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Efaafi U}nimnwmu2 ]lk ]hak Hu IftGx Gfg Wf}lani

No}kw xknwu fo mkgn}k* }lk in}hfi hu ift }nchid n gfjm u}kp }ftnwm kiu{whid }ln} njj u}{mki}u dwnm{n}kwknmx ofw efjjkdk nim enwkkwu) [imkw }lk jknmkwulhp fo }lk Ef{iehj fo Elhko U}n}k Uelffj Foohekwu nim}lk In}hfinj Dfvkwifwu Nuufehn}hfi Eki}kw ofw Gku} Pwne}heku* n pnikj lnu mwno}km n uk} fo EfaafiEfwk U}n}k U}nimnwmu ofw efjjkdk nim enwkkw wknmhikuu)

]lk hih}hn}hvk tnu mkuhdikm nwf{im n uk} fo pwhiehpjku }ln} nwk uhdihoheni} hi ukvkwnj tnxu) Ohwu}* }lhni {ipwkekmki}km gf}}fa!{p koofw}* hi tlhel ofw}x!khdl} u}n}ku efaah}}km }f tfwc }fdk}lkw }f uk}efaafi* whdfwf{u k|pke}n}hfiu ofw njj u}{mki}u) Ukefim* }lk mkvkjfpkwu pjkmdkm }f kiu{wk }ln} }lku}nimnwmu tkwk kvhmkiek gnukm }ln} hu* }ln} }lkx wkpwkuki}km }lk ciftjkmdk nim uchjju ikekuunwx ofwu}{mki}u }f gk pwkpnwkm ofw efjjkdk nim enwkkwu* nim }ln} }lkx tkwk gkielanwckm ndnhiu} u}nimnwmu lhdl!pkwofwahid in}hfiu) ]lhwm* }lk dfnj tnu }f efak {p th}l n efwk uk} fo ejknw u}nimnwmu }ln} eni gk}n{dl} hi ejnuuwffau* wn}lkw }lni }lk vfj{ahif{u jhu}u fo }fpheu fo}ki of{im hi u}n}k u}nimnwmu)

]lkuk pwhiehpjku thjj lkjp kiu{wk }ln} }lk u}nimnwmu thjj wnhuk k|pke}n}hfiu ofw njj u}{mki}u nim }ln}}lkuk k|pke}n}hfiu thjj gk }lk unak if an}}kw tlkwk u}{mki}u lnppki }f jhvk) ]ln} tf{jm wkpwkuki} nukn elnidk hi Nakwheni km{en}hfi* fik }ln} hu ufwkjx ikkmkm) ]lk thmk vnwhn}hfiu }ln} e{wwki}jx k|hu}nwk {ineekp}ngjk nim nwk kupkehnjjx lnwao{j }f jft!hiefak u}{mki}u nim u}{mki}u fo efjfw) Njj u}n}ku

nim uelffju ulf{jm k|pke} kvkwxu}{mki} }f dwnm{n}k owfa lhdl uelffj wknmx ofw efjjkdk nim enwkkwu)

Gx }lkaukjvku* u}nimnwmu eni efi}whg{}k n dwkn} mknj }f km{en}hfinj hapwfvkaki}) Gx pwfvhmhid n vhvhphe}{wk ofw u}{mki}u* pnwki}u* nim }knelkwu fo }lk nghjh}hku njj u}{mki}u ikkm }f mkafiu}wn}k* }lkx elkjp d{hmk jknwihid) ]lkx njuf pwfvhmk d{hmniek }f e{wwhe{j{a nim }ku} mkvkjfpkwu }f kiu{wk }ln}an}kwhnju u{ppfw} tln} uelffju nwk k|pke}km }f }knel nim }ln} uelffju nwk neef{i}ngjk ofw akk}hid }lku}nimnwmu)

Xk} u}nimnwmu njfik eniif} wnhuk }lk jkvkj fo u}{mki} jknwihid) ]lkhw o{jj pftkw eni fijx gk wknjhrkmtlki njj pnw}u fo }lk uxu}ka nwk hi pjnek) Hi }ln} wkupke}* nu uhdihoheni} nu }lk u}nimnwmu mkvkjfpaki}anx gk* h} wkpwkuki}u fijx n ohwu} u}kp hi ni nagh}hf{u hapwfvkaki} koofw}) Fvkw }lk ik|} okt xknwu*

u}n}ku thjj ikkm }f mkvkjfp }ku}u* e{wwhe{j{a an}kwhnju* nim pwfokuuhfinj mkvkjfpaki} pwfdwnau njhdik}f }lk u}nimnwmu) Xk} }lkuk koofw}u eni gk afwk koohehki} nim kooke}hvk th}l efaafi u}nimnwmu* uhiekknel u}n}k ikkm if} mkvkjfp }lkuk }ffju fi h}u fti)

