comparing environmental governance in china and the united states: federalism in an era of...

8/19/2019 Comparing Environmental Governance in China and the United States: Federalism in an Era of Globalization

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C O M PA R I N G E N V I R O N M E N TA L G O V E R N A N C E I N

C H I N A A N D T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S :

F E D E R A L I S M I N A N E R A O F G L O B A L I Z AT I O N

M A R C H 4 , 2 0 1 6

ProfessorZhaoHuiyu

ProfessorRobert

Percival


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Tiananmen Square March 1981


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Huangpu RiverShanghaiMarch 1981

Looking Toward Pudong


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CUPL Environmental Law Class


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ESpring Break 2008

Spring Break 2010


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I t t t N i C


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• Missouri v. Illinois ! 1906 "

• Georgia v. Tennessee Copper ! 1907 "

• New York v. New Jersey ! 1921 "

• Wisconsin v. Illinois ! 1929 "

• New Jersey v. City of New York ! 1931 "

• Illinois v. City of Milwaukee ! 1972 " &City of Milwaukee v. Illinois ! 1981 "

Interstate Nuisance Cases

Decided by the

U.S. Supreme Court

美国联邦最高法院裁定的州与州之间的公害案

Old Senate Chamber

Justice Oliver

Wendell Holmes


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1956 CLEAN WATER ACT

Grants for Construction ofSewage Treatment Plants

President

Dwight D.

Eisenhower


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\

Cuyahoga River Catches Fire(1969)


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EARTH DAY April 22, 1970


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立法部门


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管制性立法

REGULATORY LEGISLATION

Clean Air Act (1970)

Clean Water Act (1972)

Ocean Dumping Act (1974)

Resource Conservation andRecovery Act (1976)

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensationand Liability Act (1980)

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act(1986)

Oil Pollution Act (1990)

I p t t F t


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• The laws generally seek to establish

comprehensive, national regulatoryprograms.综合系统的

• They generally authorize federal

agencies to set national standards to be

implemented by states through

delegated authority.国家标准的州的实施

• They generally authorize citizen suits 公

民诉讼

Important Features

of the Federal

Environmental Laws

R l f


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Rationales for

Centralizing RegulationPrevent a “Race to the Bottom” withStates Competing to Attract Industry byRelaxing Regulatory Standards

Provide a More Effective Means forControlling Transboundary Pollution

Economies of Scale in Setting Regulatory

Standards

Access to Greater Federal Resources forImplementation and Enforcement


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环保局（管辖）区域

S Ad i i i f


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State Administration of

Federal Programs

州如何参与联邦项⽬ • States must meet minimum federal standards州应当

符合最低限度的联邦标准• Federal authorities supervise state administration由联邦官⽅监管各州的参与情况

• Feds can veto state permits联邦官⽅可以否决州内的许可

• Feds can file enforcement actions联邦可以就项⽬实施情况提起诉讼



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Federal Programs

州如何参与联邦项⽬

0

12.5

25

37.5

50

Clean Air Water Waste Drinking


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52,262

17,324

!12,500,000,000

,500,000,000

National Ambient Air Quality Standards


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National Ambient Air Quality Standards

国家空⽓质量标准

Ch i M ’


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Chairman Mao’s

“War on Nature”

1972 Stockholm


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1972 Stockholm

Conference on the

Human Environment


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History of Chinese


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History of ChineseEnvironmental Agency

• 1982: Ministry of Urban and RuralConstruction and Environmental Protection

• 1984: National Environmental Protection

Agency • 1998: State Environmental Protection

Administration

• 2008: Ministry of Environmental Protection

February 28 2008


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February 28, 2008State Council White Paper on

“Promoting the Rule of Law”

• “In some regions and departments, laws are not

observed, or strictly enforced, violators are notbrought to justice; local protectionism,departmental protectionism and di#culties inlaw enforcement occur from time to time;

some government functionaries take bribes andbend the law, abuse their power whenexecuting the law, abuse their authority tooverride the law, and substitute their words for

the law.”


