MANUSCRIPT NO. APJSS/SPECIAL ISSUE/2/168

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS: AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT TO PROMOTE

CLEAN GREEN ENERGY IN RURAL AGRO-ECONOMIC SOCIETIES IN

INDIA: A CASE STUDY IN UTTAR AND DAKSHIN DINAJPUR

DISTRICTS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Abstract

Promotion of the energy system from traditional mode to clean technology arena in emerging countries possiblitates manifold social and economic betterment leading to the acceleration of human development process. Forest and agricultural biomass as well as crop residue conjugately provide considerable share in the daily energy source in rural Indian agro-economic societies; but these are used mostly through conventional methods and requires being updated and sophisticated. The execution of a plan towards promoting clean energy tools and techniques among these communities necessitate the beforehand confirmation whether the targeted communities are prepared towards adopting the same. Present study endeavours to examine the status of community preparedness of rural agricultural communities towards aforesaid direction.

1.0. Introduction:

The ideology and parameters of analysing the efforts of development has been diversified to a

greater extent and moreover the contemporary social science does not confine itself within the

consideration of the process of development as a cumulative process of enhancing the physical

quality of life of inhabitants; rather it tries to chalk out the strategies to promote the capabilities of

the targeted community for ensuring convenient accessibility to resources, enhancing technological

sophistication towards better utilization of resources and after all moulding the technical, structural

and behavioural aspect of communities towards

possible best suit with the targeted development

plans of varying degree of temporal resolutions. In

India, the rapid increase of population as well as the

augmented rate of per-capita energy consumption

has been causing an acute gap between the

demand and supply of energy. Since 1980s and still

currently India has encountered a negative balance

between energy production and over all

consumption. The installed capacity in India as on

Page | 1Fig:1 - The history of India’s energy balance

(Source: US Energy Information Administration)

31st March, 2004 is 112,058 MW including Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear and Renewables. However,

there is a supply-demand gap of 8 to 10% and peak load demand of 18 to 20%. This has also

accentuated by non-decentralized nature of power generation with vast area in the rural segment

which are not connected by the grid for reliable and quality power (IREDA, 2003). Fig. 1 shows the

gap between production and consumption of power in India. The conventional mode of power

generation system based on mainly coal and petroleum has a restricted scope of increasing the

production due to the limit of fossil fuel reserves. Whereas, the grid extension to incorporate newer

areas under the catchment of power supply, especially since 2006-07 has been creating the new

demands (Please see Table 1).

Table: 1

No. of villages electrified by the Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC)

(A Govt. of India Company) 2001 – 11

YearNo. of villages electrified

During the year Up to the end of the year2001-022002-032003-042004-052005-062006-072007-082008-092009-102010-11

2070

122765181

4023338262485335337095293

304942304942305064305829306010346243384505433038486408581701

(Source: 42nd Annual Report of REC, 2010-11)

Besides, a point of concern is that, after so much innovation, improvement and sophistication of the

technology, the fossil fuel utilization system cannot be made functional as pollution less system. This

is a cause of deep anxiety for maintaining environmental sustainability which is one of the aspired

‘Millennium Development Goals’. The overall importance of energy to sustainable development is

reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). While energy was not identified as a

separate MDG, it is intimately tied to the achievement of virtually all MDGs. Access to sustainable

sources of clean, reliable and affordable energy has a profound impact on multiple aspects of human

development (UNDP, 2011). Proper utilization of alternative source of energy is at the core of

attention of both the developed and developing nations to make a mutual balance between the

continuation of the process of development and the preservation of environmental quality. The

inhabitants of rural India use the agricultural and forest biomass and crop residue to a significant

amount to satisfy their need of daily need of energy at house hold activities. Presently, in India about

Page | 2

289 million of people (approximately 25 % of total population) are lack of electricity usage and

mostly of them are from rural sector. More interestingly, about 836 million people (approximately

72 % of total population) rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (International Energy

Agency, 2011). This biomass energy is utilized in such a traditional unsophisticated manner that a

considerable portion of energy is wasted away and a significant scale of pollution is occurred. This

rural energy system is required to be replaced by clean green energy production technology. The

successful transformation from this traditional mode to modern refined mode is the function of

mutual assemblage of dyadic interaction between the innovated tools & technology and physico-

behavioural preparedness of the community under modification process. Admittedly, all of the

social endeavours do not lend themselves to easy explanations which seem to be hardly

irrelevant for the context of studying the typical human decision making process. In the

present study effort has been made to judge the status of community preparedness in rural agro-

economic societies in India to allow this technological metamorphosing for the abode purpose of

human development.

