commecs institute of business & emerging sciences (cibes) karachi presentation on quality...
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COMMECS Institute of Business & Emerging Sciences (CIBES)
Karachi
Presentation on
Quality Assurance in EducationA Brief History and Implications of Examination Systems
By:
Prof. Dr. Ayub MeharDean, Management Sciences
Institute of Business & Technology (BIZTEK)Karachi
[email protected] December 16, 2006
OUTLINEOUTLINE1. Characteristics of a Good Examination System
2. Historical Roots of Examination Systems
3. Chinese System
4. American Examination System
5. Semester System
6. Blind Examination System in Research Evaluation
7. History of Public Examinations
8. Types of Examinations by Purpose of Education
9. Contemporary Issues in Pakistani Environment
10. Recognized Accrediting Organizations
Characteristics of a Good Examination System Characteristic Description Indicators
1. Fitness for Purpose Reliability and validity of Marking system and examination Paper
• Acceptance by teachers and students that the exam are according to the syllabus.• Statistical evidence of the exams technical quality (eg. Reliability, level of difficulty)•Adequate quality control measures .
2. Equity,
Integrity and
Public
Confidence
No particular candidate or group of candidates has an unfair advantage over others.
• High level of trust in the honesty of exam agency staff •Little evidence of candidates resorting to the use of ‘Unfair means’ (cheating).• Exam authority has procedures for
rechecking of marks and an appeals
procedure.• Special support is available for
disadvantaged candidates.
Characteristics of a Good Examination System (Contd.)
Characteristic Description Indicators
3. Efficiency and
Cost-Effectiveness
•The best possible use of
physical, financial and human
resources. •Results should be issued on time.
• Exam fees do not place an
excessive burden on parents
and students.• Results are issued in time and
in an appropriate form for
decision making.
4. Transparency The examination process should, as far as possible, be open to public scrutiny.
• Non- confidential materials
including regulations,
syllabuses and sample/past
exam papers are widely
available.• Reports, including statistical
data, on exam performance
available.• Marking system and criteria for
award of grades available.
Characteristic Description Indicators
5. Beneficial
Effect on
Classroom
practice
The examination system should promote good teaching and learning practices.
Exam encourages the development of higher-order thinking skills and does not place emphasis on recall of facts.
Characteristics of a Good Examination System (Contd.)
Historical Roots of ExaminationSystem
Chinese System (Blind Examination)
• Introduced over 2000 years ago in China
• To Select the most able citizens for the civil service
Examples• NTS, • Public Examinations• Competitive Examinations• External Examinations
• Introduced by Greek philosophers
• Adopted by Islamic Scholars and Madarsas
• To Induct new knowledge and promote thinking process
Examples • Semester System • Training Workshops• Referral System
Greek System (Mentor as Examiner)
• Introduced over 2000 years ago in China
• Adopted by Europe Except UK and France in 16th Century
• Adopted by Russia in 18th Century
• Adopted by France in late 18th Century
• Adopted by Britannia in 19th Century
• Adopted by USA in 1883
Chinese System
• Developed in 20th Century
• Emphasis on behavioral (Psychometrics) measurement.
• Heavy reliance on objective and standardized modes of assessment.
• Multiple Choice testing
•Computer-based grading; E-examinations; Moderation; and Averaging
• Adopted by south and Central America, Indonesia, and the Philippines
American Examination System
• A mixture of Chinese and Greek system
• Not available to External Candidates
• Requires higher degree of autonomy, independency and continuous learning environment in the teaching institutions
• Requires higher degree of integrity and continuous updating of the subject matter by the faculty
Semester System
• Blind Referral System
• External Evaluation
• Impact Factor
Blind Examination System in Research Evaluation
• The Abitur as a graduation examination for the classical middle School 1788• The Abitur as a qualified examination for universities• The Baccalaureate was established in Napoleonic France in 1808• London university held its first matriculation examination in 1838• The New York Board of Regents conducted the first examination in 1865• The new approaches developed by the United states in 20th century (SAT, GMAT, GRE. etc)
History of Public Examination
Types of Examination by Purpose of Education
Types of Education Purpose
System of Assessment / Examination
British USA
A) Basic
i. Primary
ii. Elementary
• To increase
literacy rate • To increase the
level of
understanding
for the common
phenomena
Internal
Internal
Internal/ No Examination
Internal / No Examination
B) Higher School and
Intermediate
To teach learning how to learn
Local Boards/
Cambridge/
Edexcel
(A & O Level)
Internal/ NTS (ETS-SAT)
Types of Examination by Purpose of Education (Contd.)
Types of Education Purpose
System of Assessment / Examination
British USA
C) Higher
Education
i. Under
graduation
ii. Post
graduation
To impart significant volume of specialized subject knowledge.
To make a bridge between existing body of Knowledge and Knowledge Creation
University Examinations
University Examinations
University Examination (EST – GRE/
GMAT)
University Examination (EST – GRE/
GMAT)
Types of Examination by Purpose of Education (Contd.)
Types of Education Purpose
System of Assessment / Examination
British USA
C) Higher
Education
iii. Research
degree
Creation of new Knowledge
Published work (or publishable work)
(M Phil to PhD)
University Exam (MS to PhD
Types of Examination by Purpose of Education (Contd.)
Types of Education Purpose
System of Assessment / Examination
British USA
D) Vocational
Education
E) Professional
Education
(Certification)
Training for specialized jobs
To ensure required integrity for specialized professions (Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, chartered Accountants etc.
Training Modules
Certification
leading to membership
-
Membership
leading to certification
Contemporary Issues in Pakistani Environment
• Ideology VS Creativity
• Religion’s ingredient in Education
• Duration of Education
• Academic Orientation (British VS American System)
• Transformation and Equivalency Issues
• Accreditation.
• Job Orientation
• Linkages between knowledge creation and Economic Development
Recognized Accrediting Organizations
ACCREDITORCHEA
Recognized
Organization
USDE
Recognized
Organization
REGIONAL ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS
Middle State Association of college and School Middle State Commission on Higher Education
New England Association of School and College Commission on Institute of Higher r Education
New England Association of School and Colleges Commission on Technical and Career Institution
North Central Association of Colleges and School The Higher Learning Commission
Northwest Commission on College and Universities
Southern Association of College and Schools Commission on Colleges
western Association of School and College Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges
Western Association of School and College Accrediting Commission for Senior College and University
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Recognized Accrediting Organizations
NATIONAL ACCREDITING ORGANIZATION
CHE
Recognized
Organization
USDE
Recognized
Organization
Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools
Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology
Accrediting Commission of the Distance Education and Training Council
Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training
Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools
Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools Accreditation Commission on Accrediting Commission
Association for Biblical Higher Education Commission on Accreditation
Council on Occupational Education
National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences, Inc
Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools Accreditation Commission
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THANK YOU