]lhu gwhko thjj f{}jhik }lk ikkm ofw efaafi u}nimnwmu }ln} nwk whdfwf{u* ejknw* nim ofe{ukm* gxk|nahihid tlx lhdlkw k|pke}n}hfiu nwk ikkmkm ofw njj u}{mki}u nim tlx vnwhn}hfiu hi k|pke}n}hfiu nwk{ineekp}ngjk) H} u{ddku}u tnxu }ln} efaafi u}nimnwmu thjj lkjp jnx }lk of{imn}hfi ofw n u}wfidkwkm{en}hfi uxu}ka }ln} thjj pwkpnwk njj u}{mki}u ofw efjjkdk nim enwkkwu)

Mkekagkw 7008

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Tlx Lhdlkw U}nimnwmu6

Ofw afu} fo }lk jnu} eki}{wx* Nakwheni lhdl uelffju pwkpnwkm n uanjj ahifwh}x fo u}{mki}u ofw efjjkdk)Afu} u}{mki}u tlf dwnm{n}km owfa lhdl uelffj ho }lkx dwnm{n}km n} njj tki} mhwke}jx hi}f }lktfwcofwek* fo}ki }f jft!uchjj bfgu) Nu wkeki}jx nu }lk >8?0u* fijx lnjo fo njj Nakwheniu lnm efapjk}kmlhdl uelffj)

]lhu uh}{n}hfi tnu ohik nu jfid nu pkfpjk ef{jm uke{wk n pwfm{e}hvk o{}{wk th}l n lhdl uelffj km{en}hfi)]lhu hu if jfidkw }lk enuk) ]lk dnp gk}tkki }lk hiefak knwikm gx }lfuk th}l n efjjkdk mkdwkk nim}lfuk th}l n lhdl uelffj mhpjfan hu jnwdk nim dwfthid* nim njafu} 80 pkweki} fo }lk lhdlku}!pnxhidnim onu}ku}!dwfthid bfgu wk~{hwk ufak pfu}ukefimnwx }wnhihid)> Xk} iknwjx 50 pkweki} fo u}{mki}u mwfpf{} fo lhdl uelffj gkofwk dwnm{n}hfi* nim nafid }lfuk tlf mf dwnm{n}k* fijx n }lhwm nwk pwkpnwkm ofwefjjkdk nim enwkkwu) Nim }lk u}{mki}u tlf }kim }f pnx }lk lhdlku} pwhek ofw f{w onhj{wk }f km{en}k njju}{mki}u kooke}hvkjx nwk mhupwfpfw}hfin}kjx pffw u}{mki}u nim u}{mki}u fo efjfw) Njj u}{mki}u* if an}}kw}lkhw gnecdwf{im fw enwkkw nuphwn}hfiu* ikkm }f gk pwkpnwkm ofw pfu}ukefimnwx km{en}hfi)

Hi nmmh}hfi* }lk [ih}km U}n}ku thjj wk~{hwk ni km{en}km eh}hrkiwx ho h} k|pke}u }f wkanhi efapk}h}hvk}lk djfgnj kefifax3 }lk wku} fo }lk tfwjm hu jknpowfddhid pnu} }lk [)U) hi km{en}hfinj n}}nhiaki} nimpkwofwaniek) Oho}x xknwu ndf* }lk [)U) lnm }lk lhdlku} lhdl uelffj efapjk}hfi wn}ku hi }lkhim{u}whnjhrkm tfwjm) If jfidkw) Ift* }lk efapjk}hfi wn}k pjneku khdl}kki}l f{} fo }tki}x!}lwkkFwdnihun}hfi ofw Kefifahe Ef!fpkwn}hfi nim Mkvkjfpaki} ,FKEM( ef{i}whku th}l efapnwngjk mn}n*nim }lk [)U) hu oho}kki}l nafid FKEM akagkw in}hfiu hi efjjkdk efapjk}hfi) 7 U}{mki}u hi f}lkwef{i}whku* afwkfvkw* wkd{jnwjx f{}pkwofwa [)U) u}{mki}u fi ewfuu!in}hfinj nuukuuaki}u) Fi }lkPwfdwnaak ofw Hi}kwin}hfinj U}{mki} Nuukuuaki}* n aknu{wk fo u}{mki}u nghjh}x }f nppjx ciftjkmdk }fwknj!tfwjm pwfgjkau* [)U) oho}kki!xknw!fjmu wnickm }tki}x!oho}l fo }lhw}x ef{i}whku hi an}lkan}heujh}kwnex* }tki}x!ohwu} fo }lhw}x hi uehkiek jh}kwnex* nim }tki}x!of{w}l fo }tki}x!ihik hi pwfgjka ufjvhid)5

Ejknwjx tk a{u} mf afwk ho tk nwk }f wkanhi efapk}h}hvk hi n tfwjm }ln} hu gkefahid gk}}kw km{en}kmkvkwx mnx) Xk} }lkwk hu ufak kvhmkiek }ln} tk anx gk afvhid hi }lk fppfuh}k mhwke}hfi2 Ukvki u}n}kujftkwkm }lkhw u}nimnwmu fo pwfohehkiex ofw khdl} dwnmk wknmhid gk}tkki 700; nim 7004* nim ihik u}n}jftkwkm }lkhw u}nimnwmu hi khdl}l dwnmk an}lkan}heu fvkw }ln} pkwhfm)=

