communication, decision making and different types of
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Management Information System
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The situation and relationship within whichcommunication takes place.
Includes: social presence, organizational
position, relationships, cultural norms, age,gender, and the topic being discussed.
Social Presence: the extent to which thereceiver of the message perceives it as a
personal interaction with another person. Itis strongly felt in face-to-facecommunication.
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Personal Communication: the personal
relationship of both the sender and
recipients affects th
e form and content ofcommunication.
Example:Performance evaluation of
employees
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Impersonal Communication: the identity
of the sender and receiver of the
message affects th
e communication lessbecause the sender and receiver act as
agents or deliver of the policies and
tactics of the organization.
Example: payment of credit card billsand other utility bills
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Anonymous Communication: the senders
identity is hidden and is used in
situations ranging from th
e suggestionbox to crime tips for the police.
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Same-time (also called synchronous) communication occurs
when both the sender and recipient are present
simultaneously.
Made possible by live radio or live television,
and by the use of telephones
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Different-time (also called asynchronous) communication takes
place when both members are not available
simultaneously.
Examples include taping ofTV programs and
recording of phone messages
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Same time Different time
Same place Presentation
systems
Group decision
support systems(GDSS)
Transaction
databases
World Wide Web
Electronic Mail Voice Mail
Different place Typical telephones
Computer
conferencing
Video telephonesand conferencing
Transaction
databases
World Wide Web
Electronic Mail Voice Mail
Fax
Prerecorded radio
or TV broadcast
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One-Way Communication Usually prevalent in television and radio
broadcasting
Two-Way Communication Promotes an interactive situation that is needed
in most business meetings.
Example: video conferencing
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Making Face-to-Face Communication
More Effective
Use of presentation tech
nologies toh
elp presentideas more effectively in same-time, same-place
meetings.
The tool to be used depends on how cost-
effective it would be, the degree of preparation
required, and the availability of the tools
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Eliminating Unnecessary Person-to-
Person Communication The emergence of online data access helps
clients search for a particular information
without disturbing someone else.
More and more companies use an automated
system in answering questions.
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Making Communication Systematic Since most communication systems nowadays
are automated, strict data formats are now being
implemented between departments in
businesses and to external customers.
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Combining and Extending Electronic
Communication Functions Computer data such as pictures, or video can
now be sent to the receiver
The device used for sending and receiving
might be portable
The caller or receiver could be a computer not
just a person
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Problem Finding The process in identifying and formulating
problems that should be solved
Problem Solving The process of using information, knowledge
and intuition to solve a problem that has been
defined previously
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1. Intelligence Collect and analyze data about the problem
2. Design
Identify criteria Create alternatives
Evaluate outcomes
3. Choice
Select preferred alternative4. Implementation
Inform others of the decision
Put the decision into effect
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The decision making process reflects howpeople make conclusion and how rationalthey are in deciding the best solution.
Rationality: a common model for explaininghow people should make decisions.Satisficing: selecting an acceptable
alternative rather than an optimal or bestalternative.People make decisions in
limited time, based on limited informationand limited ability to process theinformation
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Poor Framing Decisions are influenced or framed by the
language or context used for presenting the
issue
To avoid this flaw, information systems can
provide information that will help the decision
makers think about the real issue
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Recency Effects Giving decision based only on the most readily
available information
Information system can provide information that
will help rationalize how the most recent
information might not be the most reasonable
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Primacy Effects The difficulty of most people to change an
opinion or position about a certain issue once
they have considered it.
The information system can show how some
information is inappropriate with the first
information.
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Poor Probability Estimation Underestimating the credibility and
reasonableness of negative and overestimating
the probability of familiar and beneficial events.
The information system can make it easier for
the decision maker by estimating the
probabilities based on relevant data
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Overconfidence Being overconfident or too complacent with the
accuracy of what they know, thus, making a
preliminary conclusion.
The information system should provide
examples or models showing the other
conclusions might also work
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Escalation phenomena Most people have a hard time changing the
courses of action that has been adopted because
of familiarization in the process, thus taking nonotice to feedbacks signifying failure in the
courses of action previously implemented.
The information system should provide
information that the current approach beingimplemented might not truly work.
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Association Bias The use of past strategies to repeat the success
previously experienced even if it does not fit
with the current situation.
The information system should provide
information on the current situation and how
different it is from past situations.
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Groupthink Favoring the consensus of the group instead of
heading to unpopular ideas.
The information system should provide
information on the unpopular proposal and
prove its weight to the situation.
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Simplifies everyday processing tasks inoffices, and in businesses.
Most common applications used are word
processors, spreadsheets, andpresenatation tools.
Categories ofOAS1. Spreadsheets
2. Text and image processing systems
3. Presentation packages
4. Personal database and note-taking systems
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Help people exchange or share informationelectronically without being present in thesame location
Four general categories1. Teleconferencing: use of electronic transmission topermit same-time different-place meetings
2. Messaging Systems: enables the transmission ofspecific messages possible to specific individuals
3. Groupware: allows information to be sharedamong members of the team and for effectivecontrol of workflows
4. Intranets and Extranets
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The first computerized information
system that collects and stores data about
transactions and sometimes controlsdecisions made as part of a transaction.
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Provides information to the organizations
managers to assist them in the planning
and decision making process needed to
push the firm in a higher level.
Computerized MIS generate information
for monitoring performance, maintaining
coordination, and providing backgroundinformation about the organizations
operation.
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An interactive information system that
provides information, models and data
manipulation tools to help make
decisions in semi-structured and
unstructured situations where no one
knows exactly how decision should be
made.
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System that supports the intellectual
work of professionals engaged in design,
diagnosis, or evaluation of complex
situations requiring expert knowledge.
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