common course in malayalam for b.com i...

$: Common Course in Malayalam for B.Com I Semesteruniversityofcalicut.info/syl/CommonCourseMalayalamBCom.pdf · 2012-03-19 · kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw 2 kvIqÄ Hm^v$
1kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

kvIqÄ Hm^v UnÌ³kv FUyqt¡j³

tIma¬ tImgvkv (ae-bmfw)

_n.tImw^Ìv skaÌÀ

(2011 Admission onwards)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

108

kÀ¤mßI cN\bpw Bibhn\nab tijnbpw



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION B.Com

I Semester

Common Course in Malayalam

kÀ¤mßI cN\bpw Bibhn\nab tijnbpw

Prepared by: SRI. A. P. SASIDHARAN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MALAYALAM

A.V.A.H ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE, PAYYOLI ANGADI.

Sruitnized by: Dr. K. M. Priyadarsanlal Swathi, Malapparamba Kozhikode - 673009

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

©Reserved



MODULE 4 23-27

CONTENTS PAGE Nos.

MODULE 1 05- 9

MODULE 2 10-12

MODULE 3 (A) 13-20

MODULE 3 (B) 21-22



samUyqÄ þ1

kavrXn aRvPcntIcf Ncn-{X-¯nÂ hm¡p-sIm-pw {]hr¯n sIm-pw kz´-amb CSw ASbmfs¸-Sp-¯nb

al-Xvhy-àn-Xz-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fmWv kvarXn-a-RvP-cn-bnÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. PohnX k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ¡v ap¼nÂ kvXw`n¨p \n¶p-t]m-hp¶ ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv¡v hgn-Im-«n-I-fm-bn-¯o-cm³ Cu HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶p-- v.

Bß-I-Y-bp-sStbm Poh-N-cn-{X-̄ n-sâtbm ka-{K-Xtbm hym]vXntbm kvac-W-IÄ¡nÃ-. kvac-W-IÄ Bß-I-Y-I-fmbpw Poh-N-cn -{X-¡p-dn -¸mbpw Ah-X-cn -¸n -¡-s¸-Sm-dp - - v . Pohn-X-¯nseGsX-¦nepw ck-I-chpw kw`-h- _-lp-e-hp-amb kµÀ`-§-sf-tbm, Pohn-Xs¯ kzm[o-\n¨ hyàn-I-sftbm Ipdn-¨pÅ HmÀa-I-fm-bn-cn¡pw Ch.

1. \mS-I-̄ n\v ]n¶nse \mSIw: hn.-Sn.-̀ -«-Xn-cn-̧ m-Sv.Ignª \qäm--nÂ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xs¯ BsI amän adn¨ kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fpsS {][m\

hàmhpw {]tbm-àm-hp-am-bn-cp¶ hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ Bß-I-Ymw-i-amWv \mS-I-¯n\v ]n¶nse\mS-Iw. hn.-Sn-bpsS {]kn-²-amb Bß-I-Y-IÄ "I®ocpw In\mhpw', "IÀ½-hn-]mIw' F¶n-h-bm-Wv.IÀa-hn-]m-I-¯nÂ \n¶v FSp¯p tNÀ¯n-«p-Å-XmWv Cu `mKw.

Xsâ Ime-L-«-¯nse A\o-Xn-I-tfmSv \nc-ćw Ie-ln-¡p-Ibpw hyh-Ø-Isf amän-a-dn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ap³ssI FSp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯mhm-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn. kvIqÄ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Xs¶ "hnZymÀ°n'-F¶ t]cn-semcp amknI kz´w ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ hn.-Sn. ]pd-¯n-d-¡n-bn-«p-- v. kmaq-Zm-bnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS am{Xta bYmÀ° kzmX{ýw e`n-¡p-I-bp-Åq F¶va\-Ên-em-¡nb At±lw B hgn¡pÅ {]hÀ¯\§fnÂ apgp-In. 1930 At±-l-̄ nsâ PohnX¯nsekw`-h-_-lp-e-amb hÀj-am-bn-cp-¶p. B hÀj-amWv tIc-fob \mSI Ncn-{X-¯nse Zo]vX-kva-cW-I-fn-sem-¶m-b "ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v' cwK-th-Zn-bn-se-̄ p-¶-Xv. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-̄ nsekv{XoI-fpsS Zpcn-X-Po-hnXw aqÀ¯-ambn A\m-h-cWw sN¿p¶ Cu \mSIw kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n-\pÅBlzm\w apg-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu \mSIw cq]-s¸-Sm-\n-S-bmb ]Ým-¯-e-amWv ]mT-`m-K¯v]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.

tbmK-t£a k` \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ D¶-a-\-amWv e£yw sh¨-sX-¦nÂ bph-P-\-kwLw kap-Zmbt`Z-as\y kaq-l-\-·-bmWv e£yw sh¨-Xv. hn.Sn. bph--P\kwLw {]hÀ¯-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-scÃmw H¶mWv, \¼q-Xncn \mbÀ hyXym-k-§Ä Akw-_-Ô-am-Wv. hyàn-kzm-X{ýw Pohn-X-¯nÂ ssIh-cp-¯p-I, D¨-\o-N-Xz-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¸n¨v kaqe ]cn-jvImcw\S-¸n-em-¡p-I, Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-hy-hØ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-I, kzPmXn hnhmlw, kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-kw,tLmjm-_-ln-jvI-cWw F¶nh \S-¸n-em-¡p-I, \¼q-Xn-cn bphm-¡Ä GXv sXmgnÂ sN¿m\pw X¿m-dm-hpI F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p bph-P\ kwLw apt¶m«v sh¨ IÀ½ ]²-Xn-IÄ.

A¡m-e-¯mWv -sIm¨n \nba \nÀ½m-W-k-`-bnÂ Hcp \¼q-Xncn _nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv.bmYm-Øn-IcpsS k½À±-^-e-ambn cmPmhv _nÃn\v AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn-bnÃ. AtXmsS ]cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Zn-IÄ \ncm-i-cm-bn. Cu kµÀ`-¯n-emWv Ncn-{X-K-Xn-sb-¯s¶ amän-a-dn¨ \mSIw hn.-Sn.-c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. \¼qXncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse {]mIr-X-amb BNm-c-§Ä kap-Zm-bmw-K-§sf t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p \mS-I-¯nsâ e£yw. BZy-\mep cwK-§Ä Fw.-BÀ.-sI.-kn-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS"awK-tfm-Zbw' amkn-I-bnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. Is¿-gp¯v {]Xn hmbn-¨-h-cp-sS-sSÃmw I®p-IÄCud-\-Wn-ª-Xv hn.-Sn. HmÀ½n¡p-¶p.

1930Â tbmK-t£-a-k-̀ -bpsS hmÀjnIw CS-¡p¶n {Kma-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶p Xocp-am-\n-̈ -ncn¡p¶Xv.hmÀjn-I-¯n\v thZn-bnÂ \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-s¨-¦nepw BZy-sams¡ FXnÀ¸p--m-bn. bph-P-\-kw-L-¯nsâ ià-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯n\v A\p-aXne`n-¡p-¶-Xv.



kt½-f\ ]´-en-te¡v tLmj Dt]-£n¨v ad-¡p-S-bn-ÃmsX »ukv [cn-s¨-¯nb ]mÀÆXna\gn F¶ A´ÀÖ\w bmYmØnXn-IÀ¡v I\¯ Xncn-¨-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \mSIw XpS-§nb BZy-cwKw apXÂ ssIb-Sn-tbm-sS-bmWv ImWn-IÄ FXn-tc-ä-Xv. BZyw amdn \n¶-hÀ t]mepw ]n¶oSvXn¡n-¯n-c-¡n-sb-¯n. tÌPn\v ]n¶nÂ hn.-Sn-tbm-sSm¸w C.-Fw.-Fkpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. C.-Fw.-FkvBËm-Z-a-S-¡m-\m-hmsX XpÅn-¨m-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v hn.-Sn. HmÀ¡p-¶p. bmYm-Øn-I-Xz-¯nsâ]Sp-Ip-gn-bnÂ hoWp-t]mb Hcp kap-Zm-b-¯n\p ap¶nÂ shfn-¨-¯nsâ Pme-I-§Ä Xpd-¶n-Sm³ Cu\mS -Im -h -X -cWw sIm - p km[n¨p F¶v hn . - S n . A`n -am -\ -t¯msS HmÀan -¡p -¶p .

\nd-IpSw þ sNdp-ImSv

ka-Xz-]qÀW-amb ]pXp-bpKw kz]v\w I-n -cp¶, Iayq-WnÌv Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ F¶]Z-hn-bnÂ A`n-am-\n-̈ n-cp¶ sNdp-ImSv tKmhn-µ-]n-jm-c-Sn-bpsS Pohn-X-̧ mX F¶ Bß-I-Y-bnÂ \n¶pwFSp-¯p-tNÀ¯n-«pÅ A[ymbamWv \nd-Ip-Sw. hn¹-h-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ BNm-cy-Øm-\-amWvsNdp-Im-Sn-\p-Å-Xv. sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤-¯nsâ tamN-\-amWv Xsâ e£y-sa¶v {]Jym-]n-¡m³ sNdp-ImSv k¶-²X {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. a®nsâ amdnÂ ac-W-]{Xw, acp-a-IÄ F¶n-h-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ{]kn² t\mh-ep-IÄ.

A¡me¯v kmlnXy \ncq-]-I³, Kth-j-I³, Ihn F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]kn-²-\m-bn-cp-¶-tUm.-sI.-F³ Fgp-¯-Ñs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«-Xns\¡pdn-¨mWv Cu A²ym-b-¯nÂ sNdp-ImSv hni-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv.

Adn-hnsâ \nd-Ip-S-am-bn-cp¶p sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñ³. shdpw cmjv{So-b-¡m-c³ am{X-am-bn-t¸m-Ip-am-bn-cp¶ Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ ]T\-¯nsâbpw Nn´-bp-sSbpw ]pXnb hgn ImWn¨p X¶hgn-Im-«n-bm-bn-«mWv sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn cmjv{So-bhpwIpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xhpw H¶n-¨p-sIm-p t]mIpI Ffp-¸-a-Ã. C.-Fw.-F-kns\ t]mepÅ kPo-h-cm-jv{Sob\mb-I-·mÀ \mSp-\n-d-ªp-\n-¶-t¸mÄ IpSpw_w AhÀ¡v A\y-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXv c-n-s\bpw H¶n-¨p-sIm-p t]mIm³ Ign-ª-XmWv PohnX hnP-b-sa¶v sNdp-ImSv ]d-bp-¶p. ho«n-\-I¯pw cmjv{SobwNÀ¨ sN¿m\pw IpSpw -_mw-K-§sf AS¡w AXnÂ ]¦m-fn -I-fm -¡m\pw At±-l-¯n\vkm[n -¨n -«p - - v .

kvIqÄ amÌ-dpsS tPmenbpw ho«p ]Wn-Ifpw Ign-ª-Xn\p tijhpw _m¡n hcp¶ kabwFs´-¦nepw ]Tn-¡-W-sa¶ B{K-l-amWv sI.-Fw.-F-gp-¯-Ñ-\p-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ CS-bm-¡n-b-Xv.sNdp-Ic lbÀ Fen-saâdn kvIqfnse slUvam-Ì-dm-bn-cns¡¯s¶ hnZzm³ ]co-£bv¡v ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ Fgp-̄ -Ñ³ sNdp-Im-Sn\v HcÛpX-am-bn-cp-¶p. tPmen In«n-bn«pw ]Tn-¡pI F¶XvsNdp-Im-Sn-\v hniz-kn-¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]n¶oSv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ ]mX ]n´p-S-cm³ At±lwXocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ klm-bhpw \nc-´c t{]mÕm-l-\hpw sIm-v am{X-amWv X\n¡vhnZzm³ ]co£ ]mkm-hm³ km[n -¨Xv F¶v sNdp -ImS v A\p -kva -cn -¡p -¶p.

3. Abn-̄ -̄ n-s\-Xnsc : F.-sI.Pn

tIc-f-̄ nse Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-̄ nsâ Bth-tim-Öz-e-amb A[ym-b-amWv F.-sI.-Pn-bpsSPoh-N-cn-{Xw. tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob kmaqly aWvU-e-§-fnÂ Pzen-¨p-\n-¶n-cp¶ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn¡p th-n ka-c-ap-J-§-fnÂ {Iqc-amb aÀ±-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-\m-bn-̄ oÀ¶n«pw {]Xo-£-bpsS cmjv{Sobw ssIhn-SmsX apt¶m«p t]mb P\-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. At±-l-¯nsâ Bß-I-Y-bmb "Pohn-XIY'bnÂ \ns¶-Sp-¯n-«pÅXmWv "Abn¯¯n-s\-Xnsc'F¶ `mKw.

`n¶n-¸n¨v `cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {_n«ojv `c-W-X-{´w. \m\m-PmXn aX-ØÀ Pohn-¡p¶C´y-bnÂ ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ kwi-b-§-fpw, A´:On{Z-§fpw krjvSn¨v X½n-e-Sn-¸n¨v kz´w Øm\wDd-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p `cWm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. Cu kmlNcy¯nÂ FÃm P\-§-sfbpwDÄs¸-Sp¯n cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯\w Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Abn-¯-¯n\pw aä-\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡pwFXn-cmbn Hcp kacw \S-¯m³ tIcfm {]tZiv tIm¬{Kkv I½nän Xocp-am-\n-¨p. kXym-{K-l-t\-Xmhv sI.-tI-f-¸-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{Xw FÃm-hÀ¡p-ambn Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ th-n-



bm-bn-cp¶p kXym-{K-lw. ka-c-¯nsâ hf--n-bÀ Iym]vä-\m-bn-cp¶p F.-sI.-Pn. tIm¬{K-knÂ Xs¶Hcp hn`mKw ka-c\o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS FXnÀ¸v shdpsX k¼m-Zn-t¡-XnÃF¶ A`n-{]m-b-am-bn-cp¶p ]eÀ¡pw. In-«nb Ah-kcw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m³ F.-sI.-Pn.Xocp-am-\n-¨p-. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bvs¡-Xn-cmbn ià-amb {]Nm-cWw \S-¯m³ At±lw Cd-§n-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

]¿-¶qcnÂ It-m¯v t£{X-¯n\p ap¼nse s]mXp-\n-c-¯n-eqsS lcn-P-\§Ä¡v \S-¡m³Ah-Im-i-ap--m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn F.-sI.-Pnbpw, tIc-fo-b\pw kv{XoI-sfbpw Ip«n-I-sf-bp-saÃmw DÄs¸-Sp¯n Hcp tLmj-bm{X kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bp--m-bn. t£{X-¯n\p ap¼nÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ Ipdp-h-Sn-I-fp-ambn Hcp henb P\-¡q«w tLmj-bm-{X-sb B{I-an-¨p. òI-c-amb aÀ±-\-§ÄF.-sI.-Pn¡v t\cntS-n h¶p, At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-¯nse BZy A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. Cukw`-h-t¯msS A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i² CXnÂ ]Xn-bp-Ibpw FÃm-hÀ¡pw bm{X sN¿m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw A\p-h-Zn-¡pbpw sNbvXp.

