102: NAVAL AVIATION HERITAGE AND DOCTRINE FUNDAMENTALS102.1 State the six areas of naval doctrine.

• 1. Naval Warfare Describes the inherent nature and enduring principles of naval forces. 2. Naval IntelligencePoints the way for intelligence support in meeting the requirements of both regional conflicts and operations other than war. 3. Naval OperationsDevelops doctrine to reaffirm the foundation of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps expeditionary maritime traditions. 4. Naval LogisticsAddresses the full range of logistical capabilities that are essential in the support of naval forces. 5. Naval PlanningExamines force planning and the relationship between our capabilities and operational planning in the joint and multinational environment. 6. Naval Command and ControlProvides the basic concepts to fulfill the information needs of commanders, forces, and weapon systems.

102.2 Discuss the following:

• a. Command and Control Naval Command and Control, provides the basic concepts to fulfill the information needs of commanders, forces, and weapon systems. b. Naval PlanningNaval Planning examines force planning and the relationship between our capabilities and operational planning in the joint and multinational environment. c. Naval IntelligenceNaval Intelligence, points the way for intelligence support in meeting the requirements of both regional conflicts and operations other than war.

102.3 State the seven principles of Naval Logistics.

• 1. Responsiveness: Providing the right support at the right time, at the right place. This is the most important principle of logistics. Ensuring that adequate logistics resources are responsive to operational needs should be the focus of logistic planning. Such planning requires clear guidance from the commander to his planners; also, it requires clear communication between operational commanders and those who are responsible for providing logistic support. The operational commander’s concept of operations must be thoroughly familiar to the supporting elements—to ensure responsive, integrated support. Responsiveness is a product of logistic discipline, as well. Commanders and logisticians who consistently overestimate their requirements—in quantity and priority – risk slowing the systems ability to respond.

• 2. Simplicity: Avoiding unnecessary complexity in preparing, planning and conducting logistic operations. Providing logistics support never is simple, but the logistics plans that utilize the basic standard support systems usually have the best chance for success. Mission-oriented logistics support concepts and standardized procedures reduce confusion. The operational commander must simplify the logistic task by communicating clear priorities, and forecasting needs based on current and accurate usage data.

• 3. Flexibility:Adapting logistics support to changing conditions. Logistics must be flexible enough to support changing missions, evolving concepts of operations, and the dynamic situations that characterize naval operations. A thorough understanding of the commander’s intent enables logistic planners to support the fluid requirements of naval operations. In striving for flexibility, the logistic commander considers such factors as alternative planning, anticipation, the use of reserve assets, and redundancy. The task-organization of combat service support units is an example of flexible tailoring of logistic support resources to meet anticipated operational requirements.

• 4. Economy: Employing logistic support assets effectively. Accomplishing the mission requires the economical use of logistic support resources. Logistic assets are allocated on the basis of availability and the commander’s objectives. Effective employment further the operational commander to decide which resources must be committed immediately and which should be kept in reserve. Additionally, the commander may need to allocate limited resources to support conflicting and multiple requirements. Prudent use of limited logistics resources ensures that support is available where and when it is most needed. Without economy, operational flexibility becomes comprised.

• 5. Attainability: Acquiring the minimum essential logistic support begin combat operations. Risk is defined as the difference between the commanders desired level of support and the absolute minimum needed to satisfy

mission requirements. The commander must determine the minimum essential requirements and ensure that adequate logistic support levels have been attained before initiating combat operations. In some cases time will permit building up support levels beyond minimum essential requirements. During Operation Desert Shield, for example, the coalition retained the operational initiative and delayed the commencement of combat operations until a six-month supply of material was in theater and available to the operating forces. In this case, the commander was able to attain the level needed to satisfy mission requirements.

• 6. Sustainability: Providing logistic support for the duration of the operation. Sustaining the logistic needs of committed forces in a campaign of uncertain duration is the greatest challenge to the logistician. Every means must be taken to maintain minimum essential material levels at all times. This requires effective support planning that incorporates economy, responsiveness and flexibility. Sustainability also is influenced by our ability to maintain and protect the ships and aircraft that move material to and from the operational theater.

• 7. Survivability: Ensuring that the logistic infrastructure prevails in spite of degradation and damage. Logistic support units and installations, lines of communication, transportation nodes and industrial centers are high-value targets that must be protected by both active and passive measures. For example—since we may not always have the luxury of conducting replenishment in protected rearward areas.

102.4 What was the first navy ship named after an enlisted man?

• Osmond Ingram (DD 255). It was launched 28 Feb 1919. Ingram was the first enlisted man killed in action in World War I, lost when the destroyer Cassin (DD 43) was torpedoed in October 1917.

102.5 Discuss the following military customs and courtesies:

• a. Hand salute The hand salute is centuries old, and probably originated when men in armor raised their helmet visors so they could be identified. Salutes are customarily given with the right hand, but there are exceptions. A sailor with his right arm or hand encumbered may salute left-handed, while people in the Army or Air Force never salute left-handed. On the other hand, a soldier or airman may salute sitting down or uncovered; in the Navy, a sailor does not salute when uncovered, but may salute when seated in a vehicle. Women follow the same customs and rules as men, with one exception. A woman in uniform indoors, where men customarily remove their hats, does not remove her hat, nor does she salute. She does use the proper spoken greeting, just as she would outdoors. Salute from a position of attention. Your upper arm should be parallel to the deck or ground, forearm inclined at a 45-degree angle, hand and wrist straight, palm slightly inward, thumb and fingers extended and joined, with the tip of the forefinger touching the cap beak, slightly to the right of the right eye. Hold the salute until the officer has returned or acknowledged it, and then bring your hand smartly to your side. Salute all officers, men and women, of all U.S. services and all allied foreign services. When chief or senior chief petty officers perform duties normally assigned to an officer- such as standing JOOD watches or taking a division muster- they rate the same salute as an officer.

• b. Saluting the Ensign Each person in the naval service, upon coming on board a ship of the Navy, shall salute the national ensign. He shall stop on reaching the upper platforms of the accommodation ladder, or the shipboard end of the brow, face the national ensign, and render the salute, after which he shall salute, the officer of the deck. On leaving the ship, he shall render the salutes in inverse order. The officer of the deck shall return both salutes in each case. When passed by or passing the national ensign being carried, uncased, in a military formation, all persons in the naval service shall salute. Persons in vehicles or boats shall also be rendered to foreign national ensigns and aboard foreign men-of-war.

• c. Dipping the Ensign Merchant ships "salute" Navy ships by dipping their ensigns. When a merchant ship of any nation formally recognized by the U.S. salutes a ship of the U.S. Navy, it lowers its national colors to

half-mast. The Navy ship, at its closest point of approach, lowers the ensign to half-mast for a few seconds, then closes it up, after which the merchant ship raises its own flag. If the salute is made when the ensign is not displayed, the Navy ship will hoist her colors, dip for the salute, close them up again, and then haul them down after a suitable interval. Naval vessels dip the ensign only to answer a salute; they never salute first.

• d. Gun salute In olden days it took as much as 20 minutes to load and fire a gun, so that a ship that fired her guns in salute did so as a friendly gesture, making herself powerless for the duration of the salute. The gun salutes prescribed by Navy Regs are fired only by ships and stations designated by the Secretary of the Navy. A national salute of 21 guns is fired on Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, and Independence Day, and to honor the President of the United States and heads of foreign states. Salutes for naval officers

are: • Admiral: 17 guns Vice Admiral: 15 guns Rear Admiral: 13

guns Commodore: 11 guns Salutes are fired at intervals of 5 seconds, and always in odd numbers.

102.6 What three classes of naval vessels existed at the inception of the navy?

• a. Ships-of-the-line: The battleships of the sailing days. These ships were the largest of all sailing warships. These battleships carried 64 to 100 guns of various sizes.

• b. Frigates: The cruisers of the 18th century. These cruisers were next in size, usually smaller than

average ships-of-the-line and usually faster. They carried 28 to 44 guns.

• c. Sloops-of-war: The small sailing warships. These ships carried 10 to 20 guns.

102.7 Discuss the importance of the following conflicts as they relate to Manual History:

• a. Battle of Coral Sea7-8 May 1942: Thanks to the breaking of the Japanese Navy code, the U.S. was alerted to a large Japanese force moving to the Coral Sea to seize Port Moresby on the southwest coast of New Guinea. It was to be the first step of a planned invasion of Australia. The Japanese operation centered around three aircraft carriers and dozens of troop transports, but the Americans met them with two carriers of their own.On May 7, the Japanese planes sank two minor ships, while U.S. planes sank an isolated enemy carrier. The next day, both sides launched all their planes against the other. The aircraft passed each other unseen in the clouds, in the world's first carrier verses carrier battle. One Japanese carrier was damaged. The U.S. carrier Lexington was sunk, and the carrier Yorktown was damaged. After this action, both sides withdrew. Although a tactical victory, Coral Sea was a strategic setback for the Japanese who never again threatened Australia.

• b. Voyage of the Great White Fleet In pre-World War I days, the Navy carried out its role as a diplomatic arm of the government. On December 16, 1907, the Great White Fleet left Hampton Roads, Virginia, for a round-the-world cruise to show the flag. The exercise demonstrated the strength of the U.S. Navy

• c. Battle of Normandy The Navy's most notable Atlantic action may have been its part in the June 6, 1944, invasion of Normandy-the largest amphibious operation in history. The greatest armada ever assembled carried out minesweeping, shore-bombardment, and amphibious operations and transported supplies and troops. Those operations enabled the Allies to complete D-Day landings successfully and eventually push on to Germany.

• d. Midway3-5 June 1942: Midway was the turning point of the Pacific war. The U.S. breaking of the Japanese naval code was again the key element as it had been at Coral Sea a month earlier.

• A huge Japanese armada of 160 warships was involved, but commander-in-chief Admiral Yamamoto split his force, sending some ships north to the Aleutian Islands in a diversionary attack. The Japanese retained superior numbers approaching Midway, which included 4 aircraft carriers and 11 battleships.

• At Midway the U.S. had 3 carriers and no battleships. The Americans knew what was coming because of the broken codes, and Admiral Nimitz positioned his 3 carriers, the Hornet, Enterprise, and Yorktown, out of Japanese reconnaissance range.

• As the Japanese carriers launched their planes to assault the Midway defenses, the U.S. planes headed for the enemy carriers. It took attack after attack, but finally the U.S. crews got through and sank 3 Japanese carriers. The next day the fourth carrier was sunk. Japanese planes sank the Yorktown.

• In one day Japan lost its bid for control of the Pacific.• e. Guadalcanal

13-15 November 1942: After three days of bitter fighting, the Japanese naval forces retreated and U.S. Marines were able to secure the island of Guadalcanal. The Japanese lost 2 cruisers and 6 destroyers. The U.S.S. Juneau was involved in the battle. Navy policy was to place members of the same family on different ships, but the five Sullivan brothers,

• From Waterloo, Iowa, insisted on staying together. An exception was made and they all became crewmen onboard the Juneau. The Juneau was damaged during the battle in a close-range night encounter. As it limped off for repairs, it was torpedoed. The Sullivans along with 700 others were lost. Because of this tragedy, Navy policy concerning family member separations was reinstated. A ship

• Was later named in their honor. With the fall of the island, the southern Solomons came under Allied control and Australia was in less danger of attack.

• f. Battle of Leyte Gulf The final blow to the Japanese navy came October 23, 1944. In a last-chance effort to salvage the Philippines, the Japanese sent a naval

force to Leyte Gulf to attack the U.S. Fleet. Their plan backfired and the operation was a complete failure-the deciding catastrophe for their navy. The loss of the Philippines severed their empire, and the homeland was cut off from its main source of supply from the south. With the losses at Okinawa and Iwo Jima, the war in the Pacific was approaching its final days.

102.8 Discuss the conditions that led to the formation of the U.S. Navy.

•• The areas of our country that became the 13 original

states were colonies of England in the mid-1700's. The king of England allowed the colonies to trade only with England. Problems arose between the colonists and England as the years passed. English Parliament passed several tax laws that affected the colonists in a problem known as "taxation without representation". The colonists formed Committees of Correspondence to communicate the problems to England. They convened a Continental Congress to discuss these problems. This first congress met in 5 September 1774.

