2 Azadirachtin 1% Fruit Borer, FSB* - 1000-1500(10000 ppm)

3 Azadirachtin 0.03 % Fruit Borers, - 2500-5000(300 ppm) Whiteflies,

Leaf Hoppers,Beetles, Aphids,DBM**

4 Azadirachtin 5% Fruit Borers, - 200Whiteflies,Leaf Hoppers,Aphids, DBM,Spodoptera

5 Bacillus 5% WP DBM 25-50 500-1000thuringiensisvar. krustaki

6 Buprofezin 25 % SC Yellow mite 75-150 300-600

7 Carbaryl 5% DP Jassid 1000 20000

Borers 600 12000

10 % DP Fruit borer, 2500 25000jassids, DBM,Armyworm

8 Carbofuran 3 % G Aphids 1000 33300

Nematodes 1000 50000

Shoot fly 1000 33.10/plant

Thrips 500 16600

Whitefly 1200 40000

Jassids 1000 33300

9 Carbosulfan 25 % EC Whitefly, 200-250 800-1000Aphids

10 Chlorantranil- 18.5% SC DBM 10 50

prole Fruit borer 30 150

FSB 40 200

53




(g/ml)

11 Chlorfenpyre 10 % SC DBM 75-100 750-1000

Yellow mite 75-100 750-1000

12 Chlorpyrifos 20% EC FSB 200 1000

DBM 400 2000

Pod borer/ 600 3000Pod bugs

Root grub 1000 5000

13 Cypermethrin 0.25 % DP FSB 50-60 20000-24000

10 % EC DBM 60-70 650-760

Fruit borer, FSB 50-70 550-760

25 % EC FSB, Jassids 37-50 150-200

Epilachna beetle 37-50 150-200

14 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC FSB, Jassids 10-15 400-600

Fruit borer 10-12.5 400-600

15 Dichlorvos 76% EC Red pumpkin 500 627beetle

16 Dicofol 18..5 % EC Red spider mite 250-500 1350-2700

17 Difenthiuron 50 % WP DBM 300 600

Mites 300 600

Whitefly 300 600

18 Dimethoate 30% EC Aphid, 700 2310Leafhopper 600 1980

Bugs 200 660

Mites 300 990Thrips 200 660

Whitefly 300 990

19 Emamectin 5 % SG FSB 6.75-10 135-200

benzoate DBM 7.5-10.0 150-200

Fruit borer, 10 200Thrips, Mite

20 Endosulfan 35 % EC Aphids 140 400

21 Ethion 50 % EC Mite, Thrips 750-1000 1500-2000

22 Fenazaquin 10 % EC Yellow mite 125 1250

54




(g/ml)

23 Fenpropathrin 30 % EC FSB, Thrips, 75-100 250-340Whitefly, Mites

24 Fenpyroximate 5 % EC Yellow Mite 15-30 300-600

25 Fenvalerate 20 % EC DBM, Borers 60-75 300-375

FSB 75-100 375-500

26 Fipronil 5 % SC DBM 40-50 800-100

Fruitborer, 40-50 800-100Thrips, Aphids

27 Flubendamide 39.35 % SC Fruit borer 48-60 100-125

28 Flufenoxuron 10 % DC DBM 40 400

29 Flumite/ 20 % SC Mites 80-100 400-500Flufenzine

30 Hexythiazox 5.45 % EC Yellow mite 15-25 300-500

31 Imidacloprid 70 % WG Jassids, 21-24.5 30-35Aphids, Thrips

48 % FS Jassids, 300-540 500-900Aphids (per 100

kg seed)

70 % WS Jassids, 350-700 500-1000Aphids (per 100

kg seed)

Jassids, 700-1050 500-1000Aphids, Thrips (per 100

kg seed)

17.8 % SL Jassid, Aphid, 25-20 125-250Thrips

Whitefly 30-35 150-175

32 Indoxacarb 14.5% SC DBM 30-40 200-266

Fruit borer 50-75 333-500

15.8 % SC DBM 40 266

33 Lambda- 5 % EC FSB,Fruit borer 15 300

cyhalothrin Thrips, Mite, 15 300Jassids

34 Lufenuron 5.4% EC DBM, Fruit borer 30 600

35 Malathion 50% EC Fruit borer 750 1500Jassids 625 1250

55




(g/ml)

Mites, Aphids, 750 1500Head borerWhitefly,Stem Borer,Pod borer

36 Metaflumizone 22 % SC DBM 165-220 150-1000

37 Methomyl 40 % SP Pod borer, 300-450 750-1125Thrips

38 Milbemectin 1 % EC Mites 3.25 325

39 Novaluron 10% EC DBM 75 750

Fruit borer 75 750

Tobacco caterpillar 33.5 375

40 NPV of 0.43 % AS Helicoverpa armigera - 1500

H armigera 2.0 % AS Helicoverpa armigera - 250-500

41 Oxydemeton 25% EC Whitefly, 250 1000methyl Aphids, Jassid 400 1600

Leaf beetles

Mites 500 2000Thrips 250 1000

42 Permethrin 25 % EC Fruit borer, 100-125 400-500Aphids, Jassids

DBM 50-125 200-500

43 Phorate 10% G Aphids, Jassids 1000-1500 15000-20000Mites, Thrips

Whitefly 1500 15000

44 Phosalone 35 % EC Fruit borer 450-525 1500

FSB 500 1285-1428

Aphids 500 1428

Aphid 700 2000Mite 450 1285Thrips 700 2000

45 Phosphomidon 40% SL Jassids, Aphid 250-300 625-750Whitefly

46 Propargite 57% EC Mite 850 1500

47 Pyridalyl 10% EC Fruit borers, 50-75 500-750DBM

56




(g/ml)

48 Quinalphos 25% Gel Aphids 250 100

20% AF Fruit borer 250-300 1250-1500

FSB, Jassids, 300-350 1500-1750Epilachanabeetle

25% EC Fruit borer, 250 1000Leaf hopper, Mite

FSB 375 1500Leaf hopper 250 1000

Aphid 250 1000Head borer 500 2000

Mite 375 1500

Fruit borer 250 1000

Stemfly 250 1000

Thrips 3000 1200

49 Spinosad 2.5% SC DBM 15.0-17.5 600-700

45% SC Fruit borer 73 160

50 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC Red spider mite 96 400

Yellow mite 96-120 400-500

51 Thiacloprid 21.7% SC Thrips 54-72 225-300

51 Thiodicarb 75% WP FSB, Fruitborer 470-750 625-500

53 Thiamethoxam 25% WG Jassid, aphid, 25 100

Whitefly 50 200

70% WDG Aphids 200 286

54 Thiameton 25% EC Aphids, 250 100Jassids FSB

55 Trichloforon 5% GR FSB, DBM 500-750Red pumpkinbeetle

5% D FSB, DBM 500-750Red pumpkinbeetle

50% EC FSB, DBM 500-750Red pumpkinbeetle

56 Triazophos 40% EC FSB 500 1250Epilachana bettle

57




(g/ml)

Combination Insecticides

1 Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Aphids, Jassids, 15.75+36.75 175-200+ Imidacloprid 19.81% OD FSB to 18 + 42

2 Cypermethrin 3% + 20% EC FSB 350-400 500-600+ Quinalphos

3 Deltamethrin 1% + 35% EC FSB, Jassids 10+350- 1000-1250+ Triazophos Aphid, Epilachna 12.5+

beetle 450

4 Indoxacarb + 14.5 %+ Thrips 88.8-111 400-500Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC Fruit borer

5 Novaluron + 5.25% + Fruit borer & 43.31+ 825-875Indoxacarb 4.5% SC Leaf eating 37.13 to

caterpillar 45.94 +39.38

6 Pyriproxyfen 5% +15% EC Whitefly, FSB 25+75 – 500-750+ Fenpropathrin 37.5 +112.5

(Source: CIB & RC)FSB: Fruit & Shoot borer; DBM: Diamond Back Moth

(F) Fungicides and combination products approved fordisease control in vegetable crops

Sl Common Strength and Target Disease Dosage /Ha


(g/ml)

Fungicides

1 Azoxystrobin 23% SC Fruit rot, Powdery 125 500mildewEarly & Late 125 500blight Powderymildew

2 Benomyl 50% WP Powdery mildew, 100 200Anthracnose,Fruit rot, Leaf spot

3 Carbendazim 50% WP Powdery mildew 125-175 250-350Leaf spot, Fruit 150 300rot

58




(g/ml)

4 Copper 2.62% SC Early & Late - 1.0 lSulphate blight, Fruit rot,

anthracnose

5 Captan 50% WG Fruit rot & 750 1500Anthracnose,Early & Late blight

75% WP Damping off 0.25% 2500(Nursery)

Early & Late blight 1250 1667

Fruit rot 1500 2000

75% WS Damping off 15-25 per 20-30 per(soil drench) kg seed kg seed

50% WP Early & Late 1250 2.5 kgblight

6 Copper 77% WP Anthracnose, 625 1250Hydroxide leaf spot

Cercospora

7 Chlorothalonil 75% WP Early & Late 0.66-0.937 0.875-1.250blight

Fruit rot 600 800

8 Difenoconazole 25% EC Die-back 0.0125% 0.05% orFruit rot or 12.5g/100 50 ml/ 100

l. water l. water

9 Dinocap 48% EC Powdery mildew 108 225

10 Dimethomorph 50% WP Late blight 500 1000

11 Fenarimol 12% EC Powdery mildew 0.005% 0.04 ml%(5g/100 l (40 ml/100of water) l of water)

12 Flusilazole 40% EC Powdery Mildew 40-60 100-150

13 Hexaconazole 2% SC Powdery mildew 60 3.0 l& Fruit rot

Early & Late blight 60 3.0 l

14 Iprodione 50% WP Early blight 0.75 kg 1.5 kg

15 Kresoxim- 44.3% SC Early blight 30-37.5 ml 1000-1250methyl 0.03- 0.037%

16 Kitazin 48% EC Fruit rot 0.10% or 0.20% ordieback 100 in 100 200 ml in

l. of water 200 l. ofwater

59




(g/ml)

Early blight 0.10% or 0.20% or100 gram in 200 ml in

100 l. of 200 l. ofwater water

17 Lime Sulphur 22% SC Rust The liquid is used at oneper cent in conventionalsprayers (Doses 2-5 l/ha)

18 Mancozeb 75% WG Early Blight 750 1000

Late Blight 750 1000

35% SC Early & Late 0.175% or 0.5% or 500blight 175 gm/100 gm/100 l

l. water water

75% WP Early & Late 1.125-1.5 kg 1.5-2 kgblight, Buckeye Rot, Leafspot

Damping off 2.25 3 g (soildrench)

Fruit rot, 1.125 kg 1.5-2 kgLeaf spot

Collar rot 2.25 3

19 Mandi- 23.4% SC Late blight 0.02% 0.08%propamid

20 Metriam 70% WG Alternaria blight 1750 2500

21 M.E.M.C. 6% FS Tuber 0.025 /kg 0.415 /kgseed seed

22 Myclobutanil 10% WP Leaf spot & 0.004% 0.04%Die back

23 Propineb 70% WP Early & Late 0.21% or 0.30% orblight 210g/100 l. 300/ 100

water l. water

Dieback 0.35% or 0.5% or350 g/100 500 gram/l. water 100 lwater

Buck eye rot 0.21% or 0.30% or210 /100 300/ 100l.water l.water

24 Pyraclostrobin 20% WG Early blight 75-100 375-500

60




(g/ml)

25 Sulphur 80% WP Powdery mildew, 2.5 kg 3.13 kg

Rust 2.5 kg 3.13 kg

80% WG Powdery mildew 1.50- 1.875-2.00 kg 250 kg

40% WP Powdery mildew 2.25- 5.65 kg3.00 kg

52% SC Powdery mildew 1.04 kg 2.00 l.

85% DP Powdery mildew 12.75- 15-20 kg17 kg

Rust, Powdery 12.75-17 15-20 kgmildew kg

26 Streptomycin 9%+1% SP Halo blight Spray StreptocyclineSulphate + @ 100 to 150 ppmTetracylin solution thrice atHydrocloride interval of 7 days.