Tlx Efaafi U}nimnwmu6

]lk ikkm ofw njj xf{id pkfpjk }f gk pwkpnwkm ofw pfu}ukefimnwx km{en}hfi nim enwkkwu f{dl} }f gk }lkefiekwi fo kvkwx u}n}k) G{} }lkwk nwk pnw}he{jnw wknufiu tlx n efaafi uk} fo u}nimnwmu hu hapkwn}hvk)

]lk ohwu} lnu }f mf th}l k~{h}x) Tlx ulf{jm }lk k|pke}n}hfiu ofw tln} u}{mki}u cift nim nwk ngjk }f mfmkpkim fi tlkwk u}{mki}u lnppki }f jhvk6 Xf{}lu tlf dwnm{n}k owfa lhdl uelffj hi Tlkkjhid* Tku}_hwdhihn* thjj onek }lk unak djfgnj kefifax nu dwnm{n}ku owfa Tnjjn Tnjjn* Tnulhid}fi) U}{mki}uowfa gf}l eh}hku* nim kvkwxtlkwk hi gk}tkki* ikkm }f gk k~{njjx pwkpnwkm }f efapk}k kooke}hvkjx) Nimhi n lhdljx afghjk ufehk}x jhck }lk [ih}km U}n}ku* n u}{mki} ulf{jm if} onek jftkw k|pke}n}hfiu tlkiulk afvku }f nif}lkw u}n}k) Uk}}hid jftkw k|pke}n}hfiu thjj efiuhdi fik dwf{p fo u}{mki}u }f n dwhao{}{wk) Xk}* {iofw}{in}kjx* }ln}u tln} }lk e{wwki} uxu}ka* hi tlhel knel u}n}k uk}u h}u fti u}nimnwmu*mfku }f }ff anix xf{id pkfpjk) Nim {iofw}{in}kjx* jft!hiefak xf{}lu nim elhjmwki fo efjfw }ff fo}kikim {p th}l jftkw k|pke}n}hfiu)

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N ukefim wknufi ofw efaafi u}nimnwmu lnu }f mf th}l koohehkiex) U}n}ku e{wwki}jx upkim gk}tkki -;>4ahjjhfi nim -4;0 ahjjhfi nii{njjx }f mkvkjfp* p{gjhul* nmahihu}kw* uefwk* nim wkpfw} fi }ku}u) Tlhjk }lhu}f}nj wkpwkuki}u jkuu }lni 7 pkweki} fo }lk -;00 ghjjhfi upki} fi C >7 km{en}hfi* h} ikvkw}lkjkuu hu nefiuhmkwngjk u{a* pnw}he{jnwjx n} n }hak tlki iknwjx njj u}n}ku nwk onehid n ohiniehnj u~{kkrk) Efaafiu}nimnwmu pwfvhmk ni fppfw}{ih}x ofw u}n}ku }f pffj }fdk}lkw }f mkvkjfp }ku}u gnukm fi n efaafiownaktfwc) Ikt Lnapulhwk* Wlfmk Hujnim* nim _kwafi} {imkwu}nim }lhu2 }lkx enak }fdk}lkw }f ewkn}k}lk Ikt Kidjnim Efaafi Nuukuuaki} Pwfdwna ,IKENP(* tlhel lnu uhiek gkki bfhikm gx Anhik) Nu}lkhw k|pkwhkiek lnu ulfti* u}n}ku eni unvk afikx nim mkvkjfp afwk ufplhu}hen}km hiu}w{aki}u }ln} mfn gk}}kw bfg fo aknu{whid }lk o{jj wnidk fo ciftjkmdk nim uchjju u}{mki}u nwk k|pke}km }f mkafiu}wn}k)

N }lhwm wknufi hu }f dkikwn}k pfjh}henj thjj ofw lhdlkw k|pke}n}hfiu) Wnhuhid u}nimnwmu hu n whuc* uhiufak u}{mki}u ahdl} if} akk} }lka whdl} ntnx) Gx bfhihid }fdk}lkw th}l f}lkw u}n}ku* u}n}k jknmkwuahdl} gk afwk jhckjx }f }nck fi }lk elnjjkidk fo wnhuhid u}nimnwmu ofw njj u}{mki}u)