2.0. Study Area:

The present study covers

the two districts of Uttar

Dinajpur and Dakshin

Dinajpur. Before 1992 the

undivided districts of North

Bengal, the West Dinajpur

is now the Uttar Dinajpur

and Dakshin Dinajpur.

Raiganj is the District

Headquarter of U/Dinajpur

District having the

geographical location of

26035’15’’ N latitude and

87048’37’’ E longitude. The

district covers the area of

3140 km2 and

accommodates a total of

Page | 3

Fig: 2 – Location of the study area, i.e. Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur

Districts within the State of West Bengal

3,000,849 populations; out of which 2,638,662 of rural population. Balurghat is the District

Headquarter of the district of Dakshin Dinajpur and it is located at 25010’55’’ N latitude and

89000’30’’ E longitude. The district covers the area of 2219 km 2 and accommodates a total of

1,670,931 populations; out of which 1,434,856 of rural population (Census of India, 2011). The

favourable climatic condition with sufficient precipitation, fertile alluvial tract and extensively plain

landscape (except some undulated pockets) possiblitate the rural economy to be predominated by

agricultural activities in these districts. Around 40% of Net District Domestic Product (at current

price) of both the two districts is generated from agriculture (West Bengal State Domestic

Production Report).

3.0. Objectives of the Study:

The specific areas of observation in the present study are,

3.1. To assess the relevance of the effort of promoting clean energy technologies in rural India.

3.2. To explore the importance of analysing the community preparedness at the targeted area.

3.3. To examine the status of community preparedness in rural agricultural societies towards

adopting clean energy technologies.

3.4. To suggest some measures to enhance the level of community preparedness in rural India.

4.0. Data and Methods:

Primary and secondary – both the two types of data has been utilized in the present study. The

secondary data is mainly used to explain the generalized Indian scenario in perspective with

different parameters used at the course of discussion. These data have been collected from different

reports, periodicals, research articles, Govt. publications, magazines, censuses and reports of sample

surveys. The primary data is collected through the interview along with a pre-set questionnaire to

explore the status of community preparedness towards adapting clean energy resources and related

tools & technologies. This field survey has been conducted to cover each of the 17 C.D. Blocks in the

districts of Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur. 38 samples has been collected with 10 respondents within

each sample i.e., a total of 380 respondents ( following the criteria that a respondent must be the

principal decision maker of the household irrespective to gender, age group etc as well as agriculture

is the primary occupation thereof) have been interviewed ensuring a sufficient numbers of

representatives from each blocks. The questionnaire has been a non-traditional type as was the

interview technique itself. After the acquaintance, each respondent have been introduced with the

Page | 4

clean energy-tools-technology, their advantages – pros & cons, estimated cost etc in his/her

vernacular. Then he/ she has been questioned whether he/ she is interested in availing those energy

and related tools and techniques within a year / after five years / ten years, i.e. yes or no. After

inserting the answer they have been questioned about some basic information about household

structure, economy and assets. Retrieving of data from these questionnaires is a very important

phase of the study; which is discussed later at required place.

5.0. The Study in Details – Findings and Discussion:

5.1. Clean Technology and Community Preparedness –Where the Two meet?

Energy consumption

pattern and sources of

energy used in rural

India has been well

explored by different

research works and

surveys carried out in

different time. These

reports show a steady

increase of per capita

energy consumption in

rural India as well as the

increase of the share of

biomass as the source of energy in residential usages. The per capita energy consumption by the

inhabitants of rural India has reached up to 4500 MJ during 2004-05 and only biomass itself has

constituted approximately 3750 MJ per capita in that particular period. The use of fossil fuels,

especially coal has been drastically reducing and gradually replaced by electricity and LPG (See fig.2).

