community based participatory research approaches: experiences from st. james town initiative
DESCRIPTION
This presentation is an overview of community based participatory research methodologies. It draws on examples from work in St. James Town to illustrate the range of information that could be drawn using an arts-based participatory research method. The aim of this presentation is to illustrate how participatory research methodologies can be effectively used in research resistant communities for: 1) engaging and empowering marginalized populations; 2) enabling communities to advocate for social changes; and 3) developing new partnerships with stakeholders and initiating community-level changes. Nasim Haque, MD, DrPH Director of Community Health www.wellesleyinstitute.com Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWITRANSCRIPT
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Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches: Experiences from St. James
Town Initiative
Dr. Nasim Haque
Wellesley Institute
1 November-17-11 | www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Social Aetiology of Mental Illness (SAMI)
CIHR Strategic Training Program Center of Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH)
November 16, 2011
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Objectives for today’s session
1) Provide an overview of community-based participatory research (CBPR) techniques
2) Emphasize the importance of social determinants of health and health equity and the use of CBPR
3) Introduce three CBPR techniques and illustrate using examples from St. James Town Initiative research work
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SJT Initiative is a 5 year CBPR Initiative
Research Question:
What implications do neighbourhoods have on the health & wellbeing of immigrants?
Results:
Inform policy & support social change at neighbourhood level
About St James Town Initiative
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• Illness is a state of poor health and is considered a synonym for disease
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (WHO, 1986)
Difference between Illness & Health
Social Aetiology of Mental Illness (SAMI)
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Factors Effecting Health & Wellbeing
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The social & economic
environment
The physical environment
Person’s individual / biological
characteristics & behaviours
SDoH & Health Inequity
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H E A L T H
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14,666 Residents on 0.23 km2 of
Land
64,636 People / km2
(Unofficial Estimate: 25,000)
64% Immigrants
18 Aging High-Rise Buildings
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Community Action
Strategies & Activities
Participatory Action
Research
Skill enhancing opportunities
Student internships
Work with multiple
stakeholders
SJT Initiative Website
1) Adult Photo Voice
2) Community Mapping
3) Concept Mapping
5) Focus groups/interviews (CAC)
SJT Residents Action Group
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
6) Sample Survey (CIHR funded)
4) Youth Photo Voice
Multi-pronged Approach
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• Action research is “learning by doing” - a group of people identify a problem, do something to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if needed, try again.
• Examples of participatory action research?
What is Participatory Action Research?
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Community Mapping: Arts-Based Participatory Research
Approach
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What is Community Mapping?
• Community mapping is a cartographic (map making) practice that honours the local and personal knowledge of ordinary people
• Through this process participants share their knowledge by making maps as a way to spatially and visually represent their experiences, which include the social, economic, and cultural contexts of their lives.
• It is a research and learning process that focuses on coming to a greater understanding of the intersection of ‘self and place’
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Purpose of Community Mapping?
• Encourages ordinary people and those who are marginalized from public life and political process to come together to record significant aspects of their neighbourhood and their relation to it.
• Facilitates the process of learning and facilitates dialogue among members of the community from the ‘bottom up” as a way to transform traditional “top down” power relationships into more equitable, transparent, and participatory political process.
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Community Mapping (Map Anchored Interviews) “When we first came here, we had very high expectations because we were
coming to Toronto…but it is not good. Nobody takes care of the surroundings.
On apartment terraces, you cannot see flowers. People are always storing things
there. It is ugly. I can find gardens near my building, but they are not managed
nicely. There is a lot of garbage here. Surroundings are important - they
make me smile and relax, so I can go with a smiling face.”
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“The Bleeker St. basketball court is not a safe or healthy place for kids. That’s
where older kids hang out with younger kids and smoke and sell drugs.
....Younger kids look up to older kids and respond to peer pressure. That’s why
younger teens are getting into trouble with the law and stuff like that.”
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“…People here are busy. They work 2 jobs to cover their costs. You can’t find
anyone to talk to. Sometimes you need to sit and chat and have a conversation
with people. Usually, I meet some people in the library...Every time you meet a
new person you may not see them again. This is frustrating. If a person has
friends, relations, that they can meet, talk together, have conversation with,
maybe they will feel like they are someone. …You ask yourself “What is going on
here?” Maybe the culture is different. Different from mine.”
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Photovoice : Arts-Based Participatory Research
Approach
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What is Photovoice?
Photovoice asks you to take photographs of things that are important to you - and to tell the story of why these things are
important. The visual images and accompanying stories are the tools used
to reach policy- and decision-makers.
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Why use Photovoice?