• At the meeting, the Congress produced a statement of rights it believed England should grant to the colonists. Then in October of 1774 the statement of rights was presented to the king. A second Continental Congress convened on 10 May 1775. The colonists appointed George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental American army on 15 June 1775. The Continental Congress felt forced to act as the provisional government for the colonies. They issued money, established a postal service, and created a Continental navy. The U.S. Navy has its birth on 13 October 1775. On this date the Second Continental

Congress authorized the purchase of two vessels. The first commander in chief was Esek Hopkins, who put the first squadron of the Continental Navy to sea in February 1776.

102.9 State the qualities that characterize the Navy/Marine Corps team as instruments to support national policies.

• Naval forces have been organized for fighting at sea - or from the sea - for more than two thousand years. The qualities that characterize most modern naval forces as political instruments in support of national policies are the same as those that define the essence of our naval Services today. These qualities are readiness, flexibility, self-sustainability, and mobility. They permit naval forces to be expeditionary - that is, being able to establish and maintain a forward-based, stabilizing presence around the world. Naval expeditionary operations are offensive in nature, mounted by highly trained and well-equipped integrated task forces of the Navy and Marine Corps, organized to accomplish specific objectives. Naval expeditionary forces draw upon their readiness, flexibility, self-sustainability, and mobility to provide the National Command Authorities4 the tools they need to safeguard such vital national interests as the continued availability of oil from world producers and maintenance of political and economic stability around the globe. Through these qualities, naval forces reassure allies and friends, deter aggressors, and influence uncommitted and unstable regimes.

102.10 State the three levels of war.

• The concept of "levels of war" can help us visualize the relative contribution of military objectives toward achieving overall national goals and offer us a way to place in perspective the causes and effects of our specific objectives, planning, and actions. There are three levels: tactical, operational, and strategic - each increasingly broader in scope. Although the levels do not have precise boundaries, in general we can say that the tactical level involves the details of individual engagements; the operational level concerns forces collectively in a theater; and the strategic level focuses on supporting national goals. World War II, for example, a strategic-level and global war, included operational-level combat in the Pacific theater consisting primarily of U.S. led maritime, air,

and supporting allied land campaigns. Within each specific campaign were a series of important and often decisive battles. At the tactical level, each contributed to the achievement of that campaign's objectives. The culmination of these campaign objectives resulted in overall victory in the Pacific theater.

102.11 State the mission of Naval Logistics.

• Sustained naval and joint operations are made possible by a logistic support system that has two major components: fleet-based sustainment assets and strategic sustainment assets. Fleet-based sustainment assets include replenishment ships of the combat logistics force providing direct fleet support, combat service support units, mobile repair facilities, and advanced logistic support hubs. Strategic sustainment is provided by air and sea assets that are shared by all Services. Successful global response to contingencies depends upon our ability to project and sustain U.S. forces in all theaters of operations. Integrated support resources in the form of fleet-based sustainment assets and strategic assets provide naval expeditionary forces and joint and multinational forces the ability to operate in peacetime and in war wherever and whenever our national interests demand. Our ability to move and sustain forces at great distances from our shores is critical to the forward presence component of our military strategy.

102.12 State the importance of planning to Naval Operations.

• When military action is one of the potential responses to a situation threatening U.S. interests, a plan is prepared using either the joint deliberate-planning process or crisis-action procedures10. Although military flexibility demands a capability to conduct short-notice crisis planning when necessary, U.S. military strength is best enhanced by deliberate peacetime analysis, planning, and exercises.

An operation plan is a commander's complete description of a concept of operation. It is based on the commander's preparation of the battlespace, 11 a formal evaluation, supported by intelligence, that integrates enemy doctrine with such factors as physical and environmental conditions. From this evaluation, the commander identifies the forces and support needed to execute the plan within a theater of

operations. Naval forces operation plans are integrated into the complete inventory available to the Joint Force Commander. For execution, plans become operation orders. Operation plans include: the theater strategy or general concept and the organizational relationships; the logistics plan shows ways the force will be supported; and the deployment plan sequences the movement of the force and its logistical support into the theater. Elements of planning that produce a concept of operations include the commander's estimate, deciding possible courses of action, preparation of the mission statement and its execution strategy, situation analysis, and formulation of the commander's intent. These elements are applicable up, down, and across chains of command.

103: U. S. NAVY ORGANIZATION FUNDAMENTALS103.1 Discuss the responsibilities of the following:

• a. Commander in Chief (President) is the head of the Armed Forces as mandated by the Constitution. He is responsible for initiating military action in support of our national interests. He can submit to Congress the intent to declare war, which Congress must approve in order to actually wage war.

• b. Secretary of Defense Principal defense advisor to President. Formulation of general defense policy and policy related to DOD.

• c. Secretary of the Navy Policies and control of DON organization, admin, ops and efficiency.

• d. Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Navy rep of JCS. Keeps SECNAV informed of UCS activities and responsible to the President and SECDEF for external DON duties.

• e. Fleet Commander In Charge (CINC) Operating forces - ships, crafts classified and organized into command by type.

• f. Type Commander (TYCOM) Responsible for the ships that make up the operational numbered fleets.

.2 Discuss the role of the following:

• a. MCPON Navy’s senior enlisted member. Serves as senior enlisted rep of the Navy and as senior enlisted adviser to the CNO in all matters pertaining to enlisted personnel and their families.

• b. Fleet Master ChiefHe or she is the principal enlisted advisor to the Fleet CINC.

• c. Force Master ChiefPrincipal enlisted advisers to commanding officers. Have the responsibility of keeping the CO up to date on situations, procedures, and practices that affect the welfare, morale, and well being of the enlisted crew.

• d. Command Master Chief - CMCEnlisted adviser to CO. Keeps the CO up to date on situations, procedures, and practices that affect the welfare, morale, and well being of the enlisted crew and their families.

.3 Discuss the function of the following operational commands:

• a. Atlantic Fleet- 2nd fleet• b. Pacific Fleet- 3rd & 7th fleets• c. Naval Forces, Europe- 6th fleet• d. Military Sealift Command (MSC)- Provides immediate

sealift capability in the time of emergency.103 .4 State the geographic Area of Responsibility (AOR) for the following:

• a. 2nd Fleet- Atlantic Ocean. Headquarters is in Norfolk, Virginia.

• b. 3rd and 7th Fleets- Pacific and Indian oceans. 3rd fleet headquarters is in San Diego, California while 7th fleet is in Yokosuka, Japan.

• c. 5th Fleet-Persian gulf. Headquarters is in Manama, Bahrain.

• d. 6th Fleet-Mediterranean. Headquarters is in Gaeta, Italy.

• e. Military Sealift Command- Worldwide. Headquarters is in Washington DC.

.5 State the purpose and content of the following:

• a. Standard Organization and Regulations of the U.S. Navy To provide all units with the same basic organization, regardless of their mission.b. Ship’s/Command’s Organization and Regulations ManualGoverns the coordination of evolutions and emergency procedures and the conduct of personnel in the unit. Purpose is to provide a ready source of info concerning the duties, responsibilities, and authority of unit personnel.

.6 Discuss the inter-relationship between the following:

• a. Naval Air Squadrons• b. Naval Surface Forces

• c. Naval Sub-Surface Forces• d. Naval Amphibious Forces Each is responsible for waging

war in the air, on the sea, under the sea, and in land from the sea. Each may wage war on their own depending upon the mission but more frequently each interfaces and coordinates with one another to conduct total war.

.7 Discuss the following:

• a. Naval Reserve Mission is to provide trained units and qualified individuals for active duty in time of war or national emergency and at other times required by national security.

• b. Ready ReserveThe total compliment of reservists in the SELRES, TAR, and IRR programs.

• c. Selected ReserveSubject to involuntary recall for war or national emergency, or by the president up to 90 days to support operational requirements without the declaration of national emergency.

• d. TARServe on full-time active duty in support of the Naval Reserve.

• e. Individual Ready ReservesSubject to involuntary recall for war or national emergency. Members are not required to train.

104: SHIPBOARD ORGANIZATION AND ADMIN FUNDAMENTALS

104.1 Discuss the shipboard organizational structure and the duties, responsibilities and authority of:

• a. Commanding Officer - CO- The responsibilities of the CO are absolute until he is relieved by competent authority. May delegate authority to subordinates, but such delegation does not relieve him of his continued responsibility for the safety and efficiency of the entire command. The CO must exert every effort to maintain his command in a state of maximum effectiveness for war service. CO’s position is quasi-judicial. It is legislative, judicial, and executive. His power is authoritarian and complete. He has the ultimate responsibility for the ship and everything pertaining to the ship. Power is vested to the CO by the UCMJ to impose limited punishment. This power may not be delegated.

• b. Executive Officer - XO- Direct rep of the CO in

maintaining the military and general efficiency of the ship. All department heads, other officers, and enlisted personnel are under the Ox’s orders in all matters pertaining to operation and maintenance of the ship and to the preservation of good order and discipline. Arranges and coordinates all ship’s work, drills and exercises, the personnel organization, policing of the ship, and inspections. XO sits as head of the planning board for training.

• c. Command Master Chief - CMC- Principal enlisted advisers to commanding officers. Have the responsibility of keeping the CO up to date on situations, procedures, and practices that affect the welfare, morale, and well being of the enlisted crew.

• d. Department Head - DH- Representative of the CO in all matters pertaining to the department. Conforms to the policies and complies with orders of the CO. Reports to the CO for the operational readiness of the department. Reports to the XO for admin matters and keeps the XO informed of reports made to the CO.

• e. Division Officer - DO- Responsible under the dept. head for the proper performance of the duties assigned his division and performance of his subordinates. Enlisted person’s major link in the Chain of Command.

• f. Leading Chief Petty Officer - LCPO/Leading Petty Officer - LPO- Senior petty officer assigned to the division/dept. Assists the div/dept. in the administration, supervision, and training of the div/dept.

• g. Work Center Supervisor- Senior petty officer in charge of a maintenance group. Responsible to the dept. head via the divot for 3-M system operation within the work center.

• h. Damage Control Petty Officer - DCPO- Responsible for damage control functions of the division and related equipment.

• i. Command Career Counselor - CCC- Responsible for Retention training, Career Training and assisting the crew in conversions and career paths.

• j. Ship’s 3-M Coordinator- Responsible to the CO for the completion of all Maintenance and the training and testing of all maintenance men.

• k. Ombudsman - Liaison between the CO and the family/dependents of all personnel.

• l. Financial Specialist- Advise crewmembers in budgeting, savings, and basic money management.

• m. Drug and Alcohol Program Administrator - DAPA - Advises the CO and XO on all matters concerning the Navy Drug and Alcohol Program. Provides onboard screening, education, prevention, counseling, aftercare, and referrals.

• n. Quality Assurance Coordinator - Assigned to assure the prevention of defects in maintenance and work.

• O. Medical Department- Responsible for the health and well being of the entire crew and any other persons embarked onboard.

• p. Safety Officer- Responsible to the CO for the identifying safety problems and training the crew on proper safety procedures for all evolutions. Investigates all mishaps and provides a Mishap report to the NAVSAFCEN via the CO.

• q. Divisional Safety Petty Officer- Responsible to the Safety Officer for identifying safety problems and completing safety mishap reports.

• r. Security Manager- Responsible for the safe handling of all sensitive material.

104.2 Discuss the purpose of a shipboard battle organization in relation to the following:

• a. Command and Ship Control- To provide central decision-making point during battle situations. To provide for the orderly movement of the ship during battle.

• b. Operations Control- To provides a capability for detection, communications, electronic warfare, electronic repair, and ship handling/maneuvering during battle conditions.

• c. Weapons Control- To provide offensive/defensive weapons capability during battle conditions.

• d. Engineering control- To provide propulsion and maneuverability during battle.

• e. Damage Control- To provide damage repair capability during battle conditions.

• f. Primary Flight Control- To provide a capability for offensive and defensive actions, emergency situations, or the debarkation of troops during an amphibious assault.

• g. Mine Countermeasures Control- To provide standards for combatting mines.

• h. Debarkation Control- To provide orderly debarkation of troops/equipment during an amphibious assault.

.3 State the purpose of the following bills:

• a) Administrative - Establishes uniform policy for assignment of personnel, berthing, maintenance, visiting, recall and zone inspections.