Shifting trends in the patterns of residential energy mix has been assessed by examining the changes

in the percentage of population using different fuels and electricity over time in the Household

Consumer Expenditure Survey, carried out by NSSO (See Tab. 2). It shows these changes over the last

quarter century for India. The fact that the columns don’t sum to 100% provides evidence of the fact

that most households use multiple fuels. The percentage of rural population using biomass like fuel

wood and dung remain unchanged for last three decades; obviously the number of users of these

Page | 5

Fig: 3 – Per capita energy consumption pattern in rural and urban households in India (Source: Interim Report IR-08-009, International

Institute of Applied System Analysis)

fuels has been increasing gradually. There is a considerable change in the percentage of rural

population using LPG (0% in 1983 to 12% in 2004-‘5) and electricity (15% in 1983 to 54% in 2004-‘5).

Table: 2

Percentage of rural population using different sources of household energy in India

FuelsYears

1983 1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000 2000-05LPGCoal / CokeElectricityKeroseneFuel woodDung

03

15958653

13

24968956

22

36958853

62

47968852

122

54918846

(Source: Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys, NSSO)

Most of this significant amount of fuel wood and other forest residues as well as agricultural biomass

and crop residues is burnt in traditional clay furnaces that results into an incomplete combustion of

those fuels leading to the release of pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides,

benzene, formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, aromatics and respirable particulate matters. These

pollutants cause considerable damage to health, especially of women and children who are exposed

to indoor pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987; Smith, 1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). Bio-fuels

can also damage people's health, because they give off smoke that contains many hazardous

chemicals. Studies of rural areas show that smoke levels inside dwellings often far exceed safe levels

recommended by the World Health Organization (The World Bank, 2001). This conventional mode of

bio mass energy resource utilization system requires to be replaced by modern techno-oriented

green energy production system. The production of cleaner bio-mass energy has already been

proved partially successful in India and the ceaseless effort of engineers and technicians is

continuing to make the production system further efficient to reduce production cost for making the

energy economical enough and worthy to be mass-use. The successful assimilation of a technological

innovation or upgradation is possiblitated by their utility in one hand and the acceptance by the

targeted community on the other hand.

The community preparedness in this aspect may be described as the ability of a particular

community to accept or be assimilated with the updatation, upgradation, and transformation of

technological circumstances leading to a varying degree of modification in socio-cultural and

economic livelihood. As it is obvious for a plan to be structurally flexible enough for being befitted

with the demand; then it is also a pre-execution essential to know the status of community

preparedness in respect to a particular effort of modification. Neither the tools nor the technology

can be superimposed to a community; rather, a smart plan targets allowing them ‘dissolved’.

Page | 6

5.2. Present Status of Community Preparedness

towards Using Clean Energy:

The study, as has targeted to examine the status of

preparedness of the inhabitants of agricultural society

for adopting the clean green energy, the districts of

Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur have been selected for field

survey. Bothe of these two districts’ rural economy is

predominated by agriculture and allied activities as

indicated by the principal share of GDP by this sector.

For the purpose of examining the block level variation

of spatial extension of agriculture as well as the

participation of people in it, a scatter diagram has been

plotted with the block wise data of percentage of net

sown area to total area and percentage of population

related to agriculture with total population (See Fig. 4). The scatter shows that there are insignificant

variations between the blocks of these two districts in this particular aspect. This analysis allows

collecting the samples randomly from 17 blocks with equal weight of the two districts.

The data collected from the field survey has revealed that male decision makers of the households

are keener to accept the new technology concept and to use the clean energy than that of the

females. 124 male respondents out of the total of 308 (i.e. 40.26%) have expressed installing the

updated technology within one year if available. This rate of affirmative response is very low if the

female respondents are concerned. Only 11

female respondents out of 72 (i.e. 15.27%)

answered affirmatively. This pattern of

response may be the consequence of the

social status of the females in rural Indian

societies. There are a very few examples

that the mistress of the households become

the decision makers; and even in spite of

being the most aged members of the

family. Some females matching the criteria

who have been interviewed are mostly

from tribal society; and engaged in

Page | 7

Fig: 4 – Scatter Diagram for examining the magnitude of Block wise variation of

spatial extension and peoples’ participation in agriculture

Fig: 5 – Age specific affirmative response to install clean energy tools & technology within a year

agriculture as agricultural labourer. This may restricted the capability of remitting installation cost of

the clean energy generating technology.