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw \S-¯m³ Hcp I½n-än-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯n-\-S-p¯p Xs¶bm-bn-cp¶p kXym-{K-l-Iym¼v. t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ kXym-{K-ln-Isf ]e ]e coXnbnepw ]oUn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. kXym-{K-ln-Isf apgp-h³ ASn-¨p-sImÃpw F¶v òj-Wnbpw D-m-bn. PmXn-bnÂ Xmgv¶-hÀKpcp-hm-bq-c-¼-e-¯nÂ {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv k\m-X-\n-IÄ¡v Nnń-¡p-hm³ t]mep-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.tIm¬{Kkv kXym-{Kl--¯n\v ap³I-s¿-Sp-¡p-¶Xv I-v tIm¬{Kkv hnSm³ t]mepw AhÀ X¿m-dm-bn. F¶mÂ taÂPmXn lnµp-¡-fnÂ Xs¶ Hcp hn`mKw C¯cw ]cn-jvI-c-W-§sf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡ m \ p wX¿m-dmbn F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.

1931 \hw-_À H¶n-\mWv kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. HIvtSm-_À 21\vI®q-cnÂ \n¶v Kpcp-hm-bq-cn-te¡v kp{_-Ò-Wy³ Xncp-ap-¼nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ- Hcp ImÂ\SPmY]pd-s¸-«p. Cu PmY-bpsS hf--n-bÀ Iym]vä-\m-bn-cp¶p F.-sI.-Pn. hgn-I-fn-seÃmw Bth-tim-Öz-e-amb kzoI-c-W-amWv e`n-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. \hw-_À H¶n\v kXym-{Klw Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. F¶mÂ P\a\:km£nsbAwKo-I-cn-¡m³ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀ Xncp-ap-¼ns\ AdÌv sNbvXp. Kpcp-hm-bqÀkXym-{Klw Hcp AJn-teým {]iv\-ambn hfÀ¶p. F¶mÂ t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-bmb kmaq-XncncmPm-hn\v Hcp amähpw D-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. kXym-{K-l-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn Hcp sFIy-ap-¶Wn D-m-¡m-\m-bn-cp¶p k\m-X-\-ln-µp-¡-fpsS {iaw.

1932 P\p-hcn \memw Xn¿Xn cm{Xn F.-sI.-Pnbpw Iq«cpw AdÌv sN¿-s¸-«p. Bdp amks¯ITn-\-X-S-hn\v in£n¨v I®qÀ sk³-{SÂ Pbn-en-e-b-¨p. CXv Xsâ c-m-as¯ PbnÂhmk-am-bn-«mWv F.-sI.-Pn HmÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]e Imc-W-§-fmepw F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS cmjv{So-b-Po-hn-X-¯nse Hcp{][m\ A[ym-b-am-bn-cp¶p PbnÂ Pohn-Xw. Cu {]mh-iyw At±-l-¯n-t\msSm¸w Pbn-en-ep--m-bn-cp-¶Xv P\-Iob {]iv\-§-fnÂ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-«n-cp¶, P\-§Ä¡mbn kz´w Poh³ t]mepwXyPn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-cp¶ hn¹-h-Im-cn-Ifmbncp¶p. Pbn-enÂ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ XS-hp-Im-tcmSv hfsc{Iqc-am-bn-«mWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ITn-\-ambn tPmen-sb-Sp¸n¡pIbpw arKo-b-ambn aÀ±n-¡p-IbpwsNbvXn-cp-¶p.

Pbn-enÂ sh¨mWv F.-sI.Pn hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-hp-ambn ASp-¡p-¶-Xv. ]nÂ¡mew tIc-f-̄ nseIayq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {][m\ t\Xm-sh¶ \ne-bnÂ DbÀ¶p hcm³ CS-bmb kml-NcywCu PbnÂ Pohn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Pbn-enÂ sh¨mWv F.-sI.-Pn. IrjvW-]n-Åsb ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.A¶p Xs¶ Hcp-d¨ cmjv{Sob-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p IrjvW-]n-Å. F´v ]oU-\-§fpw kln-¡m-\pÅa\-Êp-d¸pw A\oXn FhnsS I-mepw tNmZyw sN¿m-\pÅ [oc-Xbpw AZ vtZ-l-¯n\p-mbn-cp-¶p F¶v F.-sI.-Pn. HmÀ½n--¡p-¶p. cmjv{So-b-ambn Xs¶ hfÀ¯n-b-XnÂ Hcp {][m\ Øm\wIrjvW-]n-Å-bv¡p-s--¶v- F.-sI.-Pn. ]d-bp-¶p. Pbn-enÂ sh¨v Ah-cn-hcpw {Iqc-amb aÀ±-\-§Ä¡vhnt[-b-cm-bn-«p- - v. Hcp XhW aÀ±-\-¯nÂ acn-¨p-t]m-sb-¶p-hsc hmÀ¯-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p.

Cu ]oU-\-§-sf-sbÃmw AXn-Po-hn-¡m-\pÅ Icp-¯m-bn-¯oÀ¶Xv temI-¯nsâ amä-s¯-



¡p-dn-¨pÅ henb {]Xo-£-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. IS-eqÀ Pbn-enÂ `£Ww t]mep-an-ÃmsX Ignª Znh-k-§-fnepw At±lw Nnń-¨Xv Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{K-l-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-cp-¶p. XShvIgnªv ]pd¯v h¶ A¶p Xs¶ kXym-{K-¯nsâ ka-c-¸-´-enÂ F¯n {]hÀ¯\w Xp-S-cp-I-bm-bn-cp¶pF¶vF.sI.PnHmÀ½n-¡p-¶p.

B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ þ tdmkn tXmakv

aebmf \mS-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-̄ nse \nXy-hn-kva-b-amb kn.-sP.-tXm-a-kn-s\-¡p-dn v̈ kl-[À½n-Wn-bmb tdmkn tXmakv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv "Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.s-P'. AXnÂ \ns¶-Sp¯v tNÀ¯ `mK-amWv B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶. ss__nÄ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ kn.-sP.-F-gp-Xnb \mS-I-¯nsâ t]cv IqSnbmWv CXv. hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb H¶-nt\mSpw s]mcp-¯-s¸-SmsX, A\o-Xn-I--tfmSv\nc-ćw Ie-ln-¨p-sIm--n -cp¶ [n¡m-cn-bmb Hcp Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP. \mS-I-Ir¯v,kzX-{´-Nn-´-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnseÃmw At±lw ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-«p--v.

am\p-jn-I-_-Ô-§-sfbpw aqey-§-sf-bp-saÃmw ]W-¯nsâ I®n-eqsS am{Xw ImWp¶I¨-hS kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ temI¯v, AXnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn Nnń¨ hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p,kn.-sP. F¶v tdmkn tXma-kv A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p. Aªqdv hÀj-§Ä Pohn-¨n-cp-¶mepw {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP-bpsS a\Êv \nd-sb. AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-¯nÂ \n¶v At±lw AI-¶p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xnhv ssien-I-sfbpw k{¼-Zm-b-§-sfbpw Xncp-¯n-sb-gp-Xp¶ \mS-I-§Ä cNn-¡-Ww, tIcf¯n\v Hcp Øncw \mS-I-thZn D-m-h-Ww,cmjv{So-b-þ-kmw-kv¡m-cnI cwK-§Ä ip²o-I-cn-¡-Ww, Xsâ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶hnim-e-amb Hcp kulr-Z-temIw D-m-¡Ww F¶n-§s\ Ipsd kz]v\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sPbv¡vD-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ønc-h-cp-am-\-apÅ Hcp tPmen CÃm-¯-Xn-\mÂ \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ Hcp]mSv {]bm-k-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶p. kz]v\-§-sf-bpw, bmYmÀ°y-§-sfbpw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-hmsX sRcp-§n-¡-gn-tb- Ah-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p B IpSpw-_-¯n-\p- -m -bn-cp-¶-Xv. ]W-ap- -m -¡m³ kn.sP \S¯nb{ia-§Ä h³]-cm-P-b-§-fmbn. km¼-¯nI kn.sP \S¯nb {ia-§Ä h³]-cm-P-b-§-fmbn.km¼-¯nI temI-¯nse Ifn-IÄ Adn-bm-¯Xp sIm-pam{Xw At±lw ]än-¡-s¸-«n -«p - - v .tIm«-b¯v \n¶pw Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-t¯¡v IpSpw_w amdn-¯m-a-kn¨ Ime-¯pÅ A\p-`-h-§-fmWv]mT-`m-K¯v A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]tXy-In¨v Hcp Imc-Whpw D-m-bn-«Ã Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v hoSvhmS-Ibv¡v FSp¯v Xma-kn-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨-Xv. Ip¶nsâ apI-fnÂ {]Ir-Xn-kp-µ-c-amb Hcn-S-¯m-bn-cp¶p hoSv. \mS-I-Ir¯pw Nn´-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶ kn.-sP-bpsS A¡m-es¯ \Ã kplr¯vPn.-Ip-am-c-]n-Å-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶p Xs¶, {]kn-²-\mb Ihn-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. hf-sc-¡p-d v̈ kplr-¯p-¡Ä am{Xta kn.-sP.¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. Ah-cp-am-bpÅ ASp-¸-am-Is« hfsc Xo£-WhpwAKm-[-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

hmSI sImSp-t¡---Xn-\mÂ \nXy-s¨-ehv t]mepw \nÀÆ-ln-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ \mfp-I-fm-bn-cp¶p AXv. kn.sPbv¡v ]d-b-¯¡ hcp-am\apÅ tPmen-sbm-¶p-an-Ã. Cu {]bm-k-§-sfm¶pwAt±-l-s¯ Ae-«n-bn-cp-¶p-an-Ã. Ft¸mgpw henb kz]v\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP-b¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.]e-cp-ambpw ]¦v tNÀ¶v \Ã kn\n-a-IÄ ]nSn-¡m-\pÅ "Iem-tI-cfw' F¶ Hcp kn\nam I¼\nXpS-§m-\pÅ Btem-N-\-bm-bn-cp¶p Xe \ndsb. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]T-\-§fpw XpS-§n-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. km¼-¯nI Imcy-§-fnÂ IW-¡pw, {i²bpw ImWn-¡m-¯-Xp-sIm-p Xs¶ ]Ww Bcp-sS-sbm-s¡tbm ssII-fn-eqsS adnªp t]mbn. Cu \ncm-im-`-cn-X-amb Ime-¯mWv AZy aI³ P\n-¡p-¶-Xv. aIsâ P\-\-ti-j-amWv kn.-sP.Xsâ D]-\ymk kam-lm-c-amb "Ch-s\sâ {]nb-]p-{X³' {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. tdmkn tXma-knsâ ]nXmhpw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp¶Fw.-]n.t]mfnsâ \ncymWw C¡m-e v̄ Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-̄ n-t\ä I\¯ BLm-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÄXpS§n sh¨ Syqt«m-dn-bÂ tImtf-Pnsâ {]hÀ¯\w apt¶m«v sIm-p-t]m-Im³ kn.-sP-am-{Xta D-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.

ae-bmf¯nse B[p-\nI Ihn-X-bpsS XpS-¡-¡m-c³ F¶v hnti-jn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ A¿-¸-Wn-¡À C¡m-e¯v kn.-sP-b-psS ASp¯ kplr¯pw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ



""ss{Iw 27'' F¶ \mSIw a\-Ên-em-hp¶ HcmÄ A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-¡À am{Xta DÅq F¶v kn.-sP. BßmÀ°-ambn hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.

Ime-̄ n-\-̧ pdw Nn´n-¡p-Ipbw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP. XsâImes¯ Iem-km-ln-Xy-§-fnse ]Xn-hp-k-{¼-Zm-b-§sf Hcn-¡epw AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶a\-Êm-bn-cp-¶nÃ At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. "B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶' tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nsâ cq-]-¯n-emWvBZyw Fgp-Xn-bXv . ]n¶o-SmWv tÌPv \mS-I-am¡n amän-b-Xv. AsXmcp h³hn-P-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.

kn.-sP.-Hcp ]ip-hn-s\-t¸m-en-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F¶mWv tdmkn tXmakv B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. BSn-s\-t¸mse I--sXÃmw ISn¨v Hcn-S¯pw AS-§n-\nÂ¡m-sX-bmWv kn.-sP-bpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn. H¶vapgp-ap-¸n¨v ASp-¯-Xn-te¡v Xe \o«p¶ Hcp ]ip-hn-s\-t¸mse Bbn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F¶v AhÀ B{K-ln-̈ p-t]m-hp-¶p. kn.-sP-bpsS Imem-Xo-X-amb Nn -́sbbpw XXz-im-kv{X-§-sfbpw kvt\ln-¡p¶ hn\o-X-bmb Hcm-cm-[n-I-bpsS kzcw \ap¡o Poh-N-cn-{X-¡p-dn-¸nÂ sXfnªp tIÄ¡mw.



samUyqÄ þ2

hnNm-c-km-ln-Xn, teJ-\-k-am-lmcw

1. ae-bmfw ad-¡p-¶-hÀ þ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ.

Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c³, t\mh-en-kväv, IYm-Ir¯v F¶o \ne-I-fnseÃmw ae-bmfn hmb-\-¡mÀ¡vkp]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mb-cpsS teJ-\-am-Wv "ae-bmfw ad-¡p-¶-hÀ'. `mj A\y-am-Ip-¶-tXmsS P\-Po-hnXw Xs¶-bmWv A\ym-[o-\-am-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶-Xv F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv Cu teJ-\-¯n-\-Sn-Øm-\w. C´y-bnse asämcp `mjm-kw-Øm-\¯pw ImWm¯ coXn-bnÂ kz´w `mjsbsbAhK-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv tIc-fobÀ F¶v Fw.-Sn.-Ip-ä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. Hmtcm P\-k-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw\ne-\nÂ¸v Ah-cpsS amXr-̀ mj Bbn-cns¡ ae-bm-fn-IÄ Ah-cpsS ̀ mjsb Ifªv Ipfn¨v aämtcmBbn-¯o-cm³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv. kz´w `mj ]Tn-¡msX Xs¶ tIc-f-¯nÂ Hcp hnZymÀ°n¡vD¶-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶ sshcp²yw Fw.-Sn.-F-Sp¯p Im«p-¶p.

alm-ßm-KmÔn kÀÆ-I-em-imem hn.-kn. Bbn \nb-an-X-\mb tUm:bp.-BÀ.-A-\-´-aqÀ¯n-bmWv A¡m-Z-anI Xe-¯nÂ c-mw `mj-bmbn Xcw Xmgv¯-s¸« ae-bmf¯nsâ ØnbnÂ BZy-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. At±lw ae-bmfn t]mep-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. PohnX ]cn-k-c¯v H¶m-a-X-mb `mjF§ns\ ]T-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ c-m-a-Xmbn F¶v C¶pw ae-bm-fn-Isf Atem-k-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw ]Tn-t¡- H¶mw `mj-bmbn Cw¥ojv amdn. Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-SÃ AXn\p ap¶nÂ\mw {]ISn-¸n-¡p¶ A[-a-t_m-[-amWv tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-tS--Xv F¶v teJ-I³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.hfsc¡mew {_n«ojv B[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ Ign-ªXnsâ Zqjy-^-e-§Ä aäm-tc-¡mÄ _m[n-¨Xv tIc-fo-b-sc-bm-sW¶v Fw.-Sn. \oco-£n-¡p-¶p. Cw¥ojv A[n-\n-thi¯n\v ap¼nÂ ae-bm-fn-IÄ ap«p-a-S-¡n-b-Xnsâ kqN-\-bmWv Cw¥o-jn-t\mSv \mw ImWn-¡p¶ Aan-Xm-Z-chv F¶v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp-¶p.

ae-bm-fn-IÄ Xs¶ ̀ cWw Gsä-Sp-¯-Xn\v tij-amWv ae-bmf ̀ mjbv¡v Gsd ZpÀ¤Xn D-m-b-sX¶v Fw.Sn Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. C´y-bnse asämcp kwkvYm\¯pw Cusbm-c-h-Ø-bn-Ã. tIc-fo-b-sc-¡mÄ ap¼v Cw¥--nÂ t]mbn Cw¥ojv ]Tn¨ _wKm-fn-IÄ¡v t]mepw kz´w `mj-tbmSv BZ-chp-mbn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ ae-bm-f-a-dn-bnÃ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-XmWv Ìmäkv knw_-embn aebmfnIÄIm¯p kq£n-¡p-¶-Xv.

`c-W-`m-jbpw tImS-Xn-`m-jbpw ]T-\-`m-jbpw ae-bm-f-am-b-Xp-sIm-v am{Xw Cub-h-Øbv¡v]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-I-bn-Ã. amtd--Xv ae-bm-fn-bpsS at\m-`m-h-am-Wv. Cw¥ojpw lnµnbpw Ip«n-IÄ ]Tn-¡-s«. AtXm-sSm¸w \½psS Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\-bpw, Bims\bpw hÅ-t¯m-fn-s\bpw Adn-bpI F¶XvHc-`n-am-\-ambn Icp-Xp¶ ho-£Ww hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿-- -Xp- - v. hnI-e-amb kmaq-ly-t_m-[-¯ns\Xnsc Ie-ln-¨p-sIm-v am{Xta ae-bm-fn¯w \ap¡v Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bpÅqF¶v teJ-I³ Nq-n -¡m-«p-¶p.

2. ASp-¡f Xncn¨p ]nSn-¡pI þ kmdm tPmk^v

BtKmf hÂ¡-c-W-̄ n-sâ-bpw, I -̈h-S-kw-kvIm-c-̄ n-sâbpw ]pXnb Ime v̄ ae-bm-fn-bpsS

`£-W-kw-kvIm-c-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]p\ÀhnNn´\-amWv h\nXm hntam-N-\ {]hÀ¯-I-bmbkmdm tPmk-^nsâ Cu teJ-\w. kzImcy km[y-X-I-fn-Ãm¯ Hcp temI-¯nÂ \n¶mWv \man-t¸mÄkzIm-cy-Ip-̄ -I-I-fpsS temI v̄ F¯n-t¨À¶-sX¶v teJnI hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p. Cu amä¯n\nS-bnepwkv{XoIfpsS ØnXn ]g-b-Xn-s\-¡mÄ Zb-\o-b-ambn XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. kv{Xo hntam-N\ kn²m-´-§-fnÂ Hcp {][m\ \nco-£-W-amWv Cc« Nqj-W-¯n-tâ-Xv. ap-Xemfn¯ LS-\-bnÂ kv{Xo ]pcp-j-·mÀNpj-W-¯n\v Hcp t]mse hnt[-b-cm-Wv. F¶mÂ Hcp kv{Xobm-bXv sIm-v am{Xw ]pcp-j-\nÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn hoSn-\-I¯v ho«½ F¶ \ne-bnÂ AhÄ c-m-a-sXmcp Nqj-W-¯n\p IqsShn-t[-b-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p--v. `£Ww ]mIw sN¿p-I, Ip«n-Isf ]cn-N-cn¡pI F¶nh Hc-[zm-\-am-bn-t¸mepw ]pcpjm-[n-]-Xy-tem-I¯v ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sm-dnÃ F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.



ASp-¡-f-bnÂ kv{XoIÄ ]pcp-j-\nÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn thX\w ]äm¯ ASn-a¯wA\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶p F¶ Xncn-̈ -dn-hnÂ \n¶mWv "ASp-¡f _ln-jvI-cn-¡pI' F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw DbÀ¶ph¶-Xv. {]mNo\ tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ Xs¶ ASp-¡f F¶ k¦ev]w D-m-bn-cp-¶p. tKm{X¯nseapgp-h³ AwK-§fpw h«-an-«n-cp-¶v In«nb `£Ww hoXw sh¨v Ign-¨ HcnSambncp¶p CXv. AhnsSkv{Xoþ-]p-cpj hnth-N\w D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v FwKÂknsâ ]T-\-§Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.]nÂ¡mew Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-«n-a-dn-bn-eqsSbmWv kv{XoIÄ s]mXp-th-Zn-bnÂ \n¶v ASp-¡-f-bn-te¡vHXp-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶Xv F¶v FwKÂkv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-tem-I v̄ s]®n-sâ CSw ASp-¡f am{X-am-bn. ]qap-J-t¯¡v kv{XobpsS {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«p. `£Ww ]mIw sN¿Â kv{XobpsS am{Xw Npa-X-e-bm-bn. Cu ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb Ah-Ø-bnÂ \n¶v c£-t\-Sm³ th-n-bmWv kv{Xo hmZn-IÄ ASp-¡f _ln-jvI-cn-¡m³Blzm\w sNbvX-Xv. apX-em-fn¯w Cu ap{Zm-hm-Iys¯bpw apX-se-Sp-¯p. kv{Xosb klm-bn-¡pIF¶ hymtP\ eLp-b-{´-§fpw sX¿mÀ sNbvX `£-W-§fpw sIm-v ASp-¡f \nd-bv¡p-¶p._lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-¯I I¼\n DÂ¸-¶-§Ä ASp-¡f It¿-dm³ XpS-§n. ^mÌv^p-Up-I-fpw,Sn³^p-Up-I-fpw, AXnsâ cpNn-¡pw, aW-¯n\pw ZoÀLm-bp-kvkn\pw th-n tNÀ¡p¶ cmk-h-kvXp-¡fpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-§Ä D-m-¡m³ XpS-§n. AtXmsS Cu ̀ £-W-kw-kvImcwXncp-¯-s¸-tS---Xm-sW¶v A`n-{]mbw DbÀ¶p hcm³ XpS-§n. Cu kml-N-cy-¯nÂ km{am-Py¯z¯n-s\-Xn-cmb kacw ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶m-cw-`n-¡-W-sa¶v teJnI ]d-bp-¶p. ASp-¡f_lnjvIcn-¡-eÃ Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡-emWv Bhiyw F¶v AhÀhyàam¡p¶p.\½Ä F´pIgn¡Ww F¶pXocp-am-\n-¡p¶ I¼-\n-IÄs¡-Xn-cm-bn, \½psS ]cn-k-c-¯p--m-Ip¶, cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw tNcm¯ ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw ]Icw sh¨p-sIm--pÅ Hcp ]pXnb `£WkwkvImcwhfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-̄ mÂ am{Xta C¶pÅ {]iv\-§Ä¡v ]cn-lmcw D-m-hp-I-bpÅq F¶v kmdm tPmk^vhni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.

3. tIc-fo-b-Xbpw þ kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw þ Pn.-]n.-cm-a-N-{µ³

\½psS Ime-L-«-¯n-se, Gähpw A[nIw P\-§sf BIÀjn-¡p¶ am[yaw F¶ \ne-bnÂ

-km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ kn\na \S-¯p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv Cu teJ-\-¯nsâ hnj-bw. Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ aqey-hn-Nmc NÀ¨ \S-¯p-¶-Xn-t\m-sSm-¸w, kn\n-a-bnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ tIc-fo-bX F´mWvF¶-Xn-s\-¡pdn hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-XmWo teJ-\w.

Hcp hyXykvX `mjm-tZ-io-bX F¶ \ne-bnÂ ae-bm-fn-bpsS kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ GXv {]I-S-h-i-§-fmWv kn\n-a-bnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶ At\z-jWw DXvI-WvT-IÄ \ndª Nne ka-Im-enI {]iv\-§-fn-te-¡m-sW-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime kn\n-a-IÄ kuµ-cy-¯n-sâbpwkmaq-ly-t_m-[-¯n-sâbpw Imcy-¯nÂ hfsc ]n¶n-em-bn-cp-¶p. BÀ«v kn\n-a-I-fmWv CXn\v amäwhcp-¯p-¶-Xv. ^nenw skmssk-än-I-fn-eqsS temI-kn-\n-a-bp-ambn _Ôw Øm]n-¨n-cp¶ Hcp \yq\-]-£-¯n-\p-th--n -bm-bn-cp¶p C¯cw kn\n-a-IÄ ]pd-¯n-d-§n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. hntZi kn\n-a-bpsSIrXy-Xbpw kq£va-Xbpw Iem-`w-Knbpw AhÀ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. A§ns\ ImgvN-bpsS Hcp ]pXnbkwkvImcw ChnsS cq]-s¸-«p.

90IÄ¡v tijw BÀ«v kn\n-a-bpsS ta·-IÄ A\p-I-cn¨v hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a-IÄ h¶-tXmsSkam-´c kn\n-a-I-fpsS Imew Ah-km-\n-¨p. tIc-fob {]Ir-Xnsb Imev]-\n-I-amb kuµ-cy-h-kvXp-hmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]h-W-X-bmWv kn\na {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. kÀÆ Xn·-I-fp-sSbpw tI{µ-amWv{Kmaw F¶ ImgvN-¸m-SmWv an¡ kn\n-a-I-fp-sSbpw tI{µ-hn-j-bw. C¯cw kn\n-a-I-fnÂ Hcp ]gbXd-hmSpw a¡sf Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ A½bpw, hb-epw, Ipf-¡-S-hpw, ]ip-¡-fp-saÃmw \·-bp-sSbpw]cn-ip-²n-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-ambn amdp-¶p.

tIc-fo-bX F¶mÂ ]gb ^yqUÂ tIc-f-am-sW¶ sXän-²m-c-Wbpw kn\n-a-IÄ D-m-¡p-¶p--v. C¶-s¯ {]iv\§Äs¡Ãmw ImcWw ]gb tIc-fob PohnXw CÃm--XmbXmWv F¶v C¯cwkn\n-a-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. CÃ-§-fpw, \mep-sI-«p-I-fpw, A¼-e-a-Wn-I-fpw, imkv{Xo-b-kw-KoXIt¨-cn-I-fpw, hnf-¡p-Ifpw \ndªp \nÂ¡p¶ khÀW taÂt¡m-bva-\n-e-\nÂ¡p¶ tIc-f-am-Wn-hnsS {]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-Xv. tIc-fob hmkvXp-in-ev]-im-e-Ifpw kn\n-a-bnÂ CtX ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ Xs¶-



bmWv Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw teJ-I³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. ̀ mj, thjw, BNmcw, ̀ £-Ww, kwKoXwF¶n-h-sbÃmw Hcp ]pXnb- -k-hÀW sslµh \thm-°m-\-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-\-am-bn-«mWv kn\n-a-bnÂD]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶pw Nq-n¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.

\mb-I-k-¦ev]w kv{Xosb c-mw Xc-¡m-cn-bmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw kv{Xohn-tam-N-\m-i-b-§sf ]cn-l-kn v̈ XÅp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. IpSpw-_s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ apX-em-fn-̄ -aq-ey-§-fpsS {]N-cWw am{X-amWv kn\n-a-IÄ km[n-¡p--¶-Xv.

CXn-s\m-c-]-hmZw F¶ \ne-bnÂ Nne kn\n-a-Ifpw ae-bm-f-¯n-ep--m-bn-«p- - v. {]Xn-I-c-W-ti-jn-bpÅ C¯cw kn\n-a-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta tIc-fob kn\n-abv¡v \ne-\n-ev]p--m-hp-I-bpÅq F¶vteJ-I³ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.