Mfi} Tk Njwknmx Lnvk Efaafi U}nimnwmu6 Xku* g{}

Hi Bni{nwx >887* }lk In}hfinj Ef{iehj fi Km{en}hfi U}nimnwmu nim ]ku}hid* n efidwkuuhfinjjxanimn}km pnikj fo p{gjhe foohehnju* km{en}fwu* nim wkuknwelkwu* huu{km n wkpfw} enjjhid ofw in}hfinj

u}nimnwmu hi efwk u{gbke}u nim n wkjn}km uxu}ka fo nuukuuaki}u }f aknu{wk pwfdwkuu ndnhiu} }lku}nimnwmu) Ofjjfthid }lk wkpfw}* }lk Dkfwdk L) T) G{ul nmahihu}wn}hfi pwfvhmkm dwni}u }f n mfrkiin}hfinj fwdnihrn}hfiu }f mkvkjfp u}nimnwmu) ,Ukpnwn}kjx* }lk In}hfinj Ef{iehj fo ]knelkwu fo An}lkan}heu ,IE]A( lnm njwknmx mkvkjfpkm u}nimnwmu hi }ln} u{gbke})( ]lkuk mfe{aki}u tkwk }lkohwu} efaafi km{en}hfi u}nimnwmu)

]lk hmkn* neefwmhid }f Mhnik Wnvh}el* tlf tnu nuuhu}ni} [)U) ukewk}nwx fo km{en}hfi n} }lk }hak* tnu }flnvk if okmkwnj fvkwuhdl} ndkiex* g{} }f kief{wndk pwfokuuhfinj ohkjmu }f ulnpk n efiukiu{u ngf{}tln} u}{mki}u ulf{jm cift nim gk ngjk }f mf) Kvki}{njjx* }lk u}nimnwmu tf{jm anck }lkhw fti tnxhi}f }lk uelffju ,fw if}( gx vhw}{k fo }lkhw ~{njh}x* nu }lk IE]A u}nimnwmu lnvk* nim if} gken{uk fo }lkefkwehvk pftkw fo dfvkwiaki} }f kiofwek }lka) ;

Lftkvkw* }lkuk u}nimnwmu mhm if} k|kw} }lk hioj{kiek }ln} }lk mkvkjfpkwu* nim }lk In}hfinj Ef{iehj* lnmlfpkm) Ofw fik }lhid* ukvkwnj fo }lk u}nimnwmu pwfvkm ~{h}k efi}wfvkwuhnj* anchid h} {ijhckjx }ln} }lkxtf{jm gk nmfp}km newfuu }lk ef{i}wx) ]lk u}nimnwmu ofw [)U) lhu}fwx* ofw k|napjk* n}}wne}km n dwkn} mfo ewh}hehua* nim }lk [)U) Ukin}k vf}km 88 }f > }f fppfuk }lka) ,]lk u}nimnwmu tkwk u{guk~{ki}jxwkvhukm)( ]lk u}nimnwmu ofw Kidjhul jnid{ndk nw}u* mkvkjfpkm gx }lk In}hfinj Ef{iehj fo ]knelkwu fo Kidjhul* }lk Hi}kwin}hfinj Wknmhid Nuufehn}hfi* nim }lk Eki}kw ofw }lk U}{mx fo Wknmhid n} }lk[ihvkwuh}x fo Hjjhifhu* ikvkw df} foo }lk dwf{im) Hi Anwel >88=* }lk [)U) Mkpnw}aki} fo Km{en}hfieniekjkm }lk efi}wne} th}l }lk }lwkk dwf{pu* eh}hid n jnec fo pwfdwkuu) ]lk mkpnw}aki} lnm ewh}hehrkmmwno} u}nimnwmu nu vnd{k nim unhm }lkx onhjkm }f mkohik tln} u}{mki}u ulf{jm cift nim gk ngjk }f mf)

Kvki }lk an}l u}nimnwmu* fiek wkdnwmkm nu k|kapjnwx* lnvk n}}wne}km efi}wfvkwux) Ewh}heu efi}kimk}ln} }lk u}nimnwmu mkkaplnuhrkm hiu}w{e}hfi hi gnuhe uchjju nim pwfaf}km tln} }lkx enjjkm o{rrxan}l) ]lk IE]A wkvhukm h}u u}nimnwmu hi 7000 nim pjnekm n dwkn}kw kaplnuhu fi gnuhe uchjju* g{} }lkuf!enjjkm an}l tnwu efi}hi{k }f wndk)

Hi nmmh}hfi }f huu{ku u{wwf{imhid }lk u}nimnwmu }lkaukjvku* }lk u}nimnwmu onhjkm }f hioj{kiek pwne}gken{uk }lkwk tnu if u}w{e}{wk hi pjnek ofw }lka }f d{hmk u}n}k ne}hfiu) Nu pnw} fo }lk Dfnju 70002Km{en}k Nakwhen Ne}* tlhel pwfvhmkm dwni}u }f u}n}ku }f mkvkjfp u}nimnwmu nim nuukuuaki}u* Efidw

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=

hi >88= ku}ngjhulkm n in}hfinj gfmx* }lk In}hfinj Km{en}hfi U}nimnwmu Hapwfvkaki} Ef{iehj* }ffvkwukk }lk mkvkjfpaki} fo u}n}k u}nimnwmu nim kiu{wk }lkhw njhdiaki} th}l }lk in}hfinj u}nimnwmu)Lftkvkw* }lk ef{iehj n}}wne}km u{gu}ni}hnj fppfuh}hfi owfa akagkwu fo Efidwkuu* tlf elnwdkm }ln} h}wkpwkuki}km n in}hfinj uelffj gfnwm) ]lk Ejhi}fi nmahihu}wn}hfi ikvkw inakm akagkwu }f }lkef{iehj* nim h} tnu ngfjhulkm gkofwk h} kvkw efivkikm)