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Chi ’ D li d


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China’s Decentralized

EnvironmentalGovernance

• China’s Ministry of Environmental Protectionhas only 500 employees and a budget of lessthan $1 billion.

Comparison of Budget (in $ millions)


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0

8000

16000

Budget ($ millions) Employees

China U.S.

Comparison of Budget (in $ millions)& Number of Employees

China’s MEP and U.S. EPA


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The New Trend of


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The New Trend ofCentralization of China’s

Environmental Governance

• “Interviews” or the “chats” system

• The new amendments to the PRC’s

Environmental Protection Law increase liability

for polluters and local government officials.

• A new “Programme of environmental protection”


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The New Trend of

Centralization of China’sEnvironmental Governance

! #$%&'()* +),)-%+%,. /0 %,12&/,+%,.)* +/,2./&2,- ),32,.%&,)* 2,45%('/, 06,('/,4 7%*/8 5&/12,(2)* *%1%*49 :

! ;


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The New Trend of

Centralization of China’sEnvironmental Governance

" #$% &%'()*+, -))./(*+0%/ 1%2$+*(34 352$ +3

(* 6(*'76(*76( +.%+8

" 9.%+0%. .%'()*+, 2)):%.+;)* (3 %% 0$% %*?).2%4%*0 )?5*(?).4@ *+;)*+, 30+*/+./38

How to “Race to the


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How to “Race to theBottom” in China’s

Environmental Governance

" -$(*+A3 $('$73:%%/ /%


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How to“Race to the Bottom” in

China’s EnvironmentalGovernance

" I)4% %K+4:,%38

" #$% %


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The

Decentralizationof China’s EPBs

• In practice local officials can control theEPBs. They can fire EPB officials, restricttheir hiring and even defund them.

• Local protectionism

Frank Discussion


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Yuanlin Xue, Director of the WujingEnvironmental Protection Bureau

of the LocalPolitical

Pressures Appliedto EPBs

Interviews with Environmental Protection Boards


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Microblogs Used to Raise Money for Air Monitors


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Microblogs Used to Raise Money for Air Monitors


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NGOs


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N ti l P l ’ C


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National People’s Congress

March 19, 2014


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David Pettit (NRDC) &

James Holtkamp (Holland & Hart)


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James Holtkamp (Holland & Hart)


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MA JUNInstitute of Public &Environmental Affairs,

Beijing


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http://www.ipe.org.cn/En/about/ notice_de.aspx?id=9693

http://www.ipe.org.cn/En/about/notice_de.aspx?id=9693


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http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/international/2011/09/25/ecosolutions-yoon-china-apple-environment.cnn?hpt=hp_bn1

https://umail.umaryland.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=db97949afa554614a88376986a4abdd2&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.cnn.com%2fvideo%2f%23%2fvideo%2finternational%2f2011%2f09%2f25%2fecosolutions-yoon-china-apple-environment.cnn%3fhpt%3dhp_bn1


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http://images.apple.com/

supplierresponsibility/pdf/

http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://images.apple.com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Apple_SR_2013_Progress_Report.pdf


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The Long Traditionof Divided


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of DividedGovernment in the

United States


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Past Ideological SplitU S S C


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on U.S. Supreme Court

Four Conservative Justices

Four Moderate/Liberal Justices

Antonin Scalia C.J. John Roberts Clarence Thomas Samuel Alito

Ruth Ginsburg Steven Breyer

One “Swing” Justice

Anthony Kennedy

Sonya Sotomayor Elena Kagan

Justice Antonin Scalia


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J"1936#2016$

Current Ideological SplitU S S C t


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on U.S. Supreme Court

Three Conservative Justices

Four Moderate/Liberal Justices

C.J. John

Roberts

Clarence

ThomasSamuel Alito

Ruth Ginsburg Steven Breyer

One “Swing” Justice

Anthony Kennedy

Sonya Sotomayor Elena Kagan

TRUMP


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TRUMP


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