• Powerful way to approach empowerment and advocacy
• Rewards of taking photographs are immediate
• Photography is fun and creative
• Taking photographs can change participants’ perceptions about their social and physical environment
• Basic photography is easy to learn and accessible to all
• “A picture is worth a thousand words”
• Images are understood regardless of language or culture
• Policy makers & program planners cannot deny reality when images are staring them in the face
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A few examples: • Children and youth in difficult circumstances e.g. orphans, children
forced into job market, children and youth living under the threat of violence because of war or crime
• Homeless adults and families
• People with disabilities or mental health issues
• People with chronic diseases/medical conditions e.g. HIV, TB etc.
• Members of racial, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural minorities
• People who are discriminated against because of class, caste, way of life
• The urban poor, whose concerns and strengths are often different from those of the larger society
• Women and men, to highlight gendered social and health issues
Who should use Photovoice?
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One way of exploring photographs: • What do you See here?
• What’s really Happening here?
• How does this relate to Our lives?
• Why does this problem/condition/strength exist?
• How could this image Educate the community/policy makers/ etc?
• What can we Do to improve the situation, or two enhance these strengths?
For more detailed description on Photovoice, visit:
www. SJTinitiative.com
SHOWED: Guideline for story writing
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A few examples of the range of information that can be collected
using Photovoice
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As a child, one way I kept myself occupied with my time was through playing basketball. It not only
kept me off the streets, but also wasted the majority of my time, keeping me active. If more
community programs ran such activities, it would bring the community closer and keep children off
the streets away from any type of violence. These activities are strengths in our community as children are kept away from trouble. (Youth,SJT. 2010)
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES ©
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... In a neighbourhood such as St. James Town where most people live in high rise buildings and come from low income families it may not seem like the best idea to build more buildings when we don’t already have that much green space around. This issue relates to your lives because we need more things than buildings around our community, such as more parks, centres for youth but instead we invest in building and more buildings. (Youth,SJT. 2010)
Overcrowding PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
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SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES
Safety, Crime, Drugs, Fear
The picture shows a memorial of a residence of St. James Town whose life was robbed off him last
year due to gun violence. The person who murdered “Juice” is yet to be found. It just comes to
show that more security is needed in the area. A lot of undercover police are the area dressing up
as drug dealers or buyers but they are usually easily spotted and pin pointed.
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This is related to our lives because every day we are witness to some type of harmful carcinogens produced by these cigarettes. Whether second hand, or first hand smoke, living in St. James Town means a high chance of encountering cigarettes. Because of this more people are exposed to harmful chemicals.
SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES
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These different flowers represent people from different places and the vase represents this country. If we arrange the flowers properly, they turn into a beautiful flower arrangement. If people of different backgrounds are given equal opportunities and are accepted, everyone benefits.
“The Tsismis Tree” Tsismis is a word in Tagalog that means gossip. This tree is treasured by many immigrants because we meet here to share experiences and support each other. Common spaces are important to the wellbeing of both individuals and the community.
SOCIAL ATTRIBUTES
© Wellesley Institute
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This tiny tunnel connects one of the poorest neighbourhoods in Canada, St. James Town, to one of the most affluent, Rosedale. The short journey of crossing the bridge is actually painful, arduous, and for the most part, impossible for the most, if not all, of the individuals living in SJT. Despite being highly educated, newcomers have difficulty gaining recognition, and consequently, employment.
ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES ©
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Food Quality
How much can we trust our food supply? We don’t only care about the price of goods, we also pay attention to our health. We want to get good service when we go to the supermarket.
ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES ©
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“Anyone out there?” Our plea for help went unheeded and we were buried in an overwhelming wave of ‘that’s not our problem’. Anyone out there? Are you listening?
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Concept Mapping: Semi-Quantitative Participatory
Planning and Evaluation Tool
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What is Concept Mapping?
Concept mapping is a process for gathering and organizing the input of many different people into a single, shared conceptual framework. This framework forms the basis for further value analysis, planning, action, or evaluation.
Bill Trochim
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© The Wellesley Institute
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Planning: Planners and key issue advisors
develop a focus prompt and identify participants
Idea Generation: Communities of interest and
expertise are identified, and respond with brainstormed
ideas
Structuring: Communities of interest and expertise sort
and rate the results of the idea development, authoring
the structure and value domain of the issue
Representation: Compute the maps, pattern matches
and “go zones,” and prepare them for interpretation by
communities of interest.
Interpretation and Use: Strategies and tactics for action
follow directly from the interpretation of the results. Pattern
matches and go zones help build consensus on action.
CM Methodology Steps Through Photovoice
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Planning: Planners and key issue advisors
develop a focus prompt and identify participants
Idea Generation: Communities of interest and
expertise are identified, and respond with brainstormed
ideas
Structuring: Communities of interest and expertise sort
and rate the results of the idea development, authoring
the structure and value domain of the issue
Representation: Compute the maps, pattern matches
and “go zones,” and prepare them for interpretation by
communities of interest.