Pwkuhmki} Ejhi}fi anmk fik afwk n}}kap} }f uk} in}hfinj u}nimnwmu tlki lk pwfpfukm vfj{i}nwxin}hfinj }ku}u hi of{w}l!dwnmk wknmhid nim khdl}l!dwnmk an}lkan}heu) Lftkvkw* }lhu hmkn njuf wni hi}fmkkp fppfuh}hfi fi Enph}fj Lhjj* nim Efidwkuu e{} foo o{imhid ofw }lk hih}hn}hvk)

]lk Pwfgjka th}l U}n}k U}nimnwmu2_nwhn}hfiu hi Km{en}hfinj Fppfw}{ih}hku

Th}lf{} efaafi u}nimnwmu }f d{hmk }lka* knel u}n}k mkvkjfpkm h}u fti uk} fo u}nimnwmu* njfid th}l h}ufti }ku}u nim pkwofwaniek u}nimnwmu aknu{wku }f mk}kwahik tlk}lkw u}{mki}u lnm wknelkm }lku}nimnwmu) U}n}ku n{}lfwh}x fvkw u}nimnwmu tnu wkhiofwekm gx }lk If Elhjm Jko} Gklhim Ne}* tlhelwk~{hwkm njj u}{mki}u }f wknel pwfohehkiex fi u}n}k u}nimnwmu gx 70>5 >=* g{} jko} h} {p }f knel u}n}k }fuk} u}nimnwmu nim mk}kwahik tln} pwfohehkiex akni}* nu tkjj nu }lk }wnbke}fwx uelffju ikkmkm }f ofjjft}f wknel }lk dfnj)

]lk wku{j} fo }lk oho}x!u}n}k ufj{}hfi lnu gkki thmk vnwhn}hfi hi tln} u}{mki}u nwk k|pke}km }f jknwi) Hiufak u}n}ku* }lk k|pke}n}hfiu nwk elnjjkidhid nim wkojke} }lk ciftjkmdk nim uchjju u}{mki}u ikkm }fu{eekkm gkxfim lhdl uelffj) Hi }ff anix f}lkwu* }lk k|pke}n}hfiu nwk onw jftkw) U}{mki}u eni dwnm{n}kowfa lhdl uelffj no}kw akk}hid njj }lk dfnju }lkhw u}n}ku uk} ofw }lka* nim u}hjj gk {ipwkpnwkm ofw efjjkdknim }lk tfwcpjnek)

]lk u}n}k u}nimnwmu vnwx hi anix tnxu)

_nwhn}hfi hi Efi}ki}

Nj}lf{dl h} ahdl} ukka jfdhenj }ln} }lk efi}ki} u}{mki}u ikkm }f cift tf{jm gk }lk unak newfuu u}n}kjhiku njdkgwn hu njdkgwn hi gf}l Mkjntnwk nim Fwkdfi hi one} }lk u}nimnwmu vnwx thmkjx hi }kwau fo k|pke}n}hfiu ofw u}{mki} jknwihid) Neefwmhid }f n u}{mx gx Nimwkt Pfw}kw fo }lk [ihvkwuh}x fo Pkiiuxjvnihn nim lhu efjjknd{ku* }lk mkdwkk fo njhdiaki} gk}tkki u}nimnwmu hi mhookwki} u}n}ku huwkjn}hvkjx jft) Hi one}* }lkx of{im* u}{mki}u nwk afwk jhckjx }f kief{i}kw }lk unak }fphe unx*a{j}hpjxhid owne}hfiu nu }lkx afvk owfa dwnmk }f dwnmk th}lhi }lk unak uelffj }lni }lkx tf{jm gk ho }lkx afvkm hi }lk ahmmjk fo n uelffj xknw }f nif}lkw u}n}k)?

_nwhn}hfi hi ^{njh}x

Hi nmmh}hfi }f }lk mhookwkieku hi efi}ki} nafid u}n}ku* u}nimnwmu njuf vnwx hi }lkhw ~{njh}x lftupkehohe }lkx nwk* nim lft tkjj }lkx eni d{hmk pfjhex nim pwne}hek) ]lwkk in}hfinj fwdnihrn}hfiu }ln}lnvk kvnj{n}km u}n}k u}nimnwmu }lk Nakwheni Okmkwn}hfi fo ]knelkwu* }lk Ef{iehj ofw GnuheKm{en}hfi* nim }lk ]lfanu G) Ofwmlna Of{imn}hfi lnvk of{im n thmk wnidk fo ~{njh}x hi }lku}nimnwmu) Ofw k|napjk* Ofwmlnau afu} wkeki} wkvhkt fo u}n}k Kidjhul jnid{ndk nw}u u}nimnwmu dnvkohvk u}n}ku n dwnmk fo N* oho}kki n dwnmk fo G* }tki}x!}tf n dwnmk fo E* of{w n dwnmk fo M* nim of{wdwnmk fo O) Nj}lf{dl }lkuk dwnmku wkpwkuki} ni hapwfvkaki} uhiek }lk pwkvhf{u u{wvkx* hi 7000* anixu}n}k u}nimnwmu nwk u}hjj tknc hi upkehoxhid }lk efi}ki} u}{mki}u ulf{jm jknwi)4

