Commercial Data Commercial Data Processing Processing

Sometimes known as CDPSometimes known as CDP

What is CDP?What is CDP?

It is the use of computers by It is the use of computers by business to do the work that is business to do the work that is normally handled by clerical normally handled by clerical staff.staff.

The Data Processing The Data Processing cyclecycle

There are several steps to CDPThere are several steps to CDP

Data collection and preparationData collection and preparation Data inputData input Data storage and manipulationData storage and manipulation Information outputInformation output

Collecting and preparingCollecting and preparing

Tags on clothesTags on clothes

Helps the store Helps the store keep control of keep control of their stocktheir stock

Can change the Can change the price once price once centrally centrally

P

Bar CodesBar Codes

This is a series of vertical lines of varying thickness. These are read by a laser pen or laser which converts it to binary code

Magnetic StripMagnetic Strip

Similar to bar codes only Similar to bar codes only the binary information is the binary information is contained in a magnetic contained in a magnetic stripstrip

Bank cards are a good Bank cards are a good example of this form of example of this form of inputinput

Optical Character Optical Character recognitionrecognition

Used in gas and electricity bills Used in gas and electricity bills where the customer returns the where the customer returns the ocr printed invoice with the ocr printed invoice with the payment.payment.

The characters are read The characters are read directly from the documentsdirectly from the documents

This is called a turnaround This is called a turnaround document.same doc sent back document.same doc sent back as was sent out +payment.as was sent out +payment.

Magnetic Ink Character Magnetic Ink Character recognitionrecognition

MICRMICR Uses magnetic ink to print info on Uses magnetic ink to print info on

cheques.cheques. Banks can speed up their processingBanks can speed up their processing Cheque forgery more difficultCheque forgery more difficult

Smart CardsSmart Cards

Hold info on a chip instead of Hold info on a chip instead of magnetic stripe.magnetic stripe.

More difficult to forgeMore difficult to forge Hold a lot of dataHold a lot of data Chip and pin now in shopsChip and pin now in shops

Point of Sales TerminalsPoint of Sales Terminals POS: Shops use these to enter data about goods POS: Shops use these to enter data about goods

being purchased. being purchased. It reads in the data using barcodes.It reads in the data using barcodes. It totals the cost before printing the receiptIt totals the cost before printing the receipt Info about the purchase sent to stock control Info about the purchase sent to stock control

that monitors stock levels. Automatically that monitors stock levels. Automatically generates orders to keep stock levels up.generates orders to keep stock levels up.

Advantages: Stock control carried out by Advantages: Stock control carried out by computer rather than staffcomputer rather than staff

Customer bills calculated accuratelyCustomer bills calculated accurately Bar codes means goods are processed quickerBar codes means goods are processed quicker Prices can be adjustesd using the computerPrices can be adjustesd using the computer Sjelves always stocked!Sjelves always stocked!

How is data input checked?How is data input checked?

When lot of data input it is easy to make When lot of data input it is easy to make mistakes mistakes

Most input mentioned is key to disc which Most input mentioned is key to disc which means that there is less likelihood of human means that there is less likelihood of human errorerror

Verification: operator at keyboard asked to Verification: operator at keyboard asked to confirm details Y/N?confirm details Y/N?

Validation:checks made by computerValidation:checks made by computer

Types of ValidationTypes of Validation Eg. Range check.. Eg. Range check.. Checking within certain Checking within certain

boundaries age can’t be less than 1 or boundaries age can’t be less than 1 or greater than 150.greater than 150.

Length.. Length.. If account no 10 numbers long then If account no 10 numbers long then less than 10 or more than 10 input would be less than 10 or more than 10 input would be invalidinvalid

Type of data.. Type of data.. If text expected then numbers If text expected then numbers would not be allowedwould not be allowed

Presence check: Presence check: checks to make sure data checks to make sure data not been completely left outnot been completely left out

Check Check digits:a number calculated by digits:a number calculated by computer to ensure other numbers in computer to ensure other numbers in sequence entered correctly. PIN that’s used sequence entered correctly. PIN that’s used wuth credit cardswuth credit cards

Electronic funds TransferElectronic funds Transfer

EFT:Transfers money directly between bank EFT:Transfers money directly between bank and accounts using computer systems. Bank and accounts using computer systems. Bank debit cards useddebit cards used

Card is passed through a reader. Card is passed through a reader. Authenticates cardAuthenticates card Customers bank then contacted to see if Customers bank then contacted to see if

enough funds availableenough funds available If enough funds, transaction carried outIf enough funds, transaction carried out Receipt printed and funds electronically Receipt printed and funds electronically

transferred to shops accounttransferred to shops account

Who Benefits?Who Benefits?

