community preparedness_mishra_haq_review.docx
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MANUSCRIPT NO. APJSS/SPECIAL ISSUE/2/168
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS: AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT TO PROMOTE
CLEAN GREEN ENERGY IN RURAL AGRO-ECONOMIC SOCIETIES IN
INDIA: A CASE STUDY IN UTTAR AND DAKSHIN DINAJPUR
DISTRICTS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Abstract
Promotion of the energy system from traditional mode to clean technology arena in emerging countries possiblitates manifold social and economic betterment leading to the acceleration of human development process. Forest and agricultural biomass as well as crop residue conjugately provide considerable share in the daily energy source in rural Indian agro-economic societies; but these are used mostly through conventional methods and requires being updated and sophisticated. The execution of a plan towards promoting clean energy tools and techniques among these communities necessitate the beforehand confirmation whether the targeted communities are prepared towards adopting the same. Present study endeavours to examine the status of community preparedness of rural agricultural communities towards aforesaid direction.
1.0. Introduction:
The ideology and parameters of analysing the efforts of development has been diversified to a
greater extent and moreover the contemporary social science does not confine itself within the
consideration of the process of development as a cumulative process of enhancing the physical
quality of life of inhabitants; rather it tries to chalk out the strategies to promote the capabilities of
the targeted community for ensuring convenient accessibility to resources, enhancing technological
sophistication towards better utilization of resources and after all moulding the technical, structural
and behavioural aspect of communities towards
possible best suit with the targeted development
plans of varying degree of temporal resolutions. In
India, the rapid increase of population as well as the
augmented rate of per-capita energy consumption
has been causing an acute gap between the
demand and supply of energy. Since 1980s and still
currently India has encountered a negative balance
between energy production and over all
consumption. The installed capacity in India as on
Page | 1Fig:1 - The history of India’s energy balance
(Source: US Energy Information Administration)
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31st March, 2004 is 112,058 MW including Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear and Renewables. However,
there is a supply-demand gap of 8 to 10% and peak load demand of 18 to 20%. This has also
accentuated by non-decentralized nature of power generation with vast area in the rural segment
which are not connected by the grid for reliable and quality power (IREDA, 2003). Fig. 1 shows the
gap between production and consumption of power in India. The conventional mode of power
generation system based on mainly coal and petroleum has a restricted scope of increasing the
production due to the limit of fossil fuel reserves. Whereas, the grid extension to incorporate newer
areas under the catchment of power supply, especially since 2006-07 has been creating the new
demands (Please see Table 1).
Table: 1
No. of villages electrified by the Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC)
(A Govt. of India Company) 2001 – 11
YearNo. of villages electrified
During the year Up to the end of the year2001-022002-032003-042004-052005-062006-072007-082008-092009-102010-11
2070
122765181
4023338262485335337095293
304942304942305064305829306010346243384505433038486408581701
(Source: 42nd Annual Report of REC, 2010-11)
Besides, a point of concern is that, after so much innovation, improvement and sophistication of the
technology, the fossil fuel utilization system cannot be made functional as pollution less system. This
is a cause of deep anxiety for maintaining environmental sustainability which is one of the aspired
‘Millennium Development Goals’. The overall importance of energy to sustainable development is
reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). While energy was not identified as a
separate MDG, it is intimately tied to the achievement of virtually all MDGs. Access to sustainable
sources of clean, reliable and affordable energy has a profound impact on multiple aspects of human
development (UNDP, 2011). Proper utilization of alternative source of energy is at the core of
attention of both the developed and developing nations to make a mutual balance between the
continuation of the process of development and the preservation of environmental quality. The
inhabitants of rural India use the agricultural and forest biomass and crop residue to a significant
amount to satisfy their need of daily need of energy at house hold activities. Presently, in India about
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289 million of people (approximately 25 % of total population) are lack of electricity usage and
mostly of them are from rural sector. More interestingly, about 836 million people (approximately
72 % of total population) rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (International Energy
Agency, 2011). This biomass energy is utilized in such a traditional unsophisticated manner that a
considerable portion of energy is wasted away and a significant scale of pollution is occurred. This
rural energy system is required to be replaced by clean green energy production technology. The
successful transformation from this traditional mode to modern refined mode is the function of
mutual assemblage of dyadic interaction between the innovated tools & technology and physico-
behavioural preparedness of the community under modification process. Admittedly, all of the
social endeavours do not lend themselves to easy explanations which seem to be hardly
irrelevant for the context of studying the typical human decision making process. In the
present study effort has been made to judge the status of community preparedness in rural agro-
economic societies in India to allow this technological metamorphosing for the abode purpose of
human development.
