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Technical Paper n° 16

COMMON FUND FOR COMMODITIES

Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay

CFC/ICAC/04

International Cotton

Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria

Advisory CommitteeSecretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentación

This report has been produced by the project. The Common Fund for Commodities does not necessarily share the views expressed herein. © Common Fund for Commodities, October 2001, www.common-fund.org The contents of this report may not be reproduced, stored in a data retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the Common Fund for Commodities, except that reasonable extracts may be made for the purpose of comment, review or non-commercial use, provided the Common Fund for Commodities is acknowledged. ISBN: 950-818-015-3 Author: Teodoro Stadler Institutional Author: Common Fund for Commodities Publishing Agency: SENASA

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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL IN ARGENTINA, BRAZIL AND PARAGUAY

CFC/ICAC/04

Project Final Report

Produced by:

Project Executing Agency

National Plant Health and Quality Control of Agricultural

Commodities (SENASA) Argentina

2001

Editor: Teodoro Stadler

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TECHNICAL REPORT

Project Title: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil

in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC/ICAC/04) Main participating institutions: ♦ SENASA (ex IASCAV) : Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Paseo Colón

367 (1063) Bs. As. Tel. 54-11-43425856 Fax. 54-11-43427699, ARGENTINA ♦ INTA, IMYZA-Castelar: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Instituto de

Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, cc 25 (1712) Castelar, prov. Bs. Aires. Tel 54-11-4481-4320, E-mail [email protected], ARGENTINA

♦ INTA EEA-Saenz Peña: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA-Saenz Peña C.c. 164 (3700) Chaco Tel. 54-4732-21781 Int. 109, E-mail [email protected], ARGENTINA

♦ CONICET – UNLP- FCN: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (1900) La Plata, Tel/Fax: 54-21-25-7527, E-mail [email protected], ARGENTINA

♦ FCEyN - UBA : Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Dto. De Ciencias Biológicas, UBA, Pab. II Ciudad Universitaria (1428) Buenos Aires, E-mail [email protected], ARGENTINA

♦ LPE – CONICET-UNComa: Laboratorio de Parasitología y Ecotoxicología - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Fac. Ingeniería – Universidad Nac. Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400 (Q8300BCX) Neuquen , E-mail : [email protected] - ARGENTINA

♦ UNNE: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, C.c. 128 (3400) Corrientes Tel/Fax. 54-4783-67324, E-mail ARGENTINA

♦ IBONE: Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Sargento Cbral 2131- Casilla de Correo 209 (3400) Corrientes, E-mail [email protected], ARGENTINA

♦ UNC-CREAN: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Valparaíso s/n Ciudad Universitaria (5000) Córdoba Tel. 54-0351-4334116/17, Fax 54-0351-4334118, E-Mail [email protected], ARGENTINA

♦ EMBRAPA-CNPA : Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Algodão, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143 Campina Grande - PB Caixa Postal 174 CtP 58107.720 Tel. 55-83-3222197, E-mail [email protected], BRASIL

♦ EMBRAPA-CENARGEN : Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología, SAIN Parque Rural- CEP 70.849-970 Brasilia DF. Tel.55-61-3484677 o 3484672, E-mail [email protected] , BRASIL

♦ IAPAR : Instituto Agronómico Parana, Rod. Celso García Cid Km 375 Caixa Postal 481 CtP 86.001.970 Londrina - PR Tel. 55-43-3261525 Int. 2276 Fax. 55-43-3267868, E-mail [email protected], BRASIL

♦ INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO : Estacão Exp. de Campinas Caixa Postal 70 Campinas SP Fax. 0055-192-518705 BRASIL

♦ MAG : Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería-Dirección de Investigación Agrícola Pte. Franco y Ayolas-Ed. AyFRA Piso 2° Tel. 595-21-447304 PARAGUAY

♦ DIA : Dirección de Investigación Agrícola Asunción Tel/Fax. 595-21-449305 Int. 227 PARAGUAY

♦ IAN : CAACUPE Ruta 2-Km. 48.5 Tel/Fax. 595-511-2255 Caacupé, E-mail [email protected] PARAGUAY

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CENARGEN Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos CC/CFC Consultative Committee of the Common Fund for Commodities CFC Common Fund for Commodities CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas CNPA Centro Nacional de Pesquisas do Algodao, Brazil DIA Dirección de Investigaciones Agrícolas EEA-INTA, Sáenz Peña Estación Experimental Agrícola EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria FCEN/UBA Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales IAN Instituto Agrario Nacional IAPAR Instituto Agronómico de Paraná IBONE Instituto Botánico del Nordeste Argentino ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee IMYZA-Castelar/INTA Instituto de Microbiologia y Zoologia Àplicada INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria IPM Integrated Pest Management LPE Laboratorio de Parasitología y Ecotoxicología MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales MAGIP Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Corrientes, ARG MAG Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería PEA Project Execution Agency SENASA Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria TMB Tubo Matapicudos UBA Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires ULP Universidad Nacional de La Plata UNC Universidad Nacional de Córdoba UNComa Universidad Nacional del Comahue UNNE Universidad Nacional del Nordeste

Project CFC/ICAC/04 – Technical Report

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CONTENTS English Version (Versión en Inglés) Page Introduction 3 Executive Summary 5

Project activities, participating institutions and scientists 7

Administrative contact persons 11

ACTIVITY: Alternative hosts and feeding behavior of the cotton boll weevil 13

ACTIVITY: Phenology and dynamics of boll weevil adult dispersion 15 ACTIVITY: Use of insecticides – Insecticide resistance monitoring 19 Sub-activity: Use of insecticides 19 Sub activity: Insecticide resistance monitoring 20 Sub-activity: Effects of hard water on the efficiency of two formulations of the pyrethroid insecticide β-cypermethrine 23

Sub-activity: Insect cuticle softening effect of mineral and vegetable oils on the cotton boll weevil 25

ACTIVITY: Biological Control 28 Sub-activity: Parasitoids and predators 28 Sub-activity: Entomopathogen fungi 30 ACTIVITY: Assessment of trap/kill devices for A. grandis 33 ACTIVITY: Geographical Information System (GIS) 34 ACTIVITY: Validation of life cycle and population characteristics of A grandis 41 Sub-activity: Molecular Studies on Argentine populations of Anthonomus grandis 41 Sub-activity: Mass rearing of the cotton boll weevil 44 ACTIVITY: Transfer of technology and information to farmers and extensionists 45 PROJECT PUBLICATIONS LIST 49 Spanish Version (Versión en español) 57

Consideraciones generales y objetivos del proyecto 59

Actividades del Proyecto, instituciones e investigadores participantes 7

Contactos 11

ACTIVIDAD: Hospederas alternativas y comportamiento alimentario del picudo del algodonero 63

ACTIVIDAD: Fenología y dinámica de la dispersión de adultos de A. grandis 65 ACTIVIDAD: Uso de insecticidas – Monitoreo de resistencia a insecticidas 69 Sub-actividad: Uso de insecticidas 69 Sub actividad: Monitoreo de resistencia a insecticidas 70 Sub actividad: Efectos del agua dura sobre la eficacia de dos formulaciones del insecticida piretroide

β-cipermetrina.74

Sub actividad: Toxicidad y ablandamiento de la cutícula causado por aceites minerales y vegetales sobre la cutícula de Anthonomus grandis. 76

ACTIVIDAD: Control Biológico 79 Sub-actividad: Parasitoides y predadores 79 Sub-actividad: Hongos Entomopatógenos 82 ACTIVIDAD: Evaluación de dispositivos de trampeo y captura para A. grandis 85 ACTIVIDAD: Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) 87 ACTIVIDAD: Validación del ciclo de vida y características poblacionales en A. grandis 94 Sub-actividad: Estudios moleculares sobre poblaciones argentinas de Anthonomus grandis 94 Sub-actividad: Cría en laboratorio del picudo del algodonero 97 ACTIVIDAD: Transferencia de información y tecnología a extensionistas y agricultores-

Actividades de extensión 98

LISTA DE PUBLICACIONES CIENTIFICAS 49


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Introduction The cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis invaded Brazil in 1983 from where it arrived to Paraguay in 1991 and to Argentina in 1994. Its presence in the southern cone of South America has threatened some 4 million ha of cotton due to the potential damage of the pest. Since its arrival to Brazil, the boll weevil has been responsible for turning that country into a major cotton importer, when it had been a net exporter. Therefore, in order to tackle the problem and to rescue the cotton industry of the region, the CFC's Executive Board approved a five-year project entitled Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil Anthonomus grandis in September of 1994, which became operational in August 1995. The countries participating in the project, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, are the main cotton producers in South America. There, boll weevil is controlled using chemical insecticides, which bring about ecological risks, causing the development of resistant insects and increasing production costs as a result of augmented crop pest infestation. The aim of the project was to develop and subsequently introduce an integrated pest management system to allow profitable production of cotton in the presence of the boll weevil while minimizing the effect of insecticides on human health and the environment. This was achieved by focusing on basic research on the bionomics of the pest, as well as on the development and improvement of cultural and biological control validating control measures and assessing new control techniques. The project also focused on the proper use of insecticides trying to obtain a gradual but steady shift to less toxic products, monitoring insecticide resistance and specially on the dissemination of knowledge to farmers so as to ensure the use of locally acceptable and effective control methods with a limited environmental impact. The project was implemented under the overall responsibility of SENASA-Argentina and had collaborating institutions in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The CFC was the main funding agency of the project, helped by counterpart contributions from the participating countries. ICAC served as a supervisory body.

We wish to thank all those who contributed to the planning and execution of the project, and to its success:

The COMMON FUND FOR COMMODITIES (CFC), that financed it showing cooperation in all its needs.

The INTERNATIONAL COTTON ADVISORY COMMITTEE that acted as the supervisory body of the Project.

We would also like to thank Sietse van der Werff (CFC), First Project Manager, and Dr. Carlos Valderrama - Economist of the ICAC- for supervising the Project, and specially for their advice and collaboration at its coordination.

Special thanks are due to Dr. Rafiq Chaudhry, Head of the ICAC´s Technical Information Section. Thanks also to Dr. Terry Townsend, Executive Director of the ICAC, who had a keen interest in the project.

Thanks are also due to the authorities of National Plant Health and Quality Control of Agricultural Commodities (SENASA) Argentina, seat of the Project's executing agency, to Agr. Engineer Diana Guillén, National Director of Vegetable Health (SENASA), and to Agr. Engineer Eduardo Cosenzo, Director of Vegetable Health (SENASA), for his constant support throughout the Project. To Agr. Eng.Victor Gómez, coordinator of the project for Paraguay and to Agr. Eng. Graciela Gómez Bogado.


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To Agr. Eng.Ney Dias Dos Santos, coordinator of the project for Brazil. To Agr. Eng. Eduardo Cosenzo, coordinator of the project for Argentina. To Roberto Proença Passarinho, Director of DFPV/SARC/MAEDO Brazil. To Jorge Vartparonian, Director of the company Tipoiti, who showed a keen interest in the project, representing the Argentine private sector. To Marcos Stamm for his dedication in organizing the final workshop. To Andrés Ravelo, coordinator of the project for the National University of Córdoba UNC-CREAN-CONICET. To Analia Lanteri, coordinator of the project for National University of La Plata UNLP-CONICET, Argentina. To Leticia Alvarado, Director of the Institute of Microbiology and Agricultural Entomology IMYZA – INTA – Argentina. To Roberto Lecuona, coordinator of the project for the National Institute of Agrarian Technology IMYZA-INTA CASTELAR, Argentina. To Graciela Cuadrado and A. Krapovicas, coordinators of the project for the Northeast National University, UNNE, Argentina. To María Inés Zerba, coordinator of the project for the Laboratory of Parasitology MACN-CONICET. To Graciela Arias de Lavalle, coordinator of the project for the National Institute of Agrarian Technology, Saenz Peña, Argentina. To Walter Jorge Dos Santos, coordinator of the Project for the Agrarian Institute Paraná IAPAR, Brazil. Also to Paulo Sendin, from IAPAR. To Dalva Gabriel, coordinator of the project for the Instituto Biologico, Brazil. To Eleusevio Curvelo, Head of the Brazilian Company for Agrarian Research- National Center for Cotton Research EMBRAPA/CNPA Brazil. To Rose Gomes Monnerat, coordinator of the project for the EMBRAPA/ CENARGEN. To all the researchers and technicians who have participated in the Project with so much dedication and enthusiasm. To Fabián Novotny and Inés Acevedo for their unrestricted assistance in the financial and accountant aspects of the Project, and to the Project Executing Agency's secretary Alejandra Inés González for her dedication and efficiency.


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Executive Summary

CFC/ICAC/04 project is an international joint effort involving Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, aimed at developing integrated methods to control the cotton boll weevil. The broad objectives include improving productivity of cotton, increasing profitability to producers, and reducing damage to the environment. The project developed and patented new resistance diagnosis methods, promoted biological control, established a geographic information system to monitor the pest, studied the biology and behavior of the pest, which will contribute to design control and eradication strategies more efficiently, and disseminated the project findings to extension staff and growers in the participating countries. Organizing several technical consultation workshops and seminars satisfied the need of an effective interaction among the large number of institutions and individuals participating of the project. 4 workshops were conducted throughout the Project allowing the discussion between the different working teams. Moreover, the work presented was published in the workshop proceedings, facilitating the dissemination of the results obtained.

The project comprised 5 components and different activities were carried out under each component:

Component 1: Evaluation of existing knowledge and identification of functional elements useful for the development of location specific control packages, and a definition of specific regional strategic plans.