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;

]lk Ofwmlna wkpfw} njuf nuukw}u }ln} anix u}n}k u}nimnwmu nwk ewkn}km gx efiukiu{u* wn}lkw }lni vhunim }ln}* nu n wku{j}* u}nimnwmu u{ookw owfa ch}elki!uhichua }lk }kimkiex }f p{} kvkwx}lhid hi }fpjknuk efiu}h}{ki}u* wn}lkw }lni }f ofe{u fi }lk efi}ki} nim uchjju u}{mki}u ikkm }f jknwi)

_nwhn}hfi hi Pwfohehkiex Jkvkju

Pkwlnpu }lk afu} thmkjx p{gjhehrkm mhookwkiek nafid u}n}k u}nimnwmu hu }lk vnwhn}hfi hi }lkhw

mkohih}hfiu fo pwfohehkiex }lk jkvkj fo pkwofwaniek }lkx k|pke} u}{mki}u }f mkafiu}wn}k) Fik aknu{wkfo }lhu vnwhn}hfi hu }lk mhookwkiek gk}tkki }lk pwfpfw}hfi fo u}{mki}u mkkakm pwfohehki} fi u}n}k }ku}unim }lk pwfpfw}hfi tlf wknel }lk pwfohehki} jkvkj fi }lk In}hfinj Nuukuuaki} fo Km{en}hfinj Pwfdwkuu,INKP() Ofw k|napjk* hi ]kiikuukk* pkweki} fi INKP) Nj}lf{dl }lkuk efapnwhufiu nwk if} k|ne} gken{uk u}n}k }ku}u nim INKP nwkmhookwki}* nim }lk u}nimnwm!uk}}hid pwfekuuku nwk if} efapnwngjk f}lkw u}{mhku lnvk ulfti uhahjnwvnwhn}hfiu) Ofw k|napjk* Ewfihi nim lhu efjjknd{ku njhdikm u}n}k }ku}u fi n efaafi uenjk nim of{im}ln} }lhwm dwnmkwu hi Efjfwnmf ef{jm gk efiuhmkwkm pwfohehki} gx uefwhid n} }lk ?}l pkweki}hjk* tlhjkAnuunel{uk}}u of{w}l dwnmkwu lnm }f uefwk n} }lk 44}l pkweki}hjk }f gk efiuhmkwkm pwfohehki})< Nim }lk

In}hfinj Eki}kw ofw Km{en}hfi U}n}hu}heu of{im }ln} }lk mhookwkiek gk}tkki }lk pwfohehkiex jkvkju hi }lkohvk u}n}ku th}l lhdlku} u}nimnwmu nim }lk ohvk u}n}ku th}l }lk jftku} u}nimnwmu tnu k~{hvnjki} }f }lkmhookwkiek gk}tkki }lk gnuhe nim pwfohehki} jkvkju fi INKP) 8

_nwhn}hfi hi Efjjkdk Wknmhikuu

If} u{wpwhuhidjx* }lk mhookwkieku hi k|pke}n}hfiu nafid u}n}ku lnvk pwfm{ekm thmkjx mhookwki} wku{j}u}{mki} jknwihid) In}hfinjjx* neefwmhid }f NE]* 75 pkweki} fo }lk ejnuu fo 7008 tlf }ffc }ln}fwdnihrn}hfiu efjjkdk nmahuuhfiu }ku} knwikm n lhdl kif{dl uefwk fi njj of{w efapfiki}u fo }lk }ku} }fgk efiuhmkwkm efjjkdk wknmx) ]lhu hu mhu}{wghid kif{dl afu} fo }lkuk u}{mki}u pjni }f n}}kim efjjkdk*g{} fijx n of{w}l nwk pwkpnwkm }f ki}kw) ]lk jkvkj fo efjjkdk wknmhikuu njuf vnwhkm thmkjx gx u}n}k* own jft fo >0 pkweki} hi Ahuuhuuhpph }f n lhdl fo 58 pkweki} hi Anuunel{uk}}u)>0 U}{mki}u hi ufak u}n}kunwk ejknwjx afwk pwkpnwkm ofw pfu}ukefimnwx km{en}hfi }lni f}lkwu)