2.0. Study Area:
The present study covers
the two districts of Uttar
Dinajpur and Dakshin
Dinajpur. Before 1992 the
undivided districts of North
Bengal, the West Dinajpur
is now the Uttar Dinajpur
and Dakshin Dinajpur.
Raiganj is the District
Headquarter of U/Dinajpur
District having the
geographical location of
26035’15’’ N latitude and
87048’37’’ E longitude. The
district covers the area of
3140 km2 and
accommodates a total of
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Fig: 2 – Location of the study area, i.e. Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur
Districts within the State of West Bengal
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3,000,849 populations; out of which 2,638,662 of rural population. Balurghat is the District
Headquarter of the district of Dakshin Dinajpur and it is located at 25010’55’’ N latitude and
89000’30’’ E longitude. The district covers the area of 2219 km 2 and accommodates a total of
1,670,931 populations; out of which 1,434,856 of rural population (Census of India, 2011). The
favourable climatic condition with sufficient precipitation, fertile alluvial tract and extensively plain
landscape (except some undulated pockets) possiblitate the rural economy to be predominated by
agricultural activities in these districts. Around 40% of Net District Domestic Product (at current
price) of both the two districts is generated from agriculture (West Bengal State Domestic
Production Report).
3.0. Objectives of the Study:
The specific areas of observation in the present study are,
3.1. To assess the relevance of the effort of promoting clean energy technologies in rural India.
3.2. To explore the importance of analysing the community preparedness at the targeted area.
3.3. To examine the status of community preparedness in rural agricultural societies towards
adopting clean energy technologies.
3.4. To suggest some measures to enhance the level of community preparedness in rural India.
4.0. Data and Methods:
Primary and secondary – both the two types of data has been utilized in the present study. The
secondary data is mainly used to explain the generalized Indian scenario in perspective with
different parameters used at the course of discussion. These data have been collected from different
reports, periodicals, research articles, Govt. publications, magazines, censuses and reports of sample
surveys. The primary data is collected through the interview along with a pre-set questionnaire to
explore the status of community preparedness towards adapting clean energy resources and related
tools & technologies. This field survey has been conducted to cover each of the 17 C.D. Blocks in the
districts of Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur. 38 samples has been collected with 10 respondents within
each sample i.e., a total of 380 respondents ( following the criteria that a respondent must be the
principal decision maker of the household irrespective to gender, age group etc as well as agriculture
is the primary occupation thereof) have been interviewed ensuring a sufficient numbers of
representatives from each blocks. The questionnaire has been a non-traditional type as was the
interview technique itself. After the acquaintance, each respondent have been introduced with the
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clean energy-tools-technology, their advantages – pros & cons, estimated cost etc in his/her
vernacular. Then he/ she has been questioned whether he/ she is interested in availing those energy
and related tools and techniques within a year / after five years / ten years, i.e. yes or no. After
inserting the answer they have been questioned about some basic information about household
structure, economy and assets. Retrieving of data from these questionnaires is a very important
phase of the study; which is discussed later at required place.
5.0. The Study in Details – Findings and Discussion:
5.1. Clean Technology and Community Preparedness –Where the Two meet?
Energy consumption
pattern and sources of
energy used in rural
India has been well
explored by different
research works and
surveys carried out in
different time. These
reports show a steady
increase of per capita
energy consumption in
rural India as well as the
increase of the share of
biomass as the source of energy in residential usages. The per capita energy consumption by the
inhabitants of rural India has reached up to 4500 MJ during 2004-05 and only biomass itself has
constituted approximately 3750 MJ per capita in that particular period. The use of fossil fuels,
especially coal has been drastically reducing and gradually replaced by electricity and LPG (See fig.2).