The director of each of the working teams of the project evaluated the existing technologies to control the boll weevil. On the basis of these existing technologies, research was conducted on the framework of the other components and activities of the project.

Technical consultation workshops and seminars were carried out in the framework of this component to achieve an effective interaction among institutions and individuals.

Component 2: Ecology & Biology of Boll Weevil in Cotton Agroecosystems of Proposing Countries. •Genetic resistance in cotton to the boll weevil •Alternative hosts and feeding behavior of the cotton boll weevil •Phenology and dynamics of adult cotton boll weevil dispersion •Use of Insecticides - Insecticide Resistance Monitoring •Biological Control

•Αdult cotton boll weevil feeding and foraging behavior


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Component 3: Adapting Acquired & Developed Technology to Local Production Regions/Systems. •Geographic Information System (GIS) •Assessment of trap/kill devices •Validating life history and development data •Computer -aided decision system for boll weevil population management. Component 4: Transfer Technology & Information to Farmers & Extensionists. •Improve knowledge and awareness of the cotton boll weevil in proposing countries. •Spreading and transferring technology to farmers and extensionists/technicians. Component 5: Project management, monitoring and evaluation.

The Project Execution Agency's (PEA) set clear objectives and developed verifiable indicators of the project performance. Such indicators have now been established for each activity and component objectives have been reviewed in view of the concern and skills of each working group in different countries. The optimal use of available resources is an important underlying issue in the PEA´s activities. This is supported by the ongoing evaluation of the performance and outputs of all participants benefiting from this project. The PEA has been encouraged by different country representatives to centralize the administration of the project participating institutes and working groups. This working scheme caused substantial but positive changes in the general organizational schedule of the project. The PEA performed its activities within the framework of a number of well-defined programs which were designed to meet the following objectives: • To maintain and foster research excellence in the framework of the project. • To assist institutes and researchers to attain the necessary research infrastructure

needed for the successful completion of their individual projects. • To promote, develop and coordinate multidisciplinary and multiinstitutional

cooperation in research activities. • To establish, reinforce and exploit international scientific contact and collaboration. • To evaluate reports and programs of participants and their outputs. • To optimally utilize all available funds to realize the former objectives mentioned. Explanatory observation

Although it had been planned to do so, no activities were carried out on “Computer aided management systems” or on “Host plant resistance”. The reason was that the techniques and equipment needed to develop these activities were too expensive in the framework of this Project.


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• Project activities, participating institutions and scientists

COMPONENT 1

PROJECT WORKSHOPS Organizing several technical consultation workshops satisfied the need of an effective interaction among a large number of institutions and individuals. The first Workshop was attended by nearly 180 people and took place at IAPAR, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil in September 1995. During the event, 32 papers were presented on the international knowledge and experience on the CBWe management practices having potential use in the area. The second Workshop reviewed the advance of the project research work and recommended future lines of actions and adjustments. It was held at Sáenz Peña, Chaco, Argentina, in May 1997, jointly with the VI Meeting of ALIDA - Latin American Cotton Research and Development Association. 26 researchers involved in the Project attended the meeting. The third Workshop was organized at Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in September 1999, jointly with the II Brazilian Cotton Congress. Nearly 60 researchers participating from the project attended the meeting. The fourth and final project Workshop took place at Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, on 25-29 June 2001, jointly with the international forum entitled “ Cotton in the South Cone ” that also included discussions of the implementation of the FAO – MA/8924-T project “Participatory training of Brazilian cotton growers”. During this workshop nearly 50 final reports were presented mostly from project participants. Participants suggested initiatives for future CBWe IPM action programs in the region.

ARGENTINA

COMPONENT 2

Ecology & Biology of Boll Weevil in Cotton Agroecosystems of Proposing Countries

Act. Description Institution Participants

1

Pesticide Resistance Monitoring- Use of Insecticides Development of a Protocol for Pesticide Resistance Monitoring Coord.: Maria Inés Zerba

CONICET –MACN Dolores Martínez Ginés Teodoro Stadler

2

Adult Weevil Feeding & Foraging Behaviour Adult Weevil Feeding Behavior and Taxonomic Studies on Malvaceae Coord.: G. Cuadrado and A. Krapovickas

UNNE

Graciela Cuadrado Krapovickas

3 Biological Control Microbial Control of the Boll Weevil Coord.: Roberto Lecuona

INTA Castelar

Marcelo Caldeo Alicia Cristina Gonzáles , Myriam Tigano y auxiliares (CENARGEN-EMBRAPA)

4 Phenology & Dynamics of Adult Dispersion No activities*

5 Host Plant Resistance No activities*


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ARGENTINA

COMPONENT 3 Adapting Acquired & Developed Technology to Local Production Regions/Systems

Act. Description Institution Participants

1 Validating Life History and Development Data- Molecular Studies of Local Populations of A. Grandis Coord.: Analia Lanteri

CONICET-UNLP

Viviana Confalonieri, Sonia Suárez Amalia Scataglini

2 Development of Computer – Aided Decision System for Boll Weevil Population Management

No activities*

3 Developing and Installing a GIS Database Coord.: Andrés Ravelo CONICET-CREAN-

UNC Ernesto Abril

4 Field Assessment of Trap & Trap/Kill Devices No activities*

COMPONENT 4

Transfer Technology & Information to Farmers & Extensionists

Act. Description Institution Participants 1 Improvement of Knowledge and Awareness

about Boll Weevil in Proposing Countries Technology Transfer to Farmers and Extensionists: Low Cost Technology with Social and Environmental Acceptability Coord.:Graciela Arias de Lavalle

M. Amarilla (2)Θ, H. Arce (3)Θ, R. Balbuena (4)Θ, J. Bosh (5)Θ, N. Brignole (6)♣, C. Demicheli (7)Θ,H. Gauna (8)Θ, A. Gomez(9)Θ, R. Gunther (10) Θ E. Insaurralde (11) ♣, J. Llorente (12)Θ, R. Pepi (13)♣, J. L. Rodriguez(14)♣, H. Roig (15) ♣, V. Silva (16) φ, A. Simonella (17) ♣ , C. Simons (18) µ. ♣ INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Θ SAP (Servicio de Atención al Productor) , MAGIP de Corrientes. φ Cooperativa Agropecuaria de Industria y Consumo de Las Breñas. µ Cooperativa Agrícola Charata Ltda.

BRAZIL

COMPONENT 2


Act. Description Institution Participants 1 Pesticide Resistance Monitoring- Use of

Insecticides Field Evaluation of Insecticides for the Control of the Boll Weevil Coord.: Walter Jorge dos Santos

IAPAR

Roberto J. da Silva E. Vaz Bonatti W. Santos de Oliveira

2

Adult Weevil Feeding & Foraging Behaviour Biology of A.grandis in Alternative Hosts Coord.: Dalva Gabriel

Instituto Biologico

Adalton Raga Camila Lega Duarte

3 Biological Control Biological Control by Parasitoids and Predators Coord.:Francisco de Sousa Ramalho

EMBRAPA/ CNPA

Calindra Lima da Costa Ramos Rómulo de Sátiro Medeiros Walkymário dePaulo Lemos


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BRAZIL COMPONENT 2

Act. Description Institution Participants 3

Mass Rearing of A. grandis on Artificial Diet, Study of it’s Biology in Laboratory Conditions and Identification of Control Agents. Coord..: Rose Gomes Monnerat S. Pontes

EMBRAPA/ CENARGEN

Maria Fátima Grossi de Sá Miryan Silvana Tigano Joseilde Oliveira Silva Werneck Osmundo Brilhante Simoni Campos Dias Silvania Ferreira Daniel Gehain Lilian Botelho Praça

4 Phenology & Dynamics of Adult Dispersion Study of Occurrence & Distribution of A. grandis in cotton areas Coord.: Walter Jorge dos Santos

IAPAR

Roberto Joaquim da Silva W. Santos de Oliveira Maria Selia da Costa


COMPONENT 3

Adapting Acquired & Developed Technology to Local Production Regions/Systems

Act. Description Institution Participants 1 Validating Life History and Development Data No activities* 2 Development of Computer – Aided Decision

System for Boll Weevil Population Management No activities*

3 Developing and Instaling a GIS Database No activities*

4 Field Assessment of Trap & Trap/Kill Devices Field Assessment of Traps and Boll Weevil Killer Tubes Coord.: Walter Jorge dos Santos

IAPAR

Roberto Joaquim da Silva Euclides Vaz Bonatti Maria Selia da Costa

COMPONENT 4

Transfer Technology & Information to Farmers & Extensionists

Act. Description Institution Participants Improvement of Knowledge and Awareness about Boll Weevil in Proposing Countries Technology Transfer Coord.: Walter Jorge dos Santos

IAPAR

Roberto Joaquim da Silva, Euclides Vaz Bonatti, Maria Selia da Costa

1

Spreading and Transferring of Technology and Information to Farmers and Extensionists/ Technicians Coord.: José Méndes de Araújo

EMBRAPA-

CNPA

José Mário Cavalcanti de Oliveira, Isaias Alves, Dalfran Gonçalves Vale, Waltemilton Vieira Cartaxo, Marenilson Batista da Silva


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PARAGUAY COMPONENT 2


Act. Description Institution Participants 1 Pesticide Resistance Monitoring-Use of

Insecticides Comparative Trials of insecticides for boll weevil control Coord.: Victor Gómez

IAN Caacupe Domingo Pessolani Juan Sosa

2 Adult Weevil Feeding & Foraging Behavior Study of the interaction Stubble-Pests Coord.: Victor Gómez

IAN Caacupe Avelino Vera, Justo Cáceres

3 Biological Control Pathogenic Fungi Collection for bioassays with A. Grandis Coord.: Rafael Delgado

IAN Caacupe

Avelino Vera, Justo Cáceres

4

Phenology & Dynamics of Adult Dispersion Study of the Cotton Boll Weevil Population Dynamics and dispersion Coord.: Victor Gómez

IAN Caacupe

Jorge Medina, Mario Sanabria, Juan Sosa, Elvira de Gómez, Oscar Benitez, Vicente Soria, Justo Cáceres, Federico Cáceres, Oscar Aguilera


COMPONENT 3

Adapting Acquired & Developed Technology to Local Production Regions/Systems

Act. Description Institution Participants 1 Validating Life History and Development Data No activities* 2 Development of Computer – Aided Decision

System for Boll Weevil Population Management No activities*

3 To Develop and Install a GIS Database No activities* 4 Field Assessment of Trap & Trap/Kill Devices

Coord.: Victor Gómez

IAN Caacupe Avelino VeraA. Cáceres

COMPONENT 4 Transfer Technology & Information to Farmers & Extensionists

Act. Description Institution Participants 1 Improvement of Knowledge and Awareness

about Boll Weevil in Proposing Countries Technology Transfer Coord.: Victor Gómez

IAN Caacupe

Ubaldo Britos Rafael Delgado Carmen Patiño. Técnicos D.E.A.G., DIA y DDV

2 Assessment of Adoption and Utilization of the technology.

No activities*

(*)NOTE: "No activities" indicates that the country decided to skip the activities because they were not consistent with their local research needs or skills.


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Administrative contact persons

Name Role Address Sietse Van der Werff

Project Manager Common Fund for Commodities Stadhouderskade 55, 1072 AB Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel:++31-20-575-4949 Fax:++31-20-676-0231 [email protected]

Rafiq M. Chaudhry Carlos Valderrama

Supervisory Body International Cotton Advisory Committee 1629 K Street, NW Suite 702 Washington DC, 20006, USA Tel:+1-202-463-6660 Fax:+1-202-463-6950 [email protected]

Teodoro Stadler Project Executing Agency

Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecotoxicology Facultad de Ingeniería, UNComa Buenos Aires 1400 Q8300BCX-Neuquen, Argentina Tel (54-299)4490300 int. 493. [email protected]

Ney Dias Dos Santos

Coordinator

Brazil

Explanada dos Ministerio- Bloco D Anexo A sala 349 Brasilia, Brazil. [email protected]

Víctor Gómez Coordinator

Paraguay

IAN Ruta 2-Km. 48.5 Caacupé, PARAGUAY Tel/Fax. 595-511-2255 [email protected]

Eduardo Cosenzo Coordinator

Argentina

SENASA. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Arturo Illia 549, 1° P. Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected]


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ACTIVITY OUTPUT: Some plant species from the families Malavacea,

Compositae, Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae provide pollen on which adult boll weevils feed, in the absence of cotton. The seasonal fluctuation and selectivity with regard to the pollen intake of the boll weevil, has been demonstrated to be independent from the place the sample was taken. Exotic species from the family Malvacea (Hibiscus tiliaceus, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Abelmoschus esculentus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) are not alternative hosts for A. grandis in natural conditions.

BENEFITS: The data obtained on the blossoming seasonal fluctuation, climate and feeding preferences of the boll weevil can be used to forecast control measures by predicting which places may have natural reservoirs of the pest.

With the aim of understanding how and where does the cotton boll weevil

survive during the winter and its adult dispersion dynamics among different cotton growing environments in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, research was conducted in the framework of the Project ICAC/CFC/04.

On one hand, the life cycle of the cotton boll weevil was determined for the following introduced Malvaceae species; Hibiscus pernambucensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Abelmoschus esculentus and Gossypium hirsutum (control). On the other hand, adult longevity was determined for boll weevils reared on these species and fed on cotton flower buds.