• b) Operational - Sets forth policies and procedures in such areas as the boat bill, cold weather, darken ship EMCON, etc…

• c) Emergency - Provide and organize prescribed procedures and assign responsibilities for controlling the effects of major emergency or disaster suffered by the ship.

• d) Special - Assign responsibility for a promulgated procedures for defense against sneak/swimmer attack, evacuate civilians, prisoner of war, etc.

• e) Battle - Assign personnel and stations necessary to fight the ship.

• f) Watch quarter and station bill - Each person in the division is listed by billet number displaying his assignments for battle, watch, operational, and emergency bills.

.4 State the purpose of the following reports:

• a) 8 O’clock reports - Reports received shortly before 1830 (Underway) by the Executive Officer from the department heads.

• b) 12 O’clock reports - Reports received by the OOD (Inport) and delivered by messenger of the watch prior 1200. Reports include aviation fuel, boat, chronometer, draft, fuel & water, magazine temp, muster report.

.5 Discuss the purpose and general rules for counseling:• a. Is to reward positive actions or to negative actions.

Rules for personnel counseling include (1) Ensure counseling is based upon factual information and

discuss solutions to problem areas.

104.6 Describe the effects of enlisted evaluations on the following:

• a. Types of discharges: Honorable, General (Under Honorable Conditions), Other Than Honorable, Bad Conduct Discharge & Dishonorable

• b. Advancement: Requirements are: proper time in rate, same grouping (e.g. FN, SN, AN, Group), advancement courses, pars, military requirements, and most of all “CO’s recommendation”.

• c. Good conduct awards: Every three years starting 01Jan96. Hash mark still counts 4 yrs. each.

• d. Assignments: Type of duty assignments are: Type 1- Cones shore duty; Type 2- Conus shipboard duty; Type 3 - Overseas shore duty but counted sea duty for rotational purposes; Type 4 - Overseas shipboard duty; 5 - Neutral duty & 6 - Preferred Overseas shore duty.

.7 Explain the use of the following:

• a. Naval message- Used for all messages and correspondence regarding official matters.

• b. E-mail - Used for personal messages of a non-official status.

.8 Explain the purpose of the following message components:• a. Date time group (DTG) - The Date-Time-Group (DTG) is

assigned for identification and file purposes only. The DTG consists of six digits. The first two digits represent the date, the second two digits represent the hour, and the third two digits represent the minutes. Next follows the month followed by the year. Example: 220001Z NOV 98

• b. From line - It is identified by the originator prosign FM (meaning “FROM”) and contains the designation of the originating station.

• c. To line - It is identified by the action prosign “TO” and contains the designations of the Action addressee’s.

• D. Info line - It is identified by the prosign “INFO” and contains the designations of the information

addressee’s.

• e. Classification/declassification line - The classification line is the first line of the text and immediately follows the BT that separates the heading and text. This line indicates the message classification and provides the Standard Subject Identification Code (SSIC).

• f. Standard subject identification code (ssic) - The Standard Subject Identification Code (SSIC) identifies the subject matter of the message. The SSIC is preceded and followed by two slant signs; also the SSIC always contains five digits corresponding to the particular subject matter, preceded by the letter N. Example: UNCLAS //N02000//

• g. Subject line - The subject line indicates the basic contents of the message

• h. Passing instructions - Specific elements at the beginning of the text, these elements may be flag words, code words, subject lines, for, from, pass to and outgoing/incoming message references. These elements are a means of indicating that the text of the message is to receive the attention of the indicated individual or office without necessarily limiting the normal distribution.

• i. Reference line - Reference lines are used to avoid repeating lengthy quotations or references within the text of a message. A reference may be any message, document, correspondence, or telephone conversation that is pertinent to the message.

• j. Amplifying information line - Used for a single reference.

• k. Narrative information line - Used for multiple references.

• l. Text - The part of the message that contains the thought or idea that the drafter desires to communicate.

.9 Explain what each of the following enlisted service

record pages are and what entries are made on each.

• a. Page 2 - (Dependent Application/Emergency Data Form) b. Page 4 - NAVPERS 1070/604 (Awards & Qualifications) c. Page 13 - Administrative Remarks

104.10 State the purpose and discuss the contents of (EDVR).

• The EDVR lists all personnel assigned to the unit in addition protecting gains and losses. “It’s a manning document”. It contains 12 sections.

.11 Explain the use of a Report and Disposition of Offenses (NAVPERS 1626/7).

• Also called the Court Memorandum: Page 7 of the enlisted service record. It shall be used to record court-martial and nonjudicial punishment that affect pay.

.12 Define the following in reference to a personal misconduct determination:

• a. In line of duty - (e.g. Drunk driving and service member suffered significant injury that cause him to miss 3 months of military duty and may have incurred a permanent disability.

• b. Not in line of duty, not due to member’s own misconduct - Determination would occur when misconduct is not involved, but an injury or disease is contracted by a service member which falls within one of four other exceptions to the LOD presumption (desertion; UA; confinement as a result of a civilian conviction; or confinement pursuant to sentence by a general court-martial that included an unremitted dishonorable discharge. (e.g. A service member has been UA for 8 months and is injured while lawfully crossing a street. The injuries were not the result of negligence.

• c. Not in line of duty, due to member’s own misconduct - A determination of “misconduct” always requires a determination of “not in the line of duty.”

104.13 Discuss the purpose of the Command Managed Equal Opportunity (CMEO) Program in relation to:

• a. Command Training Team - Every command with 50 or more permanently assigned personnel is required to have a CTT to present command specific training, Navy Rights and Responsibilities (NR&R) workshops, annual sexual harassment training, and other EO training as may be required. Members shall be appointed in writing and shall complete with 6 months, the formal CTT Indoc course.

• b. Command Assessment Team - Every command with 50 or more personnel is required to have a CAT to conduct command assessments. The XO chairs the CAT which includes the CMC, CCC, PO, LO, CMEO Officer, CTT leader and at least one dept. head. The CAT meets quarterly (minimum)

• c. Navy Rights and Responsibilities (NR&R) Workshop - Is conducted by the CTT for all personnel within 90 days of check-in and annual refreshers in conjunction with the command assessment.

• d. Command Assessment - Command assessment are required within 6 months following change of command and at minimum annually thereafter.

• e. Plan of Action and Milestone (POA & M) - Personnel are routinely informed of the status resulting from the annual command assessment.

• f. Immediate Superior in Command - COMPHIBGRU ONE; ISICS are required to inspect EO as a special interest item during subordinate command inspections.

104.14 Discuss the concept of Operational Risk Management (ORM)

• a. Is a decision making tool used by people at all levels to increase operational effectiveness by anticipating hazards and reducing the potential for loss, thereby increasing probability of a successful mission. b. Increases our ability to make informed decisions by providing the best baseline of knowledge and experience available. c. Is an effective tool for maintaining readiness in peacetime and success in combat without infringing upon the prerogatives of the Commander.

104.15 Explain the following as they apply to ORM:

• a. Identifying hazards Begin with an outline or chart of the major steps in the operation or operational analysis. Next, conduct a preliminary hazard analysis by listing all of the hazards associated with each step in the operational analysis along with possible causes for those hazards

• b. Assessing hazardsFor each hazard identified, determine the associated degree of risk in terms of probability and severity. Although not required, the use of a matrix may be helpful in assessing hazards.

• c. Making risk decisionsDevelop risk control options. Start with the most serious risk first and select controls that will reduce the risk to a minimum consistent with mission accomplishment. With selected controls in place, decide if the benefit of the operation outweighs the risk. If risk outweighs benefit or if assistance is required to implement controls, communicate with higher authority in the chain of command.

• d. Implementing controlsThe following measures can be used to eliminate hazards or reduce the degree of risk. These include: Engineering controls, administrative controls, and personnel protective equipment.

• e. SupervisingConduct follow-up evaluations of the controls to ensure they remain in place and have the desired effect. Monitor for changes, which may require further ORM. Take corrective action when necessary.

105: SUPPLY ORGANIZATION FUNDAMENTALS

105.1 Explain the importance of the COSAL in relationship to the ship’s mission and sustainability.

• Coordinated Shipboard Allowance List. List of equipment onhand that may be needed.

.2 Discuss the following processes in reference to the COSAL:

• a. Validating- Every 2-3 years download everything &

validating during ILO. Reconciliate what is supported and what is not.

• b. Updating- Modifications, additions, and deletions.• c. Automated Shore Interface/Revised Alternative Dataflow

(ASI/RAD)-Receive monthly from NAVSEA in a sequence numbered tape. Provides updates, configurations, a report update. Tells what is missing at the end of each month.

.3 Explain how frequently ordered parts effect demand processing.• Verified 2x monthly. Demand is recorded. If an item is

listed 2 times in a 6 month period, it becomes a higher priority item and is stocked onboard.

.4 Discuss the purpose of the Material Obligation Validation (MOV) program.

• SNAP NAVCOM 2155. Reconciliation of the RPPO and the SUADAPS stores. Contains Julian date, serial #, nomenclature, and running balance.

.5 Discuss the Depot Level Repairable (DLRs) program.

• Manages high value items (advice # 7H, 7E, 7X, 7G, AND 7Q). Cannot repair and reuse.

105.6 Explain the procedures on NRFI DLRs in regard to the following situations:

• a. Turn-in- For exchange basis only. Advice code is 5g.• b. Remain in Place (RIP)-• Turned into Supply when new item is in place. (Advice code

5S) DLR items reflect 2 prices, 1 is Standard Price and 1 is Net Unit Price.

.7 Define the purpose of the following:

• a. Maintenance Assist Modules (MAMs)-• Usually DLR’s. Used for troubleshooting only. If for

permanent use must be approved by CO.• b. Bulkhead ready spares- Bulky items that are stored in

the actual spaces that they will be used. .8 Discuss the Battle Group Asset Management System (BAMS) concept.

• Database to assist force commanders by providing TOTAL ASSETS of Battle group.

.9 Explain the difference between the two components of the OPTAR:

• a. Equipment Maintenance Related Material (EMRM)-Parts and parts repair consumables required for maintenance of equipment. Y series for repair parts.b. Other- Administrative and housekeeping items.

.10 Explain the effects of the following on ships OPTAR:

• a. Departmental budget- Basis for annual financial management plan. Distribution of money.

• b. Consolidated Residual Asset Management System Inventory (CRAMSI)-

• Database managed by NAVSEALOGCEN.• c. Hazardous material reutilization- The process of

reusing HAZMAT.• d. Defense Reutilization Marketing Office (DRMO)- Free

issue for government use.105.11 State how credit is distributed for parts when they are turned back in to supply.

• Item goes back to stock. Turned in to DRMO. Credit is given to TYCOM who has a large pool of money that is distributed accordingly at the end of the fiscal year.

.12 Define the UMMIPS and the role it plays with the Priority Designator (PD).

• For priority 2 and 5 items. Not to exceed 70% priority items for each month.

.13 What is the purpose of the following messages:

• a. Fleet freight/cargo- Dates and ports & material info for items to be sent.

• b. Main- Generated by the fleet commander. Includes dates & places of port visit. Askis where you want your supplies to go.

.14 Discuss the purpose of ship’s store afloat.

• Provide comfort for the crew. Generates funds for MWR. Sells items at lowest possible price.

.15 Explain endurance loading of subsistence and how it affects the ship’s mission and sustainability.

• Determined by TYCOM. Normally for 45 days. Allows for continues operation of the ship.

.16 Define and describe the BDFA and state how it effects each crewmember.

• Basic Daily Food Allowance - The current BDFA is $7.40 not including the Prime Vendor Allowances. This allowance is what we are allowed to serve one patron per day. The BDFA is multiplied by the number of ration credits taken. It is updated quarterly by NAVSUP-51.

.17 Describe the principle quarterly foodservice report and where it is submitted.

• The principle monthly report is the NAVSUP form 1359- General Mess Summary Document. It is broken down into 5 parts. Rations, cash statement, receipts, expenditures and surcharges. The 1359 is submitted electronically to NAVSUP-51 no later then the 5th of each month.

105.18 State what kinds of rations are utilized during battle stations when the galley or galley personnel are not available?Marines will eat MRE's, (Meals Ready to Eat). When the ship is in battle quarters, the mess decks will deliver “battle messing” to the GQ stations.