For prevention applyfirst spray 10 daysafter emergence ofleaf.

Bacterial leaf spot Spray seedlings withstreptocycline 40 to100 ppm solution inseed beds and fieldsafter the appearanceof first true leaves.Two sprays ofstreptocycline, onebefore transplantingand another after, areeffective forcontrolling thedisease.

27 Triadimefon 25% WP Rust 0.025% 0.100%

Powdery mildew 38 0.150 kg

28 Thiophanate 70% WP Ring rot 500 715

Methyl Anthracnose 1000 1430

Powdery mildew 1000 1430

61




(g/ml)

29 Tebuconazole 25.9% m/m Fruit rot 0.125- 0.50-0.75EC Powdery mildew 0.1875 kg kg

30 Ziram 80% WP Early blight 1.2-1.6 kg 1.5-2.0 kg

31 Zineb 75% WP Early & Late 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kgblight, Greyleaf mould

Fruit rot & 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kgLeaf spot

Blight 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg

Downy mildewAnthracnose 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg

Leaf spot 1.125-1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg

Combination Fungicides

32 Carboxin DS Black scurf 1.87 gm/ 2.5 gm/kg37.5% + kg seed seedThiram 37.5%

33 Metalaxy WP Late blight 1800 or 2500 orl 8% + 0.18% 0.25%Mancozeb64%

34 Captan 70% WP Fruit rot, 375-750 500-1000+ AnthracnoseHexaconazole Early & Late5% blight

35 Cymoxanil WP Late blight 1080 15008% + Downy mildewMancozeb 64%

36 Metalaxyl WP Late blight 0.17 % 0.25%M 4% + or1700 or 2500Mancozeb 64%

37 Famoxadone SC Early and 210 50016.6% + Late BlightCymoxanil2.1%

38 Fenamidone WDG Late blight 125 + 625- 1250-150010% + 150 + 750Mancozeb 50%

62




(g/ml)

39 Carbendazim WS Late blight (1.5 + 3.0) to 6 - 725% + Black scurf (1.75 + 3.5)Mancozeb 50% For 10 kg

of seed

40 Metiram 55% + WG Late blight 900-1050 1500 - 1750Pyraclostrobin5%

(Source: CIB & RC)

63


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72


(I) Biopesticides for use in vegetable pest control

(i) Microbial biopesticides currently used in vegetable pestmanagement in India

Biopesticides Target Insects / Diseases Crops

Microbial Insecticides

Bacillus thuringiensis Plutella xylostella Cruciferous crops

Helicoverpa armigera Tomato, Pulses

Leucinodes orbonalis Brinjal

Earias vitella Okra

Diaphania indica Gherkins

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus H. armigera Legumes, Tomato,Cole crops, Okra

Spodoptera litura Tobacco, Cabbage,Soybean, Tomato

Nomuraea rileyi Helicoverpa armigera Tomato, Cole crops

Spodoptera litura

Trichoplusia ni

Verticillium lecanii Whiteflies, Mealybugs Vegetables

Paecilomyces lilacinus Nematodes Vegetables

Metarhizium anisopliae Root Grubs Vegetables

Beauveria bassiana White grubs, P. xylostella Cole crops

Antagonist

T. viride Root rots Cowpea, Blackgram, Green gram

T. viride Damping off, Wilts, Tomato, Brinjal,T. harzianum Root rots Beans, Chillies,P. fluorescens Cabbage, Carrot

T. harzianum, T. viride Root rot Soybean

(Source: Rabindra, R.J., 2005)

73


(ii) Biopesticides and their formulations registered for usein India

Common name Formulations

Microbial Pesticides

1. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 2% WP, 2.5% AS

a) Serotype H-3a, strain A-97 35 WP

b) Serotype (3a,3b,3c) Strain DOR Bt-1, 0.5% WP

c) Serotype (3a,3b) Strain HD-1, 3.5% ES

d) Serotype (3a,3b) Strain Z-52

2. Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae, 1.3% FCSerotype 3a,3b, strain R1539m

3. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis

a) Serotype H-14, strain 164

b) Serotype H-14, strain VCRC B-17 Slow release granules

c) Serotype H-14, strain VCRC B-17 WP

d) Serotype H-14, 12 AS

e) Serotype H-14, strain VCRC B-17 5 AS

4. Bacillus sphaericus Serotype 5a, 5b, 1.3% FCStrain 1593 m

5. Beauveria bassiana 1% WP, 1.15% WP, 2.15% WP, 10%SC, 1.5% WP, 5% WP

6. Trichoderma viride 1% WP, 0.5% WS, 1.5% WP, 0.5%WP

7. Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP, 2% WP, 0.5% WS

8. Pseudomonas fluoresens 0.5% WP, 1.0% WP, 1.25% WP, 1.5%WP, 1.25% WP

9. Verticillum lecanii 1.15% WP

10. NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 0.43% AS, 0.5% AS, 0.64% AS, 1.0%AS, 2% AS

11. NPV of Spodoptera litura 0.5% AS

12. Metarrhizium anisopliae 1.0% WP, 1.15% WP

13. Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP

14. Paecilomyces lilacinus 0.5% WP, 1.15% WP, 1.0% WP

15 Ampelomyces quisqalis 2% WP

16. Bacillus subtilis 1.5% AS

74


Common name Formulations

Botanical Pesticides

17. Azadirachtin 0.03% EC, 0.3%, 0.1% EC, 0.15%EC, 1% EC, 1%, 2.5%, 25%

18. Pyrethrum/Pyrethrin 0.2% Aerosol, 0.4% Mat, 0.3%Agarbatti, 0.2% Coil, 0.05% Spray,25% Extract, 0.2% DP, 0.2% PH, 2%EC & 2.5% EC

(Source: CIB &RC)

(iii) List of biopesticides included in the schedule of theInsecticide Act, 1968

Microbial Insecticides

1. Bacillus species

2. Bacillus subtilis

3. Gliocadium species

4. Pseudomonas species

5. Trichoderma species

6. Beauveria bassiana

7. Metarrhizium anisopliae

8. Nomuraea rileyi

9. Verticileum lecani

10. Granulosis viruses (GV)

11. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV)

12. Verticillium chlamydosporium

13. Streptomyces griseoviridis

14. Streptomyces lydicus

15. Ampelomyces quisqualis

16. Candida oleophila

75


17. Fusarium oxysporum (non pathogenic)

18. Burkholderia cepacia

19. Coniotyrium minitans

20. Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 84

21. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

22. Pythium oligandrum

23. Erwinia amylovora (hairpin protein)

24. Phlebia gigantean

25. Paecilomyces lilacinus

26. Penicillium islanidicum (for groundnut)

27. Alcaligenes sp.

28. Chaetomium globosum

29. Aspergillus niger – strain AN27

30. VAM – Vesicular arbuscular mycorrihiza

31. Myrothecium verrucaria

32. Photorhabdus luminescences akhurustii strain K-1

33. Serratia marcescens GPS 5 (Bacteria)

34. Hirsutella sp

Botanical Insecticides

35. Piriformospora indica

36. Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum)

37. Neem products

38. Karanjin

39. Extracts of Cymbopogan species

40. Oxymatrine

76


41. Reduced Azadirachtin (s)

42. Triptericium of wilfordii Hook GTW – Plant extract

43. Bitterbarkomycin

44. Squamocin

45. Eucalyptus leaf extract

(iv) Field recommendations of Neem based insecticides forvegetable crops

Name Crop Target Pests Formulation(Dose/ha.)

1. Azadirachtin Cow pea Pod Borer 1.6-2.0 l

0.03% (300 ppm) Okra Fruit & Shoot 1.25-4.5 lBorer, Jassids,Aphids, LeafFolder

Cauliflower Diamond back 1.25-2.0 lmoth (DBM)

Cabbage DBM, Aphids 0.80-2.5 l

Tomato Whitefly 2.5 l

Field bean Pod borer, Aphids 0.8-1.5 l

2. Azadirachtin Okra Aphids, Jassids 1-2 l

0.15% (1500 ppm) Cabbage Aphids, DBM 2-2.5 l

Tomato Fruit borer and 3.25 lWhitefly

Field bean Pod borer 2 l

3. Azadirachtin Cabbage DBM 1.67 – 3.34 l0.3% (3000 ppm)

4. Azadirachtin 5% Cauliflower DBM, Aphids, 0.2 l(50000 ppm) Spodoptera litura

Okra Whitefly, Jassids, 0.2 lAphids and Shootand Fruit borer

(Source: Pawar, 2001)

77


(v) Field recommendations of Bacillus based bio pesticides

Name Crop Target Pests Formulation(Dose/ha.)

1. Bacillus thuringiensis Cabbage & Diamond back 0.5 kg/ha.var. kurstaki, 3a, 3b, Cauliflower moth (DBM)SA-II WG

2. Bacillus thuringiensis Brinjal Shoot and fruit 0.25-0.5 kg/havar. kurstaki, BMPn borer123 (2x) WDG, 3a,3b

3. Bacillus thuringiensis Cabbage, DBM 300-500 g/havar. kurstaki, HPWP Cauliflower

4. Bacillus thuringiensis Cabbage, DBM 0.60- 1.0 l/havar. galleriae Serotype, Cauliflower3a, 3b,

Tomato Fruit borer 1 – 1.5 l/ha

Okra Fruit and 1 – 1.5 l/hashoot borer

5. Bacillus thuringiensis Okra Fruit and shoot 0.4-1.0 kgvar. kurstaki, strain borerZ-523, serotype H3a,3b

6. Bacillus thuringiensis Soybean Spodoptera litura, 0.75-1.0 kg/havar. kurstaki, WP Spilosoma,

Semilooper,leaf miner

Legumes Pod borer 0.75-1.0 kg/ha

(Source: Pawar, 2001)

(J) Approved pesticides for controlling termites, storageinsect pests and rodents

(i) Insecticides for protecting buildings from termites

S.N Insecticides Dosage

1 Chlorpyriphos 50% EC 50 ml in 5 litre water

2 Ethion 50% EC 50 ml in 5 litre water

3 Imidacloprid 30.50% SC 10.5 ml in 5 litre water

4 Lindane 20% EC 250 ml in 5 litre water

78


(ii) Insecticides to control termites in agricultural crops

S.N. Insecticide Formulations

1. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC

2. Endosulfan 35% EC, 4% DP

3. Imidacloprid 17.8% SL

(iii) Insecticides for the control of stored grain pests

S.N. Insecticides

1 Aluminium Phosphide 56% m/m*

2 Aluminium Phosphide 15% Tablet*

3 Deltamethrin 2.5% WP

4 Lindane 6.5% WP

5 Methyl Bromide Technical*

6 Methyl Bromide 98% + Chloropicrin 2% w/w Fumigant

*To be used by Govt. approved agencies under expert supervision only

(iv) Rodenticides for rodent control in field and house/godown

S.N Rodenticides Formulations

1 Bromadiolone 0.005% RB

2 Bromadiolone 0.25% CB

3 Coumatetralyl 0.0375% Bait

4 Warfarin 0.5% (HH)

5 Warfarin 0.025% w/w

6 Zinc Phosphide Technical

7 Zinc Phosphide 2% RB

(Source: CIB & RC)

79


4.L

abel

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f P

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day

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nch

ing

the

nu

rser

y

Ear

ly &

Lat

e12

50 g

1667

g10

006

bli

gh

t

75%

WS

Dam

pin

g o

ff15

-25

gm

per

20-3

0 g

per

1-

(so

il d

ren

ch)

kg

see

dk

g s

eed

50%

WP

Ear

ly &

Lat

e b

lig

ht

1250

g2.

5 k

g75

0-10

00

81

Compendium on Pesticide Use in VegetablesC

om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

Pes

tsa.

i (g

)F

orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

(Lit

re)

21.

Ipro

dio

ne

50%

WP

Ear

ly b

lig

ht

0.75

kg

1.5

kg

500

15

22.

Kre

sox

im-m

eth

yl

44.3

% S

CE

arly

bli

gh

t30

- 37

.5 m

l10

00-1

250

g50

0-60

003

0.03

- 0.

037%

23.