Results show that on such artificial conditions, all species assessed allowed the development of the boll weevil. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Hibiscus schizopetalus presented an adult survival of 34% and 16,7%, respectively. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis showed an even better performance than Gossypium hirsutum (21%), the preferred host. The shortest average life cycle was obtained when boll weevils were reared on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (23,8 days) and the longest, for those reared on Hibiscus sabdariffa (34 days). Hibiscus sabdariffa also presented the least amount of adults emerged. The life cycle showed practically no variations among insects reared on Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hibiscus pernambucensis, Abelmoschus esculentus and Gossypium hirsutum, which was between 25,2 and 26,8 days. Longevity was 84, 54, 63, 72 and 66 days respectively for boll weevils reared on Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus pernambucensis, Abelmoschus esculentus and Gossypium hirsutum, all of them fed with cotton flower buds.

In subsequent studies, the following species Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malvaviscus arboreus, Abelmoschus esculentus and Gossypium hirsutum (control) were assessed as reproductive hosts in natural conditions. The results obtained show there is a natural negative response of the boll weevil to those species, indicating that they are not suitable as reproductive hosts.

Activity: Alternative hosts and feeding behavior of the cotton boll weevil


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A supply of alternative pollen provides boll weevils with nutrients, increasing survival in the absence of cotton. It should be noted that high rates of winter survival lead to high densities of cotton boll weevils on the following cotton season. For this reason, knowledge on the plants that provide a source of food to the cotton boll weevil is very useful for control programs of this pest. Hence, the plants acting as a food source for the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis B.) were determined from June 1995 to December 1999. Boll weevils were captured in pheromone traps placed in the infested areas in Argentina: Formosa (June 1995-May 1997), Misiones, north area, (June 1995-May1997), Misiones, center-south area, (January 1997-December, 1999) and Corrientes (January-December 1999). Misiones province hasn't been growing cotton for the last five years, but it keeps high boll weevil populations throughout the year.

In Formosa, 647 boll weevils were desiccated, 2,300 in Misiones and 346 in Corrientes, then 9,000 pollen grains from gut were found, which could be assigned to 61 species, belonging to the families: Malvaceae, Compositae, Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae. Only the species present in more than 1% were used.

Cluster and correspondence analyses reflected a seasonal variation of the genre and species of the pollen intake. No seasonal variations were observed when analyzing the families of the pollen found, independently of the sampling sites. It should be noted that sampling and collection of plants, conducted in different seasons and sites showed that there are plenty of entomophylic plants belonging to diverse families, which are not visited by boll weevils as a food source. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO: Cuadrado G.A.& S.S. Garrala, 1999. Plantas alimenticias alternativas del picudo del algodonero (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) en la provincia de Formosa, Argentina Análisis Palinológico del Tracto Digestivo An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 29(2):245-255. Cuadrado, G. A., 2000.- “Alimentación de Anthonomus grandis b. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Análisis palinológico.” Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 45-56. Cuadrado, G. A., 2001.- “Alimentación de Anthonomus grandis b. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Análisis palinológico.” Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 21-23. Gabriel, D., 2000. “Biología del picudo del algodonero Anthonomus grandis Boh., 1843, en hospederas alternativas a través de la oviposición artificial”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 59-62. Krapovickas, A., 2000. “El género Cienfuegosia y “el picudo del algodonero” al sur del trópico, en Sudamérica”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 43.


15

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: Adult boll weevils survive the interval between cotton seasons even in the absence of cotton. Abundant rain and the continuous supply of alternative pollen species, make survival for the weevil possible. At the beginning of the cropping season, the pest starts infestation of the crop from the perimeter of the plots, and becomes more important when the cotton plants are 100 days old onwards. After harvest rooting out and burning stubble is one of the most effective methods to avoid or delay re-infestation.

BENEFITS: By knowing the population dynamics and feeding behaviour of the cotton boll weevil it will be possible to restrict dispersion and infestation of the crop. It has been demonstrated that the use of trap crops, border treatment and stubble destruction are central to manage this pest.

Pheromone traps were placed in different cotton growing areas in Paraguay

infested by the boll weevil. 9 trapping areas with 1100 traps were distributed in private fields and in fields and experimental centers of the Department of Agriculture and Stock farming. Pheromone traps were changed every 15 days and pesticides every 30 days. Observations were done weekly and meteorological data was also recorded.

Figure 1. Fluctuation of cotton boll weevil populations in Paraguay (Average of boll weevils captured in pheromone traps) 1995/ 1996/ 1997/ 1998/ 1999/ 2000) . IAN- Caacupé, Paraguay.2000

Figure 1 shows the oscillation of the cotton boll weevil population by year.

Population peaks were observed in August 1.995, July 1.996 and May 1.997; the number of boll weevils captured started to decrease steeply in 1.997 (Figure 2.) and this tendency continues. The greatest population was observed in 1.996.

Activity: Phenology and dynamics of adult cotton boll weevil dispersion

1996

1997

1995

2000 1998 1999


16

This attenuation of the boll weevil’s infestation could be explained by prevention measures like the use of "Baits Stick" adopted by the Department of Agriculture and Stock farming. Moreover, studies conducted in the framework of this project have identified factors causing natural mortality to the boll weevil such as desiccation of fallen flower buds (affected by the boll weevil) because of high soil temperatures, and larval parasitism.

A v e ra g e n u m b e r o f b o ll w e e v ils c a p tu re d

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0

Y e a r Figure 2. Average number of boll weevil s captured in pheromone traps (1995/ 1996/1997/ 1998/ 1999/ 2000).

IAN. Caacupé, Paraguay. 2000

According to the data obtained from the different monitoring areas in Paraguay (see the map), a higher activity and movement of the boll weevil can be observed in the southern area of the country, followed by the northern and center-west areas. After the harvest, boll weevils survive feeding on pollen from the plants remaining between cotton seasons. Food and weather conditions determine the percentage of survival each year. To identify adult survival levels during the period studied, 10 "grandlure" pheromone traps were placed in 10 cotton-cropping areas of Brazil, which were infested with the boll weevil. Observations were done weekly from May to October 1999.

During the harvest in 1999/2000, cotton fields in Paraná were assessed to observe infestation levels. The plots were assigned to different strata: border and central.

Boll weevils were captured in "grandlure" pheromone traps all year round from May to October and the highest amount of insects was captured in June and September. Results indicate that abundant rain conditions and constant supply of alternative pollen, (wheat, oats, maize, etc.) present a long surviving period even in the absence of cotton. At the beginning of the cotton season, infestation of the boll weevil starts from the borders (perimeter of the plots) and grows significantly when the plants are 100 days old. Cotton boll weevil survival may be determined by harvest methods, tillage, residue disposal, and other cultural practices. To verify the incidence of different ways of stubble destruction on the boll weevil and other cotton pests, comparative studies to compare different stubble treatments used in Paraguay were conducted: 1) No stubble destruction.


17

2) Cutting stubble: stubble was cut and the remains were left as dead cotton matter. 3) Rooting out stubble. The pest population was assessed prior to and after the stubble treatment. Plots were surveyed in 10 sites chosen randomly, choosing 5 plants per site. The results obtained indicate that cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) populations remain on the stubble during the month of July, (even after frosts) while insects disappear from the plot covered by dead cotton matter. However, Eutinobotrhus brasiliensis populations remain in higher amounts, on the plot with no stubble.

North Zone

Centre-East Zone

Centre-West Zone

South Zone

Infestation Monitoring Zones of the Boll Weevil in Paraguay

N

PARAGUAY MAP. MONITORING ZONES WITH PHEROMONE TRAPS. IAN-CAACUPE.2000


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FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO: Delgado, R., Vera, A., Cáceres, J., 2001.- “Estudio de la interacción rastrojos-plagas”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 130-133. Gómez, V., Pessolani, D., Gómez, E. & Sanabria, M., 2000.- “Movimiento poblacional del picudo del algodonero en zonas del Paraguay”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 87-92. Gómez, V., Pessolani D., Gómez, E. de, Duarte, O., Sanabria, M., Cáceres, J. Vera, A., Montania, B., Sosa, J., Medina, O., Benitez, O., Soria, V. & Cáceres, F., 2001.- “Movimiento Poblacional”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 141-146. Santos, W. J., 2000.- “Ocurrência e distribição do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, em áreas cultivadas com o algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 45-56.


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Sub-activity: Use of insecticides

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: The most efficient active substances (Etofemprox, Alfamethrine, Methamidophos, Endosulfan, Deltamethrine and Betacyfluthrin) and formulation (concentrated suspension) to control the boll weevil were determined by field assessment of different commercial products.

BENEFITS: The knowledge obtained will provide benefits to agricultural professionals and farmers, since its implementation will lead to a more effective control of the pest and consequently to a decrease in pest control costs and to a lower environmental impact.

Due to the fact that it is difficult to control the boll weevil by its natural enemies, chemical control is still the most commonly used method to control this pest. In Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, the boll weevil is controlled mainly with insecticides.

In the framework of the Project CFC-ICAC/04, field trials were conducted in Brazil, to compare different insecticides, formulations, and recommended doses, on the boll weevil. The plots designed were 36 to 40 m2. The initial level of infestation was 10 to 15%. Insecticides were applied using a hand-sprayer. Volume applied ranged from 100 to 200 l/ha. Different formulations for each active ingredient were tested (concentrated suspension, emulsifiable concentrate, emulsion, water). Insecticides and recommended doses used were the adequate ones to control the boll weevil. Damage was assessed on 10 flower buds and ten fruits per hectare.

Results show that the most effective products to control the boll weevil are Endosulfan, Deltamethrine and Betacyfluthrin although the other insecticides assessed were also effective, except for fenvalerate. The concentrated suspension (CS) showed the best performance for all the infestation levels. Using Exonfre did not improve the performance of the insecticides assessed.

On the other hand, several insecticides used for pest control were assessed in Caagazú, Concepción and Yhovy (Paraguay). The design of these trials was a modified random blocks with 6-7 treatments and 5-6 replicates. Each experimental plot was made of 10 rows of 12 m long in a total surface of 4200 m2 to 4320 m2. Soil was prepared according to the usual agronomic practices. Damage levels were used as a parameter to apply the insecticides and two rows from the border of each of the treated plots were left untreated. The purpose of this was to create infestation focus and permit a better evaluation of the effectiveness of the products.

The efficacy of the products to control the boll weevil was assessed through the observation of damage to fructification structures: attack to flower buds and stung squares.

The fourth and fifth rows in each experimental plot were harvested. All the products assessed to control the boll weevil presented a similar effectiveness, with a

Activity: Use of Insecticides – Insecticide ResistanceMonitoring


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tendency to a lower square damage when using Etofemprox, Alfamethrine, Methamidophos, which represented a higher yield.

Sub activity: Insecticide resistance monitoring

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: A new technology for insecticide resistance monitoring on the field was developed. This method provides a quick and simple way of diagnosing in situ, possible insecticide resistance focus in boll weevil populations, and therefore, it allows implementing management strategies accordingly. This technological development patented in Argentina and Paraguay, constitutes a tool to manage resistance by permitting its early detection and alternating pesticide products.

BENEFITS: This new insecticide resistance diagnostic method represents an improvement in pest control and eradication strategies. At least in the first stage, it is used in situ, so it provides and immediate diagnosis, in agreement with the urgency to apply an insecticide. Consequently, it leads to an increase in management efficiency and to a lower environmental impact.

Synthetic insecticides not only pollute the environment but also result in the appearance of resistant populations of insect pests, the destruction of biological control agents leading to the appearance of re-emergence and the outburst of secondary pests.

The constant and intense application of insecticides to control A. grandis in the USA caused a rapid development of resistance. In order to identify the basis of insecticide resistance development, the study of its biochemical mechanisms and their selectivity is needed. On the basis of this information, operational factors such as the type of insecticide, dose and application method could be selected to develop a strategy that delays the development of resistance and increases the useful life of the insecticides used. Insecticide resistance monitoring enables us to detect the appearance of resistance focus in time to take the necessary measures for a correct management and in this way, avoid failure of a control method, and specially the decrease in efficacy of a whole family of pesticide products.

A resistance diagnostic method for local populations of A. grandis has been developed. This method, to be used in the field, provides a quick, simple and reliable tool that allows an in situ resistance phenomena pre-assessment in order to choose the right control strategy. Therefore, it provides an immediate field diagnosis of the resistance phenomenon as well as an increase in management efficacy, and it also permits to alternate pesticides, leading to a subsequent lower environmental impact of agronomic practices. The method has been patented in under the name of “Field diagnosis method for resistance to chemical and biological insecticides in insect populations (arthropods) that are agricultural pests, parasites or disease vectors”, P990106270 December 9th 1999, in Argentina requested by the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), at INPI Rivadavia


21

1906, 3rd floor “F”, Department of Technological-Scientific Links. It was also patented under the same name in Paraguay, Registry n° 807/2000.

Until present, the usual way to detect resistance was through laboratory bioassays, and insects had to be taken to specialized laboratories where these bioassays were conducted. The process could take days, weeks or even months. The benefits obtained from this new diagnostic method are evident: • An increased effectiveness of pest control. • A reduction in the number of insecticide applications. • A reduction in environmental pollution. • A reduction in production costs. • A lengthened useful life of the insecticides used. This new method for field diagnosis of resistance could be immediately incorporated to the National Program of Prevention and Eradication of the Cotton Boll Weevil, conducted by the SENASA in Argentina. The method is also compatible with integrated pest management practices and so it is suitable to be used in other countries affected by the pest. Thanks to the fact that results are obtained 24 h after the method has been applied, it is possible to diagnose resistance in situ and determine which insecticide or control strategy would be the most convenient (Fig. 5).