106: DECK FUNDAMENTALS

106.1 State the measuring standard for the following:

•• a. Line: Measured in circumference.• b. Wire rope: Measured in diameter.

106.2 Discuss the difference between three strand and double braid synthetic mooring line, with respect to the following:

•

• a. Strength: Double braid is stronger than three strands.

• b. Breaking characteristics: Double braid has higher breaking characteristics.

• c. Durability: Double braid is more durable.

106.3 Explain the meaning of the following line-handling commands:

••• a. Hold: Secure the line so it doesn’t allow slippage.• b. Check: Let the line surge a little at a time to

prevent the line from parting.• c. Ease: Let the line out smoothly but keeping it taught.• d. Slack: To allow a line to run out using hand over hand

method keeping it out of the water.• e. Take-in: Bring the line onboard.• f. Cast-off: Remove the line from the bitt.• g. Avast: Hold the line, do not slack or heave around.• h. Heave around: Pull on the line.

106.4 Define the following:

•

• a. Swing circle: Amount of chain released, distance haws pipe plus ships length.

• b. Drag circle: Amount of chain released, distance haws pipe to pylorus.

106.5 Define the following terms as applied to small boats:

•

• a. Sea painter: A line led well forward on the ship to a boat alongside.

• b. Steady lines: Lines used to steady the boat during hoisting and lowering.

• c. Manropes (monkey lines): A safety line made up with a series of overhand or figure eight knots evenly spaced to assist personnel climbing up and down.

106.6 Describe the purpose of the following as applied to ground tackle:

•

• a. Bit: Make a line fast that have been fairled through chocks.

• b. Chock: Smooth surface which mooring lines are led to prevent them from chafing.

• c. Cleat: Used for belaying a line or wire.

• d. Bullnose: A hole in the bow used for being towed or mooring to a buoy.

• e. Hawse pipe: Pipe where the anchor is hawsed.

• f. Chain: Hold the ship in place when at anchorage.

• g. Turnbuckle: Used on the stopper assembly to secure the anchor.

• h. Gypsy head: Used to heave around on the lines and wires.

• i. Capstan: Used to heave in on mooring lines and wires.

• j. Detachable link: Used to connect links of chain together.

• k. Chain marking: Lets you know how much chain you have out on deck.

• l. Anchor: Used to hold ships position.

• m. Chain stopper: Used to secure the chain and anchor.

• n. Pelican hook: Part of the stopper that actually secures the chain.

• o. Wildcat: Used for hoisting and controlled lowering of the anchor.

• p. Anchor brake: Keeps the chain from paying out.

• q. Anchor buoy: Identifies where anchor is when at anchor.

•

• .7 Define the following as applied to marlinespike seamanship:

•• a. Hawser: Any heavy line or wire used for towing or

mooring.• b. Line: Any rope that is not wire.• c. Wire: Rope made of metal, used in various ways.• d. Spring line Six strands of wire wrapped around a fiber

core.• e. Small stuff: Line 1 ¾ or smaller.• f. Flemish: Line coiled flat and tight.• g. Coil: Make a circle with line and pile it on top of

itself.• h. Fake: The act of disposing of line, wire, or chain by

laying it out in long, flat bights, alongside the other.

• i. Heaving lines: A line with a weight at one end, heaved across an intervening space for passing over a heavier line.

• j. Monkey fist (heaving ball): The heavy end of the heaving line.

• k. Marlin: two-strand left laid tarred hemp small stuff.

• L. Bight: A loop of rope, line, or chain.• m. Bitter end: The end of a line.• n. Eye: Hole in the end of a line used for mooring.• o. Eye splice: Used to make an eye at the end of a line.• p. Long splice: Used to join two pieces of line with out

changing its circumference.• q. Short splice: Used to join two pieces of line.• r. Marlinespike: Tapered steel tool used to open the

strands of wire for splicing.• s. Fid: Wooden spike shaped tool used in splicing line.• t. Moussing: Wire wrapped around a hook used to

strengthen and prevent the load from slipping off.•106.8 Discuss the purpose of the following line handing safety precautions:• a. Direction of line pull danger area: To keep people from

being hit if line parts.• b. Safe distance from blocks, cleats, gypsy heads,

capstans, etc. Far away as possible.• c. Removal of all loose objects (i.e. rings, watches,

keys, etc.): Prevent snagging and loss of appendages.• d. Whenever possible remain forward/inboard of lines and

wires: Prevent from getting hurt.• e. Line handling using the "hand-over-hand" rule: Prevent

rope burns and snagging.•106.9 Define and discuss the following as applied to mooring: • a. Mooring line: Line used in tying up the ship.• b. Breast line: Line used in keeping ship from moving in

and out.• c. Forward spring line: Keeps the ship from moving aft.• d. After spring line: Keeps the ship from moving forward.• e. Bow headline: Line that runs through the bullnose.• f. Stern line: Runs through stern chock and holds the

stern in.• g. Storm line/wire: Extra line used in storms to add

extra strength to the ship’s Moore.• h. Tattletale line: Lets you know when the lines safe

working load has been reached.• I. Round turn: Complete turn around a bitt.• j. Figure eight turn: Line put on bitts in a figure eight

fashion to secure mooring line.• k. Dip the eye: Second eye is led through first eye and

put on the bitt.• l. Single up: Putting out first line or bringing in

second line.

• m. Double up: Putting out second line.• n. Heavy strain: Line is tight and popping.• o. Moderate strain: To the point of just being taught.• p. Light strain: No strain on the line at all.• q. Frap: Wrapping mooring line snuggly with small stuff

holding the lines together.• r. Rat guards: Circular metal disc lashed together.• s. Chafing gear: Canvas wrapped around the area of line

where the rat guard is placed.• t. Rat-tail stopper: Line used to hold the mooring line

while it is being secured to bitts.• u. Safe working load (swl): Where the line stretches to a

certain point /any farther may cause injury.•106.10 Discuss the following terms in regard to replenishment at sea:• a. Underway replenishment (unrep): Means of transferring

fuel, ammo, and supplies from one vessel to the next.• b. Vertical replenishment (vertrep): Same as above but

done by the use of helo’s.• c. Connected replenishment (conrep): Two ship’s steam

side by side fuel hoses and wire are used to transfer fuel, ammo, supplies, and personnel

•106.11 Define the following in regards to replenishment operations: • a. Replenishment course: The responsibility of the otc to

select a suitable course and speed taking into consideration the mission of the group and the condition of the sea.

• b. Replenishment speed: About 12 knots.• c. Control ship: Usually the delivering ship• d. Approach ship: Receiving ship.• e. Delivery ship: The control ship.• f. Transfer station: Station, which sends the product.• g. Receiving ship: Approach ship.•106.12 Discuss the use of the following during underway replenishment: • a. Inhaul/outhaul line: A line used to recover any piece

of gear, such as a Para vane or a trolley block/a line used to haul a piece of gear from a ship.

• b. Messenger: Line used to get the span wire across to the ship.

• c. Phone and distance line: Line sent to the other ship with phone line in the middle so communications can be established and tells the distance the ship’s are

apart.• d. Riding line: Line used to hold the probe in place. • e. Tie down: Used for securing things. • f. Easing outline: Line that is fair led through the eye

of the weak link and secured to a cleat and is used to ease out the span wire till clear of the ship.

• g. Span wire/highline: Wire that is tensioned and the fuel rig is sent over/wire that is tensioned and the cargo rigs are sent over.

• h. Probe/Robb coupling: Devices used to send fuel through.

• I. Station-to-station phone line: Phone line sent over to other ship for comms from station to station.

•106.13 Discuss the use of the following equipment in underway replenishment: • a. Winch: Mechanical device used to slack off heave in on

saddle whips and span wire.• b. Bolo: Led weight attached to by shot line and heaved

over to the receiving ship.• c. Line-throwing gun: Gun used to shoot shot line over.• d. Fair-lead block: Block that line passes through to

give direction of pull.• e. Snatch block: Block that one side opens up to allow

bight of line to be put on.• f. Contour lights: Gives definition of ship while

approaches are made.• g. Saddle whips: Wire attached to the saddles.• h. Hose saddles: Device used to connect hoses and

attached to a trolley.• I. Ram tensioner: Keeps the span wire/highline tensioned.• j. Trolley: Device used to attach the saddle to wire and

allows smooth movement.• k. Standard tension replenishment alongside method

(STREAM): Replenishment conducted while wire is under tension.

• l. Cargo drop reel: Takes the place of a sliding pad eye used on ship’s that don’t have a sliding padeye.

• m. Sliding pad eye: Device used for receiving cargo.• n. STREAM support leg: A carrier will usually use this

type of rig.• o. End fitting: Fitting at the end of the span wire or

whips or highline.• p. Star assembly: All tensioned wire rig with the

highline and the inhaul and outhaul lines being tended by winches in the delivering ship.

• q. Pendant receiving station: Used for connecting stream

cargo transfer rigs. • r. Traveling surf: An all tensioned wire rig with

highline, inhaul, and outhaul lines being tended by winches in the delivering ship.

• s. Surf block: • t. Day/night station markers: Used to identify the

stations products.• u. Replenishment checklist: List used to ensure all items

are on station and station is ready to go.• v. STREAM transfer head:• w. Chem lites: Lights used to illuminate stations and

fittings.•106.14 Explain the duties of the following replenishment personnel/hard hat colors:• a) Safety observer (station and bridge): Watches for

safety violations. White with green cross.• b) Rig captain: Person in charge of station. Yellow.• c) Riggers: Responsible for rigging station. Blue.• d) Signalman: Delivers signals to other ship. Green.• e) Corpsman: On station for personnel casualty. White

with Red Cross.• f) Gunner’s mate: Used to shoot shot line over. red.• g) Winch operator: Operates the winches. brown.• h) Phone taker: Communicates with bridge and other ship.

green.•106.15 Discuss the meaning of whistle signals between the delivery and receiving stations.(1) Preparing to shoot shot line(2) Ready to receive shot line(3) Shooting shot line

106.16 Discuss the following flag hoist signals when displayed by the delivery and/or receiving ship:• a) Romeo at the dip: steady on course and speed preparing

to take you alongside/ready to come alongside.• b) Romeo close up: ready for your approach/commencing

approach.• c) Romeo hauled down: when messenger is in hand/when

messenger in hand.• d) Prep at the dip: receiving ship only expects to

disengage in 15 min.• e) Prep close up: replenishment completed.• f) Prep hauled down: all lines clear.• g) Bravo at the dip: temporarily ceased pumping/stopped

receiving temporarily.

• h) Bravo close up: transferring/receiving.• i) Bravo hauled down: unrep complete/unrep complete.•106.17 Discuss the differences between emergency and standard breakaway.Same as standard just faster and no permission is asked from the bridge.

106.18 State the purpose of the following:• a) Special sea and anchor detail: Used for mooring or

anchoring evolutions.• b) Plane guard: Lookout for planes to ensure they are

safe.• c) Low visibility detail: Add to lookouts in area’s where

visibility is bad.• d) Flight quarters: Set when ship wants to launch

aircraft. • e) Restricted maneuvering: Used when ship is in close to

land.•106.19 Discuss abandon ship procedures, including the following: • a) Who orders “abandon ship”: Commanding Officer.• b) Word to be passed: Bearing to land, distance,

temperature of water, friendly or foe. • c) Actions of the crew: Grab co2 life jackets and proceed

to abandon ship station.• d) Life boats: 2 LCPLS.• e) Life rafts: MK. 6, MOD 2, 25 man.•106.20 Explain how the following are used during the recovery of a “man over board”.• a. Life ring/buoy: Throw out as close to the man as

possible.• b. Smoke float: Activate it and throw in the vicinity of

the man.• c. Strobe light: Attached to the life ring and when in

the water blinks.• d. Dead reckoning tracer (DRT): Scale dropped to 200:1

and is designed to keep track of man overboard.•106.21 State the three common types of “man-overboard” recovery. 1. Air2. Ship3. Boat

106.22 Define the following emergency conditions: • a. Collision: An act or instance of colliding. • b. Aground: Resting or lodged on the bottom.•106.23 Define the following terms:• a. Advance/transfer: Distance the vessel moves in the

direction of the original course from when the rudder is put over until the new course is reached. The distance the vessel moves perpendicular to the original course during the turn.