4. Ie-bnse kztZ-in-{]-Øm-\hpw ]p\-cp-²m-c-Whpw

þ hnP-b-Ip-amÀ tat\m³

`mc-Xob inev], Nn{X-I-e-I-fnÂ \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bp-m-bn-«pÅ ssieo-hy-Xn-bm-\-§-fpw,ho£-W-ssh-hn-[y-§-fpw, Bibt`Z-§fpw kmaq-ly-N-cn{X kmwkvIm-cnI ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw hnebncp¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ k¼qÀ®-I-e-m]-T\ IrXn-bmWv {]ikvX Iem-\n-cq-]-I-\-mb hnP-b-Ip-amÀ tat\msâ "`mc-Xob Ie Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nÂ'. CXnÂ \ns¶-Sp¯p tNÀ¯n-«p-Å-XmWv Ie-bnse kztZin {]Øm-\hpw ]p\-cp-²m-c-Whpw F¶ teJ-\w.

20mw \qäm- -n -emWv `mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e-bnÂ sshhn-[y-§fpw Bi-b-hy-Xn-bm-\-§fpw{]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-Xv. AXp-h-scbpw Cý³ Nn{X-I-e-bpsS Ah-km-\-hm¡v cmPm-c-hn-hÀa-bm-bn-cp-¶p.chn-hÀ½-bpsS ac-W-t¯msS At±-l-¯nsâ Nn{X-§Ä¡pw {]kàn \jvS-s¸-«p. Ir{Xn-ahpw`mc-Xo-bm-ßmhv \jvS-s¸-«Xpw F¶v Ah hnaÀin-¡-s¸-«p. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Cýsb ]mÝm-Xy-h-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ `mK-ambn `mj, thjw, BNm-cw, Ie-IÄ F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw Ah-cpsS B[n-]XywDd-¸n-¡p-I-bp--m-bn. CXv Xncn-¨-dnª Ipd¨v t]sc-¦nepw `mc-Xo-b-I-e-I-fpsS {]m[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v{]N-cWw \S-¯p-¶p- - v . SmtKmÀ IpSpw-_-¯nsâ henb kw`m-h-\-IÄ- C-¡mcy¯nep- -m -bn-«p- - v .cho-{µ-\mY SmtKmdpw, ZzntP-{µ-\mY SmtKm-dpw, "icn-bmb kztZin Ie'bv¡v th-n BßmÀ°-amb]cn-{i-a-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p- - v .

_wKmÄ hn`-P-\-t¯msS kztZin Nn´ ià-am-bn. "Iebn-eqsS kmwkvIm-cnI tZio-bX'F¶ k¦ev]w C¡m-e-¯m-Wp--m-Ip-¶-Xv. GXv Iebv¡pw cmjv{Sobaps-¶pw Xncn-¨-dn-b-s¸-«p.{_n«ojvcmPn\pw kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw ]Icw Cý³ tZio-b-Xbpw kwkvIm-chpw Ie-Ifpw F¶Bibw {]_-e-am-bn. CXv kmh-[m\w lnµp-tZ-io-b-hm-Z-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.tZio-bX {]Xn-tem-a-]-c-am-bn-¯o-cp¶ L«-am-bn-cp¶p CXv.

{_n«ojv Iem-Nn-´-I-\mb C.-_n.-lm-thÂ {_n«ojv kwkvImcw Cý³ Ie-I-fn-ep--m-¡nbamä-§sf hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p--v. hyh-km-b-hÂ¡-c-W-t¯mSv _Ô-s¸« Ie-Isf"ùXn-I-Ie' F¶m-W-t±lw hnfn¡p¶Xv. `mc-Xo-b-Ie B[ym-ßn-I-am-Wv. AXn\v hyh-km-b-t¯mSv_Ô-an-Ã. ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-te¡v aS§n `mc-Xob Iesb Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ Iem-Im-c-·msc At±lwHmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. `mc-Xob Nn´-bnÂ XmÂ]-cy-ap--m-bn-cp¶ knÌÀ \nth-ZnX Zriy-`mj Cý³{]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ `mK-am-I-W-sa¶v hmZn-¨p.

`mc-Xob Ie-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-²m-cWw "_wKmÄ kvIqÄ' {]Øm-\-hp-am-bmWv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv._wKm-fnÂ "IÂ¡¯ kvIqÄ Hm^v BÀSvkv' Bbn-cp¶p CXnsâ tI{µw. ]mÝm-Xy-I-e-I-fp-am-bpÅ _Ôw hn«v ̀ mc-Xob Iem-]m-c-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åm³ -lm-thens\t]m-ep-Å-hÀ Iem-Im-c-·msct{]cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡n-S-bnepw kztZ-in-I-em-{]-Øm\w bmYmÀ°y-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ̀ mc-Xo-b-Xbpw sshtZ-in -I-Xbpw H¶n¨p t]mhnÃ F¶v B\µ-Ip-am-cn -kzm-an -sb-t¸m-epÅIem-Nn-´-IÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p--v. ]mÝm-Xy-Nn-{X-Ie _mly-am-sW-¦nÂ ̀ mc-Xo-b-Ie {]Xo-Im-ß-IhpwB´-cn-I-hp-am-Wv. At\Iw ssII-fpÅ ssZh-k-¦Â]-§Ä Cu {]Xo-Im-ß-IX ASn-Øm-\-am¡ncq]-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. {]Xy-£-amb ]mÝm-Xy-ho-£-W-s¯-¡mÄ ]tcm-£hpw B´-cn-I-hp-amb `mc-Xob\nco£W-¯n-\mWv `mc-Xo-b-I-em-Im-c-·mÀ {i² sNep-t¯---Xv F¶ ImgvN-¸mSv CtXmsS kzoIm-cy-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.



samUyqÄ þ3

Fþ hmWn-Py-¡-̄ p-IÄ

hnhn-[-Xcw Fgp-̄ p-IÄ : hyh-kmb temIw hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Bh-iy-§fpw hyXy-

kvX-§-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Bh-iy-§Ä Fgp-¯n-eqsS \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ hnhn[ XcwFgp-¯p-I-fp-ap-- v. C¡m-e¯v Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\mbn [mcmfw kwhn-[m-\-§Ä Ds--¦nÂ t]mepwI¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡pÅ {]m[m\yw H«pw- Ip-d-ªn-«n-Ã.

HutZym-KnI cwK¯v hyàn-I-sf-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw Øm]-\-§Ä¡m-Wv. Hu]-Nm-cnI I¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡v- A-Xn-tâ-Xmb kmt¦-Xn-I-Xzhpw \nb-am-h-en-Ifpw D-v. HutZym-KnI Øm\¯v Bfp-I-Ä amdn hcp-t¼mgpw Øm]-\-¯n\v `mj Ht¶-bpÅp F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.

Fgp-¯p-I-sfÃmw Htc Xc-¯n-ep-Å-h-b-Ã. Hmtcm Bh-iy-¯n\pw Hmtcm-tcm Xcw Fgp-¯p-Ifpw hyXy-kvX-amb `mj-Ifpw, A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-I-fp-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

hmWn-Pym-h-iy-¯n-\pÅ Fgp-¯p-Isf C{]-Imcw Xncn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

1. tPmen-¡p-th--n-bpÅ At]-£-IÄ, ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-IÄ

2. A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯p-IÄ

3. kÀ¡p-eÀ I¯p-IÄ

4. XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ

5. \nth-Z-\w, I¼nktµ-i-§Ä

6. At\z-j-W-§Ä

7. Hm^-dp-IÄ, Izt«-j-\p-IÄ

8. kzoI-c-W-§Ä, HmÀU-dp-IÄ

9. HmÀUÀ, kzoI-cWw þ Ch d±m-¡Â

10. km[-\-§Â hm§epw hnÂ¡epw

11. Ah-Im-i-§Ä, ]cm-Xn-IÄ

12. ]Ww ]ncn-s¨-Sp-¡Â

13. _m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ

14. C³jq-d³kv

15. sdbnÂ hgn km[-\-§Ä Ab-¡p-¶-Xn\v

16. Ib-äp-a-Xn, Cd-¡p-aXn

17. GP³kn Bh-iymÀ°w

18. Kh¬saâp-am-bpÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ

19. I¼\n sk{I-«-dn-bpsS Fgp-¯p-IÄ

20. ]{Xm-[n-]À¡pÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ

tPmen¡pth--n -bpÅ At]-£-IÄ:

Hcp hym]m-c-im-e-bnÂ Hgnhp hcn-Ibpw Hcp- ]pXnb \nb-a\w thW-sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmÂ ]{X-¯nÂ ]ckyw sN¿p-I-bmWv th--Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn hym]m-c-im-e-bpsSt]cv ]c-ky-¯nÂ D-m-hm-dn -Ã.



DZm:

{]kn-²-amb Hcp hym]m-c-im-e-bn-te¡v ¢À¡nsâ Bh-iyap-v. hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-bpw,{]Xo-£n-¡p¶ i¼-fhpw ImWn¨v 20.12.2012\Iw At]-£n-¡p-I.

amXr-̀ qan

]n.-_n.-\-¼À :543

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

At]-£-I³ kzm[o\w sNep-¯m-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS t]cv shbv-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xv.

Cu Hgn-hn-te¡v Hcp DtZym-KmÀ°n At]-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ Nne Imcy-§Ä {i²n-t¡-- -Xp- - v.]{X-]-c-kys¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n At]-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]{X-¯nsâ t]cpw ]c-ky-Xn-¿-XnbpwFgp-X-Ww. At]-£-I\v tPmen-tbm-SpÅ XmÂ]cyw hyà-am-¡-Ww. GXv t]mÌn-te-¡mWv At]£F¶v {]tXyIw Fgp-X-Ww. tbmKy-Xbpw {]hr¯n ]cn-N-bhpw hyà-am-¡-Ww. A\m-h-iy-ambnkzbw ]pI-gv¯p-I-tbm, AanX hn\bw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-Itbm Acp-Xv. ]Tn¨ tImgvkp-IÄ, Øm]\wF¶nh hyà-am-¡-Ww. ]cn-Nbw hyà-am-¡p-t¼mÄ Øm]-\-¯nsâ t]cpw, F´p-sIm-v AhnSwhn«p-t]m-cp¶p F¶pw Fgp-X-Ww. hb-kv, A[n-I-tbm-KyX F¶nh ImWn-¡-Ww. Bh-iy-sa-¦nÂ{]Xo-£n-¡p¶ Ipdª i¼fw Fgp-X-Ww. Fgp¯v JWvUn-I-I-fmbn Fgp-X-Ww. Hmtcm JWvUn-I-bnepw Hmtcm Bi-bta D-m-hm³ ]mSp-Åq. sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ Xsâ Ign-hnsâ]c-am-h[n Øm]-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-sa¶v hmKvZm\w sN¿-Ww. A`n-kw-t_m[\ kÀ Ft¶m{]nb-s¸« kÀ Ft¶m BImw. hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS, BZc-]qÀÆw F¶n-§s\ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡mw.

A`n{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯p-IÄ:

Hcp tPmen-¡pÅ At]-£-bnÂ At]-£-I-s\-¸än tNmZn-¡p¶Xn\v GsX-¦nepw hyàn-bp-sStbm Øm]-\-¯n-sâtbm t]cv \nÀt±-in-¨n-«p-s--¦nÂ Øm]\ DS-abv¡v Ah-tcmSv FgpXn tNmZn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. DtZym-KmÀ°n-sb-¡p-dn¨v F´m-W-`n-{]m-b-sa¶v sXmgn-ep-Sa \nÀt±-in-¡-s¸« hyàn-tbmSv FgpXn tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯cw Fgp-¯p-I-fnÂ Xmsg ]d-bp¶ hnh--c -§Ä D-m -bn -cn -¡-Ww.

Fgp¯v Fgp-Xm-\pÅ kml-Ncyw

B{K-ln-¡p¶ hnh-c-§Ä

hnh-c-§Ä cl-ky-ambn kq£n-¡m-sa¶ Dd¸v

C¯-c-samcp Ah-kcw D-m-bmÂ C§-s\-bpÅ Imcy-§Ä Xncn¨p sN¿m-sa¶ k¶-²-X.

CXv asämcmÄ \ap¡v sNbvXp Xtc- klmbw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ Fgp-¯m-Wv. AXp-sIm-vkz´w taÂhn-em-k-sa-gp-Xnb Ìms¼m-«n¨ Hcp IhÀ DÅ-S¡w sNt¿---Xm-Wv. adp-]-Sn-IÄ hyàhpwkXy-k-Ô-hp-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. t{Zml-_p-²n-tbm-sS-bpÅ kao-]\w Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-XmWv \Ã-Xv.hyà-amb adp-]Sn \ÂIm³ Ign-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ Adn-bp¶ asäm-cm-fpsS hnemkw \ÂIp-¶Xpw C¯cwFgp-¯p-I-fnÂ km[m-c-W-am-Wv.



A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯nsâ amXrI

Øew:

Xn¿Xn:

C³t^m-knkv; Fd-Wm-Ipfw

kÀ,

R§-fpsS I¼-\n-bnÂ knÌw A\-en-Ìmbn At]-£n¨ taml³Zmkv F¶ Bfnsâkz`m-h-§tfbpw Ign-hn-s\bpw Ipdn¨v Xm¦-tfmSv At\z-jn-¡m³ th-n Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- - v. AbmÄF´p-sIm--mWv BZys¯ tPmen Dt]-£n-¡m³ CS-bm-b-sX-¶pw, Abm-sf-¡p-dn¨v Xm¦Ä¡-dn-bm-hp¶ aäv Imcy-§fpw Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xv D]-Im-c-am-bn-cn¡pw. C¯cw Hcm-hiyw Xm¦Ä¡pw D-m-hp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ GXv klmbhpw {]Xo-£n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

\ÂInb hnh-c-§Ä cl-ky-ambn kq£n-¡p-sa¶v Dd¸v \ÂIp-¶p.

hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS,

amtÌgvkv Iayq-Wn-t¡-j³kv

tImgn-t¡m-Sv.

ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-IÄ

tPmen e`n-¡m³ Hc-t]-£-Is\ klm-bn-¡p-Itbm, I¨-h-Sm-hiyw hmbv]-tbm, aäv klm-b-§tfm Xc-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Itbm BWv ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-I-fpsS {][m-\-e-£yw.

GsX-¦nepw Hcp sXmgnÂim-e-bnÂ At]-£-I\v tPmen e`n-¡m³ AbmÄ ap¼v tPmensNbvX Øm]-\-¯nsâ tae-[n-Im-cn-bnÂ \n¶v e`n-¡p¶ kz`mh kÀ«n-^n-¡-ämWv tPmen-¡m-bpÅip]mÀi-¡-¯p-I-fnÂ {][m-\w. CXnÂ {]tXy-In-¨m-scbpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿m-dn-Ã. At]-£-I\v Bh-iy-apÅnS-s¯Ãmw CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

amXrI:

Fd-Wm-Ipfw

10.12.2011

{io. ctajv _m_p Ignª 3 hÀj-ambn R§fpsS Øm]-\-¯nÂ tPmen sN¿p-I-bm-Wv.Cu Imew apgp-h³ AbmfpsS tkh\w Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. tae-[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡pw kl-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ¡pw kÀÆ-k-½-X-\mb Abm-fpsS Imcy-£-a-X-bpw, kz`m-h-ip-²nbpw AwKo-I-cn-t¡---Xm-Wv.

amt\-PÀ (H-¸v)

^mÂ¡¬ Atkm-kn-tbävkv

Fd-Wm-Ipfw

I -̈h-Sm-h-iymÀ°w hmbv]tbm aäv klm-b-§tem Bh-iy-s -̧«mWv ip]mÀi-¡-̄ p-I-sf-¦nÂAXnÂ Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ hnh-c-§Ä FÃmw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

1. ip]mÀi sN¿p¶ Bfnsâ apgp-h³ t]cv

2. ip]mÀi sN¿p¶Xv F´n\v th-n-bmWv

3. F´p klm-b-amWv {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶Xv

4. At]-£-Isâ km¼-¯nI ØnXn, kz`mhw F¶n-h-sb-¸än

5. sNbvXp sImSp-¡p¶ klm-b-¯n-\v ap³Iq-«n-bpÅ \µn.



C¯cw Fgp-¯p-IÄ hyà-hpw kXy-k-Ôhpw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. kq£va-X-tbm-sSbpwD¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-t¯m-sSbpw BWv Fgp¯v X¿m-dm-t¡-- -Xv. Fgp-¯nÂ ]dª amXn-cn-sbÃmwAt]-£-I³ s]cp-am-dp-¶p- v F¶v Dd¸v hcp-t¯-- -Xp-am-Wv.

kÀ¡p-eÀ Fgp-̄ p-IÄ (s]mXp Adn-bn-̧ p-I-Ä)

Hcp ]pXnb hym]mc Øm]-\-¯nsâ Øm]-\w, ssIam-äw, Poh-\-¡m-cpsS amäw, taÂhn-em-k¯nsâ amäw hym]m-c-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-\-I-¯p--m-Ip¶ amäw F¶nh hym]m-c-im-e-bp-ambn_Ô-ap-Å-h-scbpw, ]äp-Im-scbpw s]mXp-P-\-§-sfbpw Adn-bn-t¡-- -Xp- - v . c- v amÀ¤-§-fmWvCXn-\mbn kzoI-cn-¡m-dp-Å-Xv; ]{X-§-fnÂ ]c-ky-ambpw, t\cn-«pÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ hgn-bpw.s]mXp Adn-bn-¸p-IÄ hmb-\-¡m-cpsS hnizmkw BÀÖn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ hn[-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡WwX¿m-dm-t¡---Xv. cq]-¯nepw DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw BIÀj-I-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

amXrI:

Hcp XpWn hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv kw_-Ôn-¨v.

Ieym¬ knÂIvkv

XriqÀ

10 amÀ¨v 2011

am\y-sc,

Ieym¬ knÂIvknsâ Hcp ]pXnb imJ Xriq-cnÂ {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-̀ n-¡p¶ hnhcw kt´m-j-]qÀÆw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.

]«v hkv{X-§-fpsS tiJ-c-W-¯nepw hn]-W-\-¯nepw cmPym-´-c-{]-ikvXn ssIh-cn¨R§-fpsS ]pXnb tjmdq-anepw Xm¦-fpsS Bh-iy-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v ske-£³kv R§Ä Hcp-¡n-bn-«p-- v. Ipdª hne-bnepw IqSp-XÂ KpW-ta-·-bpw R§Ä Dd¸p hcp-¯p-¶p.

hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS

P\-dÂ amt\-PÀ

Ieym¬ knÂIvkv

BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ

s]mXp-A-dn-bn-¸p-I-tfmSv _Ô-ap-Å-h-bmWv BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ. s]mXpAdn-bn-¸p-IÄBfp-IÄ¡v hym]m-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Adnhv \ÂIp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ Cu Adn-hns\ HmÀU-dp-I-fm¡namäp-I-bmWv BhÀ -̄\-¡-̄ p-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv. s]mXp-A-dn-bn¸v F{X t]À I-n-cn-¡m-sa¶pw AXnsât]cnÂ am{Xw F{X t]À Xsâ hym]m-c-ime kµÀin-¨n-«p-v F¶pw kq£va-Zr-jvSn-bmb Hcp hym]m-cn¡v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. s]mXp Adn-bn-¸n\v tijw Xsâ I¨-h-S-¯nÂ D-mb hÀ²-\hvF{X-t¯mfw AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v F{X HmÀU-dp-I-Ä h¶p F¶nh IrXy-ambn tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ cPn-ÌÀ kq£n-̈ n-cn-¡-Ww. CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ nÂ C\nbpw Xmev]cyw P\n-̈ n-«n-Ãm¯Bfp-Isf tXSn-bmWv BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ Ab-¡p-¶-Xv.

X§Ä¡v Hcp Øncw ]äp-Im-cs\ In«m-t\m, tIh-eamb Hcp kµÀ i-\-tam, At\z-j-WtamHmÀU-dm¡n amämt\m BWv C¯cw I¯pIÄ Ab-¡p-¶-Xv. C{]-Imcw ap¼-b¨ Fgp¯p-I-fpsSXpSÀ¨-bmbn hnev]-\bv¡v t{]cW sNep¯ns¡m--p-Å-Xm-bn-cn¡pw Ch. AXpsIm-v Xs¶ HmtcmD]-t`m-àm-hn-sâbpw Xmev]-cy-§Ä, A\n-jvS-§Ä F¶nh a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-v thWw C¯cwFgp-¯p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡m³. hmb-\-¡m-cs\ kv]Àin¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ, hne-bnepw Ihnª Fs´-¦nepw B\p -Iq -ey -§Ä \ÂIp -¶Xv {]kvXm -hn -¨p -sIm - - m -bn -c n¡pw Cu Fgp -¯p -IÄX¿m-dm -t¡- - -X v .



amXrI:

am\y-tc,

R§Ä CubnsS {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Ip«n-I-fpsS BtcmKyw F¶ ]pkvX-I-s¯-¸än \n§-fpsShne-tb-dnb A`n-{]mbw Bh-iy-s¸«v Fgp-¯-b-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ ka-b-¡p-dhv sIm-mImwXm¦Ä¡-Xn\v adp-]Sn H¶pw t]mÌv sNbvX-Xmbn I--Xn-Ã.

{]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xn\v tijw \m\m-`m-K-§-fnÂ \n¶pw R§Ä¡v \Ã coXn-bn-epÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv e`n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. Cubh-k-c-¯nÂ Xm¦-sft¸msem-cm-fnÂ \n¶v hne-tb-dnb \nco-£-W-§ÄCu ]pkvX-I-s¯-¡p-dn -¨p- -m -h-W-sa¶v R§Ä B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. Xm¦-fpsS hnim-e-ambkulr-Z-tem-Ihpw hmb-\m-tem-Ihpw Aev]-k-a-b-t¯¡v R§Ä¡p IqsS D]-Im-c-s¸Spw F¶v{]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p.

hniz-kvX-cmb

C³em³Uv ]»n-t¡-j³kv

sat½m - d m - w

sNdpXpw A{X {]m[m-\y-an-Ãm¯ Imcy-§Ä¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶XmWv sat½m-dm--w.Bcw-`n -¡p-t¼mgpw Ah-km-\n-¡p-t¼mgpw kwt_m-[-\-IÄ tNÀ¡m-dn -Ã. NphsS H¸pwshbv¡m-dn-Ã. X¿m-dm-¡p¶ ¢mÀ¡nsâ C\n-jyÂ sh¡m-dp-- v.

amXrI: sat½m-dm -w

Pb-`m-cXv t_¡dn Xn¿Xn:

tImgn-t¡mSv tdmUv

I®qÀ

{io.-sI.-BÀ.-t_-¡dn

amt\-PÀ¡v

Ignª c-p amk-§-fmbn Xm¦fnÂ \n¶pw ]mgvkÂ t_mIvkp-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. F{XbpwthKw F¯n¨p Xcp-hm³ XmÂ]-cy-s¸-Sp-¶p.

]n.-sI.hn

C³{Sm-aq-dÂ Fgp-̄ p-IÄ

slUv Hm^o-knÂ \n¶pw AXnsâ imJm Hm^o-kp-I-fn-te¡pw hIp-¸p-I-fn-te¡pwAb-¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-I-Ä¡mWv C³{SmaqdÂ Fgp-¯p-IÄ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Ch A\u]-Nm-cn-I-am-bmWv Fgp-Xm-dp-Å-Xv. A`n-kw-t_m-[\, D]kw-lmcw F¶nh D-m-hm-dn-Ã. ktµiw hfsc Npcp-¡n-bmWv Fgp-Xm-dp-Å-Xv.

ssk^À I¼n-IÄ:

thK¯nÂ Bi-b -hn -\ n - abw \S -¡m³ th - n -bmWv sSen - {Km -a p -IsfB{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. ktµ-i-§Ä cl-ky-am-¡m\pw Ffp-¸-¯nÂ Imcy-§Ä \S-¡m-\p-amWv hym]m-c-im-e-IÄ ssk^À I¼n-Isf B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. cl-ky-amb AÀ°-apÅ Hcp Iq«w A£-c-§tfmA¡-§tfm BWn-h. Hmtcm {Kq¸nepw A©v A¡-§tfm AsÃ-¦nÂ A£-c-§tfm am{Xta D-m-hm-dp-Åq. CXv Ab-¡p¶ Bfn\pw e`n-¡p¶ Bfn\pw am{Xta a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq.

Hm^-dp-IÄ/sIzmt«-j-\p-IÄ

Ch c-pw HcÀ°-̄ nÂ Hcp-t]m-se-bmWv s]cp-am-dp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ kq£vamw-i-̄ nÂ hyXym-k-ap - - v . ]cn -K -W-\-bv¡mbn kaÀ¸n -¡p¶ \nÀt± -i-amWv Hm^À. tÌm¡p-I-fp -sStbmNc-¡p-I-fp-sStbm hne \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-XmWv sIzmt«-j³. Hc-t\z-j-W-¯n-\pÅ adp-]-Sn-bmWvIzt«-j³ \ÂIp-¶-sX-¦nÂ, Hm^-dp-IÄ¡v ]n¶nÂ Hc-t\z-jWw thW-sa-¶n-Ã.aµ-K-Xn-bnembI¨-h-Ss¯ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mWv km[m-c-W-bmbn Hm^-dp-IÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.



_m¦nwKv Fgp-̄ p-IÄ

B[p-\nI temI¯v hyh-km-birwJ-e-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\pw ]ptcm-K-Xn¡pw _m¦p-IÄ¡vkp{]-[m\amb ]¦p-- v. km¼-¯nI hn\n-a-b-¯nsâ CS-\n-e-¡m-c³ F¶ \ne-bnepw aqe-[\\nt£-]-¯nepw [\-k-am-lm-c-W-¯nepw, hmbv]-IÄ \ÂIp-¶-Xnepw _m¦p-IÄ¡v hf-sc-b-[nIwsN¿m-\p- - v . Hcp _m¦n\v {][m-\-ambpw c- v [À½-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv.

1. \nt£]w kzoI-cn-¡Â

2. hmbv] \ÂIÂ

\nt£]§Ä aq¶p Xc-¯n-em-Wp-Å-Xv.

Ønc-\n -t£-]-§Ä, tkhnwKvkv F¡u- v , Id - v F¡u- v

Ønc-\n-t£-]-§Ä:

CXv \nt£]Isâ k¼m-Zy-¯n\p th-n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. Hcp \nÝnX Imew hsc ]Wwkpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn-¡m\pw CXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Imem-h[n A\p-k-cn¨mWv ]en-i-\n-c¡v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. _m¦n\v Cu \nt£]w D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ aäv \nt£-c-§-sf-¡mÄ ]eni CXn\v \ÂIm-dp- - v .

skhnwKvkv sUt¸m-knäv:

ssZ\w-Zn\ Bh-iy-§Ä¡pÅ XpI-bmWv tkhnwKvkv _m¦nÂ \nt£-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.\nt£-]-I\v _m¦v \nbaw A\p-k-cn¨v XpI ]n³h-en-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

Idâ v sUt¸m-knäv :

CXnÂ \nt£-]n-¡p¶ ]Ww F{X thW-sa-¦nepw Ft¸mÄ thW-sa-¦nepw ]n³h-en-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. km¼-̄ nI kpc-£n-X-Xz-amWv CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\w. hym]m-cn-IÄ¡v s]mXpsh CXn-emWvXmev]cyw. _m¦p-IÄ km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu \nt£-]-¯n\v ]eni \ÂIm-dn-Ã.

_m¦p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-ta-Je hnim-e-am-b-Xn-\mÂ _m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ¡pw sshhn-[y-ap--v. CS]mSp-IÄ Htc Xc-¯n-ep-Åh Bb-Xn-\mÂ A¨-Sn¨ t^md-§-fmWv A[n-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

_m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ km[m-c-W-bmbn \mev hn`m-K-§-fn-emWv hcp-¶Xv.