The methodology consists of a device where insects are trapped and exposed by contact to the insecticide applied on glass vials. Adults, collected in the field, are exposed to the discriminate concentration of the insecticide; that is the double of the dose necessary to kill 95% of the population. If any surviving insects are observed, then resistance phenomena, in that population, may be suspected. The method consists of: * a boll weevil trap to collect insects (Fig. 1), * a device where vials containing the discriminate dose of the insecticide are prepared (Fig. 2 and 3), * a diagnostic kit containing the impregnated vials (Fig. 4), * a form to complete data and results. The following steps are to be taken in order to apply the insecticide resistance diagnostic method: In the first place, modified Scout traps are installed in the area affected by the boll weevil, where insecticides will be applied. Once enough boll weevils have been collected to complete the kit (a minimum of 20 insects is recommended in cases of low infestation), insects are introduced in the vials. The detailed instructions in the labels of the kit's boxes should be followed carefully. It is also convenient to complete the information about the sampling area and identification of the box, before conducting the test. Twenty-four hours after the introduction of the boll weevils to the vials, the results should be recorded (number of insects alive and dead) on the form accompanying the kit.


22

.

ADOPTION of a control strategy(chemical, cultural)

Fig. 1. Modified trap to collect adult boll weevils.

Fig. 4. Insecticide Resistance Diagnosis Kit. Instructions are detailed on the labels of the box.

Fig. 2. Heater and device for impregnating vials with insecticide. The heater keeps temperature at 30 ºC and a constant air flow.

3

2

1

Fig. 3. Detail of the device to impregnate vials. rollers (1) and one of the two levels (3) to ensure that the rollers are horizontal and that the vials are coated with an even layer insecticide (2).


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Sub-activity: Effects of hard water on the efficiency of two formulations of the pyrethroid insecticide β-cypermethrine.

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: It was demonstrated that hard water reduces efficacy of two formulations of the pyrethroid ß-cypermethrine (emulsifiable concentrate and flowable liquid) in laboratory bioassays. It can be concluded from the evidence obtained in film bioassays that the loss of insecticide efficacy is due to a reduction in bioavailability of the active ingredient. Crystal structures of the product occur on the treated surface and the active ingredient distributes around them. Such phenomenon reduces the biological availability of the insecticide affecting the contact frequency of the insect body with the insecticide.

BENEFITS: Previous studies on the water available for agricultural and sanitary practices prior to its use for insecticide application would enable the pre-treatment of the water or select the less saline water source, when necessary. The pre-selection or treatment of the water will allow avoiding loss of efficacy of the insecticides and reducing the number of applications, minimizing the environmental impact.

Fig. 5. Scheme of the operations conducted since the detection of a boll weevil infestation focus and estimated time taken for their execution.

Detection of boll weevil infestation focus

Capturing boll weevils usingmodified traps

RESISTANCE DIAGNOSIS KIT

RESULT

DECISION

24h

24 h

Implement a control strategy (chemical, cultural)

Selection of alternativeinsecticide

Selection of programmed insecticide

+ -


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Water quality is an important factor that affects the pesticide performance in field conditions. The adverse effect of cations on emulsion stability is thought to influence the physico-chemical characteristics of the surfactants.

Nowadays, much of the pesticide formulations developed are applied with water as carrier. Water quality varies from one region to another, and significant differences in hardness levels, mineral content and pH are observed. Some conditions as alkalinity, affect the pesticide performance negatively. High pH (alkaline) produces a degradation of the active ingredient called “alkaline hydrolysis”. Most of the pesticides can suffer this type of degradation and few of them are susceptible of “acid hydrolysis”. Water pH can change with temperature, salt and mineral content such as iron, magnesium and calcium. Several products are available to revert these effects and maximize the efficacy of a pesticide by adding them to the application tank. These are simply buffers or buffers combined with surfactants.

The aim of this study, funded by the CFC and the ICAC, was to determine the effect of water hardness on the insecticide activity of two formulations of the ß -cypermethrine, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a flowable liquid (FL), and identify the phenomena responsible for the reduction of the insecticide efficacy of both products when applied with hard water. The results obtained were presented as a Magister Thesis (Magister on Pest Control Environmental Impact, General San Martín National University, Argentina (Zerba, 2000)).

Film contact bioassays were carried out with Dysdercus chaquensis (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) and Blatella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) nymphs. The selected film concentration was 0,14 mg of active ingredient/cm2, for both species. The density considered for the concentration calculation was 1 gr/ml. Two ml of each emulsion and suspension were applied on Petri dishes lids, covering all the surface and letting them dry for 24 h at 25° ± 2C°. As controls 2 ml of distilled water or normalized hard water (hardness 634 ppm) were applied in the same conditions as the ones mentioned above.

For the KD50 (Knock Down 50%) determination, 5 30-year-old Blatella germanica nymphs or 5 Dysdercus chaquensis nymphs (stage V) were exposed to each of the treated surfaces. During the exposure period, knock down (number of insects with difficulty to walk or immobile) was registered in one-minute intervals. The end point was 100% knock down. The temperature for the assay was 20± 1° C. After 2 hours of exposure, insects were transferred to cylindrical PVC recipients, 8 cm diameter and 8 cm high, with ventilation holes and pellets. The recipients were maintained in controlled conditions of temperature (25±1°C), relative humidity (50±5%) and photoperiod (12HL: 12HO) conditions. After 24 hours, mortality was registered.

The KD50 and its slopes were calculated using the program EPA PROBIT Version 1.4. Differences in KD50 were considered significant when fiducial limits 95% overlapped.

In order to determine the existence of decomposition catalysis of ß -cypermethrine in presence of hard water salts and establish the effect of aging on this phenomenon, stability of the active ingredient was determined by a gas chromatograph (CGL). Different aging conditions were used for the bioassay such as temperature and presence of mineral salts.


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Results obtained from the contact bioassays (film) using EC and FL, prepared with hard water, show that there is a significant increase in KD50 or loss of efficacy for D. chaquensis and B. germanica, when compared to the assays where distilled water was used.

Microscopic as well as macroscopic studies of the morphology of the insecticide deposits on the treated surface were conducted.

Results obtained from the aging studies show that hard water does not affect stability of ß-cypermethrine in any of the two formulations. Loss of efficacy is not due to decomposition of the active ingredient in presence of mineral salts.

From the evidence obtained at a microscopic and macroscopic level, it can be concluded that reduction in efficacy of insecticides in film bioassays is caused by a lower bioavailability of the active ingredient when mineral salts are present, forming crystals. Crystal structures of the product are formed on the treated surface and the active ingredient distributes around them. Such phenomenon reduces the biological availability of the insecticide affecting the contact frequency of the insect body with the insecticide. Sub-activity: Insect cuticle softening effect of mineral and vegetable oils on the cotton boll weevil

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: it was demonstrated that mineral and vegetable oils are toxic to the cotton boll weevil when applied topically. It was also seen that oil toxicity is positively correlated with an insect cuticle softening effect, suggesting that the mode of action of oils could be related to a physical mechanism at a structural level.

BENEFITS: these findings indicate the potential of mineral as well as vegetable oils to be used as an alternative tool, environmentally friendly, to control the cotton weevil. It is possible to speculate on a target for oils at the structural level in the insect cuticle. This should encourage further research on the influence that vegetable and mineral oils have on the structure and properties of the insect body surface.

Vegetable and mineral oils are commonly used for insect pest control as

diluents for formulated products in low-volume applications, as adjuvant for pesticides or as insecticides themselves. These products can improve an insecticide’s efficacy by enhancing plant coverage and penetration of active ingredients through insect cuticle.

The use of oils as diluents of agrochemical products reduces evaporation rate and drift of active ingredients. Compared with aqueous insecticide sprays, oil has been associated with reduced evaporation of spray droplets, greater uniformity of droplet size, and enhanced penetration and coverage of the plant canopy.


26

Mineral and vegetable oils have also been successfully used as pesticides to control aphids, homopterans and spider mites with low impact on populations of beneficial insects. However, the mechanisms of action that cause their insecticide effects are not clear yet. On the other hand, other studies showed that certain mineral oils used as carriers of insecticides can have a negative effect on efficacy. These contradictory findings are probably associated with the lack of information on targets and mechanisms of action of oils.

The aim of this study, funded by the CFC and the ICAC, was to study mineral and vegetable oils that have shown toxicity to A. grandis to achieve a better understanding of their toxic effects on insects. The results obtained were presented at an international Conference held in Sydney, Australia 1999.

No phitotoxicity studies were undertaken in the framework of this project. Information on the subject is available in another project, Integrated pest management for cotton with a focus on whitefly and aphids, CFC/ICAC/03.

We tested soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. [Fabales: Fabaceae]) oil, cottonseed oil (Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales: Malvaceae]) and an nC21 horticultural mineral oil (HMO) to compare their effects on cuticle hardness and their toxicity.

Adult weevils were obtained from USDA-ARS Mississippi, USA. In 2 independent bioassays, groups of insects were treated topically with oils (1 µL or 0.5 µL) to assess changes in cuticle hardness and toxicity. Cuticle hardness was evaluated by measuring the pressure required to crush the cuticle of the weevils with a Gel-Tester. Toxicity was evaluated from mortality.

Table 1. Mortality and softening effect on cuticle by 3 oils in bioassays with the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Control Cottonseed oil Soybean oil NC21 Dapsa

DRV Mineral oil

Mean cuticle hardness (g/cm2)* 94.7 ± 4.1 a 83.5 ± 3.3 ab 78.6 ± 3.5 bc 73.5 ± 3.0 bc Reduction in cuticle hardness _ 11.8% 17.0% 22.4%

Mortality at 0.5 µL per insect 0% 10% 35% 50% * n = 30 for each treatment. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (MSD.05 = 10.889).

The reduction in cuticle hardness was in the order cottonseed oil (11.8%) < soybean oil (17%) < mineral oil (22.4%). However, cuticles of insects treated with cottonseed oil were not significantly softer than cuticles of untreated insects.

A relationship between cuticle softening and toxicity was found: greater softening correlated positively with oil toxicity. Variation in cuticle hardness could represent structural changes at the cuticular level, with lethal consequences for the insects. These results allow speculation on a new target for insecticide oils. This could encourage further research on the influences these products have on the structure and properties of the body surface of insects.


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FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO: Gómez, V., Pessolani, D. & Sosa, J., 2000.- “Ensayo comparativo de insecticidas para el control del picudo del algodonero”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 145-158. Santos, W. J., 2000.- “Avaliacão da eficiencia de insecticidas para o controle do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, em algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 141-143. Zerba, M. I., Martínez Ginés, D. & Stadler, T., 2000.- “Desarrollo de un protocolo de monitoreo de resistencia a insecticidas para Anthonomus grandis”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 159-163. Zerba, M. I, 2000.- “Efectos del agua dura sobre la eficacia de dos formulaciones del insecticida piretroide β-cipermetrina”. Tesis para optar al título de Magister en Control de Plagas y su Impacto Ambiental. Universidad Nacional de General San Martín. Agosto de 2000. pp Zerba, M. I., Martínez Ginés, D. & Stadler, T., 2001.- “Método de diagnóstico a campo de resistencia a insecticidas para el picudo del algodonero (Anthonomus grandis”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 130-133.

Stadler T., Zerba M.I., Buteler M..- “Toxicity and cuticle softening effect of horticultural mineral and vegetable oils on the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ”.Proceedings of the International Conferecne Spray Oils beyond 2000. October 1999-Sydney Australia (in press).

Buteler, M., “Evaluación de la toxicidad de aceites de uso fitosanitario y su efecto sinérgico con ciflutrina para Dysdercus chaquensis (Insecta Heteroptera Pyrrhocoridae), plaga del algodonero” Thesis in Compact Disk. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Parasitologia y Ecotoxicologia, Facultad de Ingenieria UNCOMA – CONICET. (CFC – ICAC/04). March, 2001 Integrated Pest Management for cotton with a focus on whitefly and aphids-Final report for Project CFC/ICAC/03. Technical paper no.10. Israel Cotton Production & Marketing Board. 68 pp.


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Sub-activity: Parasitoids and predators

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: Field infestation by parasitoids and predation levels are higher in Paraguay than in other cotton growing regions, although the cotton boll weevil is a recent pest in this country. Relevant information on the biology and reproductive potential of the parasitoids Bracon bulgaris and Catolacus grandis and the predator Euborellia annulipes was obtained in laboratory conditions.

BENEFITS: High natural control of this pest by parasitoids and predators allows a reduction of the number of chemical treatments to a minimum, conducting to more intensive crop management actions, leading to high yields and low environmental impact. In the future, the knowledge acquired on the parasitoids B. vulgaris and C. grandis and the predator E. annulipes will enable the use of these organisms, in biological control projects in the framework of cotton IPM programs.

One of the most promising technologies available to control cotton boll

weevil populations is biological control and significant advances have been made on this methodology during the 80's and 90's. More than 15 insect parasites of this species have been found. Research in the USA has demonstrated that the cotton boll weevil's parasites are very effective population regulators in augmentative release. The occurrence and frequency of parasitoids were determined in field trials conducted in Paraguay. These trials were divided in two stages:

1-In cotton stubble Fallen flower buds (Choré, Paraguay) were desiccated and boll weevils found

were classified as: - Alive - Affected by parasitism. - Dead for unknown reasons 2-On the crop Central ¼ ha rows on the crop were analyzed and flower buds infested by

the boll weevil or damaged by other causes, were removed. The following day, new clutches were labeled and dated, to separate cohorts. Ten flower buds from the same cohort were removed daily and were dissected under a stereoscopic microscope. Immature stages of the boll weevil were divided into larvae and pupae and these were classified as healthy, affected by parasitism or dead for unknown reasons.