Lft Thjj Efaafi U}nimnwmu Lkjp6

Tlhjk u}nimnwmu njfik eniif} wnhuk }lk jkvkj fo nelhkvkaki} fo njj u}{mki}u hi }lk [ih}km U}n}ku* n uk} fo efaafi u}nimnwmu ofw efjjkdk nim enwkkw wknmhikuu* gkielanwckm }f hi}kwin}hfinj k|pke}n}hfiu* eni mfn dwkn} mknj }f lkjp u}{mki}u* pnwki}u* }knelkwu* nmahihu}wn}fwu* nim pfjhexanckwu gkdhi mfti }ln} pn]lkx thjj njuf jnx n of{imn}hfi ofw n ikt uxu}ka }ln} eni jknm }f mwnan}he hapwfvkaki}u hi njj uelffju)

Ohwu}* gx uk}}hid ejknw k|pke}n}hfiu ofw tln} u}{mki}u ulf{jm cift nim gk ngjk }f mf* }lk u}nimnwmu thjjlkjp u}{mki}u {imkwu}nim k|ne}jx }lk ciftjkmdk nim uchjju }lkx ikkm }f mkvkjfp) ]lkx eni efapnwk}lkhw fti tfwc ndnhiu} }lk k|napjku fo lhdl pkwofwaniek nim ukk tln} }lkx ikkm }f mf }f hapwfvk)Pnwki}u* }ff* eni {uk }lk u}nimnwmu }f mk}kwahik tlk}lkw }lkhw elhjmwki nwk }nchid }lk ef{wuktfwc }ln}thjj jknm }f u{eekuu* nim tlk}lkw }lkhw elhjmwkiu uelffju ef{wuk fookwhidu nim an}kwhnju nwk nmk~{n}k)

]knelkwu eni {uk }lk u}nimnwmu }f pjni {ih}u fo u}{mx }ln} thjj kingjk u}{mki}u }f wknel }lk k|pke}n}hfiu)]lkx eni njuf ukk tln} }f wkafvk owfa }lkhw }wnmh}hfinj e{wwhe{j{a* uhiek efjjkdk!wknmx u}nimnwmu nwkk|pke}km }f gk efiuhmkwngjx jknikw }lni }lk jfid jhu}u fo }fpheu hi anix u}n}k u}nimnwmu mfe{aki}u)

8/14/2019 Common Standards: The Time is Now

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Uelffj nim mhu}whe} nmahihu}wn}fwu eni {uk }lk u}nimnwmu }f pjni pwfokuuhfinj mkvkjfpaki}) Gx nuukuu}lk e{wwki} nghjh}hku fo }lkhw }knelhid ofwek* }lkx eni ukk tln} uchjju ikkm }f gk u}wkid}lkikm) ]lkx eninjuf wkmkpjfx }knelkwu th}l pnw}he{jnw uchjju }f uelffju }ln} ikkm }lka* nim nuukuu ef{wuk fookwhidu }fukk ho njj u}{mki}u lnvk neekuu }f ef{wuktfwc }ln} thjj jknm }f nelhkvkaki} fo }lk u}nimnwmu)

]f gk }w{jx kooke}hvk* lftkvkw* u}nimnwmu ikkm }f gk pnw} fo n gwfnmkw uxu}ka }ln} njuf hiej{mkunuukuuaki}u }ln} aknu{wk pkwofwaniek ndnhiu} }lk u}nimnwmu* neef{i}nghjh}x uxu}kau }ln} mk}kwahiktlk}lkw uelffju nwk anchid pwfdwkuu* e{wwhe{j{a nim an}kwhnju njhdikm }f }lk u}nimnwmu* nim u{ppfw}ofw }knelkwu }f kiu{wk }ln} }lkx nwk ngjk }f }knel tln} }lk u}nimnwmu k|pke} njj u}{mki}u }f jknwi) Njj fo }lkuk kjkaki}u thjj }nck }hak nim wkuf{weku }f mkvkjfp) Xk} }lk u}nimnwmu wkpwkuki} n of{imn}hfi3th}lf{} }lka* }lk ki}hwk kmhohek ef{jm if} u}nim)

Tln} Eni Tk Mf6

N 700? wkpfw} gx }lk ]lfanu G) Ofwmlna Of {imn}hfi enjjkm }lk hmkn fo efaafi u}nimnwmu }lkhapfuuhgjk mwkna)>> ]lkwk hu pjki}x fo wknufi }f gkjhkvk }ln} }lk koofw} ift {imkw tnx thjj if} gk~{h|f}he) Ofw fik }lhid* }lk p{gjhe u}wfidjx gnecu }lk hmkn) Hi }lk 7008 nii{nj Plh Mkj}nCnppni&Dnjj{p Pfjj fi p{gjhe n}}h}{mku fi km{en}hfi* }tf }lhwmu fo wkupfimki}u Mkafewn}u*

