community-based wildlife monitoring · 2016. 5. 9. · community-based wildlife monitoring in...
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Community-basedWildlifeMonitoringInSelectedConcessionsofChobeandtheOkavangoDelta,2013- 2015
APartnershipbetweenOkavangoResearchInstituteandRoundRiverConservationStudies
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K.Heinemeyer1,G.S.Masunga2,K.Orrick1,M.Sinvula3, J.Smith1,S.Dain-Owens3
1 RoundRiverConservationStudies,104EastMainSt#302,Bozeman,Montana,USA;correspondingauthor:[email protected] OkavangoResearchInstitute,UniversityofBotswana,PrivateBag285,Maun,Botswana
3 RoundRiverConservationStudies,925East900South;Suite207,SaltLakeCity,Utah,USA
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RoundRiverConservationStudiesisaresearchandeducationorganizationdedicatedtosupportingscience-basedconservationstrategiesforwildlandscapesandthecommunitiesthatdependuponthem.
OurcurrentprojectsitesincludeworkingintheUSA,Botswana,Canada,Chile,CostaRica,andNamibia.
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• HistoryofsurveysintheDelta• Aerialsurveysynopsis• MeetingsinMaun,SAREPmonitoringproject• ResultingRoundRiver’spartnershipswithORI,DWNP,SAREP,Community
Trusts
Community-basedWildlifeMonitoring
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Todaywewillpresent:– DensityandDemographySurveys(DADS)ofWildlife– BirdsofBotswanaSurveys– CapacitybuildingandTrainingwithEscortGuides
Community-basedWildlifeMonitoring
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PartI:DensityandDemographySurveys(DADS)
• WildlifeDrivingTransects• Dataonalllargemammal
species• Counts,sex,agedata• Initiatedin2012• 5samplingseasonsto
date• Concessions:NG18,19,
33,34,41;CH1,2
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DADSSurveyTraining
Trainingrequiredbeforesurveysundertaken– Correctuseofcompass,GPSandlaserrangefinder– Estimatingdistances– Classificationofsexandageclassesofeachspecies– Correctdatarecording
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DADSDataCollection• Drivetransectsbetween6amandnoon• Mostconcessionshave4transects• Eachtransectvariesinlength(10-40km),onaverage22kmlong• Eachof2teamsdoes1transecteachmorning• Trytohave4peopleoneachteam• Angle,distance,GPSlocation,habitattype,vegetationcover• Datacollectedallowsustomaptheanimalslocationandmeasure
theirdistancefromthetransectline
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Concession Dry2013Ave (Total)Km
Wet2014Ave (Total)Km
Wet2015Ave (Total)Km
Dry2015Ave (Total)Km
Wet2016Ave (Total)Km
NG18 51.6(120.2) 37.8 (113.2) 75.7(174.2) 89.5 (268.6) N/ANG19 62.0 (186.0) 38.4 (115.3) 78.1 (234.4) 79.5 (238.5) 74.0 (221.9)NG33/34 81.0 (243.1) 49.5 (148.4) 79.9 (239.8) 77.8 (233.4) 144.4(433.2)NG41 88.0 (248.7) 39.7 (119.1) 84.5(253.5) 81.3 (243.8) 132.5(397.4)CH1 N/A N/A 61.9(185.7) 102.19(306.6) N/ACH2 N/A N/A 79.03(157.1) N/A N/A
DADSSamplingEffort
Surveyprotocol:Eachsurveyisrepeated3times,witha2dayinterval
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DADS:Commonspeciesobserved
Species CH1(n=18)
CH2(n=6)
NG18(n=38)
NG19(n=39)
NG33/34(n=42)
NG41(n=42)
Africanbuffalo 148 36 52 186 2392
Eland 37 14
Elephant 123 5 245 254 469 539
Giraffe 71 189 91 281 169
Impala 175 17 1772 3241 3334 2119
Kudu 34 2 167 171 172 66
Ostrich 27 13 12 14 48
Redlechwe 138 132 206
Reedbuck 45 17 6 14
Roan 1 25 2 3 27
Steenbok 5 6 18 19 62 64
Tsessebe 30 25 48 89
Waterbuck 114 202 77
Wildebeest 18 3 54 15 530
Zebra 1049 4 126 407 188 7009
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Whatpercentoftheanimalsdidwesee?
• Weknowwedon’tseealltheanimalswhiledriving• Itisveryimportanttounderstandwhat%weareprobablyseeing• Weassumethatwecansee100%ofanimalswithin25m• Wecanalsoestimatehowmanyweseeatfurtherdistances
Weestimateweonlyseeabout25%ofanimalsthatareover75-100maway!