Customers need not carry large amounts Customers need not carry large amounts of cash aroundof cash around

Companies get payments for their Companies get payments for their products transferred straight into their products transferred straight into their accountsaccounts

Processing and Storing Processing and Storing DataData

There are There are 2 2 types of processingtypes of processing

INTERACTIVEINTERACTIVE

BATCHBATCH

Interactive ProcessingInteractive Processing

Relies on REAL TIME processingRelies on REAL TIME processing

The computer system processes the data The computer system processes the data immediately data entered. User has immediately data entered. User has immediate feedback.immediate feedback.

Booking cinema theatre, flight ticketsBooking cinema theatre, flight tickets

Batch processingBatch processing

All the jobs that come in during the day are All the jobs that come in during the day are saved up and then processed all at the same saved up and then processed all at the same time.time.

This is usually done at night when computer This is usually done at night when computer processor not being used for other things. User processor not being used for other things. User input not generally needed once initial input input not generally needed once initial input started.started.

Bank statements, gas and electricity bills and Bank statements, gas and electricity bills and salary lsips are all batch processedsalary lsips are all batch processed

File StorageFile Storage

Held on Hard drivesHeld on Hard drives

Backing storage would have employee Backing storage would have employee information, customer information…information, customer information…

The data in files is constantly updated to The data in files is constantly updated to make sure files are accurate. make sure files are accurate.

Files are backed up regularly incase data Files are backed up regularly incase data needs to be recovered immediatleyneeds to be recovered immediatley

Multi-user DatabaseMulti-user Database A database that allows many users to access A database that allows many users to access

at the same time.at the same time.

If authorised user can update data for other If authorised user can update data for other usersusers

E-booking: can book self in on a flight. E-booking: can book self in on a flight. Passenger info held on multiuser database Passenger info held on multiuser database updated as passengers check in.updated as passengers check in.

Sequential and Random Sequential and Random Access to FilesAccess to Files

Sequential access: goes to each record Sequential access: goes to each record in file one after other. in file one after other.

Used mostly for backup as slow to Used mostly for backup as slow to access the data. ( Tapes)access the data. ( Tapes)

Random or Direct access: System goes Random or Direct access: System goes directly to data it requires. Essential for directly to data it requires. Essential for interactive processing where data interactive processing where data processed immediately.processed immediately.

Output of InformationOutput of Information

Computer Data Processing systems use Computer Data Processing systems use very powerful systems known as very powerful systems known as mainframe computers. mainframe computers.

Large internal memoryLarge internal memory High capacity of backing storageHigh capacity of backing storage Terminals are usually attached to them Terminals are usually attached to them

( monitor, keyboard )( monitor, keyboard ) Output usually via Monitors or printersOutput usually via Monitors or printers

CDP JobsCDP Jobs

Systems Analyst:Systems Analyst: decides what decides what computer hardware and software needed computer hardware and software needed to do the job.Oversees the installation to do the job.Oversees the installation and testing of the entire systemand testing of the entire system

Programmers:Programmers: take the software design take the software design that system analyst produces, writes and that system analyst produces, writes and tests the programstests the programs

Jobs contdJobs contd

Engineers:Engineers: install the hardware and cabelling install the hardware and cabelling and called in to carry out maintenanceand called in to carry out maintenance

Network Manager:Network Manager: controls who gets access controls who gets access to system. User id codes, level of priority to system. User id codes, level of priority permissionpermission

Controls installation of hardware and softwareControls installation of hardware and software

E-CommerceE-Commerce

This is the use of networks to allow This is the use of networks to allow people to buy and sell goodspeople to buy and sell goods

Travel: People can now book their train Travel: People can now book their train seats, flights, hotel rooms by using an seats, flights, hotel rooms by using an on-line booking system.People can not on-line booking system.People can not only book seats but check themselves only book seats but check themselves in at airportin at airport

CostsCosts

Initial costs of systemInitial costs of system Buying hardware Buying hardware Installing the cabelsInstalling the cabels Employing system analysts and Employing system analysts and

programmersprogrammers Training coursesTraining courses

Costs : runningCosts : running

Wages of ICT staff, maintenance, Wages of ICT staff, maintenance, instalation of new hardwareinstalation of new hardware

Consumables:paper, toner backup Consumables:paper, toner backup tapestapes

Electricity and communication billsElectricity and communication bills

Crime and data securityCrime and data security

Hacking: stealing ID and passwords to Hacking: stealing ID and passwords to access systemaccess system

Copying sensitive dataCopying sensitive data

Installing virusesInstalling viruses

Stealing money from accountsStealing money from accounts

SecuritySecurity Data Protection Act : companies must Data Protection Act : companies must

have security measures in place to keep have security measures in place to keep personal info safepersonal info safe

Passwords, locked safes, keypad Passwords, locked safes, keypad access. Virus protection and disinfectantsaccess. Virus protection and disinfectants

Only relevent staff get access to certain Only relevent staff get access to certain infoinfo

Smartcards that hold eye scan infoSmartcards that hold eye scan info Encryption: data encoded so hackers Encryption: data encoded so hackers

cannot understand it.cannot understand it.