1. Iymjp-Ifpw sN¡p-Ifpw

2. _nÂkv Hm^v FIvtk©v

3. tÌm¡p-Ifpw Hml-cn-Ifpw

4. Idâ v A¡u- - p -IÄ

hmWn-Py-]-c-amb I¯n-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS kn²m-́ -§fpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-§fpw

Bib hn\n-ab D]m-[n-bmbn«mWv a\p-jy³ ̀ mj ̀ mj- Is-¯p¶-Xv. kw`m-j-W-`m-jbv¡vkq£va-Xbpw, Ønc-Xbpw Ipd-hmWv F¶ tXm¶-enÂ \n¶mWv Fgp-¯p-hnZy cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.Fgp-¯n-eqsSbpÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯nsâ {][m-\-D-]m-[n-I-fmWv I¯p-IÄ. I¯p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm--pÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv I¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ. Cu hn\n-abw hyàn-IÄ X½n-tem, hym]m-c-im-e-IÄ X½n-tem, tPmbnsâ tÌm¡v I¼-\n-IÄ X½ntem BImw. hym]m-c-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡pw, \ne-\n-ev]n\pw I¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡v {][m\ ]¦p--v. C¯cw Fgp-¯p-I-fnÂ ktµ-i-§Ähyàhpw Hcp kwi-b-¯n\pw CS-\ÂIm-¯Xpw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. 20mw \qäm--nsâ Bcw-`-Imew hscIs¯-gp¯v hfsc {]bmkw \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ ssS¸-vssd-äÀ AS-¡-apÅ kmt¦-XnIhnZyIÄ C¶v CXv hfsc Ffp-̧ -ap-Å-Xm-¡n-̄ oÀ¯ncn¡p-¶p. hmWn-Py-¡-̄ p-I-fpsS {]m[m\ khn-ti-jX kmln-Xy-`w-Kn-tb-¡mÄ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw e£yw sh¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ ̀ mjm-{]-tbm -K -§Ä BhÀ¯\ hnc -khpw I¯p-IÄ Hcp t]mep -ÅXpw Bbn -cn -¡pw.Is -̄gp-Xmt\m hmbn¡mt\m A[nIw kabw CÃm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ ]c-am-h[n Npcp¡n Fgp-XpI CXnsâkz`m-h-am-Wv. Imcy-§Ä hyà-ambpw kv]jvS-ambpw Fgp-X-Ww. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb `mjbpw



ssienbpw D-mbn-cn -¡-Ww.

hmWnPy¡¯p-I-fpsS LS\

Xe-s¡«v: Xe-s¡«v hyà-ambpw `wKn-bmbpw A¨-Sn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS t]cv,hnem-kw, t^m¬, Cþ-sa-bnÂ A{Ukv F¶nh D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

taÂhn-emkw:

CXv kzoIÀ¯m-hn-sâtbm hym]m-c-im-e-bp-sStbm t]cpw taÂhn-em-k-hp-amWv. GähpwapI-fnÂ CS-Xp-h-i-¯mWv CXv Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn Ih-dnsâ taÂhiw NXp-cmIrXn-bnÂapdn-s¨-Sp¯v Snjyp-t]-¸À H«n-¨mWv t]mÌv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu Pme-I-kw-hn-[m\w c-p XhWtaÂhn-emkw Fgp-Xp-¶-XnÂ \ns¶m-gn-hm-Im-\pÅ amÀ¤-am-Wv.

A`n-kw-t_m-[\:

taÂhn-em-k-¡mc\pÅ Hu]-Nm-cnI kwt_m-[-\-bm-Wn-Xv. am\ysc F¶mWv s]mXpthFgp-Xp-¶-Xv.

tI{µ-`mKw:

Chn-sS-bmWv ktµiw Fgp-tX---Xv. Ah-iy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v ktµ-ihpw amdpw. {]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn¨v JWvUn-I-I-fmbn Xncn-¡-Ww.

Hu]-Nm-cnI kam-]\w:

kzoIÀ¯m-hn-t\m-SpÅ BZ-chv ChnsS {]I-S-am-¡-Ww. Fgp v̄ Ah-km-\n-̧ n¨ tijw Xmsg-bm-WnXv Fgp-Xm-dp-Å-Xv. hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS, hn\-b-]qÀÆw F¶n-§s\ A-h-km-\n-¸n¡mw

H¸v:

Hu]-Nm-cn-I-k-am-]-\-¯n\v Xmsg-bm-hWw H¸v. H¸v sh¡p¶ Bfnsâ t]cpw Fgp-Xm-dp--v.

A\p-_-Ô-¡p-dn¸v:

Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯mfw CsXm-gn -hm-¡p-I. kzoIÀ¯m-hnsâ {]tXyI {i²-bnÂ htc-Imcy-§-fmWv C§s\ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.

khn-ti-j-X-IÄ:

hmWn-Py-cw-Ks¯ _Ô-§Ä \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hyàn-Xz-hpw, acym-ZbpwFgp¯pIÄ¡p--m-h-Ww. ^bÂ \¶mbn ]Tn¨v Hcp IcSv cq]w D-m-¡nb tijw Fgp-Xp-¶-XmWv \Ã-Xv. sshIm-cn-I- kao]\-§Ä¡v C¯cw Fgp-¯p-I-fnÂ Øm\-an-Ã. hyà-Xbpwkv]jvS-Xbpw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. ]n¶oSv sXämbn hymJym-\n-¡-s -̧Sm³ CS-bm-h-cp-Xv. ]c-am-h[n Npcp¡nFgp-Xm³ {ian-¡-Ww. Fgp-¯p-I-fnÂ acym-Zbpw HuNn-Xyhpw \nÀ_-Ô-am-bn -cn -¡-Ww.hnaÀi-\-§Ä t]mepw AXncp IS-¶m-h-cp-Xv.

]c-ky-`mj:

km[-\-§Ä, tkh-\-§Ä, Bi-b-§Ä F¶n-h-sb-¸än D]-t`m-àm-¡sf Adn-bn-¡m-\pÅD]m-[n-bmWv ]ckyw F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¡mw. I¨hS kwkvIm-c-¯n-sâk \ne-\nev]v Xs¶ ]c-ky-§fnem-Wv. apS-¡p-ap-X-ensâ ̀ qcn-̀ mKw iX-am-\hpw C¶v ]c-ky-̄ n-\m\v \o¡n sh¡p-¶-Xv. Dev]¶w]pd-¯n-d§pw ap¼v Xs¶ ]c-ky-§Ä h-cp-¶p. ap¼v \ntXym-]-tbmK km[-\-§Ä¡v ]ckyw th-F¶m-bn-cp¶p ImgvN-¸m-Sv. C¶v AXpw amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Acn, D¸v, apfIv FÃm-än\pw ]c-ky-§-fp--v.

NSp-e-hpw, BIÀj-Wo-b-hp-amb `mj-bmWv ]c-ky-¯n-\m-h-iyw. Gähpw efn-Xhpw kwKo-Xm-ß-Ihpw Bbn-cn¡pw ]c-ky-§Ä. ]c-ky-hm-¡p-I-fnÂ IpSp-§n-bmWv D]-t`m-àmhv amÀ¡-än-se-¯p-¶-Xv. C¶v ]c-ky-hm-N-I-sa-gp¯v Hcp ]T-\-im-J-bm-bn-t¸mepw amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]c-ky-̀ mj en]nhyh-Ø-bptSXv am{X-a-Ã. Iem-km-ln-Xy-§-fpsS A\-´-km-[y-X-IÄ FÃmw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv {i²mÀl-amb ]cky§Ä ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶-Xv.



Fkv.-Fw.-F-Êp-IÄ:

samss_Â t^mWp-I-fpsS {]Nm-c-t¯msS cq]-s¸« Bi-b- h-n\nabcoXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ktµ-i-§Ä Ab-¡pI F¶-Xn-\-¸pdw h³ P\-¡q-«-§-fps-S ]n´pW-t\-SpI F¶p-hsc F¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶pFkv.-Fw.-F-Êp-I-fpsS {]tbm-P\w. Fkv.-Fw.-F--Ênsâ hn]-W-\-km-[y-X-IÄ Gsd apX-se-Sp-¡p-¶XvsSen-hn-j³ Nm\-ep-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ASn-Øm\w Xs¶ Fkv.-Fw.-F-Êp-I-fm-Wv. F^v.-Fw.-td-Un-tbm-I-fpsS {][m\ hcp-am\ amÀ¤w Xs¶ satÊ-Pp-I-fm-Wv. ̀ mj-bnÂ hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb hymI-c-W, en]n k{¼-Z-bm-§-sf-sbÃmw Xncp-¯n-¡p-dn-¨mWv Fkv.-Fw-.F-Êp-IÄ {]N-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kz´-amb Hcp en]n hyhØ Xs¶ CXn-\p--v. hm¡p-IÄ¡v ]Icw NnÓ-§tfm HäA£-c-§tfm D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv CXnsâ kz`m-h-am-Wv.

DZm: you - uOkay - kGood Night - Gdn8There fore - thr4



samUyqÄ þ3 _n

ae-bm-fhpw hnhc-km-t¦-XnI hnZybpw

hni-Z-]-T\w

1. C\n hmb\ Cþ-hmb\ þ hn.-sI.-B-ZÀiv

]pXnb Ime¯v Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw kzm[o\w sNep-¯ns¡m-ncn-¡p¶hnh-c-km-t¦XnI hnZybpsS km[y-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-j-W-amWv Cu teJ\w. CeIvt{Sm-Wn-IvbpK-¯nÂ hm-b-\-bpsS temI¯p-mhp¶ amä-§sf hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWvteJ-I³.

UnPn-äÂ kmt¦-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡s¯ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvtIm¸n-bmbn kq£n¨v I¼yq-«À, samss_Â t^m¬ t]mse-bpÅ ssk_À D]-I-c-W-§-fneqsShmbn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hmb-\. km[m-cW A¨-Sn-]p-kvX-I-§Ä¡v D-m-hm-dpÅ]cn-an-Xn-Isf Cþ-hm-b-\-bnÂ Hgn-hm-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. A¨-Sn-]p-kvX-I-¯nsâ \ne-hm-chpw \nd-hpwhep-¸-hp-saÃmw Xocp-am-\n-¨ncp-¶Xv {]km-[-I-·m-cm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ C.-hm-b-\-bnÂ hmb-\-¡m-cmWv]pkvXIw kwhn-[m\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. IhÀ, A£-c-̄ nsâ, hep¸w. Nn{X-§Ä, IYm-]m-{X-̄ nsâ t]cp-IÄ F¶nh hmb-\-¡m-csâ B{K-l-a-\p-k-cn¨v amäm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C§s\ hmb-\-bpsS temI¯vh¼n¨ hyàn-kzm-X-{´y-amWv Cþ-hm-b\ hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.

ImgvN-¡p-dhv sIm-v A¨-Sn-¸p-kvXIw hmbn-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-hÀ¡v A£-c-§Ä hep-Xm¡nCþ-hm-b\ \S-¯m³ Ign-bpw. AXp-t]mse `mjm-t`-Z-§fpw \ap-¡m-h-iy-apÅ coXn-bnÂ {Iao-I-cn-¡mw. IuXp-I-¯n\p th-n hmb-\-¡m-csâ Øe-¯mWv IY \S-¡p-¶-Xv F¶ coXn-bnÂ amäwhcp-¯mw. C{]-Imcw hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-ambn Câ-dm-£³ \S-¯m³ km[y-X-bpÅ hmb-\-bmWvCþ-hm-b-\.

km[m-cW hmb\ t\Àhm-b\ (Linear Reading) BWv. t]Pp-Isf \¼À {Ia-¯nÂ hmbn-¨p-t]m-Ip¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ, A\p-_-Ô-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv IqSp-XÂhnh-c-§Ä \ÂIp-¶-Xv. C.-hm-b-\-bnÂ Cu -Øm-\ v̄ ssl¸À en¦p-I-fmWv klm-b-̄ n-s\-̄ p¶Xv.IqSp-XÂ Adn-tb- hnh-c-§Ä¡v AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« t]Pn-\mbn aukv ¢n¡v sNbvXmÂ aXn.DZm-l-c-W-am-bn KmÔn-Pn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp ]cm-aÀi-¯nÂ KmÔn-Pnsb¡pdn¨v IqSp-XÂ Adn-b-W-sa¶v tXm¶p¶ hmb-\-¡m-c\v ssl¸À en¦p-I-fn-eqsS KmÔn-Pn-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ sh_vssk-än-te-s¡-¯mw. Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn¨p XpS-§p¶ BÄ Ht«sd ]pkvX-I-§-fn-emWv hmb\ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. CXns\ t\m¬ eo\n-bÀ hmb\ F¶mWv hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. Umhn-©n-tImUv hmbn-¡p¶ HcmÄ¡vAt¸mÄ Xs¶ AXn-sâ kn\nabpw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A§ns\ hkvXpXm kw_-Ô-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfÃmw tiJ-cn-¨p-sIm--pÅ Hcp hmb-\-bmbn Cu hmb\ amdp-¶p. am{X-aÃ bm{Xm-th-f-I-fnepwaäpw `mc-ta-dnb ]pkvX-I-§Ä H¸w sIm-p \S-t¡--Xnsâ Bh-iyhpw hcp-¶n-Ã.

2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk-äp-IÄ þ tSmw.-sP.-a-§m«v

B[p-\nI temI¯v CâÀs\äv D-m-¡nb hn¹hw atäXv am[y-a-§Ä D-m-¡nb hn¹-h-t¯-¡mfpw Bghpw ]c¸papÅ-Xm-bn-cp¶p F¶v teJ-I³ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p. CâÀs\-äp-ambn_Ô-s¸-SmsX hnh-c-W-ti-J-c-Wta km[y-a-Ãm¯ Hcp temI-¯mWv \mw Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv.

s\änsâ km[y-X-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡nb ]{X-§Ä sh_vskäv Bcw-`n¨XmWv ae-bmfwCâÀs\änsâ XpS-¡w. Zo]n-I-bmWv BZy-ambn sskäv DZvLm-S\w sNbvX ]{Xw. C¶v {][m\]{X-§Äs¡Ãmw sh_vssk-äp-I-fp- - v .

