Communities Communities and Biomesand Biomes

Summary SlideSummary Slide

• CommunitiesCommunities

• BiomesBiomes

CommunitiesCommunities

Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors

• Limiting Factors: Any factor that Limiting Factors: Any factor that restricts the existence, numbers, restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution or reproduction, or distribution or organismsorganisms

• Includes: food availability, predators, Includes: food availability, predators, temperaturestemperatures

• Limiting factors for one population Limiting factors for one population may effect another population may effect another population indirectlyindirectly

Ranges of ToleranceRanges of Tolerance

• A limiting factor for one A limiting factor for one organism may not limit another organism may not limit another organismorganism

Succession: Changes over Succession: Changes over TimeTime

• Succession: Normal and natural Succession: Normal and natural changes and species that take changes and species that take place in the communities of an place in the communities of an ecosystemecosystem

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

• Primary succession: colonization of new Primary succession: colonization of new sites like these by communities of sites like these by communities of organismsorganisms

• Pioneer species: the first species in an areaPioneer species: the first species in an area• After the community has begun to thrive After the community has begun to thrive

with the pioneer species other species may with the pioneer species other species may join the communityjoin the community

• Climax community: A stable community that Climax community: A stable community that undergoes little or no change in speciesundergoes little or no change in species

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

• Secondary succession: Secondary succession: sequence of community changes sequence of community changes that takes place after a that takes place after a community is disrupted by community is disrupted by natural disasters or human natural disasters or human actionsactions

Example: Fires of YellowstoneExample: Fires of Yellowstone

• Annual wildflowers, perennial Annual wildflowers, perennial wildflowers, grasses, ferns, pine wildflowers, grasses, ferns, pine seedlings, lodge pole pine trees seedlings, lodge pole pine trees then climax communitythen climax community

BiomesBiomes

BiomesBiomes

• AquaticAquatic– FreshwaterFreshwater– SaltwaterSaltwater

• TerrestrialTerrestrial– TundraTundra– DesertDesert– GrasslandGrassland– Temperate ForestTemperate Forest– Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest

Aquatic Biomes: Life in WaterAquatic Biomes: Life in Water

• Biome: Similar climax Biome: Similar climax communities grouped into this communities grouped into this larger categorylarger category

• 75% of the earth’s surface is 75% of the earth’s surface is waterwater

• There are more aquatic biomes There are more aquatic biomes than terrestrial biomesthan terrestrial biomes

Marine BiomesMarine Biomes

• The oceans have the largest The oceans have the largest amount of living material of all amount of living material of all the biomes on earth (mainly the biomes on earth (mainly microscopic)microscopic)

• Ecologists study the biomes of Ecologists study the biomes of water in two zones: photic, water in two zones: photic, aphoticaphotic

Zones of aquatic regionsZones of aquatic regions

• Photic Zones: zones that are Photic Zones: zones that are penetrated by sunlightpenetrated by sunlight

• Aphotic Zones: zones that are Aphotic Zones: zones that are not penetrated by sunlightnot penetrated by sunlight

A Mixing of WatersA Mixing of Waters

• Estuary: A coastal body of water Estuary: A coastal body of water which is formed by the mixing of which is formed by the mixing of saltwater and freshwatersaltwater and freshwater

• An estuary is an exceptional biomes An estuary is an exceptional biomes because it contains a mix of saltwater because it contains a mix of saltwater and freshwater organismsand freshwater organisms

• Also contains terrestrial organisms Also contains terrestrial organisms • An estuary is a very intricate food An estuary is a very intricate food

webweb

The effects of TidesThe effects of Tides

• Intertidal Zone: The portion of Intertidal Zone: The portion of the shoreline that lies between the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide linesthe high and low tide lines

• ““the beach”the beach”

In the LightIn the Light

• The majority of the organisms The majority of the organisms which live in the photic zones of which live in the photic zones of the oceans are planktonthe oceans are plankton

• Plankton: Small organisms which Plankton: Small organisms which live in the photic zone including live in the photic zone including autotrophs (diatoms) and autotrophs (diatoms) and heterotrophs (juvenile stages of heterotrophs (juvenile stages of marine animals)marine animals)

In the DarkIn the Dark

• The Abiotic region of the ocean The Abiotic region of the ocean makes up 90% of the ocean at makes up 90% of the ocean at more than a kilometer deepmore than a kilometer deep

• This region has no light and the This region has no light and the pressure is 100 pounds per pressure is 100 pounds per square centimetersquare centimeter

• Food Web: give exampleFood Web: give example

Freshwater BiomesFreshwater Biomes

• Freshwater is limited by aphotic Freshwater is limited by aphotic factors: temperature and lightingfactors: temperature and lighting

• Freshwater consists of different Freshwater consists of different aphotic zones (indicated by aphotic zones (indicated by temperatures that can be felt)temperatures that can be felt)

• Food Web: give exampleFood Web: give example

Terrestrial BiomesTerrestrial Biomes

• Arctic Zone, Temperate Zone, Arctic Zone, Temperate Zone, Tropic of Cancer, Tropical ZoneTropic of Cancer, Tropical Zone

Terrestrial BiomesTerrestrial Biomes

• Life on the TundraLife on the Tundra• Life on the taigaLife on the taiga• Life in the desertLife in the desert• Life in the grasslandLife in the grassland• Life in the Temperate ForestLife in the Temperate Forest• Life in the Tropical Rain ForestsLife in the Tropical Rain Forests• Food Web: give examplesFood Web: give examples

ReviewReview