• b. Pivot point: The point on the centerline between the bow and the center of gravity at which the ship appears to rotate on after the ship has assumed it’s drift angle in a turn.

• c. Acceleration/deceleration: Tables derived from ownships tactical data to determine distance traveled by the ship at various speeds.

• d. Turning circle: The path described by the pivot point of the vessel as it makes a turn of 360 degrees with constant rudder and speed.

•106.24 Define the following terms/acronyms:• a) True bearing: Based on a circle of degrees with true

north 000 degrees.• b) Relative bearing: Circle drawn around the ship herself

with bow 000 degrees.• c) DIW: Dead in the water.• d) Head on: When two power driven vessels are meeting on

reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as involve risk of collision.

• e) Crossing: When two power driven vessels are crossing so as o involve risk of collision the vessel which has the other on her stbd shall keep out of the way and shall if circumstances of the case admit avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

• f) Overtaking: A vessel deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam.

• g) Stand on: vessel with the right of way.• h) Give way: Vessel that has to alter course or reduce

speed to allow other vessel to pass.

106.25 Describe the navigational lights shown under the following: • a. Underway: Port/stbd running lights, mast light, and

stern light.• b. In-port, moored: Aircraft warning lights, and anchor

light.• c. Engaged in special operations: Red over white over

red.• d. Man overboard: Two blinking red lights on the yardarm.• e. Not under command: Red over red.• f. Anchored: Aircraft warning light. Anchor light

106.26 Describe the various low visibility sound signals and what they indicate. 1 prolonged blast not exceeding 2 minutes when underway. Bell or gong when at anchor. Rapid bell 5 seconds followed by gong and repeated each minute.

106.27 Discuss the following storm warning signals: • a. Gales: DAY- 2 red pennants, night white over red.

Winds that are 39 to 54 mph.• b. Storms: DAY- Red flag with black square center, night

red over red. Winds 55 to 73 mph.• c. Hurricanes/typhoons: DAY-2 red flags with black square

center, night red over white over red. Winds 74+ mph.• d. Small craft: DAY- 1 red pennant, night red over white.

Wind 38 mph sea conditions dangerous for small craft.

106.28 Discuss the following equipment used in ship handling/navigation:• a. Binoculars: Magnified glasses used for lookouts. • b. Stadimeter: Measures the distance of an object of

known height such as a mast.• c. Sextant: Precision instrument that can measure angles

in degrees, minutes, seconds.• d. Chronometer: Highly accurate clock.• e. Bearing circle: Metal ring that fits over a compass

bowl.• f. Telescopic alidade: Telescope equipped with cross

hairs, level vial, polarizing light filter and internal Focusing.

• g. Parallel motion protractor (PMP): An instrument consisting of a protractor so that the movement of the arms is everywhere parallel.

• h. Parallel rulers: An instrument for transferring a line parallel to itself. Consists of two parallel rulers connected.

• i. Chart: Show ocean areas and shorelines used to navigate the open waters.

• j. Gyrocompass: Used for keeping the ship on course. • k. Magnetic compass: Secondary course in case the gyro

goes down.• l. RADAR: Means for detecting and approaching targets in

warfare.• m. Fathometer: Determines the depth of water the ship is

in. • n. Satellite navigation (SATNAV): An artificial satellite

used in a system, which determines positions based upon signals received from the satellite.

• o. Global positioning system (GPS): System, which provides highly accurate positions and velocity information in 3 dimensions and precise time and time interval on as global basis continuously.

106.29 Define the following navigational terms/acronyms:• a. LOP: Line of position. A plotted line on which a

vessel is located.• b. EP: Estimated position. The most probable position of

a craft determined from incomplete data or data of questionable accuracy.

• c. Fix: A position that has been accurately established. Common intersection of two or more lop’s obtained from simultaneous observations.

• d. Latitude: Angular distance measured northward or southward through 90 degrees from the equator.

• e. Longitude: Angular distance between the prime meridian and the meridian of a point on earth measured eastward or westward.

• f. DR: Dead reckoning is a method of navigation in which position is determined by plotting the direction and distance traveled from a known point of departure.

• g. Set/drift: Refers to the currents & ship’s direction/ refers to the currents & ship’s speed.

• h. GMT/Coordinated universal standard time: Greenwich meantime, Zulu time.

• i. Time zones: An area in all parts of which the same time is kept 22 time zones, a thru z except “j”.

• j. Variation/deviation: Difference between geographic north and magnetic north/error caused by the magnetic effect of any metal near the compass.

• k. Iala (a/b) buoyage system: A red buoy to port entering. b-red to stbd entering.

• l. Cardinal system: Used in conjunction with the compass to indicate where the mariner may find the best navigable water.

106.30 Discuss the different methods of attaining a ship’s position.

106.31 Discuss the purpose of dead reckoning (DR).• Determining the position of a vessel by adding to the last fix the ship’s course and speed for a given time.

106.32 Describe the purpose of range/channel markings. Determine his position relative to the track by evaluating the alignment of the markers forming the range.

106.33 Explain the duties of the following bridge watch personnel: • a. Officer of the deck (OOD): Responsible for the ship

and to the Commanding officer.• b. Conning officer: Gives the orders to the helm/leehelm

and responsible to the OOD.• c. Boatswain’s mate of the watch (BMOW): Responsible for

the watch team.• d. Helmsman/lee helmsman: Steer the ship/ makes changes

as ordered to the eot.• e. Lookouts: Scan the surface and air for contacts and

reports any contacts to the OOD on the bridge.• f. Quartermaster of the watch (QMOW): Plots the courses

and takes fixes as needed.•106.34 Explain the purpose of the following:• a. Barometer: An instrument for measuring atmospheric

pressure.• b. Psychrometer: An instrument used for determining

atmospheric humidity consisting of dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers.

• c. Voice tubes: Tubes that run from one watch station to the other where you talk in to it so you can talk to another station.

• d. JX/JL circuits: JX circuits are used for battle and jell circuits are lookout commas.

• e. Bull horn: Used to make the voice louder and legible.• f. Telltale panel: Panel, which indicates ship’s running

light configuration, also indicates whether running lights are on primary or secondary filaments, using red, amber and buzzer modes.

107: OPERATIONS FUNDAMENTALS107.1 Describe the duties, responsibilities and authority of the following personnel:

• a. Operations Officer- Responsible to the Commanding Officer (CO) for all facets of the Operations Department.

• As head of the operations department, the operations officer is responsible to the commanding officer for the collection, evaluation, and dissemination of combat and operational information required for the assigned missions and tasks of the ship.

• - Conducting surface and air searches.• - Executing electronic warfare.• - Collecting, displaying, analyzing, and disseminating

intelligence information.• - Preparing operational plans (OPLANS) and training

schedules.• - Collecting, interpreting, and disseminating

meteorological information.• b. Combat Information Officer (CIC)/Combat Direction

Center (CDC) Officer- Responsible for getting timely information to the Operations Officer for the following:

• - Organizing and training the CIC team. • - Operating and maintaining CIC, the commanding officer’s

tactical plot, the radar room, the electronic warfare room, and the secondary or auxiliary CIC.

• - Conducting lookout and recognition training of assigned personnel.

• - Training and supervising the performance of additional personnel assigned to CIC for routine readiness condition watches or battle station positions.

• - Maintaining the plotting and display equipment in the flag plot (when assigned to a flagship).

• c. Communications Officer- is responsible for the readiness and employment of all visual and electronic exterior communications equipment and the proper functioning of all associated internal systems and procedures. The communications officer must be familiar with Operation Plans (OPLANs), and Operations Orders (OPORDs), particularly those sections relating to communications. From the OPLAN or the OPORD, the communications officer must organize, write, and distribute the ship communications plan.

.2 Discuss the primary and secondary missions of CIC/CDC.

• Primary: • The primary mission of CIC is to provide organized

collection; processing, display, competent evaluation, and rapid dissemination of pertinent tactical information and intelligence to command and control stations. CIC is responsible for keeping conn advised at all times of the current tactical situation. “Conn” may be them commanding officer or someone who has been delegated as a representative (ordinarily the OOD). Secondary:A second but equally important mission of CIC is to control and\or assist in specific operations as delegated by proper authority. .

.3 Explain the following basic information flow functions of CIC/CDC:

• a. Gathering- is the collection of information from various sources. The following sources of combat information are available to CIC. All must be used to attain maximum effectiveness.

• · Radars • · Voice radio• · Radio messages• · Electronic warfare equipment• · IFF• · Sonar• · Tactical data systems• · Visual sources, such as optical rangefinders, lookouts,

signal bridge, and conn • · Intelligence reports• · Publications, such as the NWP, ATP, and ACP series• · OpPlans and OpOrders• · Charts and navigational data Serological observations,

reports, and forecasts• · Current instructions, notices, and directives• · Space satellites• b. Processing- When information from the preceding sources

is received, it is processed so that all nonessential information can be eliminated. This processing step consists of sorting, inspecting, appraising, and correlating all information so that the resulting filtered information maybe displayed and disseminated as necessary. In other words, convert the data to

useful information.

• c. Display- The function of displaying information is accomplished by CIC through the use of various tactical and strategic plots, status boards, and other means. These include the following devices:

• · Summary plots • · Status boards• · Surface plots• · Strategic plots• · Geographic plots• · NTDS consoles• · Maps and charts• · Television• · Logs and records• · AEGIS display system (ADS), large screen displays (LSD)• d. Evaluation- The process of considering and weighing all

available factors and pieces of information to arrive at a sound operational decision, which may be passed on as a recommendation to command and such other stations as appropriate or, when such action is authorized, acted upon in CIC. In addition, information is evaluated in order to isolate items of tactical value from other information to provide a comprehensive tactical picture to the command.

• e. Dissemination- The process of distributing information that has been collected, processed, displayed, and evaluated to the various control stations and others throughout the ship who need to know. The dissemination of evaluated information must be accomplished in a clear, concise manner through the various communication means available. Getting the info to the stations that require it.

• f. Control and assist- Such evolutions as sea and anchor and beach landings where CIC makes recommendations and provides specific information. CIC may be called upon to exercise direct control of various operations, which may include any of the following:

• · Control of electromagnetic radiations (EMCON) • · Control of offensive and defensive operations of manned

aircraft• · Control of helicopters for vertical envelopment during

amphibious operations• · Control of small craft• · Control of own ship’s maneuvers during antisubmarine

operations• · Control of other vessels as may be assigned• · Control of weapons and electronic countermeasures to

defend the ship against antiship missiles• CIC may also be charged with the responsibility for

providing assistance to, and coordination with, other internal or external agencies. Such assistance may be provided during the following evolutions: · Navigation and piloting· Antisubmarine operations· Anti-air operations· Anti-surface operations· Missile defense· Target indication, designation, and acquisition· Shore bombardment· Search and rescue operations· Tactical deception· Tactical maneuvers

.4 Discuss the general duties of the following watch stations in CIC/CDC:• a. Tactical Action Officer (TAO)- He or she presents the

commanding officer on all matters concerning the tactical employment and defense of the ship. Display and decision (D&D) area and must be kept informed of the general tactical situation in order to make the best evaluation of the information available in CIC.

• b. CIC Watch Officer (CICWO)- Responsible for the coordination of all CIC functions. He or she coordinates all surface and tactical information, makes recommendations to the evaluator/TAO and to conn, and supervises the collection and display of all available information on surface contacts.

• c. Electronic Warfare Supervisor (EWS)- EW watch supervisor is responsible to the CIC watch officer or the TAO, or to the EW watch officer (if assigned), for the following duties:

• · Evaluating EW data and making required internal and external reports.

• · Supervising the filtering of EW data for display on various plots.

• · Exercising the overall control of the EW watch section, including monitoring intercept search operations; coordinating watch rotation and equipment use; and supervising on-watch training and normal watch

routines, such as publication inventory, equipment operational checks, and log keeping.