]{X-§Ä¡v ]pdsa hmÀ¯-Ifpw kn\n-a-Ifpw sKbn-ap-Ifpw Nmäv dqap-I-fpw, ]mN-I-hn-[n-IfpwFÃmw \ÂIp¶ Nne t]mÀ«-ep-Ifpw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D-v. bmlq ae-bm-fw, kn^n ae-bm-fw,sh_vtemIw F¶nh AXnÂ Nne-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯nse {][m\ skÀ¨v F©n-\mb At\zjnsh_vtemI¯n-sâ-Xm-Wv. ]{X-§Ä am{X-aÃ, Snhn Nm\-ep-Ifpw C¶v sh_vsskänÂ e`y-am-Wv.



ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]pd-¯n-d-§p¶ an¡ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä¡pw C¶v CâÀs\äv ]Xn-¸p-I-fp-- v. CâÀs\-änÂ am{Xw e`n-¡p¶ Nne {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä thsd-bp-ap- - v. enänÂ amK-kn-\p-I-fpsS ]mc¼cyamWv Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-§-fpsS ̀ mjbpw Ah-X-c-W-co-Xnbpw Dt]-£n-̈ mWv enänÂ amK-kn-\p-IÄ {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-̄ nse BZy CâÀs\ävamknI 1998Â Bcw-`n¨ "]pg'-bm-Wv. Kuc-h-ta-dnb hmb\ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§fpwCh-bn-ep- - v. \nL--p-IÄ, kÀÆ-hn-Úm-\-tIm-i-§Ä F¶n-hbpw CâÀs\-änÂ e`y-am-¡m-\pÅ{ia-§Ä Ct¸mgpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.


kvIqÄ Hm^v UnÌ³kv FUyqt¡j³samUyqÄ þ4

hnhÀ¯\w

hnhÀ¯\w: \nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä :

hnhÀ¯\w F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ Cw¥o-jnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Zw {Sm³kv-te-j³(Translation)F¶mWv. {]mNo\ {^©nÂ \n¶mWv CXv Cw¥o-jnÂ F¯n-b-Xv. ""Hcp ̀ mj-bnÂ \n¶vasäm-¶n-te¡v amäp¶ {]{Inb, Hcp hyXykvX ̀ mj-bn-epÅ ]mTw''þ F¶mWv HmIvkvt^mÀUv Un£-\-dn hnh À¯\s¯ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. sP.-kn.-Imävt^mÀUnsâ A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ ""Hcp ̀ mjm-]m-Ts¯asämcp `mj-bnse Xpey-amb ]mTw sIm-v BtZiw sN¿p-¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯\w'' F¶p ImWmw.C¶p s]mXpsh kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ""AÀ°w \jvS-s¸-SmsX Hcm-i-bs¯ Hcp `mj-bnÂ\n¶v asämcp `mjbnte¡v amäp-¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯\w'' F¶ tUmISvÀ tPm¬ksâ \nÀÆ-N-\-am-Wv.

hnhÀ¯\w: hnhn[ t]cp-IÄ

hnhÀ¯\w F¶ AÀ°-̄ nÂ ]cn-̀ mj samgn-amäw, ̀ mjm-́ -co-I-cWw, ̀ mjm-́ -c-Ww, ̀ mjm-\p-hmZw, XÀÖa F¶o t]cp-IÄ IqSn ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D-v. CXnÂ XÀÖa Ad_n-¸-Z-amWv

t{kmX `mj (Source Language)GXv `mj-bnÂ \n¶mtWm Hcp IrXn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXmWv t{kmX-`m-j.

e£y-̀ mj (Target Language) GXv `mj-bnte¡mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXmWv e£y-`m-j.

{]Xy£ hnhÀ¯\w:

Hcp ̀ mj-bnÂ \n¶v t\cn«v asämcp ̀ mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ {]Xy£ hnhÀ -̄\w. Cw¥o-jnÂ \n¶mWv Gä-hp-a-[nIw {]Xy-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

]tcm£ hnhÀ¯\w :

{]Xy-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ \n¶v ho-pw asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\v]tcm£ hnhÀ¯\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn {^©v `mj-bnÂ \n¶pw Hcp IrXn BZywCw¥o-jn-te¡pw ]n¶oSv Cw¥o-jnÂ \n¶pw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXmÂ {^©vIrXn-bpsS ]tcm-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-amWv ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-Å-sX¶v ]d-bmw.

hnhÀ¯\w ]e-hn-[w:

hnhÀ¯Isâ XmÂ]-cy-a-\p-k-cn¨v aq¶p hn[-¯n-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-v. ]Zm-\p-]-Zw,A\p-K-Xw, Bi-b-hn-hÀ¯\w F¶n-h-bm-W-h. t{kmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-§Ä¡v Xpeyw ]Z-§Äe£y-`m-j-bnÂ Is-¯n hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-XmWv ]Zm-\p-]-Z- hn-hÀ¯-\w. Bi-b-¯nÂ HcphyXym-k-hp-an-ÃmsX hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-XmWv A\p-KX hnhÀ¯-\w. CXnÂ t{kmX-`m-j-bnseXpey F®w ]Z-§Ä e£y-`m-j-bnÂ D-m-hWw F¶n-Ã. kz´w \ne-bnÂ Iq«n-t¨À¯XpwA\m-h-iy-sa¶v tXm¶p-¶ph Hgn-hm-¡nbpw \S-̄ p-¶-XmWv Bi-b-hn-hÀ -̄\w. CXnÂ hnhÀ¯I\vHcp ]mSv kzmX-{´y-ap- - v .

hnhÀ¯Isâ tbmKy-X-IÄ:

hnhÀ¯I\v t{kmX-`m-j-I-fnÂ \Ã kzm[o\w D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \Ã[mc-W-bp--m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. aqe-Ir-XntbmSv ]c-am-h[n kXy-k-ÔX ]men-¡-Ww. GsX-¦nepw `mKwhnhÀ¯-\-¯nÂ Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-«p-s- -¦nÂ AXv ]n¶oSv kqNn-¸n-t¡-- -Xm-Wv.

hnhÀ¯\ Ncn{Xw:

e`n-¨-XnÂ sht¨-ähpw {]mNo-\-amb hnhÀ¯\w ""tdmskäm'' F¶ inem-te-J-\-am-sW¶vF¶ Ncn{XImc-·mÀ A`n - {]m -b-s¸-Sp -¶p. _n. -kn. c -mw \qäm - - n -emWv CsX-gp -X -s¸-« -X v .



bq-tdm-¸nÂ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v ASp¡pw Nn«-bp-ap--m-bXv ss__nÄ XÀÖa hgn-bmWv. ss__nÄ]gb \nbaw lo{_p ̀ mj-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb blq-Z-·mÀ¡v th-n-bmWv {Ko¡v ̀ mj-bnÂ AXnsâ XÀÖaIÄ D-m-b-Xv. {Ko¡v ̀ mj-bpsS hnhÀ¯-\-]m-c-¼-cys¯ tdma-¡mÀ apt¶m«vsIm-p-t]m-bn. aXm-[n-jvTnX hnhÀ¯-\s¯ aX-\n-c-t]£am¡m\pÅ ]cn-{i-a-§fpw D-m-bn. tlma-dpsS IrXn -IÄ, t¹mtäm -hnsâ IrXn -IÄ, {Ko¡v \mS -I -§Ä F¶nh emän -\n -te¡vsamgn-amäw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Cu kml-N-cy-¯n-em-Wv. {Ko¡v `mj-bnse ]pXnb \na-b-¯n\p emän³hnhÀ¯-\-§-fp - -m -bn. CXnÂ {][m\w skâ v sPtdm-ansâ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä Bbn-cp-¶p.i_vZ-s¯-¡mÄ Bi-b-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-b-Xn-\mÂ skâ v sPtdm-ans\ "imkv{XobhnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ]nXmhv' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

hnhÀ¯-\-¯nÂ {i²mÀl-amb kw`m-h\ \ÂInb asämcp `mj Ad-_n-bm-Wv. {]mNo\hnÚm-\-tI-{µ-amb _mKvZm-Zn-emWv Ad_n `mjm hnhÀ-¯\§Ä Gsdbpw \S-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. {Ko¡vkmln-Xy-¯nse {][m\ IrXn-I--sfÃmw Ad-_n-bn-te¡v samgn-amäw sN¿-s¸-«p. `mc-Xob IrXn-IfpwAd-_n-I-fn-te¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN¿-s¸-«n-«p--v. ]©-X-{´-I-Y-IÄ "Ieoe Za\' F¶ t]cn-emWvAd-_n-bnÂ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

H³]Xmw \qäm--n-emWv Cw¥ojv kmln-Xy-¯nÂ hnhÀ¯\w kPo-h-am-Ip-¶-Xv. temI-km-ln-Xy-¯nse ]e {][m-\-Ir-Xn-Ifpw C¡m-e¯v Cw¥o-jn-te¡v amä-s¸-«n-«p--v. "amÌÀ ]okkv Hm^vthÄUv enä-td-¨À' F¶ t]cnÂ temI-km-ln-Xy-kw-{Klw Cw¥o-jnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n«p-v.

ss__nÄ ]cn-̀ m-j-bpsS {]m[m\yw

temI-`m-j-I-fnÂ Gä-hp-a-[nIw hn-hÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸« {KÙw InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS thZ-{K-Ù-amb ss__nÄ BWv. ]gb \nbaw lo{_p ̀ mj-bn-em-b-Xn-\mÂ km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb blq-Z-·mÀ¡va\-Ên-em-hm³ th-n {]mtZinI ̀ mj-I-fn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]nÂ¡mew {InkvXp-aX{]N-cWw \S-¶n-S-s¯-Ãmw- ss__nfpI-fp--m-bn. aX-t_m-[-\-¯nsâ kmcmwiw \jvS-s¸-SmsXkm[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v Ffp¸w a\-Ên-emIpw hn[w efnX at\m-l-c-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p Cu hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä.GXv `mj-bn-sebpw kpµ-c-amb IrXn GsX¶v tNmZn-¨mÂ B `mj-bnse ss__nÄ F¶v D¯cwIn«pw hn[-am-bn-cp¶ Cu hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä. CÃm-Xm-bn-t¸m-Ip-am-bn-cp¶ ]e `mj-I-fp-sSbpw\ne-\n-ev]n\pw Icp-¯mÀÖn-¡-en\pw Cu hnhÀ¯-\§Ä klm-bn-¨n-«p-- v.

hnhÀ¯\w ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ:

hfsc¡mew ap¼v Xs¶ Xangv kwkvIr-X-Ir-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw F¶n-hbv¡v F®aä hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-bn-«p- - v. ]n¶oSvkwkvIr-X-¯nÂ \n¶v t\cn«v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«Xv Imfn-Zm-k-sâ-bpw ̀ mk-sâbpw IrXn-I-fm-Wv.alm-`m-cX XÀÖ-a-bn-eqsS tIc-f-hym-k³ F¶v Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm-\pw, Imfn-Zm-ksâIrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv tIcf Imfn-Zm-k³ F¶v tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm\pw, cmam-bW XÀÖ-a-bn-eqsS tIcf hmevaoIn F¶v hÅ-t¯mfpw {]kn²cmbn. Hcp IrXn¡v Xs¶ H¶n-tesd hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. imIp-´-f-¯n\v am{Xw 20tesd hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-b n - « p - - v .

Cw¥ojv ]cn-Nn-X-am-b-tXm-sS Cw¥ojnÂ \n¶pw hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-hm³ XpS-§n.amXyp BÀt\mÄU,v Hen-hÀ tKmÄUv kvan¯v, sS¶n-k¬, Ioävkv F¶n-hÀ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsSae-bm-f-¯nÂ kp]-cn-Nn-X-cmbn. dp_mbnbm-¯nsâ Cw¥ojv ]cn-`mj hmbn¨ ]e Ihn-Ifpwae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v AXv hnhÀ¯\w sN-bvXp. C¶pw hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ taJe ae-bm-f-¯nÂkPo-h-am-Wv. GXm-s-Ãm temI-`m-jm-Ir-Xn-I-fpw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«-XmbnImWmw.



kÀKm-ßI kmln-Xy-hn-hÀ¯\w

hnhÀ¯\w BÀ¡pw Ffp¸w hg-§p¶ {]{In-b-b-Ã. t{kmXe£y`mj-I-fnÂ Adn-hp-Å-Xp-sIm-v am{Xw hnhÀ¯\w \¶m-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã. hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ Gähpw {]bm-k-ta-dn-bXv kÀKm-ßI IrXn-I-fpsS hnhÀ -̄\-am-Wv. ""hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ \jvS-s -̧Sp¶sXt´mAXmWv IhnX'' F¶v tdm_À«v t{^mÌv ]d-bp-¶Xv hn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ]cn-anXn a\-Ênem¡nbmWv.Ihn-X-bpsS hr¯-hpw, Xmfhpw, `mh-hp-saÃmw tNmÀ¶p t]mImsX asämcp `mj-bnÂ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-¡pI Ffp-¸-a-Ã. kmlnXyw sshIm-cn-Ihpw hyàn-]-c-hp-am-b-Xn-\mÂ hnhÀ¯-I\vAXpÄs¡m-Åm³ Ign-ªn-sÃ-¦nÂ ]cm-P-b-am-bn-¯o-cpw. Hmtcm kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn¡pw AXn-tâ-XmbXpSÀ¨bpw, ]mc-¼-cyhpw D-m-bn-cn-¡pw. CsXm-cn-¡epw AtX coXn-bnÂ asämcp `mj-bnÂBhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ Ign-sª¶v hcn-Ã. N§-¼p-g-¡-hn-X-I-fpsS sshIm-cnIXtbm, ]nbpsS

Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-tam, CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS {Kmao-W-Xtbm ]cn-t¡Â¡msX hnhÀ¯\w sN¿pI Ffp-¸-a-Ã.

t\mhÂ, IY F¶n-h-bpsS hnhÀ¯-\-¯nepw AtX {]iv\§Ä D-v. Cµp-teJ hnhÀ¯-

\-¯nÂ Imc-W-hÀ F¶ ]Zw KARANAVAR F¶p Xs¶-bmWv UyqaÀKv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv.Iq«p IpSpw-_-¯nse kÀÆm-[n-Im-cn-bmb Imc-W-hÀ A¦n-fn\v Xpey-a-Ã. AXp-t]mse \mep-sI-«pw,Xpf-kn-¯-d-bpw, A¼-e-a-Wn-Ifpw H¶pw Xs¶ B ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ asämcp ̀ mjm kwkvIm-c-¯n\vDÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hn-Ã. _joÀ IrXn-IÄ Cw¥o-jn-te¡v amäp-t¼mÄ D-mb hnj-a-X-Isf¡pdn¨v BjÀ]d-bp-¶p--v, AXnse sNdv¡m, s]t® F¶o hnfn-I-fnse sshIm-cnI Xo£WX Cw¥o-jn-te¡vsamgn-amäw sN¿m³ Ign-bn-Ã.

ae-bm-f-̄ nse {]tem-̀ -\o-b-amb t\mhÂ "Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw' {KÙ-Im-c³ Xs¶-bmWvLegend of Khasak F¶ t]cnÂ hnh-À¯\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv, F¶n«pw Hcp]mSv {]bm-k-§ÄhnhÀ¯-\-¯n-\p--m-bn. AXnse A¸p-¡nfnsb A¸p Z ]mcäv F¶mWv XÀÖa sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nq« F¶ ]Z-̄ n\v Xpey-amb ]Zw Cw¥o-jn-en-Ãm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ ss^_À tSmÀ v̈ F¶mWv hnhÀ¯\wsNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse "Nq«' A\p-`hw Hcn-¡epw Cw¥o-jnÂ e`n-¡p-I-bnÃ F¶p-d-¸v.

tIc-f-¯nse Xoc-`m-j-bpsS Xmfw kq£n-¡p¶ sN½o³ XÀÖ-a-bnepw AtX {]iv\-§ÄD-m -bn -«p - - v . AXnse sIm¨p-ap -X-emfn F¶ {]tbmKw A§ns\¯s¶bm-Wv Cw¥ojnepw\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Chn-sS-sbÃmw ]cn-`m-j-bnÂ tNmÀ¶p t]mIp-¶Xv Hcp `mj-bpsS ]mc-¼-cy-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw {]Ir-Xn ]Ým-¯-e-§-fp-am-Wv.

imkv{X Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnhÀ¯\w:

imkv{X-Nn´ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xnepw hnÚm\w ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶-Xnepw hnhÀ -̄\-̄ n\v {][m\Øm\-ap - - v . imkv{Xw bpàn-\n -jvT -am -b-Xp -sIm - v Xs¶ kmlnXyIrXn -IÄ hnhÀ¯\wsN¿p-t¼m-gpÅ {]iv\-§Ä imkv{X-hn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-ep--m-hm-dn-Ã. F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡n-Ãm¯ Nne {]tXy-I- {]iv\§Ä imkv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-\p--v. GXv hnjbw? BÀ¡p-th-n? F¶o c-p {]iv\-§Ä BWv BZyw hcp-¶-Xv. kmt¦Xn imkv{Xhpw, t]m¸p-eÀ kb³kpwc-v kma-{Kn-IÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv. t]m¸p-eÀ kb³knÂ Ipsd-¡qSn kzmX{´yw hnhÀ¯--I - \ p - - v .hnhÀ¯\w Ip«n-IÄ¡m-sW-¦nÂ ck-I-chpw Bbn-cn-¡Ww.

imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä kmÀÆ-eu-Io-I-am-b-Xn-\mÂ kmt¦-XnI ]Z-§Ä A§ns\ Xs¶ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv \Ã-Xv. ck-X-{´-¯nse aqe-I-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ, `uXn-I-im-kv{X-¯nse D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ, Poh-imkv{ X-¯nse imkv{X\m-a-§Ä F¶nh `mjm-hn-hÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xvbpàn-b-Ã. imkv{X-`mj X\n¨p sN¿p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Iq«mb kwhm-Z-¯n-eqsS hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-XmWv Ffp-¸w-. t{kmX e£y-`m-j-I-fnse [mc-Wbpw hnj-b-¯nse AKm-[-Úm-\hpw hnhÀ¯-I\v D -m -bn -cn -t¡- - -Xp -am -Wv .



{]kw-K-]-cn-`mj:

Zzn`m-jn-I-fmb ]cn-`mj-I-cmWv km[m-cW {]kwK ]cn-`mj \nÀÆln-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv hfscD¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-apÅ {]hr-¯n-bm-Wv. IrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ ]p\:]cn-tim-[-\-bv¡pwXncp-¯-ep-IÄ¡pw Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-sa-¦nÂ {]kw-K-th-Zn-bnÂ AXp--m-hm-dn-Ã. {]mkw-Kn-Isâ Dt±-i-ip-²nbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpw Adn-bp¶ Bfn\v am{Xta {]kw-K-]-cn-`mj \Ã ̀ mj-bnÂ \S-¯m³ Ign-bq.

{]kw-K-]-cn-`mj c-p Xc-¯n-ep--v. khn-cma XÀÖ-a-bpw, Ahn-cm-a-XÀÖ-a-bp-am-W-h. {]mkw-Kn-I³ {]kw-Kn-¨p-sIm--n -cn-s¡-¯s¶ XpSÀ¨-bmb hnhÀ¯-\hpw \S-¡p-¶-XmWv khn-cmaXÀÖ-a. {]kwKw ]qÀ®-ambn Ah-km-\n¨ tijw Ipdn-s¨-Sp¯ t\mSvkp-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

hnhÀ¯\w Iebpw Iui-ehpwimkv{X-þ-km-ln-Xy-hn-j-b-§-fnÂ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v {]tXyI \nb-a-§-fp-v. kmlnXyw sshIm-

cn-I-am-b-Xn-\mÂ hnhÀ¯\w {]bm-k-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµcyw ]c-am-h[n kq£n-¡m³hnhÀ¯-I\v Ign-tb---Xm-Wv. hnhÀ¯-Isâ at\m-[À½§Ä¡pw Iem-t_m-[-¯n\pw kmln-Xy-]-cn-N-b-¯n\pw ChnsS {][m\ Øm\-ap--v. hnh-À¯\w ChnsS Ie-bmbn amdp-¶p.

hnhÀ¯\w Hcp Iui-e-hp-am-Wv. (Craft)B[p-\nI temI¯v FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw hnhÀ¯-I\v Øm\-ap-v. I¨-h-Sw, hnZym-`ym-kw, tImS-Xn, `c-Ww, cmjv{Sobw, imkv{Xw, bp²w- F¶ocwK-§-fnepw hnhÀ¯\w Bh-iy-am-Ip-¶p--v. Ch-bn-tem-tcm-¶n-sâbpw `mjbv¡v AXn-sâ-Xmbkmt¦-Xn-Ibpw, Npäp-]m-Sp-Ifpw D-v. Cu kml-N-cy-¯nÂ hnhÀ¯\w Hcp Iuiew IqSn-bm-sW¶v]d-bmw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\mbn tImSXn tcJ-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶ Hcm-fn\v IhnX hnhÀ¯\wsN¿m³ Ign-b-W-sa--¶nÃ. Chn-sS-bm-Wv hnhÀ¯\w Hcp Iuie-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

hnhÀ¯\ D]-I-c-W-§Ä:

t{kmX-e-£y-`m-j-I-fnÂ ]Z-ti-J-c-§Ä ]c-am-h[n DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Zzn`m-jm-\n-L--p-¡Ä,]cym-b-§Ä e`n-¡m³ ]cymb-\n-L--p, hn-]coX]-Z-§Ä e`n-¡m³ hn]-co-X-]-Z-tIm-iw, Xnkm-dkvF¶ d^-d-³kv {KÙw, D¨m-cW \nL--p-¡Ä F¶nh \Ã-co-Xn-bn-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v Bh-iy-

amb D]-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

en]y-́ -cWw (Transliteration)Hcp ̀ mj asämcp ̀ mj-bpsS en]n-bnÂ Fgp-Xp-¶-XmWv en]y-´-c-Ww. How are you? F¶Xv

lu BÀ bq Fs¶-gp-Xn-bmÂ en]y-´-c-W-ambn. en]y-´-cW-¯nÂ en]n am{Xta amdp-¶p-Åq.`mj amdp-¶n-Ã. C¶v Fkv.-Fw.F-kv. sN¿m-\pÅ `mj Gsdbpw en]y-´-c-W-am-Wv. \½psStZio-b-Km\w _wKm-fn-bnÂ \n¶pÅ en]y-´-c-W-am-Wv.

b{ -́ XÀÖa:

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-¯nsâ thK-Xbpw ka-b-an-Ãm-bvabpw hnhÀ¯-\- cwK-s¯bpw kzm[o-\n-¨-Xnsâ ^e-amWv b{´-XÀÖ-a. 1933Â djy-¡m-c-\mb kvanÀtWmhv t{Smb³kvIn-bmWv BZy-ambnb{´-hn-hÀ¯\w F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. bp²-Im-e¯v ssk\n-I-tIm-Up-IÄ A]-{K-Yn-¡m³b{ -́k-lmbw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu hgn-¡pÅ Btem-N-\-I-fmWv Ata-cn-¡bnÂ b{ -́hn-hÀ¯\wkm[y-am-¡n-b-Xv. 1954 BIpt¼m-tg¡pw IBMsâ klm-b-t¯msS hnhÀ¯\w hnP-b-I-c-ambn\nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-«p.

hnhÀ -̄\-̄ n-\m-h-iy-amb tkm v̂ä-thÀ \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bmWv I¼yq-«À hnhÀ -̄\-̄ nsâ BZy-]-Sn. Zzn`mjm \nL--p-¡Ä, hymI-cW \nb-a-§Ä, hmIy-L-S-\m-co-Xn-IÄ, ssien-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw

CXnÂ DÄs¡m-Å-Ww. kn{Sm³, temtKm-kv, Pn.-C.Sn F¶n-h-bmWv hn-hÀ¯\¯n-\m-h-iy-amb{]m[m-\- I-¼yq«À `mj-IÄ



b{´XÀÖ-abv¡v \mep L«-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. \nL--p-]-cn-tim-[-\, t{kmX-]m-Tm-]-{K-Y-\w,kzcq-]-hn-\n-a-bw, e£y-]m-Tm-]-{KY\w F¶n-h-bm-W-h. \nL--p-¡Ä I¼yq-«-dnÂ ̂ oUv sN¿p-t¼mÄhymI-c-W L-S-\-I-sfÃmw DÄs¸Spt¯---Xm-Wv. t{kmX`m-jm-]-{K-Y-\-¯nÂ t{kmX-`m-j-bpsShymI-cWw IqSn t{]m{Km-anÂ DÄs¡mÅn-¨mÂ hnhÀ¯\w Ffp-¸-am-Ipw. kzcq-]-hn-\n-abw Gsd{]bm-k-§Ä D-m -¡n -tb-¡mw. t{kmX-e-£y-`m -j-IÄ X½nÂ henb hyXym-k-ap -s - -¦nÂkzcq-]-hn-\n-abw hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw. e£y-]m-tTm-Zv{K-Y-\-¯nÂ Gähpw tbmPn-¨Xv Is--¯p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

I¼yq-«À {]Nm-c-¯nÂ h¶v Gsd-bm-sb-¦nepw hnhÀ¯-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ Gsd-sbm¶pwapt¶-dm³ AXn\v Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. IhnX t]mse [z\ym-ß-I-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä hnhÀ¯\wsN¿p-¶-XnÂ I¼yq-«À ]cm-Pbw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v ]d-tb-n hcpw.



First Semester B.Com Model Question PaperMA IA 07 (02) ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cnNbw

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

(I) Ht¶m ct-m hmIy-§-fnÂ D¯cw Fgp-XpI . shbn-täPv 1

1. F´nÂ \n¶mWv ASp-¡f Xncn¨p ]nSn-t¡---Xv?2. ae-bm-fn-bpsS amtd- at\m-`mhw F´v?3. Cw¥ojv B[n-]-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v s\lvdp ]d-ª-sX´v?4. kn\n-a-bnÂ {]Xy-£-am-Ip¶ khÀW-_nw-_-§Ä Gh?5. cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ ho«nÂ Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-v?6. IrjvW-¸n-Å-sb-¡p-dn¨v F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS HmÀa F´v?7. en]y-´-cWw F¶m-se´v?8. t{kmX-`m-j, e£y-`mj F¶n-h-sb´v?9. ssl¸À en¦p-IÄ F¶m-se´v? 9x1=9

(II) As©-®-¯n\v Hmtcm JWvUn-I-bnÂ D¯cw Fgp-XpI. shbn-täPv 2

10. ASp-¡f _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw kv{Xosb XS-bp-¶-sX´v?11. kztZin Nn{X-Ie cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-XnÂ _wKmÄ kvIqfnsâ ]s¦´v?12. kn\na hln-¡p¶ {]Xyb imkv{X {]N-cWsa´v?13. hn.Sn \mS-I-sa-gp-Xm-\p--mb kml-Ncyw hnh-cn-¡p-I.14. kn.-sP-bpsS kz]v\-§Ä F´m-bn-cp-¶p?15. A`n-{]mbw tNmZn¡Â I¯v F¶m-se´v?16. Cþ-hm-b-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw? 5x2=10

(III) c-p ]pd-¯nÂ Ihn-bmsX c- v tNmZy-§Ä¡v D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. shbn-täPv 4

17. Abn-¯-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-I.

18. `mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä hni-Z-am-¡p-I.19. kÀKm-ßI IrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼m-gpÅ {]iv\-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-I.

2x4=8

Time: 3 Hrs Weightage:27

common course in malayalam for b.com i...

Documents