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DADSDensityEstimates
Weevaluated2waystoanalyzefordensityestimates• Linetransectanalyses(Distancesampling)
– Goldstandard,canincludeallanimalsseen– Keyassumptionsmustbemet– Musthavemanyobservationsofeachspecies
• Striptransectanalyses(Strip-widthsampling)– Includeanimalsseenwithin50moftransect– Assumewehaveseen100%ofanimalswithinthisstrip(weknow
wewillunderestimate)
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DADSStripTransectDensities
• Striptransectestimatesfor19largemammalsforeachseasonandconcessionsurveyed—Africanbuffalo,baboon,commonduiker,commonreedbuck,eland,elephant,giraffe,hippo,impala,kudu,ostrich,redlechwe,roan,steenbok,tsessebe,warthog,waterbuck,wildebeestandzebra
• SEand%CVindicatedatavariation;wouldlikeCV>50%• Canprovideabaselineforon-goingmonitoringefforts
Impala Dry2013 Wet2014 Wet2015 Dry2015
D SE %CV D SE %CV D SE %CV D SE %CVCH1 2.2 1.2 53 1.6 0.7 43CH2 1.1 1.1 99
NG18 13.1 3.4 26 16.0 3.5 22 20.5 6.1 30 16.5 7.3 44
NG19 32.8 10.2 31 13.6 4.6 34 28.4 6.8 24 22.8 7.6 34NG33/34 35.8 6.4 18 6.6 1.2 18 27.1 6.6 24 29.6 6.6 22
NG41 10.7 2.9 27 1.3 1.0 77 10.8 4.3 40 16.0 3.4 2112
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DADSLineTransectDensities
• Linetransectestimatesareamorerobustapproachifadequatedataiscollectedwithappropriatefieldprotocols
• For7species,wecouldpooldataacrossconcessionsforkeypartsofanalyses,whilestillcalculatingdensitiesforeachconcession:– elephant,giraffe,impala,kudu,steenbok,warthog,zebra
• Goal:standardizedfielddataacrossvarioussurveyeffortstoleveragedata• Thistechniquemayprovideabaselineforon-goingmonitoringefforts
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StripandLineTransectDensities
Impala Dry2013 Wet2014 Wet2015 Dry2015D SE CV D SE CV D SE CV D SE CV
NG18 Strip 13.1 3.4 26 16.0 3.5 22 20.5 6.1 30 16.5 7.3 44
Line 19.3 3.7 19 - - - 22.8 11.2 49 - - -NG19 Strip 32.8 10.2 31 13.6 4.6 34 28.4 6.8 24 22.8 7.6 34
Line 17.0 10.1 25 20.0 7.1 33 38.1 13.9 35 29.9 10.2 34NG33/34 Strip 35.8 6.4 18 6.6 1.2 18 27.1 6.6 24 29.6 6.6 22
Line 38.4 6.7 17 8.7 2.6 30 35.3 13.8 39 32.8 12.1 37NG41 Strip 10.7 2.9 27 - - - 10.8 4.3 40 16.0 3.4 21
Line 12.5 5.9 47 - - - - - - 23.1 9.8 42
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Density=persq.km
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DADSDensityEstimatesImpala
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DADSDemographyData
• Recordthesexandageclassforallanimalsseen• Sexratios(#Males:#Females)andageratios(#Young:#AdultFemales)• Requiresexperienceandtrainingtodoaccurately
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DemographyAgeClasses
Juvenile
Sub-adult
Adult
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DADSDemographicData
Impala Dry2013 Wet2014 Wet2015 Dry2015NG18 2.75 1.24 0.69 2.07NG19 2.47 3.33 1.82 2.72NG33/34 1.59 1.42 0.89 0.95NG41 2.13 0.35 0.54 2.55
Impala Dry2013 Wet2014 Wet2015 Dry2015NG18 0.11 0.25 0.05 0.08NG19 0.10 0.24 0.14 0.06NG33/34 0.15 0.27 0.35 0.13NG41 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
Juvenilesperoneadultfemale
Femalesperoneadultmale
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Conclusions
• Firstdocumentedground-baseddensityestimatesforadiversityofherbivorespeciesinnorthernBotswana?
• Needenoughdataforrigorousanalysestoprovideconfidenceforlong-termmonitoringdecisions
• Withtime,DADScancomplementaerialsurveystoassistwithwildlifemanagement
• Needtostartlookingatthelargerpictureandplacingthisinformationinthecontextoflandscapeandhabitatconditions
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RecommendationsWeprovideseveralrecommendationsinourreport,butthemostrelevant:• Increasethenumberofconcessiontransects• Standardizetrainingandfieldmethodsacrossallsurveyeffortssowe
maycombinedataforanalyses• EstablishaMonitoringWorkingGroup• Increaseeffortstoputpopulationinformationintoalargercontext
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SAREPmonitoringrecommendedincludingbirdsurveys• Littleinformationonbirdsin
area• Potentiallyvulnerabletosome
impactssuchasclimatechange,habitatloss,poisoning
• Indicatorspecies• Importanteconomicresource
(tourism)
PartII:BirdSurveys
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CommunityBirdSurveys
3typesofsurveys• BirdlifeBirdsofConcern• BirdlifeBotswanaPoint
CountSurveys• SAREPPointCount
Surveys
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BirdlifeBirdsofConcern
• Opportunisticrecordingwheneveralistedbirdisseenduringanyofourfieldactivities
• 943birdsofconcernsightings(2,225individuals)over5seasons
• 14of20birdsofconcernspeciesidentified
• DataprovidedtoBirdlifeBotswana
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SAREPPointCounts
• Pointcountsurveysaddedin2015
• SimilartoBirdlifePointCounts
• 9-11pointsintransect;exploringdifferencesbetween200– 1000m
• 188differentspecies,6,701individualsseenthroughout2015!