• d. Air Warfare Coordinator (AWC)- He or she will be responsible for the collection of information in their particular warfare area and the dissemination to the force of evaluated information in those areas. Warfare commanders will maintain continuous liaison with each other to ensure timely flow of mutually supporting information and avoid mutual interference. systems which have effective ranges that extend beyond the local area in which the ship is operating. Since warfare commanders are normally assigned authority to employ these weapons, this may cause situations in which one commander has tactical control of a ship and another has control of that ship’s force weapons systems. If firing the weapon does not interfere with the tasking of the ship, there is generally no problem. However, if significant maneuvering is required, coordination between the appropriate warfare commanders is vital in prosecuting the threat.

• e. Surface Warfare Coordinator (SUWC)- Responsible for the collection of information in their particular warfare area and the dissemination to the force of evaluated information in those areas. Warfare commanders will maintain continuous liaison with each other to ensure timely flow of mutually supporting information and avoid mutual interference. systems which have effective ranges that extend beyond the local area in which the ship is operating. Since warfare commanders are normally assigned authority to employ these weapons, this may cause situations in which one commander has tactical control of a ship and another has control of that ship’s force weapons systems. If firing the weapon does not interfere with the tasking of the ship, there is generally no problem. However, if significant maneuvering is required, coordination between the appropriate warfare commanders is vital in prosecuting the threat.

• f. Undersea Warfare Coordinator (USWC)- He or she is responsible for the collection of information in their particular warfare area and the dissemination to the force of evaluated information in those areas. Warfare commanders will maintain continuous liaison with each other to ensure timely flow of mutually supporting information and avoid mutual interference. systems

which have effective ranges that extend beyond the local area in which the ship is operating. Since warfare commanders are normally assigned authority to employ these weapons, this may cause situations in which one commander has tactical control of a ship and another has control of that ship’s force weapons systems. If firing the weapon does not interfere with the tasking of the ship, there is generally no problem. However, if significant maneuvering is required, coordination between the appropriate warfare commanders is vital in prosecuting the threat.

• g. Air Controllers (ASTAC/AIC/HDC)- Air intercept controller (AIC) exercise close or advisory control of intercepts and other non-ASW aircraft assigned to own ship. They can vector aircraft on intercepts recommended by the NTDS program or based on their own determination. They are directly responsible to the SWC for the effective intercept of specified targets and for vectoring intercept aircraft to CAP stations. The antisubmarine air controller (ASAC) controls fixed-wing and rotary aircraft engaged in ASW operations. The ASAC is responsible for the flight safety of ASW assets under that officer’s control when operating in a missile engagement zone.

• h. CIC Watch Supervisor (CICWS)- He or she has the same duties as the senior Operations Specialist, which are the following:

• · Brief the watch team on any expected threats. • · Ensure that personnel are employing proper procedures

for assigned watch stations.• · Supervise the setup and operation of all equipment in

CIC.• · Review all intelligence data.• · Verify that R/T nets are guarded and that a proper log

is maintained, if applicable.• · Determine the location of the OTC, the CWC, and other

warfare coordinators and commanders.• · Review the message board.• · Ensure that all status boards are up-to-date.• · Maintain geographic and strategic plots.• · Supervise the overall operation of enlisted personnel in

CIC.• · Assist the officer of the deck (OOD) in determining

meanings of tactical signals and station assignments and provide maneuvering recommendations to execute those signals and assignments.

• i. Radar Operator- Tracks and reports all surface contacts, using proper designations; manipulates the surface search radar controls to maintain the radar in peak operating condition; and reports positions of ASW aircraft and assist ships to the DRT plotter.

• j. Shipping Officer- Advises conn of the position, course, speed, and closest point of approach (CPA) of all surface contacts in the area, with particular emphasis on small craft appearing at short range and contacts that have changed course or have erratic courses and speeds.

• k. Piloting Officer- He or she supervises the radar navigation team to ensure accurate and prompt fixing of the ship’s position by using all electronic means available. He advises conn of the ship’s position, recommended courses and times to turn, position of geographic and navigational objects in the vicinity of the ship, and any potential navigational hazards. The piloting officer recommends alternate tracks, if available, to the navigator and conn when the primary track is blocked or made hazardous by the presence of shipping or other contacts.

.5 Discuss the information contained in the following:• a. Operational Order (OPORDER)- An operational order

(OPORD) is issued by a commander for the coordinated execution of an operation in the immediate future. It does not normally contain assumptions. Unless otherwise stated, an OPORD is effective from the date and time it is signed.

• b. Operational Plan (OPLAN)- Plan formulated by command to execute the order. An operational plan (OPLAN) is the complete format of a plan, prepared well in advance, for conducting military operations. It can be translated into an OPORD with minimum alterations. Complete OPLANs include deployment and/or employment phases, as appropriate. An OPLAN is used for operations extending over a considerable time and area.

• c. Operational Tasking (OPTASK)- Execution of the plan.

107.6 Define the following:• a. Task Force - A task force is a component of a fleet.

There can be as many as 10 forces in a fleet. These are designated by adding 0 through 9 to the fleet number

• b. Task Group - A task group is a component of a task force. There may be as many as 10 task groups in a task force, designated by adding .0 through .9 to the task force number

• c. Task Unit - A task unit is a component of a task group. There may be as many as 10 task units in a task group, designated by adding .0 through .9 to the task group number.

• d. Task Element - A task element is a component of a task unit. There may be as many as 10 task elements in a task unit, designated by adding .0 through .9 to the task unit number.

• e. Battle Force - is a standing operational naval task force organization of carriers, surface combatants, and submarines assigned to numbered fleets. A battle force is subdivided into battle groups. e. Battle Force

• f. Battle Group - Is a standing naval task group. It consists of a carrier, surface combatants, and submarines as assigned in integrated support, operating in mutual support. It is tasked with destroying hostile submarine, surface, and air forces within the group’s assigned area of responsibility.g. Amphibious Ready Group

7. Describe the following CIC/CDC plots and status boards, and discuss the functions:• a. Strategic plot- A large area true display showing

position, movement, and strength of own and enemy sea, land, and air forces within a prescribed area of operations. This display is maintained on hydrographic charts The strategic plot is used in planning present and future operations and making decisions.

• b. Geographic plot- The geographic or navigational plot is maintained on the dead-reckoning tracer (DRT). It is a true display of the position and tracks of friendly,

enemy, and unidentified surface, subsurface, and certain air contacts. Geographic reference points and other objects requiring display of true positions are plotted. Although specific uses of the plot vary with the tactical situation, the plot is required for station keeping, coordination of search and rescue, radar piloting, shore bombardment, weapons liaison, antisubmarine warfare, and antisurface warfare.

• c. Surface Summary plot- A comprehensive relative display of positions and tracks of friendly, enemy, and unidentified surface and subsurface targets. It also shows geographic points and any other data required for abetter understanding of the complete surface picture. This plot should reflect the situation as seen on the radar scope, with the addition of identification and projected track data. Own ship is the center of the plot. positions of new stations in formation and screen maneuvers. Also, it assists in displaying the formation on the surface plot.

• d. Air Summary plot- Is the main display during antiair warfare operations in a conventional ship, and normally covers an area having a radius of 200 nautical miles from own ship.

• e. Surface status board- Displays a summary of such surface data as own ship and base course and speed, guard assignments, formation guide, screen stations, and wind direction and speed. Included also are the position, course, speed, closest point of approach (CPA), time of CPA, time of report, and any appropriate amplifying remarks on every surface contact.

• f. Equipment status board- All of the equipment in CIC should be listed on the equipment status board. Specifically, this list should include radars, IFF (transponder, interrogator, radar set control, coders/decoders), radar repeaters. One column is for equipment that is operating; the other is for equipment that is out of service. A check mark in the appropriate column indicates the equipment status.

• g. Communications status board- Indicates radio circuit assignments, frequencies, equipment allocation, radio remote station channelization, and use. It also may

show any additional remarks pertaining to the communication plan.

• h. EW Information board- The electronic warfare status board keeper/plotter maintains status boards and plots and gives an overall view or picture of the situation.

8. Discuss the requirements and reasons for maintaining a navigational plot in CIC/CDC:• The geographic plot (also called the navigation plot)

shows true movement of surface, subsurface, and certain air contacts. The geographic plot is maintained on the dead reckoning tracer (DRT) The geographic plot consists of a piece of tracing paper over the DRT/NC-2. When the ship is engaged in shore bombardment or radar piloting in restricted waters, a chart of the area is put on the DRT/NC-2 in place of the tracing paper. A neat and complete track of all contacts should be kept on the geographic plot. The plot can serve as a vital log and should be treated as such for all events requiring a navigational track.

9. Explain the function of Tactical Data System (TDS) in a task force environment.The NTDS is essentially a computerized, digital processing system that enables the task force to combat the present-day threat. This improved capability, compared to a conventional CIC, is reflected in the following advantages:

• · Rapid processing of air, surface, and subsurface surveillance data collected by the sensors of TDS-equipped units

• · Real-time automatic exchange of air, surface, and subsurface track information by digital data link

• · Close or advisory control of friendly air, surface, and subsurface forces

• · Continuous tactical data teletype reports to non-TDS units afloat and ashore through standard one-way teletype circuits (Link 14)

• · Real-time Command and Control (C2) facilities for embarked commanders

• · Real-time exchange of information by digital data link among naval, joint, and Allied units

10. Discuss the purpose of data links.

• The Link 11 net is used to exchange data between computers

and is guarded by all TDS capable units. The Link 14 net is used by a selected Link 11-equipped ship to disseminate combat information to ships not equipped with TDS. The net is guarded by assigned non-NTDS ships and the Link 14 broadcast ship. Link 4A is a clear UHF data link used by NTDS or ATDS units to control fighter and attack aircraft through the use of a computer-to computer data link. The net is used by NTDS and ATDS units engaged in air control and by fighters being controlled.

11. Explain the function of the following equipment specific to CIC/CDC:

• a. Identification Friend or Foe (IFF)- All services developed IFF systems (AIMS) have been developed primarily for the rapid and positive identification of friendly units and secondarily to assist in the tracking and control of aircraft. In the military environment, there are four modes of operation, identified as modes 1 through 4. Modes 1, 2, and 4 are assigned for military use only, while modes 3/A and C are for joint civilian and military use. Mode 1 is known as the general identification or mission signal and is used as directed by area commander instructions. Mode 2 provides the personal identification (PI) code for a specific airframe or ship; Mode 3/A utilizes codes for air traffic control within the Continental United States (CONUS) and for other purposes as directed by the operational command outside CONUS. It should be noted that mode 4 is NOT used for purposes other than verification of friendly status. Mode C is used for altitude.

• b. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)- Range-direction navigation of circular or ranging systems for distance measurements with directional measuring systems used for aviation. Sufficiently accurate for general navigation purposes, but are limited to a line of sight range. These are systems used by aircraft often at tens of thousands of feet altitude, line of sight ranges maybe 100 to 200 miles.

• c. Gyro repeater- The gyrocompass, unaffected by either variation or deviation, points constantly to true north. The gyrocompass sends course information to the DRAI, where it is combined with data from the pitlog and is broken down into components of travel in north-south and east-west directions. The gyrocompass, on the

other hand, is powered by electricity. If the electrical supply is lost, the gyro becomes useless.

• d. Radar repeaters- The device used to display radar information is known as a radar indicator. Since indicators can be located at a point away from the other radar equipment, they are frequently referred to as remote indicators. Remote indicators are sometimes referred to as repeaters. When an operator selects a particular radar, the switchboard connects the operator’s console to the desired radar. Although the change occurs rapidly, it is complicated, in that several electronic connections are required for the inputs (timing, or trigger, pulses from the modulator; video signals from the receiver; and antenna synchronization signals for video sweep).

• e. Dead-Reckoning Tracer (DRT)- Dead reckoning (DR) is probably the oldest form of navigation. The primary equipment used for DR navigation consists of the dead reckoning analyzer indicator (DRAI), the gyrocompass, the underwater log, and the dead-reckoning tracer (DRT). The DRT operates automatically from input signals from the DRAI. The east and north components, after setting the proper scale, drive the lead (E-W) and cross (N-S) screws to move the bug across the plotting surface. Latitude and longitude are continuously computed from the two inputs and displayed on counters in the control compartment.

• f. Radiotelephones- Radiotelephone (R/T) is used for voice tactical and administrative communications by ships and aircraft. It is the primary method of external communications for CIC because of its convenience, speed, and simplicity of operation.