Kit

azin

48%

EC

Ear

ly b

lig

ht

0.10

% o

r 10

00.

20%

or

200

As

req

uir

ed5

gra

m i

n 1

00m

l in

200

l.

dep

end

ing

up

on

l. o

f w

ater

of

wat

ercr

op

sta

ge

and

pla

nt

pro

tect

ion

equ

ipm

ent

use

d

24.

Man

coze

b75

% W

GE

arly

Bli

gh

t75

0 g

m10

00 g

m50

0 l

5-6

35%

SC

Ear

ly &

Lat

e0.

175%

or

0.5%

or

500

500

l w

ater

or

10

bli

gh

t17

5gm

/100

gm

/100

lw

ater

as r

equ

ired

l w

ater

dep

end

ing

up

on

cro

p s

tag

e

75%

WP

Lat

e b

lig

ht,

1.12

5-1.

5 k

g1.

5-2

kg

750

l-

Bu

ck e

ye

Ro

t,

Lea

f sp

ot

25.

Met

arim

70%

WG

Alt

ern

aria

bli

gh

t17

50 g

2500

g50

0-75

0 l

6

82


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

Pes

tsa.

i (g

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orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

(Lit

re)

26.

Pro

pin

eb70

% W

PB

uck

ey

e ro

t0.

21%

or

210

0.30

% o

r 30

0A

s re

qu

ired

10g

/100

l w

ater

g/1

00 l

wat

erd

epen

din

gu

po

n c

rop

sta

ge

and

pla

nt

pro

tect

ion

equ

ipm

ent

use

d

27.

Py

racl

ost

rob

in20

% W

GE

arly

bli

gh

t75

-100

g37

5-50

0 g

500

3

28.

Str

epto

my

cin

9%+1

% S

PB

acte

rial

lea

f sp

ot

-S

pra

y s

eed

lin

gs

wit

h s

trep

tocy

clin

e 40

to

100

Su

lph

ate

+p

pm

so

luti

on

in

see

d b

eds

and

fie

lds

afte

rT

etra

cyli

nth

e ap

pea

ran

ce o

f fi

rst

tru

e le

aves

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yd

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ori

de

Tw

o s

pra

ys

of

stre

pto

cycl

ine,

on

e b

efo

retr

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lan

tin

g a

nd

an

oth

er a

fter

, ar

e ef

fect

ive

for

con

tro

llin

g t

he

dis

ease

.

29.

Th

iop

hen

ate

Met

hy

l70

% W

PR

ing

ro

t50

0 g

715

g75

0-10

007

30.

Zir

am80

% W

PE

arly

bli

gh

t1.

2-1.

6 k

g1.

5-2.

0 k

g75

0-10

003

31.

Zin

eb75

% W

PE

arly

& L

ate

1.12

5- 1

.5 k

g1.

5-2

kg

750-

1000

lb

lig

ht

Gre

yle

af m

ou

ld

32.

Cy

mo

xan

il 8

% +

WP

Lat

e b

lig

ht

1080

g15

00 g

500-

750

l10

day

sM

anco

zeb

64%

33.

Fam

ox

ado

ne

16.6

%S

CE

arly

an

d21

050

050

03

+ C

ym

ox

anil

22.

1%L

ate

Bli

gh

t

(So

urc

e: C

IB&

RC

) *

PH

I: P

re-H

arv

est

Inte

rval

83


Bri

nja

l

Co

mm

on

Nam

eS

tren

gth

Tar

get

Do

se /

Ha

Wai

tin

gan

dP

ests

a.i

(g)

Fo

rmu

lati

on

Dil

uti

on

Per

iod

/fo

rmu

lati

on

(g/m

l)in

wat

erP

HI*

(d

ays)

(Lit

re)

Inse

ctic

ides

1A

zad

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hti

n1%

FS

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-10

00-1

500

500

3

2A

zad

irac

hti

n0.

03%

FS

B,

Bee

tles

-25

00-5

000

500

7

3C

arb

ofu

ran

3 %

GN

emat

od

es20

0066

600

--

4C

hlo

ran

tran

ilp

role

18.5

% S

CF

SB

4020

050

0-75

022

5C

hlo

rop

yri

fos

20%

EC

FS

B20

010

0050

0-10

00-

6C

yp

erm

eth

rin

0.25

% D

PF

SB

50-6

020

00-2

400

500-

750

3

10 %

EC

FS

B50

-70

550-

760

150-

400

3

25 %

EC

FS

B,

Ep

ilac

hn

a37

-50

150-

200

500

1b

eetl

e

7D

ico

fol

18..5

% E

CM

ite

250-

500

1350

-270

050

0-10

0015

-20

8D

ifen

thiu

ron

50 %

WP

Wh

itef

ly30

060

050

0-75

03

9D

imet

ho

ate

30%

EC

Jass

ids

600

1980

FS

B20

066

050

0-10

0-

10E

mam

ecti

n b

enzo

ate

5 %

SG

FS

B10

200

500

3

11F

enza

qu

in10

% E

CM

ites

125

1250

500

7

12F

enp

rop

ath

rin

30 %

EC

Wh

itef

ly,

FS

B,M

ites

75-1

0025

0-34

075

0-10

0010

84


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

Pes

tsa.

i (g

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orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

(Lit

re)

13F

env

aler

ate

20 %

EC

FS

B75

-100

375-

500

500-

750

5

14F

lum

ite/

Flu

fen

zin

e20

% S

CM

ites

80-1

0040

0-50

050

0-10

005

15L

amb

da-

Cy

hal

oth

rin

5 %

EC

FS

B15

300

500

4

4.9

% C

SF

SB

1530

050

05

16M

alat

hio

n50

% E

CM

ites

750

1500

500-

1000

-

17P

ho

rate

10%

GJa

ssid

s15

0015

000

--

Ap

hid

sM

ites

Th

rip

s

18P

ho

salo

ne

35 %

EC

FS

B50

014

2850

0-10

00-

19P

ho

sph

om

ido

n40

% S

LJa

ssid

s25

0-30

625-

750

500

10A

ph

idW

hit

efly

20Q

uin

alp

ho

s20

% A

FF

SB

, Ja

ssid

s,30

0-35

015

00-1

750

750-

100

7E

pil

ach

nn

a b

eetl

e

25 %

EC

FS

B,

250

1500

500-

1000

-L

eaf

ho

pp

er37

510

00

21S

pir

om

esif

en22

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SC

Red

sp

ider

mit

e96

400

500

5

22T

hio

dic

arb

75%

WP

FS

B47

0-75

062

5-10

0050

06

23T

hia

met

ho

xam

25%

WG

Wh

itef

lies

5020

050

03

85


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

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tsa.

i (g

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orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

(Lit

re)

24T

hia

met

on

25 %

EC

Ap

hid

s, J

assi

ds,

FS

B25

010

0075

0-10

00-

25T

rich

lofo

ron

5% G

,F

SB

-50

0-75

0-

-5%

Du

st50

050

% E

C50

0

26T

riaz

op

ho

s40

% E

CF

SB

, E

pil

ach

na

500

1250

500

5b

eetl

e

27D

elta

met

hri

n +

1 %

+ 3

5 %

EC

FS

B,

Ep

ilac

han

a-

1000

-125

0-

21T

riaz

op

ph

os

bee

ttle

Fu

ng

icid

es

29.

Ben

om

yl

50%

WP

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

100

g20

0 g

600

-

30.

Car

ben

daz

im50

% W

PL

eaf

spo

t, F

ruit

ro

t15

0 g

300

g60

0-

31.

Cap

tan

75%

WP

Dam

pin

g o

ff i

n0.

25%

2500

g10

00 S

oil

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urs

ery

dre

nch

in

th

en

urs

ery

32.

Zin

eb75

% W

PB

lig

ht

1.12

5-1.

5-2

kg

750-

1000

-1.

5 k

g

(So

urc

e: C

IB&

RC

) *

PH

I: P

re H

arv

est

Inte

rval

; **

FS

B-F

ruit

& s

ho

ot

bo

rer

86


Ch

illi

Co

mm

on

Nam

eS

tren

gth

Tar

get

Do

se /

Ha

Wai

tin

gan

dP

ests

a.i

(g)

Fo

rmu

lati

on

Dil

uti

on

Per

iod

/fo

rmu

lati

on

(g/m

l)in

wat

erP

HI*

(d

ays)

(Lit

re)

Inse

ctic

ides

1A

ceta

mip

rid

20%

SC

Th

rip

s10

-20

50-1

0050

0-60

03

2B

up

rofe

zin

25 %

SC

Yel

low

mit

e75

-150

300-

600

500-

750

5

3C

arb

ofu

ran

3 %

GT

hri

ps

1000

3330

0-

-

4C

arb

osu

lfan

25 %

EC

Wh

itef

ly,

Ap

hid

s20

0-25

080

0-10

0050

0-10

008

5C

hlo

rfen

py

re10

% S

CY

ello

w m

ite

75-1

0075

0-10

0050

05

6D

elta

met

hri

n2.

8 %

EC

Fru

it b

ore

r10

-12.

540

0-60

040

0-60

05

7D

ifen

thiu

ron

50 %

WP

Mit

es30

060

050

0-75

03

8D

imet

ho

ate

30%

EC

Mit

es,

Th

rip

s30

0200

9906

6050

0-10

00-

9E

mam

ecti

n b

enzo

ate

5 %

SG

Fru

it b

ore

r, T

hri

ps,

1020

050

03

mit

e

10E

nd

osu

lfan

35 %

EC

Ap

hid

s14

040

050

0-10

0021

11E

thio

n50

% E

CM

ite,

Th

rip

s75

0-10

0015

00-2

000

500-

1000

05

12F

enaz

aqu

in10

% E

CY

ello

w m

ite

125

1250

400-

600

10

13F

enp

rop

ath

rin

30 %

EC

Th

rip

s, W

hit

efly

, M

ites

75-1

0025

0-34

075

0-10

007

14F

enp

yro

xim

ate

5 %

EC

Yel

low

mit

e15

-30

300-

600

300-

500

7

15F

ipro

nil

5 %

SC

Fru

it b

ore

r, T

hri

ps,

40-5

080

0-10

050

07

Ap

hid

s

87


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

Pes

tsa.

i (g

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orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

(Lit

re)

16F

lub

end

amid

e39

.35

% S

CF

ruit

bo

rer

48-6

010

0-12

550

07

17H

exy

thia

zox

5.45

% E

CY

ello

w m

ite

15-2

530

0-50

062

53

18Im

idac

lop

rid

70 %

WS

Jass

ids,

Ap

hid

s,70

0-10

50 (

per

500-

1000

--

Th

rip

s10

0 k

g s

eed

)

17.8

% S

LJa

ssid

, A

ph

id,

Th

rip

s25

-20

125-

250

500-

700

40

19In

do

xac

arb

14.5

% S

CF

ruit

bo

rer

50-6

033

3-40

030

0-60

05

20L

amb

da

Cy

hal

oth

rin

5 %

EC

Th

rip

s, M

ite,

Po

d15

300

400-

600

5b

ore

r

21M

eth

om

yl

40 %

SP

Po

d b

ore

r, T

hri

ps

300-

450

750-

1125

500-

1000

5-6

22M

ileb

emec

tin

1 %

EC

Mit

es3.

2532

550

07

23N

ov

alu

ron

10%

EC

Fru

it b

ore

r, T

ob

acco

33.5

375

500

3ca

terp

illa

r

24O

xy

dem

eto

n m

eth

yl

25%

EC

Ap

hid

s40

016

0050

0-10

00-

Mit

es50

020

00T

hri

ps

250

1000

25P

ho

rate

10%

GR

Ap

hid

s, M

ites

, T

hri

ps

1000

1000

0-

-

26P

ho

salo

ne

35 %

EC

Ap

hid

,70

020

0050

0-10

00-

Mit

e,45

012

85T

hri

ps

700

2000

27P

rop

arg

ite

57%

EC

Mit

e85

015

0050

0-62

57

28Q

uin

alp

ho

s25

% G

elA

ph

ids

250

100

500-

1000

-

88


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

Pes

tsa.

i (g

)F

orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

25%

EC

Ap

hid

,25

010

0050

0-10

00-

Mit

e37

515

00

29S

pin

osa

d45

% S

CF

ruit

bo

rer

7316

050

03

30S

pir

om

esif

en22

.9%

SC

Yel

low

mit

e96

400

500-

750

7

31T

hia

clo

pri

d21

.7%

SC

Th

rip

s54

-72

225-

300

500

5

32T

hio

dic

arb

75%

WP

Fru

itb

ore

470-

750

625-

500

500

6

33In

do

xac

arb

+14

.5 %

+T

hri

ps,

Fru

it b

ore

r88

.8-1

1140

0-50

050

05

Ace

tam

ipri

d7.