The data also reflects that there is age-specific variation in eagerness towards accepting updated

technologies. Higher percentages of affirmative answers have been received from the lower ranges

of age groups. If male respondents are concerned, there is a cent percent affirmation by the

respondents of the age groups of 20-24 and 25-29 years and it goes on reducing towards the higher

ranges gradually. The scenario is more or less similar for female respondents; one respondent out of

one give affirmative answer in the age group of 20-24 years and there is also a decreasing trend with

the increasing of age (See Table 3 and Fig. 5).

Table: 3

Age specific affirmative response by male and female respondents towards

Installing clean energy tools & technology within a year

Age Groups (Year)

No. of Male Respondents belong to

the age group

No. of Male Respondents

gives affirmative

answer

Percentage of

affirmation in particular age group

No. of Female

Respondents belong to the

age group

No. of Female Respondents

give affirmative answer

Percentage of

affirmation in particular age group

20-24 2 2 100.00 1 1 100.0025-29 2 2 100.00 0 030-34 11 6 54.55 4 1 25.0035-39 17 11 64.71 13 6 46.1540-44 42 24 57.14 0 - -45-49 51 21 41.18 0 - -50-54 67 25 37.31 0 - -55-59 42 16 38.10 0 - -60-64 26 9 34.62 11 0 0.0065-69 21 6 28.57 6 1 16.6770-74 18 1 5.56 32 2 6.2575-79 2 0 0.00 5 0 0.00≥ 80 7 1 14.29 0 - -Total 308 124 40.26 72 11 15.28

Status of educational attainment of an individual influences his/her level of thinking as well as his

eagerness to utilize the resources scientifically under the updated technological environment.

Agrarian society in India is characterized by the low level of education, use of hereditary gained

knowledge, utilization of traditional tools and techniques. This may be one of the toughest

Page | 8

challenges to gain focus of this society towards the use of ultra-modern tools and techniques for

consuming clean energy.

Table: 4

Classification of affirmative responses by Respondents

into different Level of educational attainment

Level of Educational attainment

No. of Respondents

within this category

No. of Respondents

gives affirmative answers Percentage

Illiterate 41 4 9.76Primary 92 23 25.00Secondary/H.S. 172 52 30.23Graduation 63 45 71.43Higher 12 11 91.67Total 380 135

Table 4 exhibits that most of the sample respondents, i.e. decision makers posses up to secondary

level of education; besides, Illiteracy has not been wiped out completely (Also see Fig 6). Only

around 10% of illiterate sample respondents give affirmative response; and, the percentage of

affirmative responses has been limited to 30% for respondents attaining primary to secondary level

of education; whereas 45 out of 63 graduate respondents and 11 out of 12 respondents with higher

educational attainment delivers their opinion affirmatively.

Fig: 6 - Relationship between educational attainment and affirmative response to possess clean

technology within one year.

Income is one of the important

factors in motivating the people

towards updated sophisticated

technologies. Admittedly,

demand is the function of

willingness and purchasing

Page | 9

Fig: 7 - Cost comparison of renewable and conventional electrification technologies (Source: Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007

capability. The sophisticated clean renewable energy tools and technology requires a high volume of

investment during installation. Renewables struggle to compete in generation cost terms at

subsidized tariff rates for grid electrification (Banerjee 2006; Nouni et al. 2007). However, where full

cost of energy delivery is taken into account for serving rural areas with grid power, renewables are

often cost competitive. The cost of grid extension increases the cost of electricity supply by

approximately Rs1/kWh/km.. Banerjee (2006) and Deshmukh and Bilokar (2006) find that biomass

gasification technologies are the least-cost electrification option (versus diesel or grid extension) at a

distance from the existing grid- potentially as little as 3km. Figure 7 depicts the approximate

economic viability curve of non-conventional electrification options, taking into account the cost of

conventional electricity supply options. Where technologies lie below this curve, they are capable of

delivering cheaper electricity (in cost Rs/kWh terms) than conventional rural electrification options

(grid extension or diesel generators) (Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007).

The data obtained from the field survey reveals that the respondents from the higher per capita

household income shows more interest towards clean energy. Comparatively higher installation cost

as well as production cost than that of the grid electrification (where available) causes least interest

on clean technology for lower incoming households; where no affirmative answer found from the

respondents with annual per capita household income below Rs. 20000. Most of the few affirmative

answers (affirmation rate not more than 25%) received from the respondents with annual per capita

household income below Rs. 100000

are from the areas of no grid

connection availability; whereas the affirmation rate increases away with the augmentation of per

capita annual household income (See Table: 5).