Interpretation and Use: Strategies and tactics for action
follow directly from the interpretation of the results. Pattern
matches and go zones help build consensus on action.
CM Methodology Steps Through Photovoice
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What is Concept Mapping of Photovoice ?
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Work quickly
and effectively under
pressure 49
Organize the work when directions
are not specific.
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Decide how to manage
multiple tasks.
20 Manage resources effectively.
4
…are sorted into groups…
… and rated on two
areas.
Ideas represented in
photographs…
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Concept Mapping
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Sorting the Photovoice Photos Examining the Relationships in the Concept Map
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Concept Mapping takes the ideas of individuals and combines using multivariate statistical methods to form unique visual representations
called Concept Maps.
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Concept Mapping Results: a CBPR project on Neighbourhood & Health and Wellbeing
A Shared Framework: regional view of CM
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Green Space
6
9
53
67
72
74
76
Each cluster retains the details
This is a soothing sight for tired eyes,
an effective distraction from the barren
concrete jungle around...(6)
Green space is very important. The addition of
green space to a building can provide a sense of
community since tenants can get to know one
another as they enjoy this space together. This is
Allen gardens. Residents should not have to go
outside the community to find quality parks with
good amenities. (67)
We live in such a crowded place and we don’t have
enough green space. Plants give us oxygen & give
us a beautiful visual sense as well. (76)
..... making SJT look beautiful and clean
would make residents feel good about
themselves (53)
The hopes and dreams of the residents could be
expressed in the development of a beautiful
common space tegether. A lush green urban
space is the dream of everyone in SJT; however
this is difficult because residents do not own
this land or feel a sense of ownership. (9)
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Pattern Match: Average ratings of Clusters in terms of Importance and Action
r = .12
Importance Action Potential
4.12
3.56
3.51
3.08
Education Society
Need Social and Protection Lack of Maintenance
Attractions Sense of Pride
Lack of Maintenance &Improvement Green Space
Green Space Education
Safety Attractions
Environment Need Social & Protection
Sense of Pride
Environment Improvement for Health
Safety
Society Improvement for Health
Pattern
Matching is a
process that
allows the
comparison of
opinions or view
to determine the
degree to which
groups or ideas
match or
disconnect.
* Absolute values for ratings range from 1-5
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3.82.39 4.54
2.39
4.03
Importance
Acti
on
Po
ten
tial
3.29
1
2
34
5
6 7
89
10
11
12
1314
15 1617
18
19
20
21
22
23
2425
26
2728 29
3031
32
3334
3536
37
3839
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
484950
51
5253
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
7475
76
77
r = .61
A Go-Zone
Report is a
bivariate
scatter plot
that shows
how the
items in a
cluster are
related.
Go-Zones: Comparing Statements in a Cluster
Low Importance
High Action Potential
Low Importance
Low Action Potential
High Importance
Low Action
Potential
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• Non threatening methods
• Usually not conceived as “research”
• Engage disadvantaged population in research and advocacy
• Builds trust & empowers disadvantaged population
• Transfer ownership of the project to participants
• Help common voices heard by decision makers
• Understand participants perspectives on health and other issues through their lenses
Advantages of Using Arts-Based Research Techniques
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• The time commitment necessary may be daunting for participants and researchers
• Participants may have difficulty in presenting complex or abstract ideas through images and drawings
• Limitations of cross sectional design and qualitative design applies to arts-based study designs
Limitations of using Arts-based Techniques
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Building Partnerships with Stakeholders
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© The Wellesley Institute
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SJT Initiative Youth Photo Voice Project
© Wellesley Institute
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Photo Journalist: Training Workshop 1 ©
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Important Stakeholders: Training Workshop 2 ©
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Community Level Actions
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Community Forum & Expo: March 20, 2008 ©
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Community Forum & Expo: September 18, 2010
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Resident Group Presenting at Counselor ’s Office
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Change & Action
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Estelle Sun: RA, Wellesley Institute
Ali Moallim & Gene Lara: Community Leaders, SJT
Sean McIntyre: Constituency Assistant to Area Councillor
St. James Town residents and project participants
Previous RAs (Anissa, Emily, Erin) and WI staff &colleagues
Acknowledgement
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These speaking notes, reports using Photovoice and other participatory research methodologies, and policy briefs aimed at advancing health equity and social determinants of health are available on our site at www.sjtinitiative.com and www.wellesleyinstitute.com
My email: [email protected]
Following - Up
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ST. JAMES TOWN INITIATIVE www.sjtinitiative.com
THANK YOU