7 %

SC

Fu

ng

icid

es

34A

zox

yst

rob

in23

% S

CF

ruit

ro

t, P

ow

der

y12

5 g

500

g50

0 -

750

5m

ild

ew

35B

eno

my

l50

% W

PP

ow

der

y m

ild

ew10

0 g

200

g60

0-

Fru

it r

ot,

Lea

f sp

ot

36C

op

per

Su

lph

ate

2.62

% S

CF

ruit

ro

t, a

nth

racn

ose

1.0

l50

03

37C

apta

n50

% W

GF

ruit

ro

t &

750

g15

00 g

500

5an

thra

cno

se

75%

WP

Dam

pin

g o

ff0.

25%

2500

g10

00-

in n

urs

ery

So

il d

ren

ch

Ear

ly b

lig

ht

1250

g16

67 g

1000

8

75%

WS

Dam

pin

g o

ff15

-25

gm

20-3

0 g

1(s

oil

dre

nch

)p

er k

g s

eed

per

kg

see

d

89


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

thT

arg

etD

ose

/H

aW

aiti

ng

and

Pes

tsa.

i (g

)F

orm

ula

tio

nD

ilu

tio

nP

erio

d /

form

ula

tio

n(g

/ml)

in w

ater

PH

I* (

day

s)

38C

op

per

Hy

dro

xid

e77

% W

PA

nth

raco

nse

,62

5 g

1250

g50

0-

Cer

cosp

ora

leaf

sp

ot

39C

hlo

roth

alo

nil

75%

WP

Fru

it r

ot

600

g80

0 g

750

10

40D

ifen

oco

naz

ole

25%

EC

Die

-bac

k0.

0125

% o

r0.

05%

or

500

15F

ruit

ro

t12

.5g

/ 10

0 l

50m

l/10

0 l

wat

erw

ater

41D

ino

cap

48%

EC

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

108

g22

5 g

750

—

42F

enar

imo

l12

%E

CP

ow

der

y M

ild

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Indian Institute of Vegetable ResearchP

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Compendium on Pesticide Use in VegetablesL

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om

yl

50%

WP

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

100

g20

0 g

600

-

2.

Car

ben

daz

im50

% W

PP

ow

der

y m

ild

ew17

5 g

350

g75

0-

3.

Cap

tan

75%

WP

Dam

pin

g o

ff i

n n

urs

ery

0.25

%25

00 g

1000

fo

rN

AS

oil

dre

nch

4.

Din

oca

p48

% E

CP

ow

der

y m

ild

ew10

8 g

225

g75

0-

5.

Lim

e S

ulp

hu

r22

% S

CR

ust

Th

e L

iqu

id i

s u

sed

at

on

e p

er c

ent

in-

con

ven

tio

nal

sp

ray

ers

(Do

ses

2-5

l/h

a)

6.

Su

lph

ur

80%

WP

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

2.5

kg

3.13

kg

750-

1000

l-

80%

WG

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

1.50

-2.0

0 k

g1.

875-

250

kg

750-

1000

l-

40%

WP

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

2.25

-3.0

0 k

g5.

65 k

g75

0-10

00 l

-

85%

DP

Po

wd

ery

mil

dew

12.7

5-17

kg

15-2

0 k

g-

-

Ru

st12

.75-

17 k

g15

-20

kg

--

7.

Str

epto

my

cin

9%+1

% S

PH

alo

bli

gh

tS

pra

y S

trep

tocy

clin

e 10

0 to

150

pp

m s

olu

tio

n t

hri

ce a

tS

ulp

hat

e +

inte

rval

of

7 d

ays.

Fo

r p

rev

enti

on

ap

ply

fir

st s

pra

yT

etra

cyli

n10

day

s af

ter

emer

gen

ce o

f le

af.

Hy

dro

clo

rid

e

(So

urc

e: C

IB&

RC

), *

PH

I- P

re H

arv

est

Inte

rval

98


Approved alternatives for endosulfan in differentvegetable crops

Crop Insect pest Alternate insecticides

Endosulfan 35% EC

Okra Aphid Azadirachtin 5%, Carbofuran 3%CG, Dimethoate30% EC, Imidacloprid 70% WG, 48% FS, 70% WS& 17.8% SL, Malathion 50% EC, Permethrin 25%EC, Thiamethoxam 70% WS

Chillies Aphid Carbosulfan 25% EC, Fipronil 5% SC, Imidacloprid70% WS & 17.8% SL, Lambda cyhalothrin 5%EC, Oxydemeton methyl 25% EC, Phorate 10%CG, Phosalone 35% EC, Quinalphos 25% Gel, 25%EC & 1.5% DP

Endosulfan 4% DP

Okra Aphid, Azadirachtin 5% Neem extract concentrate,Jassid Carbofuran 3% CG, Dimethoate 30% EC,

Imidacloprid 70% WG, 48% FS, 70%WS & 17.8%SL, Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC, Malathion 50%EC, Permethrin 25% EC, Thiamethoxam 70% WS

Chillies Aphid, Imidacloprid 70%WS, Oxydemeton methyl 25%EC,Jassid Phorate 10%CG, Phosalone 35% EC, Quinalphos

25%EC & Gel

Endosulfan 2% DP

Okra Fruit and Azadirachtin 5% Neem ext, Carbarylshoot borer 10% DP, Cypermethrin 0.25 DP, 10% EC & 25% EC,

Deltamethrin 2.8% EC, Emamectin benzoate5% SG, Fenpropathrin 30% EC, Fenvalerate20% EC, Malathion 50% EC, Permethrin 25% EC,Phosalone 35% EC, Pyridalyl 10% EC, Quinalphos20% AF & 25% EC

Brinjal Fruit and Azadirachtin 1% EC & 0.03% WSP,shoot borer Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Chlorpyriphos 25%

EC, Cypermethrin 0.25% DP & 25% EC,Dimethoate 30% EC Emamectin benzoate 5% SG,Fenpropathrin 30% EC, Fenvalerate 20% EC,Lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC, Phosalone 35% EC,Quinalphos 20% AF & 25% EC, Thiodicarb 75%WP, Thiometon 25% EC, Triazophos 40% EC,Trichlorofon 5% GR, Dust & 50% EC, Deltamethrin1% + Triazophos 35% EC

(Source: CIB&RC)

99


5. Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) forVegetable Crops

Pesticide residues are a major concern in fresh vegetables and

their products for domestic consumption and export. Technically,

pesticide residue in food is regulated using a set of quantitative

standards called maximum residue limits (MRL). The MRL specifies

the amount of pesticide residue that is allowed in food products. In

India, The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare regulates MRLs

of pesticides and agrochemicals in food products through the

amended Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1955.

However, with the implementation of Food Safety and Standards

Act (FSSA), 2006, the PFA rules are being integrtaed into the Food

Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010. The new act authorizes

the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to specify

the limits for use of food additives, crop contaminants, pesticide

residues, residues of veterinary drugs, heavy metals, processing

aids, mycotoxins, antibiotics, pharmacological active substances and

irradiation of food. The existing MRLs on pesticides and

agrochemicals specified in the PFA are incorporated in the Food

Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010. MRLs are listed by chemical

product for specific food item / commodity. In the absence of an

established MRL, the Ministry of Health authorities generally reffer

to FAO/WHO’s Codex Alimentarius Commissions (CAC) MRLs, as

long as the pesticide in question has not been banned. The Codex

MRLs serve as the reference standards in international trade, but

many industrialized countries use their own set of MRLs for import

and domestic food products. The European Union (EU) MRLs are

generally lower than USA MRLs, and often lower than Codex MRLs.

For certain crops or pesticides, the differences between Codex MRL

and the MRL from an industrialized country, as well as the MRL

among industrialized countries can be substantially different. For

easy reference the MRL values (Indian and Codex) of registered

insecticides and fungicides as per CIB & RC for different vegetable

crops are given in the tables 2 and 3.

100


Tab

le 2

. M

RL

fo

r in

sect

icid

es r

eco

mm

end

ed f

or

inse

ct c

on

tro

l in

veg

etab

les

Co

mm

on

Nam

eS

tren

gth

an

dM

RL

or

To

lera

nce

Lim

itF

orm

ula

tio

ns

in m

g/k

g (

pp

m)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

1A

ceta

mip

rid

20%

SC

0.1

(Cab

bag

e) -

0.01

(Ch

illi

)

2B

up

rofe

zin

25 %

SC

0.01

(Ch

illi

)0.

7(C

ucu

rbit

s)1.

0(T

om

ato

)10

(P

epp

ers

Ch

illi

)2

(Pep

per

s)

3C

arb

ary

l5%

DP

10.0

(O

kra

& L

eafy

Veg

etab

les)

5.0(

To

mat

oes

)10

% D

P5.

0 (C

hil

li)

0.5(

Pep

per

/Ch

illi

)5.

0 (O

ther

Veg

etab

les)

4C

arb

ofu

ran

3 %

G0.

10 (

Fru

its

& V

egta

ble

s)-

5C

arb

osu

lfan

25 %

EC

0.2

(Ch

illi

)0.

6 (F

ruit

ing

Veg

etab

les)

0.3

(Cu

curb

its)

20.0

(L

eafy

Veg

etab

les)

6C

hlo

ran

tran

ilp

role

18.5

% S

C0.

03 (

Cab

bag

e)2

(Co

le o

r C

abb

age,

Bra

ssic

asV

eget

able

s)0.

6 (F

ruit

ing

veg

etab

les

oth

er t

han

cucu

rbit

s )

0.3

(Fru

itin

g v

eget

able

s, C

ucu

rbit

s)20

(L

eafy

veg

etab

les)

0.02

(R

oo

t an

d t

ub

er v

eget

able

s)

7C

hlo

rfen

py

re10

% S

C0.

05 (

Cab

bag

e)-

0.05

(C

hil

li)

-

101


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

8C

hlo

rflu

azo

ron

5.4%

EC

9C

hlo

rpy

rifo

s20

% E

C0.

01(C

abb

age)

1.0(

Cab

bag

e)0.

2 (O

ther

Veg

etab

les)

0.05

(Cau

lifl

ow

er)

2.0

(Bro

cco

li)

2.0(

Pep

per

s)0.

1(C

arro

t)

10C

yp

erm

eth

rin

0.25

% D

P0.

20(B

rin

jal)

0.03

(B

rin

jal)

10 %

EC

2.0(

Cab

bag

e)1.

0(C

abb

age)

25 %

EC

0.20

(Ok

ra)

0.07

(Fru

itin

g c

ucu

rbit

veg

etab

les)

0.7

(Lea

fy V

eget

able

s)0.

7(L

egu

me

Veg

etab

les)

0.5

(Ok

ra)

0.2

(To

mat

o)

2 (P

epp

ers

Ch

illi

)0.

01 (

Ro

ot

and

tu

ber

veg

etab

les)

11D

azo

met

Tec

hn

ical

--

-

12D

elta

met

hri

n2.

8 %

EC

0.05

(O

kra

)0.

1 (B

rocc

oli

, C

abb

age

and

Cau

lifl

ow

er)

0.05

(To

mat

o)

0.2

(Fru

itin

g v

eget

able

s, C

ucu

rbit

s)2

(Lea

fy v

eget

able

s )

0.2(

Leg

um

e v

eget

able

s)0.

3 (T

om

ato

)

13D

ich

lorv

os

76%

EC

0.15

(Cu

curb

its/

Veg

etab

les)

-

102


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

14D

ico

fol

18..5

% E

C5.

0 (V

eget

able

s)0.