Parasites found were identified as Bracon sp and Catolacus grandis. Parasitism levels found were:

Activity: Biological Control


29

-In cotton stubble A high level of larval parasitism was observed during this stage. Adult

emergence was observed in only 1,12% of the flower buds studied. 74% of the larvae were affected by parasitism.

-On the crop From the total buds showing egg-laying marks, 97,8% mortality was

observed. Parasitism was the main mortality factor, followed by egg mortality. Regarding mortality caused by parasitism, a low level was observed until 4 days larval age increasing exponentially until 10 days larval age. From that moment onwards parasitism growth became stable at 90% mortality. Parasitism in Paraguay seems to be higher than in any other country affected by the boll weevil, although this pest has been recently introduced to the country. It is one of those rare cases in which a newly introduced species finds its parasites already established.

Cotton pest management should focus on preserving natural enemies (parasites) by manipulating insecticides cautiously.

A program to manage stubble should be developed, to increase parasites reservoirs and maximize their survival without favoring cotton pests.

Biological control of Anthonomus grandis using parasitoids represents an alternative, which is feasible from an economical point of view and advantageous socially and ecologically. Parasitoids contribute to the control of the boll weevil by feeding internally and externally on its immature stages and acting on different cotton agroecosystems.

A. grandis is affected mainly by larvae of C. grandis, although adult females can also kill larvae and pupae of the boll weevil by injecting toxins to their body. Natural mortality of A. grandis in northeastern Brazil caused by parasitism is produced by the action of two parasitoids, Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Bracon vulgaris (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Research was conducted in order to obtain information on the use of Euscepes postfasciatus (Farmaire) as an alternative host to C. grandis, which is a parasitoid of A. grandis.

The aim of these studies was to find alternative hosts for the parasitoid, with a high reproductive capacity, cheap and easy to produce. The development of alternative hosts for C. grandis represents a scientific advance, needed to make the commercial application of biological control of the cotton boll weevil by releasing parasitoids. For this reason, population growth of C.. grandis on different densities of the alternative host E. postfasciatus was studied.

Knowing the reproductive values (VRx) of C. grandis females in different stages, is needed in biological control programs to decide the optimum stage in which parasitoids should be released depending on the weather conditions. For the two temperatures studied (25°C and 30°C) the maximum VRx value corresponded to newly emerged females. Therefore, the optimum stage for inoculate release of C.grandis is newly emerged adults. According to the results, the optimum number of 5th instar Euscepes postfasciatus larvae to rear C.grandis at 30ºC, is 15 for each C.grandis female. Fifth instar Euscepes postfasciatus larvae can be used as host to rear the parasitoid in the laboratory. C. grandis presents facultative parthenogenesis, that is, fertilized females lay eggs producing females or males; not fertilized females


30

produce only males. The effects of the sex ratio were studied as well as the effects of exposure time in the reproduction of C. grandis. According to the results, the effect of the sex ratio in the percentage of females present on the progeny F1 depends on the time length the females are exposed to the male or males. Females exposed to 3 males produced more females than those females subjected to other combinations (1 male: 1 female or 1 male: 3 females)

The optimum sex ratio is 3 male parasitoids per female. This ratio ensures mating and abundant amount of sperm to produce progeny.

B. vulgaris is very well known for its effectiveness as a natural enemy of the cotton boll weevil in herbaceous and woody cotton agroecosystems. On the other hand, since temperature is the main factor affecting insect reproduction, it can determine the number of natural enemies present on a given agroecosystem. Research conducted in the framework of this project tried to determine in which way does temperature affect female reproduction in B. vulgaris, with 3rd instar larvae of A. grandis as a host.

The age stages corresponding to the parasitoid were divided in three periods: 1) Immature. 2) High fecundity. 3) Decline of fecundity. According to the results obtained, for B. vulgaris, the immature period was

longer at 20° C (8,55±0,91 days) than at 25° C (5,80±0,65 days) and 30°C (3,80±0,53 days). The shorter the immature period, the longer the period available to lay eggs, which favors a larger egg production and consequently, more progeny.

Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of E. annulipes as a predator of A. grandis (larvae and pupae) in Northeastern Brazil. Therefore, it is critical to provide information about the reproductive potential of E. annulipes for biological control programs of the cotton boll weevil. Studies were conducted to generate a fertility table and the results obtained suggest that, when temperature fluctuates between 25° to 30° C, inoculate release of newly emerged adult females would be the most convenient method in biological control programs. Sub-activity: Entomopathogen fungi

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: A formulated product containing conidia from the entomopathogen fungus, B. bassiana was developed. The appropriate application methodology of this product, in order to obtain the most effective control of adult boll weevils in laboratory conditions, was also determined. However, the effectiveness of these formulated products must be assessed in field trials before including them in cotton IPM programs.

BENEFITS: The results obtained constitute an important advance for the development of adequate formulations using micoinsecticides, which could be used as alternative products to chemical insecticides.

Classic biological control can be plausible in farming systems that are not very intensive, such as those in Northeastern Brazil and Paraguay.


31

It has been demonstrated in laboratory bioassays and in preliminary field trials that the entomopathogen fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) can infect the cotton boll weevil. The effect of the type of formulation and application methodology of Beauveria bassiana when used to control the boll weevil was studied in the laboratory. The study conditions were 25±1º C temperature and 70±10% relative humidity. Insects were obtained from infested flower buds collected in the field, belonging to the variety CMPA 7H. They were kept in pots until the emergence of adults. Seven hundred and twenty adult boll weevils were selected and placed in plastic pots in groups of 10. The pots also contained healthy flower buds which had been kept in a DBO heater until the beginning of the bioassay. The isolate CG82 of the species B. bassiana was studied. It is a Hyphomycetes (Deuteromycetes) isolated from Diabrotica speciosa adults, obtained from the Entomology laboratory at the ESALQ-USP. The experimental design used was block random sampling with 12 treatments and 4 replicates. The following treatments were used: 1. Adult boll weevils treated with a fungal suspension prepared with water. 2. Adult boll weevils treated with a fungal suspension prepared with mineral oil. 3. Adult boll weevils treated with mineral oil. 4. Adult boll weevils treated with distilled water. 5. Flower buds treated with fungal suspension prepared with water. 6. Flower buds treated with fungal suspension prepared with mineral oil. 7. Flower buds treated with mineral oil. 8. Flower buds treated with distilled water. 9. Adult boll weevils and flower buds treated with a fungal suspension prepared with water. 10. Adult boll weevils and flower buds treated with a fungal suspension prepared with mineral oil. 11. Adult boll weevils and flower buds treated with mineral oil. 12. Adult boll weevils and flower buds treated with distilled water. Treatments 4, 8 and 12 were used as control and consisted of distilled water and detergent (Tween-80) applied to adult boll weevils, flower buds and both. Fungal suspensions were prepared in a concentration of 108 conidia/ml. Mineral oil (Assist™) was used as adjuvant, in a dose of 1ml/200 l water. Each replicate consisted of 10 adults of an average age of 8 days. According to each treatment, adult boll weevils and/or blower buds were submerged in the fungal suspension for three seconds. Immediately afterwards, insects and/or flower buds were dried on a sheet of filter paper, and were then transferred to plastic pots. Plastic pots were provided with flower buds daily. With the exception of treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 flower buds treated with the fungal suspension were kept in the plastic pots with the boll weevils for 24h. After that, treated flower buds were replaced by healthy buds, and were changed daily during the bioassay. Mortality was assessed during the first 15 days after the application of the pathogen. Results show that adult mortality expressed in percentages, obtained for each type of formulation, varied according to the way B. bassiana was applied. The aqueous formulation is as effective as the oil formulation when it is applied on the


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flower buds or both (flower buds and insects). The effect of B. bassiana conidia suspended in oil and applied on the insect, flower buds and both (flower buds and insects) was quicker than when suspended in water. According to the results the most effective application method to control the boll weevil is to treat both insects and flower buds with conidia of B. bassiana. The results of this study represent an advance for the development of adequate formulations for micoinsecticide applications.

Several laboratory bioassays were conducted with argentine strains of B. bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The assays were carried out using insects reared with artificial diet in the laboratory. The strains of B bassiana (189) and M. anisopliae (36) were isolated from different host and geographical areas. Bioassays were performed by submerging insects in a conidial suspension (108 conidia/ml) and with the aid of a spray tower (106 conidia/cm2). The difficulty in controlling this pest is demonstrated by the low number of virulent strains obtained. A strain of B. bassiana was selected, causing a mortality of 80% after being experimentally applied as an oil-based formulation on leaves. Likewise, a M. anisopliae strain was selected producing 93% mortality applied as aqueous suspension. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO: Gallo, I., Sanabria, M. Giménez, Franco, B., Benítez, A., Núñez, S. & Solís, O., 1998.- “Parasitismo, un factor clave de mortalidad en el Picudo Mexicano Anthonomus grandis Boh. en Paraguay”. Workshop Proceedings II International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Roque Saenz Peña, Chaco, December 3, 1997. pp. 42-44. Lecuona, R. & Delgado, R., 2000.- “Mortalidad de adultos del picudo del algodonero por cepas de hongos entomopatógenos”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 111-114. Ramalho, F. S., Dias, J. M., Medeiros, R. S., Lemos, W. P. Pereira, F. F. & Zanuncio, J. C., 2000.- “Criacão de Catalaccus grandis (Burks) ectoparasitoide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, tendo como hospedeiro larvas de Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire)”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 123-125. Silva, C. A. D. da, Costa, I. L. da & Araujo G. P. de, 2000. - “Seleção de estirpes de Beauveria bassiana patogénicas ao bicudo do algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 105-109. Silva, C. A. D. da, Costa, 2001.- “Efeito do tipo de formulação e da forma de aplicação do fungo Beauveria bassiana no controle de adultos do bicudo do algodoeiro em laboratorio”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 71-79. Wanderley, P. A., Ramalho, F. S., Veiga, A. F. S. L. & Zanuncio, J. C., 2000.- “Impacto da temperatura na reproducão de Bracon bulgaris Ashmed (Hymenoptera: braconidae), parasitóide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 127-128.


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ACTIVITY OUTPUT: Field trials with bait sticks (BWKT) were carried out and it was determined that this device can be used to attract and trap adult boll weevils as well as an instrument to monitor the presence of the pest in pre-sown and post-harvest periods. Trap and kill devices seem to be promising tools to control the boll weevil. However, it would be interesting to do further comparative efficacy studies on these devices, including a detailed statistical analysis.

BENEFITS The results obtained present trap and kill devices as possible alternative pest control and assessment tools.

Field trials, were carried out in the Paraná state (Brazil) from 1995 to 2000 in

order to evaluate the efficiency and agronomic practicability of using sexual pheromone glandure in boll weevil control devices: boll weevil killer tubes (BWKT) and pheromone traps (Scout-grandlure).

The results obtained showed that the pheromone traps were efficient to attract and trap adult boll weevils. Adult boll weevils were captured during the intercropping period, more intensely during June, July and August. These results show that the trap and kill devices could reduce the population of the pest in the intercropping period.

The BWKT could also be used to monitor the pest population at the beginning of the cropping season, determining the initial infestation levels and so giving useful information to control the pest. Studies were also carried out to compare the effectiveness of the BWKT with insecticide treatments. In trials comparing cotton plots with a similar initial level of infestation, damage to cotton bolls was greater in those areas in which conventional methods (insecticides) were used compared to those were BWKT were installed. However, it is not clear if these differences are related to the higher population densities of natural enemies of the cotton boll weevil in untreated plots.

Trap and kill devices seem to be promising tools to control the boll weevil. However, it would be interesting to do further comparative efficacy studies on these devices, including a detailed statistical analysis. Moreover, special emphasis should be placed on the assessment of their economic feasibility.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO:

Santos, W. J. dos, 2000.- Avaliacão de dispositivo (TMB) com feromônio sexual “granlure” para o controle do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, do algodoeiro. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 105-109. Santos, W. J. dos, Silva, R. J., Vaz Bonatti, E. & Costa, M. S. da, 2001.- Dispositivo com feromônio sexual “grandlure” para o controle do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, do algodoeiro”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 118-119.

Activity: Assessment of trap/kill devices for A. grandis


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ACTIVITY OUTPUT: A Geographic Information System (GIS) was established in a pilot area and its usefulness as well as its potential to be used in cotton IPM programs in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay were verified. A training program was also generated, which will spread the use of this tool to the different working teams in the three countries.

BENEFITS: The use of a GIS for boll weevil monitoring will enhance the efficiency of ecological management and it will allow a more rational assignment of the resources available. As a direct result of this, the number of insecticides applications both in time and space will be reduced.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for the acquisition,

storage, analysis and display of geographic data with the aid of a computer. Since GIS permits integrating data of diverse origin, it is a very useful tool to manage resources. Teledetection systems offer the unique potential of knowing efficiently and continuously, the characteristics of agricultural areas, analyzing and relating multiple aspects of the terrain interconnected by specific variables. In the case of pest monitoring and control, they provide a means of defining the evolution of pest populations according to environmental characteristics and cultural practices in agroecosystems. Due to the ecological characteristics of the cotton boll weevil and to the large area that has to be monitored when studying it, the use of GIS is fundamental.