Wkp{gjheniu* nim Himkpkimki}u njhck u{ppfw}km wk~{hwhid njj oho}x u}n}ku }f {uk n uhidjk u}nimnwmhrkm}ku})>7 ]lk pwfbke}* jkm gx }lk u}n}k uelffju elhkou nim }lk IDN* njuf lnu }lk u}wfid kimfwukaki} fo ni{agkw fo ckx in}hfinj fwdnihrn}hfiu* u{el nu }lk Njjhniek ofw K|ekjjki} Km{en}hfi* }lk In}hfinjNuufehn}hfi fo U}n}k Gfnwmu fo Km{en}hfi* }lk In}hfinj Pnwki} ]knelkw Nuufehn}hfi* }lk NakwheniNuufehn}hfi fo Uelffj Nmahihu}wn}fwu* }lk L{i} Hiu}h}{}k* nim }lk G{uhikuu Wf{im}ngjk)

]lhu u{ppfw} hu hapfw}ni}* g{} h} hu if} kif{dl) P{gjhe km{en}hfi hi }lk [ih}km U}n}ku lnu jnu}km iknwjx}tf eki}{whku th}lf{} efaafi u}nimnwmu* nim n elnidk fo }lhu andih}{mk wk~{hwku efiekw}km dwnuuwff}ukoofw} fi }lk pnw} fo eh}hrkiu* g{uhikuuku* efaa{ih}x fwdnihrn}hfiu* nim p{gjhe foohehnju) Ofw }lku}{mki}u tlf nwk hi lhdl uelffj ift fw ngf{} }f ki}kw* tk njj ikkm }f tfwc }fdk}lkw }f anck efjjkdk!nim enwkkw!wknmx u}nimnwmu ofw kvkwx xf{id pkwufi* hi kvkwx u}n}k n wknjh}x)

Gfg Wf}lani hu n ukihfw okjjft n} }lk Njjhniek ofw K|ekjjki} Km{en}hfi)

Kimif}ku

> [)U) Mkpnw}aki} fo Jngfw* Nakwhenu Mxinahe Tfwcofwek2 7004 ,Tnulhid}fi* ME2 [)U) Mkpnw}aki} fo Jngfw* 7004(*l}}p2&&ttt)mfj)dfv&nup&nwelhvk&wkpfw}u&tfwcofwek7004&NMT7004VO{jjV]k|})pmo ,neekuukm Fe}fgkw 4* 7008()7 Fwdnihun}hfi ofw Kefifahe Ef!Fpkwn}hfi nim Mkvkjfpaki}* PHUN 700?2 Uehkiek Efapk}kiehku ofw ]fafwwftu Tfwjm* Gwhkohid If}k ofw }lk [ih}km U}n}ku,Pnwhu2 Fwdnihun}hfi ofw Kefifahe Ef!Fpkwn}hfi nim Mkvkjfpaki}* 7004()5 Hghm) = _) Gnimkhwn mk Akjjf* E) Gjnickiulhp* nim M)L) AeJn{dljhi* M)L) Anpphid U}n}k Pwfohehkiex U}nimnwmu Fi}f INKP Uenjku2 700;!7004 ,IEKU 70>0!=;?() ,Tnulhid}fi* ME2 In}hfinj Eki}kw ofw Km{en}hfi U}n}hu}heu* Hiu}h}{}k fo Km{en}hfi Uehkieku* [)U) Mkpnw}aki} fo Km{en}hfi* 7008(); M) Wnvh}el* In}hfinj U}nimnwmu hi Nakwheni Km{en}hfi ,Tnulhid}fi* ME2 Gwffchidu Hiu}h}{}hfi Pwkuu* >88;(* p) 78)?

N) Pfw}kw* A) Pfjhcfoo* nim B) Uah}lufi* Hu ]lkwk n mk One}f In}hfinj E{wwhe{j{a62 Kvhmkiek owfa U}n}k U}nimnwm u* pnpkw pwkpnwkm ofw }lk In}hfinjWkuknwel Ef{iehj Tfwculfp fi Nuukuuhid }lk Wfjk fo C >7 Nenmkahe U}nimnwmu hi U}n}ku*l}}p2&&ttt4)in}hfinjnenmkahku)fwd&eok&Pfw}kwVUah}lufi+70U}n}k+70U}nimnwmu+70PnpkwV]ngjku)pmo ,neekuukm Fe}fgkw 70 Ukk l}}p2&&ttt)ne})fwd&iktu&mn}n&08&efjjkdkwknmx)l}aj ,neekuukm Fe}fgkw 7> E) K) Ohii Bw)* A) Pk}whjjh* nim J) B{jhni*]f Mwkna }lk Hapfuuhgjk Mwkna2 Of{w Nppwfnelku }f In}hfinj U}nimnwmu nim ]ku}u ofw Nakwhenu Uelffju ,Tnulhid}fi* ME2 ]lfanu G) Ofwmlna Hiu}h}{}k* 700?()>7 T) B) G{ulnt nim B) N) AeIkk* Nakwheniu Upknc F{}2 Nwk Km{en}fwu nim Pfjhex Anckwu Jhu}kihid6 ]lk =>u} Nii{nj Plh Mkj}n Cnpp n&Dnjj{p Pfjj fo }lk P{gjheu N}}h}{mku ]ftnwm }lk P{gjhe Uelffju* Plh Mkj}n Cnppni 8>* if) > ,Ukp}kagkw 7008(2 < 75)