5 (C

ucu

mb

er)

1.0(

Ch

illi

)1.

0 (P

epp

er a

nd

Ch

illi

)2

(Bea

n p

od

s)0.

2 (M

elo

ns,

ex

cep

t w

ater

mel

on

)1

(Sq

uas

h,

sum

mer

)

15D

ifen

thiu

ron

50 %

WP

1.0(

Cab

bag

e)-

0.05

(C

hil

li)

1.0

(Bri

nja

l)

16D

imet

ho

ate

30%

EC

0.5(

Ch

illi

)0.

2(C

auli

flo

wer

)2.

0 (

Fru

its

& V

eget

able

s)0.

5(S

wee

t P

epp

er)

0.05

(C

abb

age,

Sav

oy

)1.

0 (P

eas

- p

od

s an

d s

ucc

ule

nt)

17E

mam

ecti

n b

enzo

ate

5 %

SG

0.05

(O

kra

)-

18E

nd

osu

lfan

2 %

DP

2.0

(Fru

its

& V

eget

able

s)1.

0 (C

ucu

mb

er)

35 %

EC

1.0

(Ch

illi

)0.

1(E

gg

Pla

nt)

0.5

(To

mat

o)

2 (M

elo

ns

exce

pt

wat

erm

elo

n)

0.5(

Sq

uas

h,

sum

mer

)

19E

thio

n50

% E

C0.

5 (C

ucm

ber

an

d s

qu

ash

)-

1.0

(Oth

er v

eget

able

s)

20F

enaz

aqu

in10

% E

C0.

5(C

hil

li)

-

21F

enp

rop

ath

rin

30 %

EC

0.2(

Bri

nja

l)0.

2 (E

gg

pla

nt)

0.5(

Ok

ra)

0.2

(Gh

erk

in)

0.2(

Ch

illi

)1.

0 (T

om

ato

)

103


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

22F

enp

yro

xim

ate

5 %

EC

1.0

(Ch

illi

)0.

03 (

Cu

cum

ber

)0.

2 (F

ruit

ing

veg

etab

les

oth

er t

han

cucu

rbit

s)0.

05 (

Mel

on

s, e

xce

pt

wat

erm

elo

n)

23F

env

aler

ate

20 %

EC

2.0

(Cau

lifl

ow

er)

3.0

(Cab

bag

e)2.

0 (B

rin

jal)

2.0(

Cau

lifl

ow

er)

2.0

(Ok

ra)

0.2(

Cu

cum

ber

)0.

5(S

wee

t P

epp

er)

1.0(

To

mat

o)

2 (B

rocc

oli

)0.

2 (M

elo

ns,

ex

cep

t w

ater

mel

on

)0.

05 (

Ro

ot

and

tu

ber

veg

etab

les)

0.5

(Sq

uas

h,

sum

mer

)0.

5 (W

inte

r sq

uas

h)

24F

ipro

nil

5 %

SC

0.00

1(C

abb

age)

0.02

(C

abb

age,

Cau

lifl

ow

er a

nd

Bro

coo

li)

0.00

1(C

hil

li)

25F

lub

end

amid

e20

% W

G-

4 (C

abb

age,

Co

le V

eget

able

s)39

.35

% S

C0.

2 (F

ruit

ing

veg

etab

les,

Cu

curb

its)

2 (L

egu

me

veg

etab

les)

0.7

(Pep

per

s)2

(To

mat

o)

26F

lufe

no

xu

ron

10 %

DC

--

27F

lum

ite/

Flu

fen

zin

e20

% S

C0.

5 (B

rin

jal)

-

104


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

28H

exy

thia

zox

5.45

% E

C0.

01 (

Ch

illi

)0.

1 (E

gg

pla

nt)

0.05

(F

ruit

ing

veg

etab

les,

Cu

curb

its)

0.1

(To

mat

o)

29Im

idac

lop

rid

48 %

FS

-2.

0( B

ean

s)70

% W

S0.

5(C

abb

age/

cau

lifl

ow

er/B

roco

li)

17.8

% S

L1.

0(C

ucu

mb

er)

70 %

WG

0.2(

Bri

nja

l)0.

2(M

elo

ns)

5.0(

Pea

Po

ds)

1.0

(Ch

illi

/pep

per

s)0.

5 (T

om

ato

)0.

5 (R

oo

t an

d t

ub

er v

eget

able

s)1.

0 (S

qu

ash

, su

mm

er)

30In

do

xac

arb

14.5

% S

C0.

1(C

abb

age)

3 (C

abb

age)

15.8

% S

C0.

01(C

hil

li)

0.2(

Cau

lifl

ow

er/B

roco

li)

0.05

(To

mat

o)

0.1(

Co

wp

ea)

0.5(

Eg

g P

lan

t)0.

5(cu

cum

ber

)0.

5(T

om

ato

)0.

3 (P

epp

ers)

31L

amb

da

5 %

EC

0.2

(Bri

nja

l)-

Cy

hal

oth

rin

4.9

% C

S0.

1 (T

om

ato

)0.

05 (

Ch

illi

)2.

0 (O

kra

)

105


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

32L

ufe

nu

ron

5.4%

EC

0.3

(Cab

bag

e)-

0.1

(Cau

lifl

ow

er)

33M

alat

hio

n50

% E

C3.

0 (F

ruit

s &

Veg

etab

les)

1.0

(Bea

ns)

0.2

(Cu

cum

ber

)0.

1 (P

epp

er)

0.5

(To

mat

o)

3.0

(Sp

inac

h)

34M

etaf

lum

izo

ne

22 %

SC

-0.

6 (E

gg

pla

nt)

0.6

(Pep

per

s)0.

6 (T

om

ato

)

35M

etal

deh

yd

e2.

5 %

Du

st-

-(R

ead

y t

o u

se)

36M

eth

om

yl

40 %

SP

0.05

(To

mat

o)

1.0

(To

mat

o)

0.05

(Ch

illi

)1.

0 (B

ean

s)0.

7 (C

hil

li)

0.1

(Cu

curb

its)

5 (P

eas-

po

ds

and

su

ccu

len

t se

eds)

37M

ileb

emec

tin

1 %

EC

0.01

(Ch

illi

)-

38N

ov

alu

ron

10%

EC

0.01

(Ch

illi

)0.

7 (C

abb

age

and

oth

er c

ole

cro

ps)

0.01

(T

om

ato

)0.

2 (C

ucu

rbit

s)0.

01 (

Cab

bag

e)0.

7 (F

ruit

ing

veg

etab

les

oth

er t

han

cu

curb

its)

39O

xy

dem

eto

n m

eth

yl

25%

EC

-0.

01 (

Cau

lifl

ow

er)

106


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

40P

erm

eth

rin

25 %

EC

0.5

(Cu

cum

ber

)2.

0 (B

rocc

oli

)5.

0 (C

abb

ages

, H

ead

)0.

1 (C

arro

t)0.

5 (C

auli

flo

wer

)1.

0 (C

om

mo

n b

ean

-p

od

s an

d/o

r im

mat

ure

seed

s)0.

5 (C

ucu

mb

er)

1.0

(Eg

g p

lan

t)0.

5 (G

her

kin

)0.

1 (M

elo

ns)

1.0

(Pep

per

s)2.

0 (S

pin

ach

)0.

5 (S

qu

ash

, su

mm

er)

1.0

(To

mat

o)

41P

ho

rate

10%

G0.

10(T

om

ato

)0.

05 (

Co

mm

on

bea

n -

po

ds

and

/or

imm

atu

re0.

05 (

Oth

er V

eget

able

s)se

eds)

42P

ho

salo

ne

35 %

EC

1.0

(Veg

etab

les)

-

43P

ho

sph

om

ido

n40

% S

L0.

2(V

eget

able

s)-

44P

rop

arg

ite

57%

EC

2.0(

Ch

illi

)2.

0 (T

om

ato

)

45P

yri

dal

yl

10%

EC

0.02

((O

kra

)-

0.02

(Cab

bag

e)

46Q

uin

alp

ho

s25

% E

C0.

2(C

hil

li)

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% G

el20

% A

F1.

5 %

DP

107


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

47S

pin

osa

d2.

5% S

C0.

02(C

abb

age/

Cau

lifl

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er)

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Co

le c

rop

)45

% S

C0.

001(

Ch

illi

)0.

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ucu

rbit

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(Lea

fy V

eget

able

s)0.

3(L

egu

me

Veg

etab

les)

0.3(

Pep

per

s)0.

3(T

om

ato

)

48S

pir

om

esif

en22

.9%

SC

--

49T

hia

clo

pri

d21

.7%

SC

0.02

(Ch

illi

)0.

3(C

ucu

mb

er)

0.7(

Eg

g P

lan

t)0.

2(M

elo

ns)

0.3(

Su

mm

er S

qu

ash

)0.

5(T

om

ato

)1.

0(S

wee

t P

epp

er)

50T

hio

dic

arb

75%

WP

0.01

(Ch

illi

)-

51T

hia

met

ho

xam

30%

FS

0.5(

Ok

ra)

5.0

(Cab

bag

e an

d c

ole

cro

ps)

25%

WG

0.01

(To

mat

o)

0.5

(Cu

curb

its)

70%

WS

0.30

(Bri

nja

l)0.

7 (F

ruit

ing

veg

etab

les

oth

er t

han

cu

curb

its)

3.0

(Lea

fy v

eget

able

s)0.

01 (

Leg

um

e v

eget

able

s)0.

3 (R

oo

t an

d t

ub

er v

eget

able

s)52

Th

iam

eto

n25

% E

C0.

1 (V

eget

able

s)-

53T

rich

lofo

ron

5% G

0.1

(Fru

its

and

veg

etab

les)

-5%

Du

st50

% E

C54

Tri

azo

ph

os

40%

EC

0.2

(Ch

illi

)-

[So

urc

e: F

oo

d S

afet

y a

nd

Sta

nd

ard

s R

egu

lati

on

s, 2

010

and

FA

O/W

HO

’s C

od

ex A

lim

enta

riu

s C

om

mis

sio

ns

(CA

C)]

108


Tab

le 3

. M

RL

fo

r fu

ng

icid

es r

eco

mm

end

ed f

or

dis

ease

co

ntr

ol

in v

eget

able

s

Co

mm

on

Nam

eS

tren

gth

an

dM

RL

or

To

lera

nce

Lim

itF

orm

ula

tio

ns

in m

g/k

g (

pp

m)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

1A

zox

yst

rob

in23

% S

C-

-

2B

eno

my

l50

% W

P0.

50 (

Veg

etab

le)

2.0

(Ok

ra,

Gre

en c

hil

lies

)

3C

arb

end

azim

50%

WP

0.50

(V

eget

able

)0.

05 (

To

mat

o),

2.0

(Ok

ra,

Gre

en c

hil

lies

)

4C

op

per

Su

lph

ate

2.62

% S

C-

-

5C

apta

n50

% W

G15

(V

eget

able

)15

(T

om

ato

)75

% W

P75

% W

S50

% W

P

6C

op

per

Hy

dro

xid

e77

% W

P-

-

7C

hlo

roth

alo

nil

75%

WP

-5.

0 (T

om

ato

)

8D

ifen

oco

naz

ole

25%

EC

0.00

2 (C

hil

li)

9D

ino

cap

48%

EC

-0.

03 (

To

mat

o)

10D

imet

ho

mo

rph

50%

WP

2.0

-

11F

enar

imo

l12

% E

C-

-

12F

lusi

lazo

le40

% E

C0.

01 (

Ch

illi

)-

13H

exac

on

azo

le2%

SC

--

14Ip

rod

ion

e50

% W

P5.

0 (T

om

ato

)5.

0 (T

om

ato

, O

kra

)

15K

reso

xim

-met

hy

l44

.3%

SC

--

16K

itaz

in48

% E

C-

-

109


om

mo

n N

ame

Str

eng

th a

nd

MR

L o

r T

ole

ran

ce L

imit

Fo

rmu

lati

on

sin

mg

/kg

(p

pm

)

PF

A(I

nd

ian

)C

od

ex(C

AC

)

17L

ime

Su

lph

ur

22%

SC

--

18M

anco

zeb

75%

WG

3.0

(To

mat

o),

1.0

(Gre

en c

hil

lies

),35

% S

C1.