Table: 5

Interests towards clean energy is a function of Income of the household

Per capita annual income range of the

household of the respondent

No of respondents

belong to this category

No of respondents responded

affirmatively

Percentage of

affirmation

< 10000 21 0 0.0010000 - 19999 32 0 0.0020000 - 29999 39 11 28.2130000 - 39999 47 11 23.4040000-49999 64 16 25.00

50000 - 99999 57 13 22.81100000 - 149000 41 20 48.78

Page | 10

Fig: 8 – Income distribution of the respondents

150000 - 199999 27 22 81.48200000 - 299999 21 14 66.67300000 - 399999 18 16 88.89400000 - 499999 7 7 100.00500000 & more 6 5 83.33

Total 380 135

All the above analyses have been done on the basis of the rate of affirmative answer received from

the respondents with some specified socio-economic criteria; which may have explored how those

factors do influence the decision making process of the inhabitant of the rural agrarian India towards

assimilating the innovative technology. The social system is dynamic in nature. A very few portion of

population accept the innovative ideas initially; and their successful utilization encourages the ideas

to be diffused away to their neighbours. In the early stages in the diffusion of ideas there may be a

certain resistance involved with it; which leads to a rather slow start to their spread. But the

successful usage of those ideas lead to accelerate the diffusion process as majority would follow

them. At the initial stages of adopting new technology to the society may put forth a time-lag which

is not an unexpected event (Knowles and Wareing, 2004). The study reveals a bright future prospect

in this direction. The rate of affirmation towards clean energy increase when the respondents have

given a wider time limit (i.e. 5 or 10 years instead of 1 year). Purchasing capability is undoubtedly a

strong controlling factor in this particular aspect but the psychological matters i.e. the willingness of

the inhabitants cannot be ignored. All the 38 samples containing 10 respondents each has been

classified into different level of affirmation rate (i.e. how many affirmative answer received out of

10). The distribution is fitted with the binomial distribution for getting generalized theoretical

distribution (See Appendix Table A1 to A3 and Fig. 8).

Page | 11

8 (A) 8 (B)

Fig: 8 – Time-lag graph towards adopting clean energy technology. (A) With observed frequency;

(B) With Theoretical Frequencies using Binomial Distribution

The above figures clearly indicate the behavioural pattern of the rural Indian societies towards

accepting new technology ideas. When the respondents are questioned about their decision to

accept the same within one year time limit, then the rate of affirmative answer becomes 35.5% only

(135 affirmations out of 380 respondents). As the time limit has been increased to 5 years and 10

years, then the rate of affirmation increases to 44.2% (i.e. 167 affirmations out of 380 respondents)

and 57.1% (i.e. 217 affirmations out of 380 respondents) accordingly. This increment of 22% (i.e.

35% to 57%) is truly prospective favouring the acceptability of the innovative ideas. The present

figure of possible increment is indicative only; and there is fair possibility for the rate of actual

increment in future to be faster than that of the observed rate at present if the incorporation of new

tools and techniques succeed to bring real benefit to the early adopters. Early success stories are the

key of mass popularization of the same at forthcoming periods.

6.0. Conclusion:

Agriculture is the principal source of occupation in India and around three fourth of the population is

related to it. The effort of development to the mass essentially directs the target towards the agro-

economic societies; the development of which areas should ensure the development of the greater

portion of the population. Modification of the present energy utilisation system towards a modern

scientific direction is undoubtedly essential for these targeted communities. The level of education

in these areas is required to be upgraded. Though the mass literacy plans and programmes has

shined the scenario of rural literacy in India, but this is not beyond doubt that how far this basic level

of educational attainment be helpful in the manifestation of human mind to generate positive

response towards accepting innovative ideas. The rate of attaining higher education is required to be

enhanced. Besides, the advantages of utilizing clean technology and related matters to be included

into the curriculum so that an updated knowledge back up regarding this particular aspects is readily

available to the individuals; which do influence the decision making process. As the high installation

cost is one of the tough constraints then the researches on this technological aspects to be

promoted with the institutional patronage for making the technology purchasable to a wider part of

population. Awareness among the rural population regarding the environment quality sustenance,

Page | 12

indoor pollution as well as personal health and hygiene etc are of considerably over-casual pattern.