Shifting trends in the patterns of residential energy mix has been assessed by examining the changes
in the percentage of population using different fuels and electricity over time in the Household
Consumer Expenditure Survey, carried out by NSSO (See Tab. 2). It shows these changes over the last
quarter century for India. The fact that the columns don’t sum to 100% provides evidence of the fact
that most households use multiple fuels. The percentage of rural population using biomass like fuel
wood and dung remain unchanged for last three decades; obviously the number of users of these
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Fig: 3 – Per capita energy consumption pattern in rural and urban households in India (Source: Interim Report IR-08-009, International
Institute of Applied System Analysis)
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fuels has been increasing gradually. There is a considerable change in the percentage of rural
population using LPG (0% in 1983 to 12% in 2004-‘5) and electricity (15% in 1983 to 54% in 2004-‘5).
Table: 2
Percentage of rural population using different sources of household energy in India
FuelsYears
1983 1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000 2000-05LPGCoal / CokeElectricityKeroseneFuel woodDung
03
15958653
13
24968956
22
36958853
62
47968852
122
54918846
(Source: Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys, NSSO)
Most of this significant amount of fuel wood and other forest residues as well as agricultural biomass
and crop residues is burnt in traditional clay furnaces that results into an incomplete combustion of
those fuels leading to the release of pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides,
benzene, formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, aromatics and respirable particulate matters. These
pollutants cause considerable damage to health, especially of women and children who are exposed
to indoor pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987; Smith, 1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). Bio-fuels
can also damage people's health, because they give off smoke that contains many hazardous
chemicals. Studies of rural areas show that smoke levels inside dwellings often far exceed safe levels
recommended by the World Health Organization (The World Bank, 2001). This conventional mode of
bio mass energy resource utilization system requires to be replaced by modern techno-oriented
green energy production system. The production of cleaner bio-mass energy has already been
proved partially successful in India and the ceaseless effort of engineers and technicians is
continuing to make the production system further efficient to reduce production cost for making the
energy economical enough and worthy to be mass-use. The successful assimilation of a technological
innovation or upgradation is possiblitated by their utility in one hand and the acceptance by the
targeted community on the other hand.
The community preparedness in this aspect may be described as the ability of a particular
community to accept or be assimilated with the updatation, upgradation, and transformation of
technological circumstances leading to a varying degree of modification in socio-cultural and
economic livelihood. As it is obvious for a plan to be structurally flexible enough for being befitted
with the demand; then it is also a pre-execution essential to know the status of community
preparedness in respect to a particular effort of modification. Neither the tools nor the technology
can be superimposed to a community; rather, a smart plan targets allowing them ‘dissolved’.
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5.2. Present Status of Community Preparedness
towards Using Clean Energy:
The study, as has targeted to examine the status of
preparedness of the inhabitants of agricultural society
for adopting the clean green energy, the districts of
Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur have been selected for field
survey. Bothe of these two districts’ rural economy is
predominated by agriculture and allied activities as
indicated by the principal share of GDP by this sector.
For the purpose of examining the block level variation
of spatial extension of agriculture as well as the
participation of people in it, a scatter diagram has been
plotted with the block wise data of percentage of net
sown area to total area and percentage of population
related to agriculture with total population (See Fig. 4). The scatter shows that there are insignificant
variations between the blocks of these two districts in this particular aspect. This analysis allows
collecting the samples randomly from 17 blocks with equal weight of the two districts.
The data collected from the field survey has revealed that male decision makers of the households
are keener to accept the new technology concept and to use the clean energy than that of the
females. 124 male respondents out of the total of 308 (i.e. 40.26%) have expressed installing the
updated technology within one year if available. This rate of affirmative response is very low if the
female respondents are concerned. Only 11
female respondents out of 72 (i.e. 15.27%)
answered affirmatively. This pattern of
response may be the consequence of the
social status of the females in rural Indian
societies. There are a very few examples
that the mistress of the households become
the decision makers; and even in spite of
being the most aged members of the
family. Some females matching the criteria
who have been interviewed are mostly
from tribal society; and engaged in
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Fig: 4 – Scatter Diagram for examining the magnitude of Block wise variation of
spatial extension and peoples’ participation in agriculture
Fig: 5 – Age specific affirmative response to install clean energy tools & technology within a year
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agriculture as agricultural labourer. This may restricted the capability of remitting installation cost of
the clean energy generating technology.