0 (C

hil

li),

2.0

(To

mat

o)

75%

WP

0.02

(C

auli

flo

wer

)

19M

and

ipro

pam

id23

.4%

SC

--

20M

etir

am70

% W

G5.

0 (T

om

ato

)5.

0 (O

kra

)

21M

.E.M

.C.

6% F

S-

-

22M

ycl

ob

uta

nil

10%

WP

-0.

30 (

To

mat

o)

23P

rop

ineb

70%

WP

2.0

(Gre

en c

hil

li)

-

24P

yra

clo

stro

bin

20%

WG

-0.

03 (

To

mat

o)

25S

ulp

hu

r80

% W

P80

% W

G40

% W

P52

% S

C85

% D

P-

-

26S

trep

tom

yci

n S

ulp

hat

e +

9%+1

% S

P-

-T

etra

cyli

ne

Hy

dro

clo

rid

e

27T

riad

imef

on

25%

WP

0.1

(Pea

)-

28T

hio

ph

anat

e M

eth

yl

70%

WP

--

29T

ebu

con

azo

le25

.9%

m/m

EC

-0.

20 (

To

mat

o)

30Z

iram

80%

WP

--

31Z

ineb

75%

WP

3.0

(To

mat

o)

-

[So

urc

e: F

oo

d S

afet

y a

nd

Sta

nd

ard

s R

egu

lati

on

s, 2

010

and

FA

O/W

HO

’s C

od

ex A

lim

enta

riu

s C

om

mis

sio

ns

(CA

C)]

110


6. Selection of Eco-Friendly Pesticides forProtecting Honey Bees/ Pollinators

Pesticides are one of the main agents of poisoning honeybeesand other pollinators in the vegetable ecosystem. Honeybees arevery much susceptible to different groups of pesticides. Selectiveuse of insecticides is one of the pre-requisites for integrated pestmanagement (IPM). In this context, selection of insecticides whichare effective against target pests but less toxic to pollinators isessential and will definitely minimize the losses of bees. In recentyears many insecticides have been screened for their efficacy totarget pests and their toxicity to honeybees.

The causes of bee poisoning are:

• Use of broad spectrum insecticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons,synthetic pyrethroids).

• Pesticide application during the blooming period of crop.

• Application of pesticides directly on/ to bees foraging on thecrop.

• Collecting contaminated nectar and/or pollen from the treatedplants by the bees.

• Bee feeding on contaminated food and water sources.

• Contamination of flowering cover crops during spraying.

• Transportation of pesticide dusts and contaminated pollen/nector to beehive by worker bees.

• Drift of toxic chemicals from the point of application on toflower, pollen and nectar or across apiaries.

• Use of insecticide formulations like Dust, EC which are moreharmful than WP and granules.

• Use of insect growth regulators may inhibit brood production.

• Use of diesel oil as a carrier in insecticide formulations.

Symptoms of bee poisoning

Specific symptoms are caused by poisoning by different groupsof pesticides in bees. The general and most common symptoms ofbee poisoning are:

111


• Appearance of large number of dead bees near the entrance orin and around of bee-hives or colonies and in fields.

• Dead bees on the top of frames or bottom board.

• Paralysed bees crawling on nearby objects.

• Bees lose power of orientation and may perform abnormalcommunication dances on the horizontal landing board at hiveentrance.

• Legs, wing and digestive systems of bees stop functioning.

• Bees are irritated and become aggressive, they sting heavilyand they also lack recognition of guard bees.

• Queen may behave abnormally and lay eggs in poor pattern.

• Fighting among bees.

• Sudden decline in food storage and brood rearing.

• Abdomen become distended and regurgitation of stomachcontents.

• Dead and deserted brood in the hive.

• Poor recognition of pollen and nectar by bees.

• Lack of foraging bees.

• Depleted population of bees in the colony.

• Longevity of adult bee is reduced.

Guidelines to assess the extent of bee poisoning bypesticides

The mortality data given below can be used as guidelines toassess the extent of bee poisoning by pesticides

No of dead bees /day at entrance of bee box Level of poisoning

100 Normal death rate

200-400 Low

500-1000 Medium

More than 1000 High

(Source: Hameed and Singh, 2002)

112


Effects of bee/pollinator poisoning

Three types of harmful effects are evident in agriculture. Theseare:

• Reduction in the yield of cross pollinated crops

• Loss in production of honey

• Contamination of bee products

Categories of pesticides on the basis of their toxicity tohoneybees

Pesticides are also grouped under different categories dependingupon their relative toxicities to bees. This can help in choosing andselection of appropriate pesticides. There are three main categoriesof pesticides based on their toxicities to bees.

Category I: Highly toxic pesticides

These pesticides are highly toxic and cause severe damage tobees. They should not be applied on blooming crops or weeds.Their residual toxicity is usually high even after 10 hours of spray.The list of commonly used highy toxic insecticides is given below.

Carbaryl Imidacloprid

Carbofuran Monocrotophos

Carbophenothion Oxydemeton-methyl

Chlorpyriphos Parathion

Clothianidin Permethrin

Cypermethrin Phorate

Deltamethrin Phosphamidon

Dichlorvos (DDVP) Quinalphos

Dicrotophos Thiometon

Dimethoate Thiamethoxam

Fenvalerate

Category II: Moderately toxic pesticides

These insecticides are moderately toxic to bees and should beapplied during late evening, night or early morning hours when

113


bees are not actively foraging. Their residual toxicity is usually lowupto 3 hours of spray. These insecticides/fungicides are as under.

Moderately toxic pesticides

Acetamiprid Heptachlor

Bavistin Malathion

Carbendazim Mancozeb

Diazinon Metasystox

Difolatan Methyl demeton

Ediphenphos Methyl parathion

Ethyl parathion Mevinphos

Fenitrothion Monocrotophos

Fenthion Trichlorphon

Foltaf Thiacloprid

Formothion

Category III: Relatively non toxic pesticides

Pesticides under this category are least toxic to bees and can beapplied at any time with reasonable safety to honeybees. Theirtoxicity is usually low with direct application. The list of commonlyused highy toxic insecticides are given below.

Relatively non toxic pesticides

Anilazine Folcid

Bacillus thuringiensis Ethion

Benomyl Menazon

Bordeaux mixture Methoxychlor

Captan Morestan

Catafol Nicotine

Chlorobenzilate Nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Cuprous oxide Phosalone

Dicofol Polyram

Dimite Pyrethrum

Dinocap Sabadilla

Dodine Thiram

Endosulfan Ziram

114


Relatively non toxic herbicides, defoliants and desiccants

Amitrole Diuron

Ammate Methazole

Atrazine Nitrofen

Bromocil Oil sprays

Cynazine

(Source: Abrol, 1997)

115


7. Guidelines for Pest Management inOrganic Vegetable Production

(A) National standards for pest management duringorganic vegetable production

General Principles

Organic farming systems should be carried out in a way whichensures that losses from pests, diseases and weeds are minimised.Emphasis is placed on the use of a balanced fertilising programme,use of crops and varieties well-adapted to the environment, fertilesoils of high biological activity, adapted rotations, companionplanting, green manures, etc. Growth and development should takeplace in a natural manner.

Recommendations

• Weeds, pests and diseases should be controlled by a number ofpreventive cultural techniques which limit their growth anddevelopment, e.g. suitable rotations, green manures, a balancedfertilising programme, early and predrilling seedbedpreparations, mulching, mechanical control and the disturbanceof pest development cycles.

• The natural enemies of pests and diseases should be protectedand encouraged through proper habitat management of hedges,nesting sites etc.

• Pest management should be regulated by understanding anddisrupting the ecological needs of the pests.

• An ecological equilibrium should be created to bring about abalance in the pest predator cycle.

Standards

• Products used for pest, disease and weed management,prepared at the farm from local plants, animals and micro-organisms, are allowed.

116


• Branded products must always be evaluated.

• Thermic weed control and physical methods for insect pest,disease and weed management are permitted.

• Thermic sterilization of soils to combat pests and diseases isrestricted to circumstances where a proper rotation or renewalof soil cannot take place. Permission may be given by thecertification programme only on a case by case basis.

• All equipment from conventional farming systems shall beproperly cleaned and free from residues before being used onorganically managed areas.

• The use of synthetic herbicides, fungicides, insecticides andother pesticides is prohibited. Permitted products for plant pestand disease control is listed in below table.

• Do not use synthetic growth regulators, synthetic dyes andgenetically engineered organisms or products.

• Accredited certification programmes shall ensure that measuresare in place to prevent transmission of pests, parasites andinfectious agents.

(B) National standards for pest management during foodstorage, processing and handling

General Principles

Pests should be avoided by following good handling practices.This includes general cleanliness and hygiene.

Recommendations

• Recommended treatments are physical barriers, sound, ultra-sound, light, and UV-light, traps (including pheromone trapsand static bait traps), temperature control, controlledatmosphere and diatomaceous earth.

• Develop a plan for pest prevention and pest control

Standards

1. For pest management and control the following measuresshould be used in order of priority.

117


• Preventive methods such as disruption, elimination ofhabitat and access to facilities.

• Mechanical, physical and biological methods.

• Approved pesticidal substances of the national standards.

2. Irradiation is prohibited.

3. There shall never be direct or indirect contact between organicproducts and prohibited substances. (e.g. pesticides). In case ofdoubt, it shall be ensured that no residues are present in theorganic product.

4. Persistent or carcinogenic pesticides and disinfectants are notpermitted.

5. The certification programme shall set up rules to determinewhich protection agents and disinfectants may be used.

Permitted /approved products for insect pest and diseasecontrol

Certain products are safe and allowed for use in the control ofpests and diseases in plants. However, some of them are restrictedfor use in organic production (table 4). Such products should onlybe used when absolutely necessary and should be chosen takingthe environmental impact into consideration. In this “restricted”means that the conditions and the procedure for use shall be set bythe certification agency.

Table 4. List of products/items permitted for pest control in organicfarming

Substances from plant and animal origin

1. Azadirachta indica (neem preparations /neem oil) Restricted

2. Preparation of rotenone from Derris elliptica, RestrictedLonchocarpus, Thephrosia spp.

3. Gelatine Permitted

4. Propolis Restricted

5. Plant based extracts (e.g. neem, garlic, pongamia, etc.) Permitted

118


6. Preparation on basis of pyrethrins extracted from RestrictedChrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, containing possibly asynergist pyrethrum cinerafolium

7. Preparation from Quassia amara Restricted

8. Release of parasitoids, predators of insect pests Restricted

9. Preparation from Ryania species Restricted

10. Tobacco tea Not allowed

11. Lecithin Restricted

12. Casein Permitted

13. Sea weeds, sea weed meal, sea weed extracts, sea salt Restrictedand salty water

14. Extract from mushroom (Shiitake fungus) Permitted

15. Extract from Chlorella Permitted

16. Fermented product from Aspergillus Restricted

17. Natural acids (vinegar) Restricted

Minerals

1. Chloride of lime/soda Restricted

2. Clay (e.g. bentonite, perlite, vermiculite, zeolite) Permitted

3. Copper salts / inorganic salts (Bordeaux mix, copper Restrictedhydroxide, copper oxychloride) used as a fungicide,maximum 8 kg per ha per year depending upon thecrop and under the supervision of inspection andcertification agency

4. Mineral powders (stone meal, silicates) Not allowed

5. Diatomaceous earth Restricted

6. Light mineral oils Restricted

7. Permanganate of potash Restricted

8. Lime sulphur (calcium polysulphide Restricted

9. Silicates (sodium silicate, quartz) Restricted

10. Sodium bicarbonate Permitted

11. Sulphur (as a fungicide, acaricide, repellent) Restricted

Microorganisms / Biocontrol agents

1. Viral preparations (e.g., Granulosis viruses, Nuclear Permittedpolyhedrosis viruses etc.)

2. Fungal preparations (e.g., Trichoderma species etc.) Permitted

3. Bacterial preparations (e.g., Bacillus species etc.) Permitted

4. Parasites, predators and sterilized insects. Permitted

119


Others

1. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas Restricted

2. Soft soap (potassium soap) Permitted

3. Ethyl alcohol Not allowed

4. Homeopathic and Ayurvedic preparations Permitted

5. Herbal and biodynamic preparations Permitted

Traps

1. Physical methods (e.g., chromatic traps, mechanical Permittedtraps, light traps, sticky traps and pheromones)

2. Mulches and insect proof nets Permitted

(Source: APEDA, 2005)

120


8. Pesticide Dose Calculations

The success of a pesticide spraying in small areas or large fieldsdepends upon accurate control of the application rate. After theequipment is accurately calibrated to apply the desired volume ofspray fluid, one must determine how much chemical is required toput into tank to apply the correct dosage recommended.