Arrangement of campaigning programmes and workshops with the enterprise of local government

and different NGOs may be effective in this regard. The uplifted level of consciousness among the

inhabitants of these targeted areas does annex extra dimension at the perceptual receptors of

human minds to enable rational decision making at the situation when the choice is to be made not

considering the presently prevailing circumstances, rather it is to be done based on the projected

future. The targeted community is to be prepared first to ensure the high level of participation of

those peoples for whom a particular action plan has been chalked out.

References

ATKINSON (Giles), Ed. Handbook of Sustainable development. 2007. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.; UK.BANERJEE (R.). Comparison of options for distributed generation in India. 2006. Energy Policy 34(1)CHATTOPADHYAYA (P.K.). Krishi utpadaner arthonaitik bisleshan. 1983. West Bengal State Book

Board; Kolkata.CUST (John), SINGH (Anoop) and NEUHOFF (Karsten). Rural electrification in India: Economics and

institutional aspects of renewables. 2007. EPRG 0730 & CPWE 0763.DESHMUKH and BILOLIKAR. Optimisation of rural electrification methods. 2006. Advances in Energy

ResearchHITOFUMI (Abe). Summary of biomass power generation in India. 2005. Japan International

Cooperation Agency.HODDER (Ruppert). Development geography. 2000.Routledge; London.HUSAIN (Majid). Systemetic agricultural geograohy. 2005. Rawat Publication; New DelhiINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. Energy for all: Financing access for the poor, Special early excerpt

of World Energy Outlook 2011. October, 2011. CECD/ IEA.

KHANDKAR (S.R.), BARNES (D.R.) and SAMAD (H.A.). Energy poverty in rural and urban India: Are the energy poor also income poor? Policy Research Working Paper 5463. 2010. World Bank.

KNOWLES (R.) and WAREING (J.). Economic and social geography. 2004. Rupa & Co.. New Delhi.

LALWANI (Mahendra) and SINGH (Mool). Conventional and renwable energy scenario of india: present and future. 2010. Published in 'Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No.6'.

LEVIN (Richard I.). Statistics for management. 2006. Pearson Education Inc; LondonMcKENNA(Judy) and NIXON (Jan). Energy interests - rural and urban differences in "Journal of

Extension, 17(5)". September 1979. U.S.Coperative Extension System.MEISEN (Peter) and Akin (Irem). The case of meeting the millenium development goals through acess

to clean electricity. 2008. GENI.MEISEN (Peter). and QUENEUDEC (Eleonore). Overview of renewable energy potential of India.2006.

Global Energy Network Institute; San Diego.NOUMI (M.R.), MULLICK (S.C.) and KANDPAL (T.C.). Biomass gasifier projects for decentralized power

supply in India: A financial evaluation. 2007. Energy Policy 35(2).

Page | 13

NSSO. Consumption of some important commodities in India: 1999-2000. 2001. Govt. of IndiaPACHAURI (Sonali) and JIANG (Leiwan). The household energy transition in India and China - Interim

Report IR-08-009. 2008. International Institute for Applied System Analysis. LaxenburgPORTA (D D) and KEATING (Michael). Approaches and methodologies in social sciences. 2008.

Cambridge University Press; Cambridge.POTTER (Robert B). Geography of development. 2004; 2nd. Pearson Education Ltd; England.RAJVANSHI (Anil K.). "Sustainable Development for Rural Poor", Invited talk at Solar World Congress.

August 8-12, 2005. SWC. OrlandoRURAL ELECTRIFICATION CORPORATION LIMITED. Funding for growth, 42nd Annual Report. 2010-11.