12. Discuss how the following factors affect radar operations:

• a. Atmospheric conditions- Depending on conditions can either increase or decrease returns. Atmospheric conditions can also cause abnormally long or abnormally short radar ranges.

• · Refraction. The bending of waves due to changes in the density of the medium through which they are passing is termed refraction. One very common effect of the refraction of light waves can be seen at sunrise and sunset. If it wasn’t for refraction, the radar horizon would be the same as the visual horizon when in reality, the radar horizon is approximately times the visual horizon.

• · Diffraction. The means by which a wave bends around the edges of an object and penetrates into the shadow region behind it is called diffraction. Because of diffraction, radar is sometimes capable of detecting a ship that is located on the opposite side of an island, or an aircraft flying behind a mountain peak.

• · Attenuation. Attenuation is the scattering and absorption of energy as it passes through a medium. Gases and water vapor in the atmosphere absorb some of the radio wave energy. The higher the frequency, the greater the absorption of energy.

• · Ducting (or trapping). The temperature and moisture content of the atmosphere normally decrease with height above the surface of Earth. Under certain conditions, temperature may first decrease with height and then begin to increase. Such a situation is called a temperature inversion. The moisture content may decrease more rapidly than normal with height just above a body of water. This effect is called moisture lapse. A serious consequence of ducting is that it can mislead radar operators regarding the overall performance of their equipment.

• b. Sea return- Some of the energy radiated by a radar strikes the surface of the sea near the ship. Most of this energy is reflected off the waves at various angles away from the ship. Some of it is reflected back to the radar where it is detected as target echoes. These echoes are called sea return.

• c. Weather- Hot air improves radar speed and range. Fog can show on the radar. Since water is a very good reflector, microwave radars are very effective in detecting storm clouds and rain squalls; large storms may completely clutter a radarscope.

• d. Height of antenna and target- - Radar antenna height and target height are factors that help determine the initial detection range of a target. The higher the radar antenna, the greater the detection range, because the radar’s field of “vision” is extended. The higher the target is above the water, the sooner it will enter the radar’s field of vision. A high flying aircraft will be detected at a far greater range than a ship; a mountain will be seen before a low coastline; and an aircraft carrier will be picked up sooner than a destroyer.

13. Discuss the operational relationship CIC/CDC has with the following stations:• a. Pilot house- CIC is responsible for keeping conn

advised at all times of the current tactical situation. “Conn” may be the commanding officer or someone who has been delegated as a representative (ordinarily the OOD). Although it cannot relieve the navigator of responsibility for the safe navigation of the ship, CIC is charged with providing him every assistance that can be afforded by electronic means. Radar navigation is practiced in CIC during every departure, entry, or anchoring evolution.

• b. Signal bridge- Provides recognition of Naval vessels for CIC, as well as communications to other Naval units.

• c. Radio central- Provides all external electronic communications such as voice circuits including NIPER and SIPER nets

• d. Weapons stations- CIC is responsible for the ship’s defense against incoming missiles and low flying aircraft. Because of the speed of these targets, CIC must coax the fire control radars onto them rapidly and accurately; reaction time is critical. By acquiring target rapidly, CIC allows the weapons crews (guns or missiles) to destroy it at the greatest possible distance from the ship.

• e. Lookouts- Used to back up and verify electronic sensors

14. Explain the purpose of Emission Control (EMCON).

• Fundamental to the conduct of EW and applicable to all naval operating forces is the use of undetected movement to preserve security. Therefore, the basic emission control (EMCON) policy is to radiate only that electronic equipment necessary to accomplish the assigned mission. The ability to operate under conditions of electronic silence for extended periods.

15. Define the following terms:• a. Electronic Support (ES)- the first steps in conducting

effective EW. The basic principle of ES is that active sensors, such as radar, can be detected at ranges

greater than that at which they can detect you. ES involves actions taken, under the direct control of an operational commander, to search for, locate, intercept, and identify sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for tactical purposes. ES information aids the command in making immediate decisions involving the use of EA, EP targeting, weapons, and/or tactical maneuvering of friendly forces.

• b. Electronic Attack (EA)- uses equipments, devices, and tactics to degrade, disrupt, and reduce an enemy’s effective use of its electronic systems. EA actions are broadly classified into two basic functions: jamming and deception.

• c. Electronic Protect (EP)- Takes actions to ensure friendly, effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite an enemy’s use of EA. EP actions are designed to optimize the electromagnetic capabilities of friendly forces by reducing the effects of any enemy’s EA actions. EP actions are the measures taken when an enemy uses its EA capability against us. The basic purpose of these measures is to reduce or eliminate the effects of an enemy’s EA so that we can still use the affected equipment for its intended purpose. Example is EMCON.

16. Define the following warfare areas:• a. Air Warfare (AW) - Antiair warfare (AW) consists of

those measures taken to defend a maritime force against attack by airborne weapons, launched from aircraft, ships, submarines, and land-based sites.

• b. Surface Warfare (SUW) - Antisurface warfare must make full use of the offensive potential of own surface, submarine, and air forces in order to deny the enemy effective use of his surface forces. Antisurface operations by surface ships and submarines include all actions to combat enemy surface forces.

• c. Undersea Warfare (USW) - Operation available to counter the submarine threat and details tactical and procedural instructions for ships, submarines, and aircraft

• d. Command and Control Warfare (C2W) - The ability of a military force, as part of the overall C2W plan (see AJP-1), to make effective use of the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum while, at the same time, preventing or reducing the enemy use thereof, will play an important part in deciding the outcome of any future conflict. A comprehensive and viable emission plan together with capable electronic and acoustic warfare systems are as important as any other plan or weapon system in a commander’s arsenal, and must be fully integrated into all military operations.

• e. Amphibious Warfare - Defined as “An operation launched from the sea by naval and landing forces against a hostile or potentially hostile shore”. Amphibious warfare incorporates virtually all types of ships, aircraft, weapons, and landing forces in a concerted military effort against a hostile or potentially hostile shore. The inherent naval character of the amphibious operation is reflected in the principles which govern the organization of the forces involved and the conduct of the operation.

• f. Mine Warfare (MIW) - Mine warfare includes the whole field of designing, producing, and laying mines and the parallel effort of designing, producing, and operating all forms of mine countermeasures to combat the enemy’s mining campaign.

17. Discuss the following special operations:• a. Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO)- MIO is the act

of denying merchant vessels access to specific ports for import or export of goods to or from a specific nation or nations. MIO exercises our right to perform the following:

• · Send armed boarding parties to visit merchant ships bound to, through, or out of a defined area

• · Examine each ship’s papers and cargo• · Search for evidence of contraband• · Divert vessels failing to comply with the guidelines set

forth by the sanctioning body• · Seize vessels and their cargo which refuse to divert.• The primary objective of MIO is to determine if a merchant

ship is in compliance with the stated reason for interception. The secondary objective is to gather

intelligence about:

• · The merchant ship’s itinerary and future intentions• · Military and merchant activity in and around the

embargoed nation’s ports.• For MIO to be legal under international law, the

provisions must be applied to ships of all nationalities. All ships transiting a defined area, including ships of one’s own nation, must be subjected to boarding and inspection. Use of force may be authorized to ensure compliance with board and inspect operations. Navy ships have been tasked on several occasions to conduct MIO in support of various national objectives.

• · Enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq in support of operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm

• · Enforcement of UN sanctions against Haiti• · Enforcement of UN arms embargo against the former

Yugoslavia • b. Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO)- Evacuate US

citizens from hostile areas. Noncombatant evacuation operations are conducted to evacuate noncombatants and nonessential military personnel from locations in a foreign nation to an appropriate safe haven in the home nation or elsewhere. A NEO is conducted to evacuate citizens whose lives are in danger. A NEO also may include the evacuation of selected citizens of the host nation or third country nationals. A NEO is suited for teams of military personnel trained in amphibious warfare operations since it is similar to an amphibious raid, usually involving swift insertion of a force, temporary occupation of an objective, and a planned withdrawal upon completion of the mission. It differs from an amphibious raid since force used is normally limited to that required to protect the evacuees and the evacuation force. Additionally, NEOs have humanitarian, military, and political implications. The operation will be determined by the diplomatic view of the local situation. Evacuation operations are politically sensitive and will certainly be monitored, if not controlled, from the highest level.

• c. Search and Rescue (SAR)- “Search and rescue (SAR)” is the use of available personnel and facilities to render aid to persons and property in distress. The acceptance

of formal search and rescue procedures as a part of standard military operations is fairly recent. This acceptance has been further implemented for the United States by the National SAR Plan.The National SAR Plan provides for the control and coordination of all available assets for all types of search and rescue operations. The plan established the three SAR regions

• · Inland Region—U.S. Air Force• · Maritime Region—U.S. Coast Guard• · Overseas Region — Overseas unified commanders.Regional SAR coordinators are responsible for organizing existing agencies and their facilities into a basic network for rendering assistance both to military and nonmilitary persons and to property in distress. 18. Explain the missions and characteristics of the following platforms: [ref. m]• a. CV/CVN- Multi-purpose aircraft carrier.Multipurpose

aircraft carriers (CVs) / Multipurpose aircraft carriers (nuclear propulsion) (CVNs). The job of the CV or CVN is to carry, launch, retrieve, and handle combat aircraft quickly and effectively. The aircraft carrier can approach the enemy at high speed, launch planes for the attack, and recover them. The attack carrier is an excellent long-range offensive weapon and is the center of the modern naval task force or task group. The older Forrestal class CVs displace about 79,000 tons and embark about 75 aircraft. The larger Nimitz class displaces about 96,000 tons and embarks about 85 aircraft. The emphasis is on speed (all carriers can do over 30 knots), endurance, and sea-keeping ability (ability to stay at sea for long periods under all conditions),

• b. CG- Guided-missile cruiser.Cruisers are medium-sized, general-utility ships. They have a large cruising range and are capable of high speeds (over 30 knots). They serve as protective screens against surface and air attacks and also provide gunfire support for land operations. Cruisers displace about 10,000 tons. The CGs include cruisers with missiles, but some of these also have guns that are 5"/54 caliber. These ships are multimission surface combatants capable of supporting carrier battle groups, amphibious forces, operating independently, and as flagships of surface action groups. Because of their extensive combat capability, these ships have been designated as battle force

capable.

• c. DD- Destroyer.Destroyers are multipurpose ships that are useful in almost any kind of naval operation. They are fast ships with a variety of armaments, but little or no armor. For protection, they depend on their speed and mobility. Their displacement varies from 2,425 tons to 7,800 tons. The principal mission of destroyers is to operate offensively and defensively against submarines and surface ships and to take defensive action against air attacks. They also provide gunfire support for amphibious assaults and perform patrol, search, and rescue missions.

• d. DDG - Guided-missile destroyer.Guided-missiles destroyers (DDGs) are multipurpose ships that are useful in almost any kind of naval operation. The DDGs of the Arleigh Burke class are the most powerful and survivable class of destroyers ever put to sea. They possess the following capabilities:

• · AEGIS weapons system with the AN/SPY-1D multi-function radar, capable of detecting and tracking over one hundred targets simultaneously, while conducting multiple engagements

• · The vertical launching system, capable of storing and rapidly firing 90 missiles

• · The Harpoon antiship cruise missile system• · The Tomahawk antiship and land attack cruise missile

system, capable of hitting targets hundreds of miles away

• · The SQQ-89 antisubmarine warfare system with its SQR-19 towed array sonar and the SQS-53C digital hull-mounted sonar

• e. FFG - Guided-missile frigate.The classification “frigate” designates ships used for open-ocean escort and patrol. Frigates resemble destroyers in appearance, but they are slower, have only a single screw, and carry less armament. Frigates are slowly being replaced by DDGs. The Oliver Hazard Perry class is the only class of guided-missile frigates still commissioned.

• · A single 76-mm, .62-caliber• · Dual-purpose gun• · A 20-mm Vulcan/Phalanx rapid-fire gun• · A single launcher for Harpoon missiles

• · Two SH-60 LAMPS III helicopters• · Two Mk 46 triple-torpedo tubes• f. T-AO - Transport oiler.Oilers (AOs), carrying Navy fuel

oil, jet fuel, and other petroleum products, operate with replenishment groups and deliver their cargo to ships at sea. Oilers, as well as ammunition ships can service ships on both sides simultaneously. The AO (Jumbo) is a conversion of the AO that includes the installation of a new midsection in the hull. This midsection increases the payload and provides for an improved balance of cargo fuel products to meet the more recent demands placed upon the AO by the increase in fleet requirements for jet aircraft fuel.