The calculation and formulae for various formulations ofpesticides are given below:

For Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) and Wettable Powder(WP) Formulations

C1

V1

= C2 V

2

C1

= Concentration of given formulation (%)

V1

= Volume/amount of formulation required (ml or g)

C2

= Concentration of spray fluid required (%)

V2

= Volume/amount of spry fluid required (ml or g)

Example 1. How much spray fluid of 0.1% concentration can beprepared from 125g of carbaryl 50 WP?

C1

= 50%

C2

= 0.1%

V1

= 125 g

V2

= ?

V2

= (C1V

1)/C

2

= 62500 ml

= 62.5 liters

Example 2. Calculate the amount of carbaryl 50 WP required toprepare 10 liters of 0.1% sprays material.

C1

= 50%

V1

= ?

C2

= 0.1%

121


V2

= 10 liters = 10000 ml

V1

= (C2 V

2)/ C

1

= (0.1x 10000)/50

= 20 g.

Example 3. How much quantity of cypermethrin 20 EC is requiredfor spraying 0.025% spray fluid at the rate of 250 liter/ha forcontrolling the diamondback month on cauliflower over an area ofone-twenty-fifth of a hectare?

C1

= 20%

V1

= ?

C2

= 0.025%

Rate of application= 250 liter/ha

For one-twenty-fifth of a hectare = 250 x liter/ha

V2

= 10 liters = 10000 ml

C1V

1= C

2V

2

V1

= (C2V

2)/C

1

= (0.025 x 10000)/20

= 12.5 ml

Example 4. Chlorpyrifos 20% EC measuring 300 ml is added in 150liters of water. Determine the percentage concentration of thepesticide in the spray fluid.

C1

= 20 %

V1

= 300 ml

C2

= 150 liters =150,000 ml

C1V

1= C

2V

2

C2

= (20x300)/150000

= 0.04%

For Granules and Dust formulations

C1V

1= 100 RA

C1

= Concentration of formulation availabe (%)

122


V1

= Amount of formulation required (g or kg)

R = Recommended rate of pesticide application [g or kgingredient (a.i.)/ha]

A = Area to be treated (ha)

Example 1. Calculate the amount of 5% carbofuran granules applied@ 0.25 kg a.i. to one ha area.

C1 = 5%

V1 = ?

R = 0.25 kg

A = 1ha

C1V1 = 100 RA

V1 = (100 RA)/C

= (100x 0.25x1)/5

= 5 kg.

Example 2. How many kg of commercial formulation is requiredto treat 3000 m2 when the recommended rate is 1 kg a.i./ha and percent a.i. in the commercial granular formulation is 10%?

C1 = 10%

V1 = ?

R = 1 kg a.i./ha

A = 3000 m2 = 0.3 ha

C1V1 = 100 RA

V1 = (100 RA)/C1

= (100 x1x0.3)/10

= 3 kg.

Example 3. How many kg of the commercial formulation is requiredto treat the 1000 m2 area at the recommended rate of 0.75 kg/ha?The percentage a.i. in the commercial formulation is 5%.

C1 = 5%

V1 = ?

R = 0.75 kg

A = 1000 m2 = 0.1 ha

123


C1V1 = 100 RA

V1 = (100 RA)/C1

= (100 x 0.75x o.1)/5

= 1.5 kg

Calculation of formulated product requirement

The leaflet supplied with the product will provide details onper cent active ingredient contents and dose of active ingredientrequired per hectare. Using this information we can work out thequantity of formulated product required for spraying for one hectareof land by using the following formula:

Does in g.a.i./ha × 100Commercial product (g/ha) =

% a.i. in the kg/l formulation

Examples

1. Solid Formulations like WP, Dust – To calculate quantity ofDiafenthiuron 50 % WP required to cover 1 hectare of land @300 g active ingredient per hectare;

= 300 g.a. /ha x100 50% a.i. in 1 kg

= 600 g

2. Liquid Formulations like EC, SC, SL – To calculate quantity ofFlubendamide 480 SC required to cover 1 hectare of land @ 48g active ingredient per hectare;

= 48 g.a.i./ ha x 100 48% a.i. in 1 kg

= 100 ml

3. Granule Formulation – To calculate quantity of Fipronil 0.3 GRrequired to cover 1 hectare of land @ 50 g active ingredient perhectare;

= 50 g.a.i. x 100 0.3% a.i. in 1 kg

= 16667g (16.67 kg)

124


9. Safe Use of Pesticides and StandardGuidelines for Handling Pesticide Poisoning

(A) Safe use of pesticides in vegetables

(i) Basic principles before use or application of anyagrochemicals

• Before using, read and understand the product label.• Exercise caution at all times when handling a product.• Maintain application equipment in good working condition.• Practice good personal hygiene before, during and after using

product.• Use appropriate personal protective equipment or clothings.

(ii) Precautions to be followed for safe use of pesticides

• Do not transport or keep the pesticides along with food stuff.• Store the pesticides under lock & key.• Keep out of reach of children.• Buy pesticides in original packing from authentic plant

protection shops.• Measure correctly and use only recommended quantity/dose

of pesticides.• Use funnel and fill without spillage.• Mix thoroughly in water using a paddle of stick.• Do not use empty pesticides containers for food or water storage.• Do spray along the wind.• Put up warning board in treatment area.• Do not blow with your mouth to clean the nozzle.• Do not smoke, drink or eat while spraying.• Do not use leaky or damaged sprayer.• In case of accidental contamination wash thoroughly the clothes

and body part.• Do not allow children to spray.• Do not keep the food stuff near the site of application.• Wash hand and mouth before eating, drinking or smoking.

125


• Give first-aid in case of any accidental poisoning.• Get immediate treatment from medical experts.• Show leaflet and container to the treating doctor• Destroy and bury empty containers.• Take bath and wash clothes after spraying.• Avoid environmental contamination.

(B) Guidelines for handling pesticide poisoning

(i) Skin contamination

• Remove clothing• Drench skin and clothing with water.• Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with soap and water.• Avoid use of ointments, greases, powders, etc. in the first aid

treatment of burns.

(ii) Eye contamination

• Wash the eye quickly but as gently as possible. Hold eyelidsopen and wash eye with a gentle stream of clean running water.

• Continue washing for fifteen minutes or more. It is importantto use a large volume of water.

• Cover the eye with a clean piece of cloth and seek medicalattention immediately.

(iii) Inhaled poisons (dusts, vapors, gases)

• Carry patient to fresh air immediately.• Open all doors and windows.• Loosen all tight clothing.• Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or is

irregular.• Prevent chilling.

(iv) Swallowed poisons

• Never induce vomiting if the victim is unconscious or havingconvulsions.

126


• Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosivepoison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali.

Do not waste a lot of time for inducing vomiting. Use it only asfirst aid until you can get the victim to a hospital. Make sure thevictim is lying face down or kneeling forward while retching orvomiting. Do not let him lie on his back. The detail symptoms ofpesticide poisoning in human beings by different groups ofpesticides and their antidotes is given in the table 5.

127


Tab

le 5

. S

ym

pto

ms

of

pes

tici

de

po

iso

ing

an

d a

nti

do

tes

for

pla

nt

pro

tect

ion

ch

emic

als

Ch

emic

al g

rou

p/

Exa

mp

les

Sy

mp

tom

sT

reat

men

t/A

nti

do

tes

Cla

ss

1.

Org

ano

chlo

rin

eA

ldri

n,

Dia

ldri

n,

Hea

dac

he,

Gid

din

ess,

No

sp

ecif

ic a

nti

do

te.

Ind

uce

vo

mit

ing

by

tic

kli

ng

th

eE

nd

osu

lfan

, et

c.G

rip

pin

g,

Nau

sea,

bac

k o

f th

roat

or

gas

tric

lav

age

wit

h 2

-4 L

tap

Vo

mit

ing

, W

eak

nes

s in

wat

er –

cat

har

sis

wit

h 3

0 g

m (

10 o

z) s

od

ium

su

lph

ate

arm

s an

d l

egs,

Cra

mp

sin

on

e cu

p o

f w

ater

. N

orm

al d

ose

of

Bar

bit

ura

te /

in h

and

s,re

stle

ssn

ess,

Dia

zep

am o

r B

enzo

dia

zep

ines

. A

vo

id o

ils,

oil

lax

ativ

estr

emo

r, a

pp

reh

ensi

on

,an

d e

pin

eph

rin

e (A

dn

ren

alin

). D

o n

ot

giv

e st

imu

lan

ts.

con

vu

lsio

ns,

co

ma,

Giv

e ca

lciu

m g

luco

nat

e (1

0% i

n 1

0 m

l. A

mp

ule

s)re

spir

ato

ry f

ailu

re a

nd

intr

a-v

eno

usl

y e

ver

y f

ou

r h

ou

rs.

Co

nsu

lt D

oct

or

dea

thim

med

iate

ly

2.

Org

ano

ph

op

ho

rus

Fen

thio

n,

Tir

edn

ess,

Wea

kn

ess,

En

sure

cle

ar a

irw

ay.

Intu

bat

e th

e p

atie

nt

& a

spir

ate

Qu

ino

lph

os,

Vo

mit

ing

, S

tom

ach

the

secr

etio

n.

Ad

min

iste

r o

xy

gen

by

mec

han

ical

lyC

hlo

rpy

rip

ho

s,p

ain

, S

hri

nk

age

of

eye

pu

lmo

nar

y v

enti

lati

on

, if

res

pir

atio

n i

s as

sist

edP

rofe

no

ph

os,

bal

l, V

erti

go

, B

lurr

edd

epre

ssed

.et

c.v

isio

n,

Ex

cess

ive

Imp

rov

e ti

ssu

e o

xy

gen

atio

n b

efo

re a

tro

pin

e.sw

eati

ng

, S

aliv

atio

nA

dm

inis

ter

Atr

op

ine

ever

y 1

0 m

inu

te b

y i

nje

ctio

n.

In S

ever

e ca

se –

Giv

e g

lyco

py

rola

te a

s al

tern

ativ

e to

atr

op

ine.

Dia

rrh

oea

, p

inp

oin

tT

his

is

ver

y g

oo

d i

n c

ase

of

resp

irat

ory

in

fect

ion

.an

d n

on

-rea

ctiv

e p

up

ils,

Pra

lix

od

ime

(2P

AM

) to

be

use

d w

ith

in 4

8 h

ou

r.re

spir

ato

ry d

iffi

cult

y,R

elie

ves

nic

oti

nic

as

wel

l as

mu

scar

inic

eff

ect.

pu

lmo

nar

y e

dem

a,C

on

sult

Do

cto

r im

med

iate

ly.

cyan

osi

s, l

oss

of

sph

inct

er c

on

tro

l,co

nv

uls

ion

s, c

om

aan

d h

eart

blo

ck.

128


hem

ical

gro

up

/E

xam

ple

sS

ym

pto

ms

Tre

atm

ent/

An

tid

ote

sC

lass

3.

Car

bam

ate

Car

bo

fura

n,

Fev

er,

Vo

mit

ing

,R

emo

ve

the

con

tam

inat

ed a

nd

dir

ty c

loth

es.

Was

hC

arb

ary

l,H

ead

ach

e, G

idd

ines

s,th

e b

od

y a

nd

clo

thes

. E

nsu

re c

lear

air

way

. In

tub

ate

Met

ho

my

l, e

tc.

Gri

pp

ing

in

mu

scle

s,th

e p

atie

nt

& a

spir

ate

the

secr

etio

n.