In the framework of the Project Integrated Pest Management of the cotton boll weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, a pilot area was established in Laguna Blanca (NE of Formosa, Argentina), in the red area. Boll weevils captured in one hundred traps were collected and analyzed to develop Geographic System Information. Pheromone traps were distributed as follows:

18 traps in Colonia Buena Vista 39 traps in Colonia Laguna Toro 43 traps in Colony Costa Alegre Data obtained were digitized and incorporated to GIS using IGM

(Geographic Military Institute) maps and LANDSAT TM 5 images, and landscape elements such as roads, water courses, political divisions (Fig.4)

Activity: Geographical Information System (GIS)


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Infestation of the cotton boll weevil is a seasonal process, concentrated in Autumn and Spring (Fig. 6). By geo-referencing traps it is possible to observe, follow and compare the capturing sites. According to the results the amount of insects captured varied in the different colonies and Laguna Toro was the colony where more boll weevils were captured (Fig. 5). A comparison between the capturing sites could be done to determine if there are any differences regarding the agronomic practices in each of the areas. The amount of traps where insects were captured increased in Winter (Fig. 7).

Figure 5: Total number of insects captured during the 1999 season in traps

0

10

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70

Buena Vista Costa Alegre Laguna Toro

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Fig. 4: Landsat TM 5 geo-referencing image with vectors showing trap location.


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Based on digitized information, thematic maps were obtained generated by the computer program Idrisi 32. (Fig. 8).

Fig. 6: Insects captured in traps during 1999.

0

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Enero

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roMarz

oAbri

lMay

oJu

nio Julio

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Fig. 7: Number of trap focus by month and cotton crop cycle for the zone.

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Fig. 8. Traps capturing registry during April 1999.Red Circle: red area, 1000 meters radio, Yellow circle: security area, 5000 meters radio.

37


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The distance between the traps was calculated (using latitude and longitude) and a table showing the distribution of the traps was obtained. By using this distribution table, linear correlations were calculated between the capturing abundance of all the traps and the distance between them, for the period studied. Afterwards, the correlation coefficients obtained were correlated to the distance between traps of a maximum distance of 5000 m. The maximum 5000 m was considered as a maximum limit since that is the radius suggested as a security area (yellow area). The size of such limit area depends on the flight range of the insect. The correlation coefficient was statistically significant (p > 0.001) and a linear model was established (r = -0.61) (Fig. 9).

A semi-variation analysis with the information collected through the geo-

referencing traps does not show a relation between distance between traps and their level of capture (Fig. 10).

Although the correlation analysis shows a correlation between trap capture and distance between traps (Fig. 9), this phenomenon is not conclusive because it might be expected that more close traps should have the same behavior in their capture. The traps that are closer (up to 2000 m) do not present any correlation, and the tendency is modified by the traps with distances in between of more than 2500 m. This might be just a zone effect and it could be supposed that the traps at more than 3500 m away are subject to a different cotton management. This is evident when the semi-variogram is analyzed (Fig. 10). It shows that the variability decreases with the distance between pairs of traps, and that the nugget (variability of the less distant pair) is elevated. These two evidences, clearly indicate that the capturing behavior of the traps is not related to a regional phenomena (it is not a regional

Fig. 9: Correlation between the inter trap distance and the linear correlation coefficient for the number of captured insects and distance between traps.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Distance between traps

C O R R E L A T I O N


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variable), but each sampling site has its own behavior. This indicates that the capturing process has a boundary mark for the spatial scale.

The boll weevil is distributed by zones, but the local management of the crop

or the problem make the difference in the presence or not of the pest. The presence of the boll weevil has an important spatial component. Another detail that is very important for the management of the pest is the fact that the detected boll weevils are the ones that are in a dispersal process from the declining cotton crops (Fig. 7). This means that the probability of detecting a population of less than 25 individuals is very low when this type of pheromone traps are used (Legget, 1986). During the beginning of the flowering bloom (December) the level of captures is very low. Therefore, the insects that are arriving to the crop are not detected. These individuals are the ones that reproduce on the crop and then disperse. An important factor to improve the monitoring system is to achieve the detection of the incoming insects and execute the necessary actions on time.

On the basis of digitized information, thematic maps were obtained generated by the computer program Idrisi 32. (Fig.8). Here it can be observed that traps circled in red and yellow are the ones that have captured boll weevils. The red and yellow circles represent a 1000 m and 500 m radius respectively and they can be used as tools to make decisions regarding control strategies. According to the Technical Guide on Prevention and Eradication of the cotton boll weevil (1998), when an infestation focus is detected (in this case a trap focus) an area of 1000 m radius should be examined in order to estimate the dimension of the focus. It also says that an area surrounding the focus of 500 m can be defined as a security area.

The aim of the work was to produce maps showing the presence of boll weevils as an automatic process in each of the areas where monitoring and control of the pest are necessary. Representing the trap focus as an area of 1000 m radius is fundamental to follow the protocol of the operative strategy to eradicate the boll weevil and rationalize the sites where traps are placed, improving their effectiveness.

An agrometereological database for the pilot area is being developed. Time series of the metereological data are available for Formosa, Caacupé (Paraguay) and Roque Saenz Peña (Argentina). Metereological data such as temperature, wind and relative humidity will be estimated by precise methods since rainfall data is the only one already available. Agrometereological data consists in assessing temporal

Fig. 10. Semi-variation analysis for all the geo-referencing traps of the pilot area.


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fluctuations in metereological conditions that may influence the life cycle of the boll weevil and its geographic dispersion. Training program in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for Pest Management of the cotton boll weevil: A training program on uses of geo-referenced databases was developed. The program comprises surveying, managing and study of those variables leading to the understanding and control of the cotton boll weevil. The program was oriented to accomplish a system for capturing, processing and analyzing multi-thematic data in the different working groups of the Project leading to coordinated and more efficient actions.

The Geographic Information System (GIS) established in the test area

proved its usefulness as well as its potentiality to be used in cotton IPM programs in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay and the training program generated, will help to spread the use of this tool to the different working teams in the three countries

The use of a GIS for boll weevil monitoring will enhance the effectiveness of ecological management and it will allow a more rational assignment of the resources available. As a direct result of this, the number of insecticide applications both in time and space will be reduced. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO:

Abril, E., 2000.- Programa de capacitación en Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para el Manejo Integrado del picudo del algodonero”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 69-76. Ravelo, A. C., 2000.- “Utilización de información satelital y terrestre para el manejo integrado del picudo del algodonero”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 65-68. Ravelo, A. C., Santa, A. & Abril, E., 2001.- “Desarrollo de un sistema de información geográfica para el manejo del Picudo del Algodonero”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 118-119.


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Sub-activity: Molecular Studies on Argentinian populations of Anthonomus grandis

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: Origin and pathways of dispersal of the boll weevil were

determined using RAPD technique and sequences of mitochondrial DNA. The results show that populations from non cotton growing areas of Argentina (Iguazú, Misiones) are genetically different from populations associated to cotton growing areas of Argentina (Formosa), Brazil and Paraguay. The first ones would be established since geological times, previously to extensive cotton cultivation. The second would be related to the southeastern form of the boll weevil (USA). Samples from cotton-growing areas of Paraguay and Formosa (Argentina) correspond to typically recent colonizing populations, invading from Brazil.

BENEFITS: The knowledge of origin and pathways of dispersal of the boll weevil, will contribute to design control strategies more efficiently, focusing on specific geographic areas. Molecular characterization of populations will help to detect different adaptations of the boll weevil, essential for pest control strategies.

DNA molecular techniques have become powerful tools for pest control

strategies, because they allow characterizing insect populations, determining levels of gene flow and degrees of isolation, and establishing hypotheses on the geographic origin and dispersal of the species. Allozyme analyses and RFLP techniques were applied to study North American populations of the boll weevil. Little was known about genetic structure of boll weevil populations from South America, and modern methods of DNA analyses were never applied, since they were available only after the last decade of the XX century.

The objectives of our research were: to determine the origin of South American populations of A. grandis, to recognize their pathways of dispersal and the levels of gene flow between populations; to establish bases to study the correlation between genetic features and adaptive traits of weevils, for example, preferences for host oviposition or susceptibility to insecticides and natural enemies.

The RAPD markers (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) were first applied to characterize populations from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, in comparison with two potential source populations from Mexico and USA. Samples were taken from the following localities: Puerto Península, Puerto Iguazú and Laguna Naick Neck (Argentina), Carajá and Londrina (Brazil), Caacupé and Yjhovy (Paraguay), Tecomán (México) and Mississippi (USA). Samples from Pto. Península and Pto. Iguazú come from non cotton-growing areas (the second it is a natural reserve), remaining samples come from cotton-growing areas.

Activity: Validation of life cycle and population characteristics of A. grandis


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Genetic differences between populations studied show that they behave as independent panmictic units. The highest percentage of polimorphic loci and levels of heterocigozity are registered in samples from Tecomán (México) and Iguazú (Misiones, Argentina). These characteristics are typical of central populations.

The estimation of number of migrants per generation (Nm) indicates that the Tecomán-Puerto Iguazú pair shows the highest effective migration rate, although these populations are geographically distant. Population from Laguna Naick Neck has a high gene flow with the Londrina sample (Brazil), although it is geographically closer to populations from Paraguay. This result would suggest that boll weevils from Laguna Neick Neck (Formosa) not only come from Paraguay, but also from Londrina (Brazil), probably due to commercial activities between Argentina and Brazil.

In the Neighbour- Joining tree obtained from RAPD analysis, populations from Argentina (Puerto Península and Laguna Naick Neck) are intermediate between those from Brazil (Londrina and Carajá) and Paraguay (Caacupé and Ijhoví), except the population from Puerto Iguazú, that it is genetically closer to the one from México, than from remaining South American populations. This fact suggests an ancestral connection between populations from Mexico and Iguazú, previous to extensive cotton cultivation.

To corroborate this hypothesis a phylogeographic study was done using sequences of mitochondrial DNA genes of Cytochrome Oxidase I and II (COI and COII). Phylogeography helps to interpret the evolutionary history of species. One population is considered as ancestral or old, if it has several haplotypes or variants of mitochondrial DNA (DNAm), and recent or colonizing, if it has a single one or few haplotypes. Moreover, when a group of populations share the same haplotype, it means that they have the same origin.

For DNAm analysis seven samples of about ten individuals each were studied: Laguna Naick Neck, Pt. Iguazú and Pto. Península (Argentina), Londrina (Brazil), Caacupé (Paraguay), Tecomán (México) and Texas (USA). As a result of the analysis of gen COI 19 different haplotypes were recognized. Populations from Tecomán (México) and Iguazú (Argentina) show the highest number of haplotypes, seven in the first, and five in the second. Remaining populations have less haplotypes, very similar among them: four in Londrina, three in Texas, two in Pto. Península, and one in Laguna Naick Neck and Caacupé. The latter haplotype, called “A”, is present in all samples except in Tecomán and Iguazú. Therefore, we can conclude that South American samples taken from cotton-growing areas are related to the southeastern form of the boll weevil (Texas). On the contrary, the sample for Iguazú, has a different origin, because it does not have any haplotype in common with neighbouring populations.

The number of haplotypes of populations from cotton growing area gives an idea about sequence of colonization or dispersal. Population from Londrina is older or established since longer, than populations from Caacupé and Laguna Naick Neck, that have the characteristic of recent, colonizing populations.

Results from COII analysis, gives the same information as analysis of COI. Again, Iguazú sample shows the highest number of different haplotypes (six) and it does not share any haplotypes with other South American populations studied.


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Based on all the results obtained (RAPD and mDNA sequencing), a hypothesis for the origin and dispersal of the boll weevil in South America is proposed, similar to that proposed by Burke et al. (1986) for North America. These authors suggested that A. grandis dispersed naturally, from it original area of distribution in tropical forests of southern Mexico, along the western and eastern coasts (Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico), following its native host plants of the tribe Gossypieae. This dispersal would have occurred about Pleistocene epoch (1 millon year). The capability to do a host shift from Hampea (ancestral host of A. grandis and related species) to other Gossypieae (Thespesia, Cienfuegosia and Gossypium) was a key factor to explain this dispersal. The association of A. grandis with cultivated cotton would be also old (thousands of years), but within historical times. The colonization of the Cotton Belt of Southern USA, between the end of XIX century and the beginning of XX century, was possible due to extensive cotton cultivation in the area. This area is not so favorable for the development of the boll weevil and there are not alternative hosts. Populations from northeastern Mexico and Texas, probably passed through a long period of natural selection, until sufficient number of individuals were adapted to colonize one marginal zone for the occurrence of A. grandis, such as southeastern USA.

It is proposed that A. grandis is established in natural areas of South America since geological times (more than 1 million year), and this dispersal followed that of its natural hosts in the tribu Gossipieae. These potential hosts are diverse and frequent in South American environments, and their distributions are partially sympatric with that of the boll weevil. The colonization of cotton growing areas is well documented and occurred recently (during the middle half of XX century). Under drastic environmental changes, such as deforestation of huge areas of tropical forests and replacement by cotton cultures, A. grandis became a pest.

It is not known yet, where do boll weevils of the southeastern form occurring in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina come from. They could have been introduced through commercial exchange directly from USA, or they could have dispersed from countries of northern South America (Venezuela and Colombia), where the presence of the southeastern form was determined based on morphological features.

In future research projects, attempts should be made to study samples of weevils from different cotton and non cotton growing areas of South America to know their pathways of dispersal, and the extent of gene flow among these populations. Moreover, since populations from cotton and non cotton growing areas are genetically different, it is possible that they have different etological or fisiological capabilities and adaptations, such as host oviposition preferences, resistence or susceptibilty to drought, natural enemies or insecticides. All these features determine the biological efficiency of the species and their knowledge will be essential for the effective control of the pest.