• Foundhigherdiversitynearriverinehabitats
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BirdSurveyConclusions
• Birdsurveysprovideimportantinformationformonitoring
• Provideopportunitytodevelopbirdidentificationskillsinescortguidesandstudents
• RecognitionofbirdsasimportantcomponentsofBotswana’sbiodiversity
• Surveyprotocolsstillbeingdevelopedandrefined
• IncludebirdsurveytopicsinrecommendedMonitoringWorkingGroup
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PartIII:CommunityTrainingandInvolvement
Allfieldeffortsincollaborationwithescortguidesforeachconcession
Trainingincludes• Implementingstandardfield
protocolsforlinetransectsurveysandbirdsurveys
• UseofGPS,digitallaserrangefinder,compass
• Datarecordingprotocolsandqualitycontrol
• Birdidentificationbysightandcall,recordingprotocols
• Computeruseanddataentryprotocols
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Outcomes
• 38guidesparticipatedinwildlifemonitoringactivitiessinceFeb2013.
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Recommendations
• Criticaltoincorporatecommunitiesinlong-termmonitoringefforts• Continuetrainingofescortguides• Workcloselywithheadescortguidesinorderforthemtopassonthe
skillsandtraining• Offermoreadvancedtrainingwithcomputerskills
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MonitoringDiscussionandRecommendations• Themonitoringsurveysdiscussedareallrelativelynewtoregion• With3-4yearsexperience,perhapsnowisthetimetoreviewand
refinetheseprotocols• MonitoringWorkingGroup
– Reviewandrefinesurveyprotocolsnow– Developcollaborationstoimproveefficiencyandeffectivenesswithin
eachconcessionandacrosstheregion– Ensurestandardizedprotocolsandlevelsoftrainingareconsistently
appliedtoeverysurveyeffort– Singleentity(ORI,DWNP,or?)toreceivesurveydataandprovideto
designatedanalyst,allowingcombineddatatobeleveragedformaximumutility
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AcknowledgementsWewouldliketothankwarmlythefollowingindividuals fortheirassistancewiththeproject:
Trustmanagersandchairpersons:Mr.GalesenngweHaku (Sankuyo), Mr.JackSiku (Sankuyo), Mr.KamwiMasule (CECT), KennyMmolainyana(Mababe),Mr.Tshiamo (Mababe)andMr.NelsonG.Perez(Khwai).
Communitytrustsandtheircitizens:Sankuyo TshwaraganoManagementTrust,Mababe ZokotsamaCommunityDevelopmentTrust,Khwai “Zou”DevelopmentTrust,andtheChobe EnclaveCommunity Trust.
CommunityEscortGuides:Mokango Dikeledi, Tumalano Hako, Gothusitswemang Tando,MaranyaneNtongwane, Oneilwemang Sakoi , Baefesia Tando ,Keoagile Gaolathe,Tshotlego Masheto, MonagengChetiso, Batwaetse Tshiamo Kebuelemang,Gontshitswe Gakena,Warona Mogapi,Tiny Kebuelemang, BaleofiMogodu, JaneTumelo,Mmoloki Ditirwa, BarutegiXhawe, Tuelo Kebuelemang, Mmapula Bahenyi,OagileBanda, Ditshebo Mojeremane,Johnson, Sasaya,Oatshela Ikageng,Gaborongwe Joseph, Mothala Amos, SetengSasaya,Thato Amos,Onkgopotse July, IsaacDuma, Bankeme Gaarekwe,Bokhutlo Sauta,Bolfang Nkape,LindyJack,“B”,Simeon, Kago Obiditswe, Reetsang Gakena,Onalethata Ruthano,
Projectpartners:DepartmentofWildlife andNationalParks,Dr.MichaelFlyman;OkavangoResearchInstitute,Dr.RichardFynn;SouthAfricanRegionalEnvironmentalProgramme,Dr.SvenBourquin,Dr.Chris Brooks.
Additionalsupporters:BotswanaPredatorConservation Trust,Dr.Krystyna Jordan,Dr.NeilJordan,Dr.J.W.‘Tico’McNutt;Dr.SusanRingrose;Wilderness Safaris,Bonty Botumile;thestaffatBanoka BushCampandSantawani Lodge;ElephantsWithout Borders,KellyLanden;andRodneyFuhr andDipuo Olerato.
PreviousandcurrentRoundRiverstaff:SixteenSinvula,MatthewPomilia,Genifer Lara,MikeSelckmann,RebekahKarimi,Vehihama Kasupi, BenHeermans,DougMilek andDennisSizemore. 30
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http://www.roundriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Community_Wildlife_Monitoring_Chobe_Okavango_2013_2015.pdf
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