communities’ role in childhood obesity prevention: nutrition and … · 2019-07-30 · obesity...
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Communities’ Role in Childhood Obesity Prevention: Nutrition and Physical Activity
Lorrene Ritchie, PhD, RDBiennial Childhood Obesity ConferenceJuly 17, 2019
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Ritchie et al. Am J Prev Med 2015;49:647-652.Pate et al. Am J Prev Med 2015;49:653-659.
Nutrition and Physical Activity Outcomes
Predictor
Community Programs &
Policies
Long-Term
Outcome
BMI
Medium-Term OutcomesMedium-Term Outcomes
Nutrition• added sugar• sugary drinks• energy-dense
foods• fast food• eating with TV
• fruits & vegetables• whole grains• fiber• lower-fat milk• breakfast• dinner with family
Physical Activity• Total PA• Moderate-to-vigorous PA• Neighborhood attributes
Nutrition
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HCS National RecommendedTotal added sugar 19.0 18.5 <10 tsp/daySugar from SSBs 7.0 7.0 ~0 tsp/dayEnergy-dense foods 2.0 1.3 Minimal times/dayFruit & vegetables 2.5 2.1 2.5 - 5.5 cup/dayWhole grains 0.7 0.7 2.5 - 4 oz/dayFiber 15.5 14.1 25 – 38 g/dayUsually 1%/non-fat milk 26.8 30.9 ~100%Breakfast 6.2 4.4 ~7 days/weekFast food restaurant 1.0 1.7 <1 days/weekDinner with family 5.0 5.1 ~7 days/weekEating with TV 39.2 39.5 ~0%
Nutrition: HCS vs Nationally
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DOSEMore Intense
• Duration longer
• Reach more children
• Strategy more policy, systems, or environmental
HOWMore Strategies
• Information
• Services
• Access
• Consequences
• Policy/systems
WHATMore Behaviors
• Fruit & vegetables• Whole grains • Sugary drinks• Water• Energy-dense
snacks/sweets• Fat• Calories• Breakfast• Fast food
Characteristics of Community Efforts
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WHAT Behavior
• Fruit & vegetables (69%)
• Energy-dense snacks/sweets (44%)
• Whole grains (40%)
• Sugary drinks (39%)
• Water (32%)
• Fat (29%)
• Fast food (27%)
• Breakfast (21%)
• Calories (18%)
HOW Environmental Strategy
• ↑ Availability of healthier (49%)
• ↓ Availability of less healthy (20%)
• ↑ Affordability of healthier (7%)
• ↑ Procurement from local farms (6%)
• ↓ Portion sizes (2%)
• ↓ Advertisement of less healthy (1%)
• ↑ Supermarkets/food retail (1%)
What and How are Communities Engaged
Webb et al. Pediatr Obes 2018;13 Suppl 1:103-112.
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More Intense: Higher Reach,
Duration, Strength
• ↑ lower-fat milk
More Strategies & Restricting
Availability of Less Healthy
• ↓ added sugar• ↓ sugary drinks• ↓ energy-dense
More Behaviors & Targeting Less
Healthy
• ↑ fruit/vegetables• ↑ fiber
Associations of Community Efforts over Past 6 years with Nutrition Outcomes
Ritchie et al. Pediatr Obes 2018;13 Suppl 1:14-26.Webb et al. Pediatr Obes 2018;13 Suppl 1:103-112.
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• Appears to take several years of sustained efforts for communities to reap benefits: no quick fix
• Different features of community efforts are important; there is no “single” or “simple” solution
• Increase intensity: broader reach, longer duration, multiple strategy
• More effort needed to change some behaviors, such as eating from a fast food restaurant, eating dinner with family, and eating while watching TV
Lessons Learned on Nutrition
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• Simultaneously target multiple behaviors: don’t just focus on promoting more fruit, vegetables and whole grain – also limit less healthy options such as sugary drinks, sweets and fast food
• Giving information and enhancing skills should accompany change to food environments
• Environment changes that show promise: restricting the availability of unhealthy foods, and reducing portion sizes
Lessons Learned on Nutrition
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1010Place Matters
Woodward-Lopez et al. Community characteristics modify the relationship between obesity prevention efforts and dietary outcomes in children in the Healthy Communities Study. Ped Ob (i i )
WHAT (behavior)
HOW (strategy)
More Healthy
• South
• Rural
Less Healthy
• West
Less Healthy
• South
• Low-income
• High African American
More Healthy
• Northeast
• West
• Higher-income
• High Hispanic
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1111Lessons Learned on Nutrition
Different considerations may be needed for childhood obesity prevention efforts
• Particularly in southern U.S. and rural communities
• To a lesser extent, depending on community income and race/ethnicity
Physical Activity
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1313Less PA in Girls, especially as Get Older
Age (years)
MVPA in past 7 days
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1414Associations of Community Efforts over Past 6 years with Physical Activity
Ritchie et al.. Pediatr Obes 2018;13 Suppl 1:14-26
• An index reflecting the 6-year history of the number of behavior change strategies used was positively associated with children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
• This association was attenuated with adjustment for demographic factors
• Moderation analyses found that the association was positive among non-Hispanic, but not Hispanic, children
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1515Neighborhood Attributes in Relation to PA
Street Segment Near Child’s Home (Windshield Survey)• Burned, boarded up, or abandoned residential units
• Litter
• Quality and condition of residential units
• Busy thoroughfare
• Side street/cul-de-sac/dead end/one-way
• Sidewalks
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1616Neighborhood Attributes in relation to PA
Youth with no litter on their street reported significantly lower neighborhood-based PA
Youth living on a side street, cul-de-sac, dead-end, or one-way street reported greater neighborhood-based PA
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1717Lessons Learned on Physical Activity
Community programs and policies to promote physical activity in children may be more successful if they are sustained for several years and employ multiple behavior change strategies
Specific street quality attributes are associated with physical activity in youth
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1818Strengths & Limitations• Range of nutrition and physical activity measures
• First study to characterize naturally occurring community efforts in relation to child nutrition and physical activity outcomes
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• Large number of comparisons
• Self-report of child nutrition and physical activity-
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