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Sub-activity: Mass rearing of the cotton boll weevil

ACTIVITY OUTPUT: A technology to mass rear the cotton boll weevil was developed and validated. This technology provides insects, to support bioassays in the framework of other activities such as biological control and pesticide resistance monitoring. Variables affecting the life cycle of south-American strains of A. grandis were assessed in the laboratory.

BENEFITS: The availability of a mass reared colony of boll weevils was very useful for the development of other activities in the framework of the project, such as biological control and insecticide resistance monitoring, all of them aimed to reduce the use of chemicals.

Mass rearing of the cotton boll weevil was established, providing enough insects for the requirements of different working teams of the project. The rearing was conducted on artificial diet, in standard conditions of temperature, humidity and light flux.

Newly emerged adults are placed in plastic pots with a lid and double bottom, for which it is possible to collect the eggs through a mesh at the bottom of the pots. Eggs are spread on the artificial diet where larvae hatch and feed until the stage of pupa. Adults are classified according to age and placed in different pots.

The life cycle of the boll weevil in the laboratory was determined. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO: Lanteri, A. A., Scataglini, M. A. & Confalonieri, V. A., 2000.- “Caracterización de las poblaciones de Anthonomus grandis en Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay, mediante la técnica de RAPID´s”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 33-40. Monnerat S. Pontes, R., Grossi de Sá, M. F., Tigano, M. S. & Oliveira Silva Werneck, J., 2001.- “Criação massal do bicudo do algodoeiro Anthonomus grandis em dieta artificial, estudo de sua biologia em laboratório e identificação de agentes para seu controle”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 81-87. Scataglini M. A., Confalonieri, V. A. & Lanteri, A.A., 2000.- “Dispersal of the cotton boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South America: evidence of RAPD análisis”. Genetica, An International Journal of Genetics. Kluwer Academics Publishers.


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ACTIVITY OUTPUT: A great number of agricultural professionals and farmers are now qualified and acknowledged of the benefits of adopting IPM technology on cotton, as a result of the activities conducted on this area. Various strategies were used to transfer technology and information, such as: courses addressed to farmers and agricultural professionals, validation of weevil-IPM technologies on illustrative plots, didactic material, among others.

BENEFITS: The increase in the adoption of the IPM technology will lead to a more efficient control of the pest reducing the number of insecticide applications. Consequently, production costs will be reduced as well as environmental pollution.

In each of the participating countries of the Project, extension activities and

transfer of information and technology took place. The approach varied according to the needs and possibilities of each country.

In Argentina The working strategy in Argentina, was to introduce integrated pest

management philosophy to each of the cotton-growing provinces. Extension activities in the province of Chaco began in the 96/97 season. In the 97/98 season Formosa was incorporated to the working scheme, in the 98/99 season Corrientes was, and the province of Santa Fe was included in the 99/00 season.

The aim of the training courses addressed to professionals was to make them aware of the effectiveness of the IPM technology through theoretic knowledge as well as management on demonstration plots. As a result, twenty-seven qualified technicians are now transferring technology to farmers, and many others are working as consultants on the subject.

Courses were developed to train people on how to recognize insects. These courses were addressed to unskilled laborers, farmers and their family, to train them on how to recognize, register and count the insect pests present on their land, on a weekly basis. Several complementary activities took place, such as farmers meetings, and professionals in charge of giving the courses visited farmers. As a result of the activities conducted, it is observed that: • Farmers are putting into practice the knowledge acquired by the transfer and

extension activities. • Farmers are adopting more specific and modern insecticides. • New technicians will have to be trained since their demand is increasing. • The treatment of seeds is now a common practice in those places where the

extension activities were intense. • The interest shown by the mass media (radio, TV and newspapers) and farmers

leads to conclude that IPM technology is increasingly being adopted.

Activity: Technology and information transfer to farmers and Extensionists


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• Farmers tend to use insecticides in a more rational way, and some of them use damage thresholds to decide when to apply pesticide products.

• Farmers are now attending the courses on insect recognizing, which shows that they are aware of the benefits of the work done by the people who had previously attended the courses.

In Brazil Because of the economical and social importance of the cotton crop in

Northeastern Brazil, Demonstration plots (Demonstration Untis) were used as a tool to assess the cotton cropping system recommended by the EMBRAPA-cotton. Demonstration units are a very useful tool for the technology transfer of IPM technology since they allow validation of a cotton cropping system and at the same time, they lead to a communication process between researchers and farmers that takes the farmer to confront new methodologies with the ones he's been using. The aim of this work was not only to name the technological steps taken at the demonstration units, but also to assess the benefits the farmer can attain in the short run by adopting the cotton growing technology in presence of the cotton boll weevil and other important cotton pests. In order to assess a herbaceous cotton cropping system, demonstration units were used. These were non-irrigated crop fields of 10.000 m2 each, with different crop varieties: CNPA 7H and CNPA Precoce 2. Cultural and pesticide management were conducted according to EMBRAPA-cotton recommendations. A copybook in which to register cost and production data, as well as management practices and productivity was used at each demonstration unit. These data supported subsequent analysis. After collecting data, the following economical indicators were calculated: profit; yield equilibrium points and prices. According to the results obtained: • It was verified that irrigated and non-irrigated cropping systems recommended

by EMBRAPA-cotton are economically feasible if IPM practices are adopted (see tables 1 and 2).

• Farmers are using improved seeds (shown by a 100% increase in the demand of seeds with a certified origin).

• The practice of cutting flower buds infested by the boll weevil has been adopted as a control measure.

• The seed distribution system for small farmers is insufficient, which requires farmers to buy seeds without a certified origin.

• Farmers tend to over or under-dose the insecticides recommended, which leads to a lower profit.

• There is a need to develop programs focusing on young people who live in the country. They should be trained to act as rural development agents.


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Table 2. Economic results of the Demonstrative Units of non-irrigated herbaceous cotton by rural community-1998 RURAL COMMUNITY Crop Productivity

kg/ha Sale price

R$/kg

Gross income

R$

Cost / Production

R$ Líquidity

R$ Cost/kg

R$ Relation

B/C*

Caiçara – PB CNPA 7H 1050 0,60 630,00 524,00 106,00 0,50 0,20

Caiçara – PB CNPA 7H 800 0,63 504,00 442,50 61,50 0,55 0,14

Caiçara – PB CNPA PR2 600 0,65 390,00 327,50 62,50 0,55 0,19

Paulista – PB CNPA 7H 2250 0,70 1575,00 440,00 1135,00 0,20 2,58

Ibiara – PB CNPA 7H 1450 0,53 768,50 611,00 157,50 0,42 0,26

Santana de Mangueira – PB

CNPA 7H 1875 0,52 975,00 563,00 412,00 0,30 0,73

Itaporanga – PB CNPA 7H 2000 0,56 1120,00 478,00 642,00 0,24 1,34

Diamante – PB CNPA 7H 1600 0,60 960,00 575,00 385,00 0,36 0,67

Cachoeira dos Índios – PB

CNPA 7H 1600 0,60 960,00 555,00 405,00 0,35 0,73

Carnaíba - PE CNPA 7H 1400 0,70 980,00 457,00 523,00 0,33 1,14



Carnaíba - PE CNPA PR2 500 0,70 350,00 263,00 87,00 0,53 0,33

MÉDIA 1248 0,63 767,88 440,77 327,12 0,40 0,73 *Benefít / Cost Table 3 – Example of the variable costs in the Demonstration Units of herbaceous cotton, non-irrigated by rural community– 1998

SERVICES INPUTS

RURAL COMMUNITY LABOUR R$ MACHINERY

R$ SEEDS

R$ DEFENSIVES

R$

T O T A L R$

Caiçara – PB 360,00 30,00 14,00 120,00 524,00 Caiçara – PB 328,00 45,00 17,50 52,00 442,50 Caiçara – PB 241,00 45,00 17,50 24,00 327,50 Mogeiro – PB 320,00 40,00 20,00 60,00 440,00 Ibiara – PB 464,00 50,00 25,00 72,00 611,00 S. de Mangueira-PB 460,00 30,00 25,00 48,00 563,00 Itaporanga – PB 360,00 45,00 25,00 48,00 478,00 Diamante – PB 448,00 30,00 25,00 72,00 575,00 C. dos Índios - PB 358,00 100,00 25,00 72,00 555,00 Carnaíba – PE 360,00 0,00 25,00 72,00 457,00 Carnaíba – PE 200,00 32,00 25,00 42,00 299,00 Carnaíba – PE 170,00 0,00 25,00 0,00 195,00 Carnaíba – PE 220,00 0,00 25,00 18,00 263,00 M E D I A 329,92 34,38 22,62 53,85 440,77 PERCENTAGE 74,9 7,8 5,1 12,2 100,0

Extension activities have also been conducted through IAPAR-Brazil. The

aim was to train extension advisors and make farmers aware of the different technologies available to control the boll weevil. The methodology used was made up of four strategies:


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1. Designing technical handbooks; 2. Training extension advisors; 3. Training farmers; 4. Field validation of IPM technologies;

Technical handbooks and booklets containing the necessary information to identify the pest and technical guidance on control measures have been made. Courses for extension advisors and producers were also given in several parts of Brazil. From April/98 to April/99 near 20 training events took place. Courses were addressed to people involved in Brazil's cotton-growing industry.

Paraguay Due to the present economical situation of Paraguay, it is impossible to

adopt an individual technical assistance for farmers. This can only be efficient by grouping farmers orientated towards self- actions.

Training workshops and technical meetings were conducted in the framework of the activity. The methodology was based on the assimilation by practical examples as well as on theoretical classes; it also allowed the validation of new technologies in the fields of the. As a result of this activity, extension advisors and growers are now aware of the benefits of the use of IPM technology.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFER TO: Arias de Lavalle, M. G., 2000.- “Transferencia a los agricultores y expertos en extensión Agrícola de tecnología e información de bajos costos, socialmente aceptable y ambientalmente sana”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 167-172. Arias de Lavalle, M. G., 2001.- “Transferencia a los agricultores y expertos en extensión Agrícola de tecnología e información de bajos costos, socialmente aceptable y ambientalmente sana”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 59-64. Britos, U., Gómez, V. Delgado, R. & Villalba, M., 2000.- “Validación de tecnología a través de un día de campo en un cultivo de algodón”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 179-184. Gómez, V. & Delgado, R., 2001.- “Taller de capacitación, Jornadas técnicas”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 148-150. Méndes de Araújo, J., Cavalcanti de Oliveira, J. M., Gonçalves, D., Batista da Silva, M. & Cartazo, W. V., 2000.- “Avaliaçao do sistema de cultivo do algodoeiro herbáceo de sequeiro no nordeste-1998”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 173-175. Méndes de Araújo, J., Cavalcanti de Oliveira, Gonçalves Vale, D., Vieira Cartazo, W. & Silva, M. da, 2001.- “Difusão e transferencia de tecnología e de informações aos agricultores e extensionistas”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 123-128.


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Project Publications Abril, E., 2000.- Programa de capacitación en Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para el Manejo Integrado del picudo del algodonero”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 69-76. Arias de Lavalle, M. G., 2000.- “Transferencia a los agricultores y expertos en extensión Agrícola de tecnología e información de bajos costos, socialmente aceptable y ambientalmente sana”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 167-172. Arias de Lavalle, M. G., 2001.- “Transferencia a los agricultores y expertos en extensión Agrícola de tecnología e información de bajos costos, socialmente aceptable y ambientalmente sana”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 59-64. Arias de Lavalle, M. G., Alberto, E., Amarilla, M., Arce, H., Baluk, P., Balbuena, R., Bosh, J., Brignole, N., Cardozo, Z., Colonese, C., Contreras, G., Crimella, J., Demicheli, C., Farias, R., Gauna, H., Gomez Grandoli, A., Gunther, R., Insaurralde, E., Klein, H., Llorente, H., Monzon, L., Ortiz, R., Pajuelo, E., Pepi, R., Piersanti, M. C., Riester, V., Rodriguez, J. L., Roggero, L., Roig, H., Ronco, S., Silva, V., Simonella, A., Simonella, M. A., Simons, C., Sosa, M. A., Skupien, L., Polo, N., Tijera, J., Toledo, A., Tijera, J., Tuty, M & Zampa, 2001.- “Low cost technology and information transfer to farmers and extensionists aimed to minimize social cost and environmental risks” Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 61. Barrios, M. I., Moschione, F. N., Demaria, M. & Lanteri, A., 2001.- “Survey of reproductive host plant species of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Misiones, Argentina”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 28. Britos, U., Gómez, V. Delgado, R. & Villalba, M., 2000.- “Validación de tecnología a través de un día de campo en un cultivo de algodón”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 179-184. Brodsky, H. A., Toledo, D. M. & Cosenzo, E.- “Use of Scout traps for monitoring cotton boll weevil populations in Argentina”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 44. Buteler, M., “Evaluación de la toxicidad de aceites de uso fitosanitario y su efecto sinérgico con ciflutrina para Dysdercus chaquensis (Insecta Heteroptera Pyrrhocoridae), plaga del algodonero” Ms.Thesis in Compact Disk. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Parasitologia y Ecotoxicologia, Facultad de Ingenieria UNCOMA – CONICET. (CFC – ICAC/04). March, 2001 Cosenzo, E., Ramirez, C. & Steger, E.- “Present Situation of the National Program for Prevention and Eradication of the Cotton Boll Weevil (PNPEPA) and its regional projection”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04);. Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 49-50.