REC Ltd.SHAFI (Mohammad). Agricultural geography. 2006. Pearson Education Inc; LondonSHUKLA (P.R.). Biomass energy in India: transition from traditional to modern. 2010. Published in 'The

Social Engineer, Vol 6., No. 2'.SINGH (A K). Terts, measurements and research methods in behavioral sciences. 2008. Bharati

Bhawan; New Delhi.THRILLWALL (A P). Growth and development with special reference to developing economics. 2006

Palgrave Mc. Millan; New York.UNDP & ESMAP. Access to poor to clean household fuels in India. 2003. UNDP & World Bank.WEILDLICH (Wolfgang). Sociodynamics. 2004. Dover Publication, Inc; New York.WORLD BANK. Addressing the electricity access gap, Background paper for World Bank Group Energy

Sector Strategy. June 2010. World Bank.WORLD BANK. Rural access to electricity: Strategy options for India -Discussion Paper. 2004. World

Bank.Appendix

Table: A1Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for one year

No. of affirmative answers out of 10

respondents of the sample

ObservedFrequency

(f) (f.x)

TheoreticalFrequency

(Binomial distribution)(f’)

0 0 0 38 x 10c0 x (0.6447)10 x (0.3553)0 = 0.51 0 0 38 x 10c1 x (0.6447)9 x (0.3553)1 = 2.62 8 16 38 x 10c2 x (0.6447)8 x (0.3553)2 = 6.43 13 39 38 x 10c3 x (0.6447)7 x (0.3553)3 = 9.54 9 36 38 x 10c4 x (0.6447)6 x (0.3553)4 = 9.15 5 25 38 x 10c5 x (0.6447)5 x (0.3553)5 = 6.0

6 2 12 38 x 10c6 x (0.6447)4 x (0.3553)6 = 2.8

7 1 7 38 x 10c7 x (0.6447)3 x (0.3553)7 = 0.9

8 0 0 38 x 10c8 x (0.6447)2 x (0.3553)8 = 0.2

9 0 0 38 x 10c9 x (0.6447)1 x (0.3553)9 = 0.0

10 0 0 38 x 10c10 x (0.6447)0 x (0.3553)10 = 0.0

Total 38 135 38

Page | 14

Table: A2Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for five years

No. of affirmative answers out of 10

respondents of the sample

ObservedFrequency

(f) (f.x)

TheoreticalFrequency

(Binomial distribution)(f’)

0 0 0 38 x 10c0 x (0.5579)10 x (0.4421)0 = 0.11 0 0 38 x 10c1 x (0.5579)9 x (0. 4421)1 = 0.92 4 8 38 x 10c2 x (0. 5579)8 x (0. 4421)2 = 3.13 7 21 38 x 10c3 x (0. 5579)7 x (0. 4421)3 = 6.74 9 36 38 x 10c4 x (0. 5579)6 x (0. 4421)4 = 9.25 6 30 38 x 10c5 x (0. 5579)5 x (0. 4421)5 = 8.7

6 5 30 38 x 10c6 x (0. 5579)4 x (0. 4421)6 = 5.8

7 5 35 38 x 10c7 x (0. 5579)3 x (0. 4421)7 = 2.6

8 2 16 38 x 10c8 x (0. 5579)2 x (0. 4421)8 = 0.8

9 0 0 38 x 10c9 x (0. 5579)1 x (0. 4421)9 = 0.1

10 0 0 38 x 10c10 x (0. 5579)0 x (0. 4421)10 = 0.0

Total 38 168 38

Table: A3Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for ten years

No. of affirmative answers out of 10

respondents of the sample

ObservedFrequency

(f) (f.x)

TheoreticalFrequency

(Binomial distribution)(f’)

0 0 0 38 x 10c0 x (0.4289)10 x (0.5711)0 = 0.01 0 0 38 x 10c1 x (0. 4289)9 x (0. 5711)1 = 0.22 0 8 38 x 10c2 x (0. 4289)8 x (0. 5711)2 = 0.63 5 15 38 x 10c3 x (0. 4289)7 x (0. 5711)3 = 2.34 5 20 38 x 10c4 x (0. 4289)6 x (0. 5711)4 = 5.35 7 35 38 x 10c5 x (0. 4289)5 x (0. 5711)5 = 8.4

6 12 72 38 x 10c6 x (0. 4289)4 x (0. 5711)6 = 9.3

7 3 21 38 x 10c7 x (0. 4289)3 x (0. 5711)7 = 7.1

8 2 16 38 x 10c8 x (0. 4289)2 x (0. 5711)8 = 3.5

9 2 18 38 x 10c9 x (0. 4289)1 x (0. 5711)9 = 1.1

10 2 20 38 x 10c10 x (0. 4289)0 x (0. 5711)10 = 0.2

Total 38 217 38

----x----

Page | 15