Ad

min

iste

r o

xy

gen

Sto

mac

h p

ain

,b

y m

ech

anic

ally

ass

iste

d p

ulm

on

ary

ven

tila

tio

n,

ifE

xce

ssiv

e sw

eati

ng

resp

irat

ion

is

dep

ress

ed.

Imp

rov

e ti

ssu

e o

xy

gen

atio

nb

efo

re a

tro

pin

e. I

n c

ase

the

pat

ien

t is

un

con

scio

us

then

adm

inis

ter

Atr

op

ine

inje

ctio

n.

Use

gly

cop

yro

late

as

alte

rnat

ive

to a

tro

pin

e. A

vo

id t

heo

ph

yll

in a

nd

amin

op

hy

llin

or

bar

bit

ura

tes.

2-P

AM

an

d o

ther

ox

imes

are

har

mfu

l an

d i

n f

act

con

tra

ind

icat

ed f

or

rou

tin

eu

sag

e. D

o n

ot

giv

e at

rop

ine

to a

cy

ano

tic

pat

ien

t. G

ive

arti

fici

al r

esp

irat

ion

fir

st t

hen

ad

min

iste

r at

rop

ine.

Co

nsu

lt D

oct

or

imm

edia

tely

.

4.

Py

reth

rin

s o

rC

yp

erm

eth

rin

,H

ead

ach

e, p

alp

itat

ion

,N

o s

pec

ific

an

tid

ote

. In

du

ce v

om

itin

g.

Tre

atm

ent

isS

yn

thet

icA

lph

a-n

ause

a, v

om

itin

g,

esse

nti

ally

sy

mp

tom

atic

.If

swal

low

ed t

hen

giv

e ac

tiv

eP

yre

thri

des

Cy

per

met

hri

n,

flu

shed

fac

e, i

rrit

atio

nC

har

col

dis

solv

ed i

n w

ater

. V

it E

oil

pre

par

atio

n i

nF

env

aler

ate

of

no

se,

thro

at,

eyes

par

asth

esia

.In

hal

atio

n o

f w

ater

vap

ou

r ae

roso

l in

cas

ean

d s

kin

, al

lerg

ico

f ir

rita

tio

n o

f u

pp

er r

esp

irat

ory

tra

ct.

An

tih

ista

min

esm

anif

esta

tio

ns

etc.

can

be

giv

en i

n c

ase

of

alle

rgy

wit

h o

r w

ith

ou

tP

aras

thes

ia,

som

etim

esst

ero

id.

To

co

ntr

ol

con

vu

lsio

n i

n s

ever

e ca

ses

bro

nch

osp

asm

. In

Dia

zep

am c

an b

e g

iven

5-1

0 m

g/I

V.

Co

nsu

ltse

ver

e ca

ses

con

vu

lsio

nD

oct

or

imm

edia

tely

.ca

n o

ccu

r an

d a

nx

iety

129


hem

ical

gro

up

/E

xam

ple

sS

ym

pto

ms

Tre

atm

ent/

An

tid

ote

sC

lass

5.

Ph

osp

hin

eA

lum

iniu

mS

tom

ach

pai

n,

Ad

min

iste

r N

-ace

tylc

yst

ein

e to

pre

ven

t p

ois

on

ing

.p

esti

cid

esp

ho

sph

ide

Tir

edn

ess,

If s

wal

low

ed,

do

no

t in

du

ce v

om

itin

g.

Act

ivat

ed*Z

inc

ph

osp

hid

eU

nco

nsc

iou

snes

s,ch

arco

al –

slu

rry

wit

h s

orb

ito

l –

adso

rbs

ph

osp

hin

e.G

rip

pin

g i

n m

usc

les,

Dia

zep

am –

Giv

e u

nd

ilu

ted

an

d m

on

ito

r B

PM

usc

ula

r p

ain

,re

spir

atio

n.

Do

pam

ine

– 4.

6 m

icro

gra

m/k

g/m

in I

V.

Vo

mit

ing

, D

iarr

ho

ea,

Mag

nes

ium

su

lph

ate

– 3

gm

IV

.Ran

itid

ine

– 50

mg

IV

Sh

iver

ing

, A

nx

iety

ever

y 8

ho

urs

. S

od

ium

bic

arb

on

ate

- 50

mE

q/1

5 m

in.

Gas

tric

lav

age

is c

on

trai

nd

icat

ed a

s m

ore

ph

osp

hin

e is

rele

ased

up

on

co

nta

ct w

ith

wat

er i

n t

he

sto

mac

h.T

ake

the

pat

ien

t to

ho

spit

al.

6.

Dit

hio

carb

amat

esM

anco

zeb

,In

flam

mat

ion

or

No

sp

ecif

ic a

nti

do

te.

Tre

at,

sym

pto

mat

ical

ly.

Dis

solv

eM

aneb

, T

hir

am,

irri

tati

on

in

ey

es,

skin

acti

ve

Ch

arco

l in

wat

er a

nd

giv

e to

th

e p

atie

nt.

In

du

ceet

c.an

d m

ou

th,

Pro

ble

mv

om

itin

g a

nd

im

med

iate

ly c

on

sult

Do

cto

r.in

res

pir

atio

n.

7.

Ch

loro

ph

eno

xy

2,4-

D (

2,4-

Vo

mit

ing

, L

oo

seN

o s

pec

ific

an

tid

ote

. T

reat

sy

mp

tom

atic

ally

. C

on

sult

Dic

hlo

rop

hen

ox

ym

oti

on

or

loo

seD

oct

or

imm

edia

tely

.A

ceti

c A

cid

)fa

eces

, H

ead

ach

e,A

nx

iety

.

8.

Par

aqu

atP

araq

uat

Nau

sea,

vo

mit

ing

,N

o s

pec

ific

an

tid

ote

. P

erfo

rm g

astr

ic l

avag

e. G

ive

Dic

hlo

rid

ed

iarr

ho

ea,

bu

rnin

gF

ull

er’s

Ear

th (

an a

do

srb

ent)

300

ml

of

30%

aq

ueo

us

pai

n i

n m

ou

th,

thro

atsu

spen

sio

n.

Giv

e m

ann

ito

l 20

0 m

l o

f 20

% s

olu

tio

n i

nan

d u

pp

er a

bd

om

en,

200

ml

of

wat

er v

ia g

astr

ic t

ub

e. F

ull

er’s

ear

th s

ho

uld

mo

uth

/th

roat

ulc

erat

ion

,b

e g

iven

as

earl

y a

s p

oss

ible

.If

Fu

ller

’s e

arth

is

no

tco

nce

ntr

ate

of

pro

du

ctav

aila

ble

, g

ive

Ben

ton

ite

1 li

tre

of

7.5%

su

spen

sio

n o

r

130


hem

ical

gro

up

/E

xam

ple

sS

ym

pto

ms

Tre

atm

ent/

An

tid

ote

sC

lass

is e

xtr

emel

y i

rrit

atin

gac

tiv

ated

ch

arco

al 5

0 to

100

g d

isso

lved

in

200

ml

of

to s

kin

an

d e

yes

.w

ater

.Tak

e p

atie

nt

to D

oct

or

imm

edia

tely

.In

hal

atio

n o

f sp

ray

mu

st m

ay l

ead

to

so

reth

roat

, h

usk

y v

oic

e an

dep

ista

xis

, as

a r

esu

lto

f lo

cal

irri

tati

on

.G

idd

ines

s, h

ead

ach

e,fe

ver

, d

iarr

ho

ea a

nd

my

alg

ia.

Pro

tein

uri

a,h

aem

atu

ria,

py

rex

ia,

azo

tem

ia f

oll

ow

ed b

yo

lig

uri

a/an

uri

a

9.

Co

pp

erC

op

per

Nau

sea,

vo

mit

ing

,N

o s

pec

ific

an

tid

ote

.C

om

po

un

ds

Ox

ych

lori

de,

dia

rrh

oea

wit

h b

loo

d,

Co

pp

erS

tom

ach

pai

n a

nd

Ad

vis

e p

atie

nt

to d

rin

k w

ater

or

mil

k a

s ea

rly

Hy

dro

chlo

rid

e,h

ead

ach

e ar

e th

e ea

rly

as p

oss

ible

.C

op

per

feat

ure

s o

f p

ois

on

ing

.S

ulp

hat

eD

ehy

dra

tio

n c

an l

ead

Tre

at s

ym

pto

mat

ical

ly.

Cu

pro

us

ox

ide

to s

ho

ck.

May

cau

seo

edem

a o

f li

ds,

Tak

e p

atie

nt

to h

osp

ital

an

d c

on

sult

Do

cto

rco

nju

nct

ivit

is a

nd

imm

edia

tely

.co

rnea

l u

lcer

atio

n.

In s

ever

e p

ois

on

ing

cau

ses

com

a,co

nv

uls

ion

s an

d d

eath

131


Ch

emic

al g

rou

p/

Exa

mp

les

Sy

mp

tom

sT

reat

men

t/A

nti

do

tes

Cla

ss

10.

An

tico

agu

lan

tB

rom

od

iolo

ne

Ble

edin

g f

rom

no

se,

Giv

e V

itam

in K

1 (P

hy

ton

adio

ne)

ora

l o

r in

ject

ion

.C

ou

mac

hlo

rg

um

s b

loo

d i

n u

rin

eV

it K

1 is

sp

ecif

ical

ly r

equ

ired

. N

eith

er V

it K

3C

ou

mat

etra

lyl

and

sto

ol,

bra

inn

or

Vit

K4

is a

n a

nti

do

te f

or

thes

e an

tico

agu

lan

ts.

War

fari

nh

emo

rrh

age.

Tra

nsf

use

wit

h f

resh

blo

od

if

ble

edin

g i

s se

ver

e o

rSw

elli

ng

an

d p

ain

un

til

anem

ia i

s co

rrec

ted

. Ir

on

(F

erro

us

sulf

ate)

by

in j

oin

ts.

mo

uth

fo

r co

rrec

tio

n o

f se

con

dar

y a

nem

ia.

Car

efu

lly

ob

serv

e fo

r 4-

5 d

ays.

Co

nsu

lt D

oct

or

imm

edia

tely

.

11.

Ure

a b

y-p

rod

uct

Ch

lori

mu

ron

Har

mfu

l o

nly

wh

enN

o s

pec

ific

an

tid

ote

. T

reat

sy

mp

tom

atic

ally

.et

hy

l, I

sop

rotu

ron

exce

ss q

uan

tity

is

swal

low

ed.

Hea

dac

he,

Nau

seat

ion

, V

om

itin

gan

d l

oo

se m

oti

on

or

dia

rrh

ea

12.

Su

lfo

ny

l U

rea

Su

lfo

sulf

uro

n,

Infl

amm

atio

n i

n e

yes

No

sp

eci

fic

an

tid

ote

. T

rea

t sy

mp

tom

ati

call

y.

Met

sulf

uro

nan

d s

kin

, T

o n

ause

ate,

Mil

k

or

an

y

ite

m

ma

teri

al

con

tain

ing

fa

t b

e

av

oid

ed

.M

eth

yl

Vo

mit

ing

a

nd

lo

ose

mo

tio

n o

r d

iarr

hea

132


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133


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57 P.

Vegetable StatisticsVegetable Statistics

Technical Bulletin No. 51




6.25

6.16

6.09

6.08 6.

74 7.21 7.58 7.85

7.98

7.99 8.

59.39

8.86

8.48 8.83 10

.13

11.1

4

11.5 12

.85

12.9

1

13.3

7

14.6

6

15 14.4

13.9 14.5 15 15

.4

15.2 16

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16.2 16.7 17.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Area (million ha) Production (10 x million t) Productivity (t/ha)

Vegetable production in India (2000 -2001 to 2010-2011)WB, 18.2

UP, 12.1

Bihar, 10

AP, 8.1Gujarat, 6.4

Karnataka, 6.2

TN, 5.6

Odisha, 5.3

Maharashtra, 5.1

Haryana, 3.2

Others, 19.8

Percentage share of different states in vegetable production in India (2010-2011)

(Source: NHB, 2011)

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