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Cuadrado G.A.& S.S. Garrala, 1999. Plantas alimenticias alternativas del picudo del algodonero (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) en la provincia de Formosa, Argentina Análisis Palinológico del Tracto Digestivo An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 29(2):245-255. Cuadrado, G. A., 2000.- “Alimentación de Anthonomus grandis b. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Análisis palinológico.” Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 45-56. Cuadrado, G. A., 2001.- “Alimentación de Anthonomus grandis b. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Análisis palinológico.” Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 21-23. Cuadrado, G. A., 2001.- “Physiologic state and pollen as feeding source of the boll weevel (A. grandis) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04);. Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 25. Delgado, R., Vera, A., Cáceres, J., 2001.- “Estudio de la interacción rastrojos-plagas”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 130-133. Delgado, R., Sanabria, M., Benitez, O., Vera, A., Cáceres, J., 2001.- “Observations on the phenology of some plant species reported as hosts for the Cotton Boll Weevil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04);. Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 24. Delgado, R., Pezzolani, D., Benitez, O., Vera, A., Gomez, E. & Sosa, J., 2001.- “Natural enemies of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Paraguay”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04);. Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 39. Dominguez da Silva, C. A., 2001.- “Effect of different formulations and application methodologies of Beauveria bassiana for the control of the Cotton Boll Weevil”. ”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04);. Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 34. Dominguez da Silva, C. A., 2001.- “Efficacy assessment of the Boll Weevil Attract and Control Tubes (BWACT or BWKT) in two cotton growing regions of the Paraiba state”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04);. Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 54. Dos Santos, W. J., 2001.- “Efficacy assessment of devices baited with sexual pheromone for the control of the cotton boll”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 41. Dos Santos, W. J., 2001.- “Occurrence and distribution of the boll weevil in cotton areas”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 45. Dos Santos, W. J., 2001.- “Insecticide Management to control the boll weevil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest


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Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 55. Dos Santos, W. J., 2001.- “Transfer of technology and information for the management of the Cotton Boll Weevil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 66. Gabriel, D., 2000. “Biología del picudo del algodonero Anthonomus grandis Boh., 1843, en hospederas alternativas a través de la oviposición artificial”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 59-62. Gabriel, D., 2001. “Biology of the Cotton Boll Weevil on alternative hosts”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 26. Gallo, I., Sanabria, M. Giménez, Franco, B., Benítez, A., Núñez, S. & Solís, O., 1998.- “Parasitismo, un factor clave de mortalidad en el Picudo Mexicano Anthonomus grandis Boh. en Paraguay”. Workshop Proceedings II International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Roque Saenz Peña, Chaco, December 3, 1997. pp. 42-44. Gómez, V. & Delgado, R., 2001.- “Taller de capacitación, Jornadas técnicas”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 148-150. Gómez, V., Pessolani D., Gómez, E. de, Duarte, O., Sanabria, M., Cáceres, J. Vera, A., Montania, B., Sosa, J., Medina, O., Benitez, O., Soria, V. & Cáceres, F., 2001.- “Movimiento Poblacional”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 141-146. Gómez, V., Pessolani, D. & Sosa, J., 2000.- “Ensayo comparativo de insecticidas para el control del picudo del algodonero”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 145-158 & Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 52. Gómez, V., Pessolani, D., Gómez, E. & Sanabria, M., 2000.- “Movimiento poblacional del picudo del algodonero en zonas del Paraguay”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 87-92. Gomez, V., 2001.- “Assesment of traps for he cotton boll weevil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 42. Gómez, V., Medina, J., Gómez, E. de & Sanabria, M., 2001.- “Dispersion of the Boll Weevil in Paraguay”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 46. Gómez, V., Delgado, R., Medina, O. & Vazquez, C.- “Technology transfer to a cotton field”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone,


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Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 65. International Cotton Advisory Committee, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Pesca y Alimentacion, Common Fund for Commodities.- “Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevel in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC – ICAC/04)”, Compact Disk, April, 2001. Krapovickas, A., 2000. “El género Cienfuegosia y “el picudo del algodonero” al sur del trópico, en Sudamérica”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 43. Krapovickas, A., 2001. “The Cienfuegosia Cav. (Malvaceae) genre in Argentina, South of Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop.Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 22. Lanteri, A. A., Scataglini, M. A. & Confalonieri, V. A., 2000.- “Caracterización de las poblaciones de Anthonomus grandis en Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay, mediante la técnica de RAPID´s”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 33-40. Lecuona, R. & Delgado, R., 2000.- “Mortalidad de adultos del picudo del algodonero por cepas de hongos entomopatógenos”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 111-114. Lecuona, R. E., Rodriguez J. L., Tiago, R. T., Monerat, R & Tigano, M. S.- “Selection of strains of the fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against cotton boll weevil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop.Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 33. Loiacano, M., Margaria, C., Barrios, M. I., Moshione, F. & Lanteri, A., 2001.- “ The importance of the discovey of an Anthonomus speces, related in the Cotton Boll Weevil, on Malvaceae in Misiones, Argentina”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop.Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 31. Méndes de Araújo, J., Cavalcanti de Oliveira, Gonçalves Vale, D., Vieira Cartazo, W. & Silva, M. da, 2001.- “Difusão e transferencia de tecnología e de informações aos agricultores e extensionistas”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 123-128. Méndes de Araújo, J., Cavalcanti de Oliveira, J. M., Gonçalves, D., Batista da Silva, M. & Cartazo, W. V., 2000.- “Avaliaçao do sistema de cultivo do algodoeiro herbáceo de sequeiro no nordeste-1998”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 173-175. Méndes de Araújo, J., Cavalcanti de Oliveira, J. M., Gonçalves, D., Batista da Silva, M. & Cartaxo, W. V., 2001.- “Assessment of irrigated and non irrigated cotton cropping systems in northeastern Brazil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04; Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 64.


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Monnerat S. Pontes, R., Grossi de Sá, M. F., Tigano, M. S. & Oliveira Silva Werneck, J., 2001.- “Criação massal do bicudo do algodoeiro Anthonomus grandis em dieta artificial, estudo de sua biologia em laboratório e identificação de agentes para seu controle”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July 2000 to December 2000. pp. 81-87. Pontes, R. G. M. S., 2001.- “Mass rearing of A. grandis on artificial diet, study of it’s biology in laboratory conditions and identification of control agent”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04; Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 21. Ramalho, F. S., Dias, J. M., Medeiros, R. S., Lemos, W. P. Pereira, F. F. & Zanuncio, J. C., 2000.- “Criacão de Catalaccus grandis (Burks) ectoparasitoide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, tendo como hospedeiro larvas de Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire)”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 123-125. Ramalho, F. S., Dias, J. M., Medeiros, R. S., Lemos, W. P. Pereira, F. F. & Zanuncio, J. C., 2001.- “Biological Control of the Cotton Boll Weevil using Parasitoids and Predators”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04; Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 36-37. Ravelo, A. C., 2000.- “Utilización de información satelital y terrestre para el manejo integrado del picudo del algodonero”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 65-68. Ravelo, A. C., Santa, A. & Abril, E., 2001.- “Desarrollo de un sistema de información geográfica para el manejo del Picudo del Algodonero”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 118-119. Ravelo, A. C., Grilli, M & Santa, A., 2001.- “Devolopment of Geographical Informaqtion System (GIS) for the integrated pest management of the Cotton Boll Weevil”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04; Fortaleza, Brazil-June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 52. Santos, W. J. dos, 2000.- Avaliacão de dispositico (TMB) com feromônio sexual “granlure” para o controle do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, do algodoeiro. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 105-109. Santos, W. J. dos, Silva, R. J., Vaz Bonatti, E. & Costa, M. S. da, 2001.- Dispositivo com feromônio sexual “granlure” para o controle do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, do algodoeiro”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 118-119. Santos, W. J., 2000.- “Avaliacão da eficiencia de insecticidas para o controle do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, em algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 141-143. Santos, W. J., 2000.- “Ocurrência e distribição do bicudo, Anthonomus grandis, em áreas cultivadas com o algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 45-56.


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Scataglini M. A., Confalonieri, V. A. & Lanteri, A.A., 2000.- “Dispersal of the cotton boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South America: evidence of RAPD análisis”. Genetica, An International Journal of Genetics. Kluwer Academics Publishers. Scataglini M. A., Lanteri, A.A., 2000 & Confalonieri, V. A., 2001.- “Origin of the Boll Weevil populations of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay: Hypothesis based on the study of two mitochondrial genes”. Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone; Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil- June, 26th – 28th, 2001. pp. 19-20. Silva, C. A. D. da, Costa, 2001.- “Efeito do tipo de formulação e da forma de aplicação do fungo Beauveria bassiana no controle de adultos do bicudo do algodoeiro em laboratorio”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 71-79. Silva, C. A. D. da, Costa, I. L. da & Araujo G. P. de, 2000. - “Seleção de estirpes de Beauveria bassiana patogénicas ao bicudo do algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 105-109. Stadler, T., 1996 Efectos secundarios de insecticidas sobre organismos benéficos, con especial referencia al control de Anthonomus grandis. Proc. “Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay”. SENASA-CFC-ICAC/04; ISBN 987-95947-0-3 : 181- 183 Stadler, T.,1997. Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The ICAC Recorder, October 1997: 17-19 Stadler, T.,1996 Monitoring Susceptibility to Selected Insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera latifascia populations, two main Cotton Pests in Northern Argentina. Resistant Pest Mangement, vol 8 No 1 : 14 - 16 Stadler, T., 1996.- Susceptibilidad a Insecticidas y Fenómenos de Resistencia a Insecticidas en Poblaciones de Anthonomus grandis. Proc. “Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay”, SENASA-CFC-ICAC/04; ISBN 987-95947-0-3 : 153-162 Stadler, T.1998.- Cotton Boll Weevil Research in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay in the Framework of the ICAC / 04 Project. Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference-2 “New Frontiers in Cotton Research ” September 6-12. Athens, Greece, 1998. Vol II:1169-1172. Stadler,T., Chan, M. M. & Zerba, E., 1996 Caracterización fisicoquímica y toxicológica de algunos aceites minerales de uso fitosanitario. Revista RIA 27 (1) : 67 - 80 Stadler et al., 1999.- Patent: “Field diagnosis method for resistance to chemical and biological insecticides in insect populations (arthropods) that are agricultural pests, parasites or disease vectors”. Patent n° 990106270, INPI, December 9th, 1999, Argentina. Stadler, T. & McKibben, G. H., 1997 Dose-mortality response of the cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to selected insecticides. Arthropod Management Tests (22) :416 Stadler, T. & Zerba, M. I., 1997 Susceptibility of the Argentine cotton stainer, Dysdercus chaquensis (Heteroptera : Pyrrhocoridae to selected insecticides. Resistant Pest Mangement, vol 9 No 2 : 38 - 39 Stadler T., Zerba M.I, Buteler M. “Toxicity and cuticle softening effect of mineral and vegetable oils on the cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) “. (in press in the proceeding s of the Conference Spray Oils beyond 2000, Sydney- Australia.).


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Wanderley, P. A., Ramalho, F. S., Veiga, A. F. S. L. & Zanuncio, J. C., 2000.- “Impacto da temperatura na reproducão de Bracon bulgaris Ashmed (Hymenoptera: braconidae), parasitóide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro”. Workshop Proceedings III International Workshop on: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Riberão Preto, Brazil-September 5-7, 1999. pp. 127-128. Zerba, M. I, 2000.- “Efectos del agua dura sobre la eficacia de dos formulaciones del insecticida piretroide β-cipermetrina”. Tesis para optar al título de Magister en Control de Plagas y su Impacto Ambiental. Universidad Nacional de General San Martín. Agosto de 2000. Zerba, M. I. , López, M., Gómez, V. & Stadler, T., 1998 Susceptibility to pesticides of Anthonomus grandis populations from Paraguay. Proceedings of the II Workshop on “Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay”, SENASA-CFC-ICAC/04; ISBN 987-96849-5-8 :12-15 Zerba, M.I., Martínez Ginés, D. & Stadler , T., 2000 Development of a protocol for pesticide resistance monitoring on Anthonomus grandis". Proceedings of the III International Workshop on “Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay” SENASA-CFC-ICAC/04; ISBN 987-9429-06-0 : 159-163 Zerba, M. I., Martínez Ginés, D. & Stadler, T., 2001.- “Método de diagnóstico a campo de resistencia a insecticidas para el picudo del algodonero (Anthonomus grandis”. Progress Report: Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04). Reporting Period: July, 2000 to December, 2000. pp. 130-133. Zerba, M. I., Martínez Ginés, D., Aries de Lavalle, G. & Ronco, S.- “Transference of the insecticide resistance field diagnosis method in boll weevil populations”. Program and Summaries & Compact Disk; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone, Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil- June, 26th-28th, 2001. pp. 68-69. Zerba, M. I., Martínez Ginés, D. & Stadler, T., 2001.- “New field method for insecticide resistance diagnosis in cotton boll weevil populations” Program and Summaries; Final International Workshop; Cotton in the Southern Cone; Integrated Pest Management of the Cotton Boll Weevil in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay (CFC-ICAC/04); Fortaleza, Brazil- June, 26th – 28th, 2001. pp. 19-20. Zerba M.I., Buteler M., Stadler T., “Toxicity of mineral and vegetable oils and their synergistic effect with cifluthrine on the cotton stainer Dysdercus chaquensis (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) a cotton pest “. (in press in the proceeding s of the Conference Spray Oils beyond 2000, Sydney- Australia).

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