The data also reflects that there is age-specific variation in eagerness towards accepting updated
technologies. Higher percentages of affirmative answers have been received from the lower ranges
of age groups. If male respondents are concerned, there is a cent percent affirmation by the
respondents of the age groups of 20-24 and 25-29 years and it goes on reducing towards the higher
ranges gradually. The scenario is more or less similar for female respondents; one respondent out of
one give affirmative answer in the age group of 20-24 years and there is also a decreasing trend with
the increasing of age (See Table 3 and Fig. 5).
Table: 3
Age specific affirmative response by male and female respondents towards
Installing clean energy tools & technology within a year
Age Groups (Year)
No. of Male Respondents belong to
the age group
No. of Male Respondents
gives affirmative
answer
Percentage of
affirmation in particular age group
No. of Female
Respondents belong to the
age group
No. of Female Respondents
give affirmative answer
Percentage of
affirmation in particular age group
20-24 2 2 100.00 1 1 100.0025-29 2 2 100.00 0 030-34 11 6 54.55 4 1 25.0035-39 17 11 64.71 13 6 46.1540-44 42 24 57.14 0 - -45-49 51 21 41.18 0 - -50-54 67 25 37.31 0 - -55-59 42 16 38.10 0 - -60-64 26 9 34.62 11 0 0.0065-69 21 6 28.57 6 1 16.6770-74 18 1 5.56 32 2 6.2575-79 2 0 0.00 5 0 0.00≥ 80 7 1 14.29 0 - -Total 308 124 40.26 72 11 15.28
Status of educational attainment of an individual influences his/her level of thinking as well as his
eagerness to utilize the resources scientifically under the updated technological environment.
Agrarian society in India is characterized by the low level of education, use of hereditary gained
knowledge, utilization of traditional tools and techniques. This may be one of the toughest
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challenges to gain focus of this society towards the use of ultra-modern tools and techniques for
consuming clean energy.
Table: 4
Classification of affirmative responses by Respondents
into different Level of educational attainment
Level of Educational attainment
No. of Respondents
within this category
No. of Respondents
gives affirmative answers Percentage
Illiterate 41 4 9.76Primary 92 23 25.00Secondary/H.S. 172 52 30.23Graduation 63 45 71.43Higher 12 11 91.67Total 380 135
Table 4 exhibits that most of the sample respondents, i.e. decision makers posses up to secondary
level of education; besides, Illiteracy has not been wiped out completely (Also see Fig 6). Only
around 10% of illiterate sample respondents give affirmative response; and, the percentage of
affirmative responses has been limited to 30% for respondents attaining primary to secondary level
of education; whereas 45 out of 63 graduate respondents and 11 out of 12 respondents with higher
educational attainment delivers their opinion affirmatively.
Fig: 6 - Relationship between educational attainment and affirmative response to possess clean
technology within one year.
Income is one of the important
factors in motivating the people
towards updated sophisticated
technologies. Admittedly,
demand is the function of
willingness and purchasing
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Fig: 7 - Cost comparison of renewable and conventional electrification technologies (Source: Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007
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capability. The sophisticated clean renewable energy tools and technology requires a high volume of
investment during installation. Renewables struggle to compete in generation cost terms at
subsidized tariff rates for grid electrification (Banerjee 2006; Nouni et al. 2007). However, where full
cost of energy delivery is taken into account for serving rural areas with grid power, renewables are
often cost competitive. The cost of grid extension increases the cost of electricity supply by
approximately Rs1/kWh/km.. Banerjee (2006) and Deshmukh and Bilokar (2006) find that biomass
gasification technologies are the least-cost electrification option (versus diesel or grid extension) at a
distance from the existing grid- potentially as little as 3km. Figure 7 depicts the approximate
economic viability curve of non-conventional electrification options, taking into account the cost of
conventional electricity supply options. Where technologies lie below this curve, they are capable of
delivering cheaper electricity (in cost Rs/kWh terms) than conventional rural electrification options
(grid extension or diesel generators) (Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007).
The data obtained from the field survey reveals that the respondents from the higher per capita
household income shows more interest towards clean energy. Comparatively higher installation cost
as well as production cost than that of the grid electrification (where available) causes least interest
on clean technology for lower incoming households; where no affirmative answer found from the
respondents with annual per capita household income below Rs. 20000. Most of the few affirmative
answers (affirmation rate not more than 25%) received from the respondents with annual per capita
household income below Rs. 100000
are from the areas of no grid
connection availability; whereas the affirmation rate increases away with the augmentation of per
capita annual household income (See Table: 5).
