comparative and superlative adjectives · comparative degree altus, alta, altum (tall): altior...
TRANSCRIPT
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVESThere are three degrees of an adjective:
Positive: tall
Comparative: taller, more tall, rather tall
Superlative: tallest, most tall, very tall
The positive degree is the dictionary entry. Comparatives and superlatives must be formed from the positive degree.
POSITIVE DEGREE
1st / 2nd Declension
e.g. altus, alta, altum
3rd Declension
e.g. fēlix (gen. fēlicis)
The dictionary entry of an adjective.
Positive adjectives come in two varieties:
ADJECTIVE STEM
altus, alta, altum (tall): alt-
sacer, sacra, sacrum (sacred): sacr-
*For one termination adjectives,
drop the ending from the genitive form.
potēns (gen: potentis): potent-
fēlix (gen: fēlicis): fēlic-
The comparative adjective is formed from the stem of the adjective. To find the stem, go to the feminine form and drop the ending.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
altus, alta, altum (tall):
altior (m/f), altius (n)
taller, more tall, rather tall
sacer, sacra, sacrum (holy):
sacrior (m/f), sacrius (n)
holier, more holy, rather holy
To form the comparative adjective, start with the adjective stem
and add the ending -ior for masculine/feminine and -ius for neuter.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
fēlicior (m/f), fēlicius (n): happier
dulcior (m/f), dulcius (n): sweeter
facilior (m/f), facilius (n): easier
Hoc savillum dulcius quam illud est.
This cheesecake is sweeter than that one.
Comparative adjectives are 3rd declension adjectives. Because there is one masculine/feminine form and one neuter form,
they are two termination adjectives.
DECLINING COMPARATIVESComparative adjectives are third declension, but they do not use the i-stem
forms of other third declension adjectives. They use the same endings as regular third declension nouns.
Sg Masc / Fem NeuterNom. dulcior dulciusGen. dulciōris dulciōrisDat. dulciōrī dulciōrīAcc. dulciōrem dulciusAbl. dulciōre dulciōre
Pl Masc / Fem NeuterNom. dulciōrēs dulciōraGen. dulciōrum dulciōrumDat. dulciōribus dulciōribusAcc. dulciōrēs dulciōraAbl. dulciōribus dulciōribus
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
clārus, clāra, clārum (famous):
clārissimus, -a, -um
most famous, very famous
frīgidus, frīgida, frīgidum (cold):
frīgidissimus, -a, -um
coldest, very cold
To form the superlative adjective, start with the adjective stem
and add the endings -issimus (m), -issima (f), -issimum (n).
DECLINING SUPERLATIVESSuperlative adjectives are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives. They follow the
normal pattern for first and second declension nouns and adjectives.
Sg Masculine Feminine NeuterNom
.dulcissimus dulcissima dulcissimum
Gen. dulcissimī dulcissimae dulcissimīDat. dulcissimō dulcissimae dulcissimōAcc. dulcissimum dulcissimam dulcissimumAbl. dulcissimō dulcissimā dulcissimō
Pl Masculine Feminine NeuterNom
.dulcissimī dulcissimae dulcissima
Gen. dulcissimōrum dulcissimārum dulcissimōrumDat. dulcissimīs dulcissimīs dulcissimīsAcc. dulcissimōs dulcissimās dulcissimaAbl. dulcissimīs dulcissimīs dulcissimīs
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
1. -RIMUS superlatives
2. -LIMUS superlatives
3. Totally irregular
Every great rule has a few exceptions. We will put all adjectives that do not follow the basic rules into three categories:
Each category is explained on the following slides.
1. -RIMUS SUPERLATIVESAny adjective ending in -er in the masculine form forms its superlative
degree by adding -rimus, -a, -um directly onto the -er form. No stem!
Sg Masculine Feminine NeuterNom
.miserrimus miserrima miserrimum
Gen. miserrimī miserrimae miserrimīDat. miserrimō miserrimae miserrimōAcc. miserrimum miserrimam miserrimumAbl. miserrimō miserrimā miserrimō
Pl Masculine Feminine NeuterNom
.miserrimī miserrimae miserrima
Gen. miserrimōrum miserrimārum miserrimōrumDat. miserrimīs miserrimīs miserrimīsAcc. miserrimōs miserrimās miserrimaAbl. miserrimīs miserrimīs miserrimīs
2. -LIMUS SUPERLATIVESSix special adjectives form their superlative by adding -limus, -a, -um
(facilis, difficilis, similis, dissilimis, gracilis, humilis)
Sg Masculine Feminine NeuterNom
.facillimus facillima facillimum
Gen. facillimī facillimae facillimīDat. facillimō facillimae facillimōAcc. facillimum facillimam facillimumAbl. facillimō facillimā facillimō
Pl Masculine Feminine NeuterNom
.facillimī facillimae facillima
Gen. facillimōrum facillimārum facillimōrumDat. facillimīs facillimīs facillimīsAcc. facillimōs facillimās facillimaAbl. facillimīs facillimīs facillimīs
3. TOTALLY IRREGULARSome adjectives are completely irregular in the comparative and
superlative degrees and must simply be memorized.
Positive Comparative (m/f) Comparative (n) Superlative
bonus, -a, -um melior melius optimus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um peior peius pessimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um maior maius maximus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um minor minus minimus, -a, -um
Positive Comparative (m/f) Comparative (n) Superlative
good better better best
bad worse worse worst
big bigger bigger biggest
small smaller smaller smallest
COMPARATIVES IN SENTENCESWhen comparatives are used in sentences, they are often seen with these constructions.
Quam with Comparatives
Hic canis celerior quam ille canis est.This dog is faster than that dog.
Ablative of Comparison
Hic canis celerior illō cane est.This dog is faster than that dog.
Ille canis
Hic canis