Table: 5
Interests towards clean energy is a function of Income of the household
Per capita annual income range of the
household of the respondent
No of respondents
belong to this category
No of respondents responded
affirmatively
Percentage of
affirmation
< 10000 21 0 0.0010000 - 19999 32 0 0.0020000 - 29999 39 11 28.2130000 - 39999 47 11 23.4040000-49999 64 16 25.00
50000 - 99999 57 13 22.81100000 - 149000 41 20 48.78
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Fig: 8 – Income distribution of the respondents
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150000 - 199999 27 22 81.48200000 - 299999 21 14 66.67300000 - 399999 18 16 88.89400000 - 499999 7 7 100.00500000 & more 6 5 83.33
Total 380 135
All the above analyses have been done on the basis of the rate of affirmative answer received from
the respondents with some specified socio-economic criteria; which may have explored how those
factors do influence the decision making process of the inhabitant of the rural agrarian India towards
assimilating the innovative technology. The social system is dynamic in nature. A very few portion of
population accept the innovative ideas initially; and their successful utilization encourages the ideas
to be diffused away to their neighbours. In the early stages in the diffusion of ideas there may be a
certain resistance involved with it; which leads to a rather slow start to their spread. But the
successful usage of those ideas lead to accelerate the diffusion process as majority would follow
them. At the initial stages of adopting new technology to the society may put forth a time-lag which
is not an unexpected event (Knowles and Wareing, 2004). The study reveals a bright future prospect
in this direction. The rate of affirmation towards clean energy increase when the respondents have
given a wider time limit (i.e. 5 or 10 years instead of 1 year). Purchasing capability is undoubtedly a
strong controlling factor in this particular aspect but the psychological matters i.e. the willingness of
the inhabitants cannot be ignored. All the 38 samples containing 10 respondents each has been
classified into different level of affirmation rate (i.e. how many affirmative answer received out of
10). The distribution is fitted with the binomial distribution for getting generalized theoretical
distribution (See Appendix Table A1 to A3 and Fig. 8).
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8 (A) 8 (B)
Fig: 8 – Time-lag graph towards adopting clean energy technology. (A) With observed frequency;
(B) With Theoretical Frequencies using Binomial Distribution
The above figures clearly indicate the behavioural pattern of the rural Indian societies towards
accepting new technology ideas. When the respondents are questioned about their decision to
accept the same within one year time limit, then the rate of affirmative answer becomes 35.5% only
(135 affirmations out of 380 respondents). As the time limit has been increased to 5 years and 10
years, then the rate of affirmation increases to 44.2% (i.e. 167 affirmations out of 380 respondents)
and 57.1% (i.e. 217 affirmations out of 380 respondents) accordingly. This increment of 22% (i.e.
35% to 57%) is truly prospective favouring the acceptability of the innovative ideas. The present
figure of possible increment is indicative only; and there is fair possibility for the rate of actual
increment in future to be faster than that of the observed rate at present if the incorporation of new
tools and techniques succeed to bring real benefit to the early adopters. Early success stories are the
key of mass popularization of the same at forthcoming periods.
6.0. Conclusion:
Agriculture is the principal source of occupation in India and around three fourth of the population is
related to it. The effort of development to the mass essentially directs the target towards the agro-
economic societies; the development of which areas should ensure the development of the greater
portion of the population. Modification of the present energy utilisation system towards a modern
scientific direction is undoubtedly essential for these targeted communities. The level of education
in these areas is required to be upgraded. Though the mass literacy plans and programmes has
shined the scenario of rural literacy in India, but this is not beyond doubt that how far this basic level
of educational attainment be helpful in the manifestation of human mind to generate positive
response towards accepting innovative ideas. The rate of attaining higher education is required to be
enhanced. Besides, the advantages of utilizing clean technology and related matters to be included
into the curriculum so that an updated knowledge back up regarding this particular aspects is readily
available to the individuals; which do influence the decision making process. As the high installation
cost is one of the tough constraints then the researches on this technological aspects to be
promoted with the institutional patronage for making the technology purchasable to a wider part of
population. Awareness among the rural population regarding the environment quality sustenance,
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indoor pollution as well as personal health and hygiene etc are of considerably over-casual pattern.
Arrangement of campaigning programmes and workshops with the enterprise of local government
and different NGOs may be effective in this regard. The uplifted level of consciousness among the
inhabitants of these targeted areas does annex extra dimension at the perceptual receptors of
human minds to enable rational decision making at the situation when the choice is to be made not
considering the presently prevailing circumstances, rather it is to be done based on the projected
future. The targeted community is to be prepared first to ensure the high level of participation of
those peoples for whom a particular action plan has been chalked out.
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Bank.Appendix
Table: A1Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for one year
No. of affirmative answers out of 10
respondents of the sample
ObservedFrequency
(f) (f.x)
TheoreticalFrequency
(Binomial distribution)(f’)
0 0 0 38 x 10c0 x (0.6447)10 x (0.3553)0 = 0.51 0 0 38 x 10c1 x (0.6447)9 x (0.3553)1 = 2.62 8 16 38 x 10c2 x (0.6447)8 x (0.3553)2 = 6.43 13 39 38 x 10c3 x (0.6447)7 x (0.3553)3 = 9.54 9 36 38 x 10c4 x (0.6447)6 x (0.3553)4 = 9.15 5 25 38 x 10c5 x (0.6447)5 x (0.3553)5 = 6.0
6 2 12 38 x 10c6 x (0.6447)4 x (0.3553)6 = 2.8
7 1 7 38 x 10c7 x (0.6447)3 x (0.3553)7 = 0.9
8 0 0 38 x 10c8 x (0.6447)2 x (0.3553)8 = 0.2
9 0 0 38 x 10c9 x (0.6447)1 x (0.3553)9 = 0.0
10 0 0 38 x 10c10 x (0.6447)0 x (0.3553)10 = 0.0
Total 38 135 38
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Table: A2Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for five years
No. of affirmative answers out of 10
respondents of the sample
ObservedFrequency
(f) (f.x)
TheoreticalFrequency
(Binomial distribution)(f’)
0 0 0 38 x 10c0 x (0.5579)10 x (0.4421)0 = 0.11 0 0 38 x 10c1 x (0.5579)9 x (0. 4421)1 = 0.92 4 8 38 x 10c2 x (0. 5579)8 x (0. 4421)2 = 3.13 7 21 38 x 10c3 x (0. 5579)7 x (0. 4421)3 = 6.74 9 36 38 x 10c4 x (0. 5579)6 x (0. 4421)4 = 9.25 6 30 38 x 10c5 x (0. 5579)5 x (0. 4421)5 = 8.7
6 5 30 38 x 10c6 x (0. 5579)4 x (0. 4421)6 = 5.8
7 5 35 38 x 10c7 x (0. 5579)3 x (0. 4421)7 = 2.6
8 2 16 38 x 10c8 x (0. 5579)2 x (0. 4421)8 = 0.8
9 0 0 38 x 10c9 x (0. 5579)1 x (0. 4421)9 = 0.1
10 0 0 38 x 10c10 x (0. 5579)0 x (0. 4421)10 = 0.0
Total 38 168 38
Table: A3Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for ten years
No. of affirmative answers out of 10
respondents of the sample
ObservedFrequency
(f) (f.x)
TheoreticalFrequency
(Binomial distribution)(f’)
0 0 0 38 x 10c0 x (0.4289)10 x (0.5711)0 = 0.01 0 0 38 x 10c1 x (0. 4289)9 x (0. 5711)1 = 0.22 0 8 38 x 10c2 x (0. 4289)8 x (0. 5711)2 = 0.63 5 15 38 x 10c3 x (0. 4289)7 x (0. 5711)3 = 2.34 5 20 38 x 10c4 x (0. 4289)6 x (0. 5711)4 = 5.35 7 35 38 x 10c5 x (0. 4289)5 x (0. 5711)5 = 8.4
6 12 72 38 x 10c6 x (0. 4289)4 x (0. 5711)6 = 9.3
7 3 21 38 x 10c7 x (0. 4289)3 x (0. 5711)7 = 7.1
8 2 16 38 x 10c8 x (0. 4289)2 x (0. 5711)8 = 3.5
9 2 18 38 x 10c9 x (0. 4289)1 x (0. 5711)9 = 1.1
10 2 20 38 x 10c10 x (0. 4289)0 x (0. 5711)10 = 0.2
Total 38 217 38
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