• g. T-AE - Transport ammunition ship.Ammunition ships (AEs) operate with replenishment groups to deliver ammunition and missiles to the fleet at sea. Their design incorporates a mechanical handling system for more rapid loading and off-loading of ammunition. These ships are capable of handling all types of missiles

• h. AOE - Fast combat support ship.The fast combat support ship (AOE) is the largest and most powerful auxiliary ship in the Navy. Unlike other replenishment ships, the AOE is designed to operate as an integral force rather than as a unit of an underway replenishment group. The AOE is a multiple-product ship (missiles, fuel, ammunition, and general cargo) that has a cargo-fuel capacity greater than that of our largest fleet oilers plus a hold capacity equal to the largest ammunition ship. In addition, the ship carries a large load of both general supplies, materials, and refrigerated cargo. Other than speed and capacity, this ship has two major areas of improvement over other replenishment vessels—material handling and replenishment at sea. Cargo helicopters are available to replenish outlying units of the force with dry cargo and ammunition

• i. AFG - Miscellaneous command ship.Former amphibious ships converted into command ships to serve in a command and communications role.

• j. ATF - Fleet ocean tug.One major type of oceangoing tug, maybe used in an emergency and to a limited extent, perform all these operations. Among ships as versatile and as adaptable as the auxiliaries, there is bound to

be an occasional overlapping of functions to meet an unexpected situation. It has a large cruising range and limited salvage capabilities. ATFs are equipped with firefighting equipment, including fire monitors. (A fire monitor is similar in appearance to a gun and permits water to be discharged through a horizontal arc of 360°.) They also are fitted with automatic towing machines and booms. In addition to hauling and towing, fleet tugs may be called on to patrol certain areas, lay smoke screens, and pull landing craft off beaches. They are often used in search and rescue (SAR) operations. Military Sealift Command (MSC) personnel now operate most fleet tugs.

• k. ARS - Salvage ship. rescue and salvage ship (ARS) has a four part mission—debeaching stranded vessels, heavy lift capability from ocean depths, towing other vessels, and manned diving operations. For rescue missions, these ships are equipped with fire monitors forward and amidships, which can deliver either fire-fighting foam or seawater. The salvage holds of these ships are outfitted with portable equipment to provide assistance to other vessels in dewatering, patching, and supplying of electrical power and other essential services required to return a disabled ship to an operating condition. The Navy employs ARSs to salvage U.S. government-owned ships and, when it is in the best interests of the United States, privately owned vessels. The rugged construction of these steel-hulled ships, combined with speed and endurance, make rescue and salvage ships well suited for rescue/salvage operations

• l. LCC- Amphibious communications/command ship.Serves as a command ship for an amphibious task force/group, a landing force/group, and the tactical air commanders during amphibious operations. It also provides facilities for a joint communications center, a supporting arms coordinating center, and a central control of both waterborne and helicopter-borne ship-to-shore movement.

• l. LHA - Amphibious assault ship(general purpose).The general-purpose amphibious assault ship combines many of the operational capabilities of some other amphibious ships and is the largest class of amphibious

ships in today’s Navy. Its cargo capacity is comparable to the amphibious cargo ship (LKA); its well-deck capacity is twice that of the amphibious transport dock (LPD) (including boat haven capability); and its helicopter operating facilities are greater than those of the helicopter amphibious assault ship (LPH). Additionally, it has extensive command and control facilities for both the amphibious task force and the landing force.

• m. LHD - Amphibious assault ship(multi purpose). The multipurpose amphibious assault ship is a new addition to the amphibious task force. It has a top speed of 23 knots and a 9,500 nautical-mile (nm) range at 18 knots. It can carry 1,873 troops and 12 LCM-6s or 3 LCACs. It has a helicopter deck with a capacity of 42 CH-46E Sea Knights on board. The LHD also has a 600-bed hospital and six operating rooms. In addition, it has an extensive command-and-control capability.

• n. LPH - Amphibious assault ship (helicopters)The amphibious assault ship is the principal ship supporting the vertical assault (helicopter-borne) ship-to-shore movement. It embarks, transports, and lands troops and their essential helicopter-transportable equipment and supplies. It may land personnel and equipment by embarked transport helicopters or, under unusual circumstances, by landing craft provided by other ships. It also provides facilities for Navy and Marine command and control, including a helicopter direction center (HDC) and a medical regulating control officer (MRCO). An LPH may serve as a primary casualty receiving and treatment ship (CRTS) and provide triage functions and early medical and surgical care for combat casualties.

• o. LPD - Amphibious transport dock.The amphibious transport dock transports and lands troops and their essential equipment and supplies by means of landing craft, amphibious vehicles, and helicopters. It can also function as a Primary Control Station. In addition, it has a limited boat haven, a helicopter storage area, and control facilities.

• p. LSD - Dock-landing ship.- The dock landing ship transports and lands amphibious vehicles or landing

craft and their accompanying troops and equipment. It has facilities for repairing landing craft and may also be used as a helicopter landing platform, a Primary Control Station for waterborne craft, or a boat haven.

• q. LST - Tank-landing ship.- The tank landing ship lifts personnel and vehicles of the landing force to the objective area, landing them directly on assault beaches (1) by beaching or over causeways, (2) by offloading to utility landing craft (LCUs), or (3) by discharging amphibious vehicles from its tank deck (dry well) offshore. It may transport side-loaded pontoon barges and causeway sections to the amphibious objective area (AOA). The LST can also function as a Primary Control Station for waterborne craft. It can operate helicopters if the main deck is clear of cargo and if side-loading causeways are not embarked.

• r. MCS - Mine counter measure support control ship. Only 1: USS INCHON.Mine countermeasure support ship serves as a mine-force flag ship carrying a contingent of mine-countermeasures helicopters and specially trained explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel.

• s. MCM - Mine counter measures ship.Mine countermeasures ships (MCM) are ships designed to clear mines from vital waterways. Designed as mine hunter-killers capable of finding, classifying, and destroying moored and bottom mines. These ships use sonar and video systems, cable cutters, and a mine-detonating device that can be released and detonated by remote control. They are also capable of conventional sweeping measures. The ships are of fiberglass sheathed, wooden hull construction.

• t. MHC - Coastal minehunter.Osprey (MHC 51) class ships are also designed as mine hunter-killers. The MHC 51 has a 15-day endurance and depends on a support ship or shore-based facilities for resupply.

• u. PC - Patrol craft.Surface patrol craft are intended for use relatively near the coast or in sheltered waters or rivers. These craft may be transported aboard larger units.

19. State the primary mission of the following submarines:• a. SSN - Fast attack submarine.The mission of nuclear

attack submarines (SSNs) is to locate and destroy enemy ships and submarines. They also act as scouts, deliver supplies and personnel to locations in enemy territory, and perform rescue missions. Its missions include surveillance, intelligence collection, special warfare, covert cruise-missile strike, mine warfare, and anti-submarine and anti-surface ship warfare.

• b. SSBN - Ballistic submarine, deterrence. Fleet ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) deliver ballistic missile attacks against assigned targets from either a submerged or surfaced condition.

20. State the primary mission of the following fixed-wing aircraft:

• a. F/A-18 Hornet - All weather fighter-attack fighter.is a sonic, single-seat, twin-engine jet. The fighter and attack versions are identical, except for selected interchangeable external equipment. Conversion from the fighter to attack mode (and vice versa) takes less than 1 hour. The aircraft is designed for aerodynamic agility, high reliability, high survivability, and reduced manpower maintenance requirements.

• b. F-14 Tomcat - All weather fighter-interceptor.is an aircraft-carrier-based, jet-powered fighter aircraft. The aircraft is mainly missile oriented, carrying air-to-air missiles, Phoenix, and capable of carrying the older Sidewinder and Sparrow. The Tomcat can be configured for bombing and rocketry.

• c. EA-6B Prowler - Tactical electronic warfare.Is an all-weather tactical electronic warfare aircraft, based on the A-6 airframe. The Prowler provides jamming coverage to prevent missile engagement of U.S. or allied aircraft during strike operations. The Prowler also carries the high-speed antiradiation missile (HARM).

• d. S-3 Viking - All weather, longrange, submarine hunter.Is a high-wing, jet-powered, twin-engine, carrier-based ASW aircraft. It carries surface and subsurface search equipment with integrated target-acquisition and sensor-coordinating systems that collect, interpret, and store ASW sensor data. It has direct attack

capability with a variety of armaments. e. ES-3 Shadow - Reconnaissance version of the S-3 Viking.Carrier-based airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft has long-range antennas that are enclosed in a saucer-shaped, rotating disk atop the fuselage. The Hawkeye is manned by a crew of five. Maintains station at some distance from a task force to provide early warning of approaching enemy aircraft and direct interceptors into attack position. Operates primarily with carrier battle groups providing

• f. E-2 Hawkeye - All weather airborne early warning and battle group command and control.Carrier-based airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft has long-range antennas that are enclosed in a saucer-shaped, rotating disk atop the fuselage. The Hawkeye is manned by a crew of five. Maintains station at some distance from a task force to provide early warning of approaching enemy aircraft and direct interceptors into attack position. Operates primarily with carrier battle groups providing

• g. P-3 Orion - Overwater antisubmarine patrol plane.Is equipped with magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) gear, sonobuoys, radar, and other submarine detection systems. It is armed with torpedoes, bombs, missiles, and depth charges for kills. It has the primary mission of detecting, locating, and destroying enemy submarines. The P-3 Orion can respond quickly to hunt down submarine contacts long before surface units can arrive. Other duties include convoy escort, photographic missions, and aerial mining.

• h. AV-8 Harrier - Light attack, close air support.The western world’s only operational fixed-wing vertical short takeoff or landing (V/STOL) strike aircraft. It is an integrated V/STOL weapons system incorporating the inertial navigation and attack system (INAS) with an electronic display. The aircraft is used by the Marine Corps and is operated from the decks of aircraft carriers and amphibious support ships.

• i. C-2 Cod - Carrier onboard delivery.The C-2A Greyhound is a twin-engine cargo aircraft, designed to land on aircraft carriers. Provides logistics support to aircraft carriers. It can deliver a payload of up to 10,000 pounds. The cabin can carry cargo, passengers, or both. It’s also equipped to accept litter patients in medical evacuation missions. The C-2A’s open-ramp flight capability allows airdrop of supplies and personnel from a carrier-launched aircraft. This, plus its folding wings and an on-board auxiliary power unit

for engine starting and ground power self-sufficiency in remote areas, provide an operational versatility found in no other cargo aircraft.

21. State the primary mission of the following rotary-wing aircraft:

• a. CH-53 Super Stallion - Lift and movement of cargo, passengers, and heavy equipment. Tows and operates various mine countermeasure devices designed to detect and neutralize submerged naval mines. CH-53D squadrons are capable of rapid world wide deployment.

• b. MH-53 Sea Dragon - Minesweeping, mine spotting, and channel marking.Used primarily for airborne mine countermeasures, with a secondary mission of shipboard delivery. The MH-53E Sea Dragon is heavier and has a greater fuel capacity than its ancestor, the CH-53E Super Stallion. MH-53s can operate from carriers and other warships. The Sea Dragon is capable of carrying up to 55 troops or a 16-ton payload 50 nautical miles or a 10-ton payload 500 nautical miles. The MH-53E is capable of towing a variety of mine-sweeping countermeasures systems.

• c. UH-46 Sea Knight - Vertical replenishment.Is a twin-turbine transport helicopter that provides the fleet with a day/night underway replenishment capability. It is used primarily for supply missions at sea and for casualty evacuation. Its carrying capacity is 25 troops, 15 litters and attendants, or 4,000 pounds of cargo. Rotor blades fold for shipboard use.

• d. SH-60 Sea Hawk - Inner antisubmarine-zone helicopter.Placed aboard frigates and destroyers. The Seahawk is the airborne platform segment of the LAMPS Mk III weapons system. It can carry personnel as well as weapons to detect, localize, and destroy submarines at long range. It is designed to be in constant voice and data link contact with the ship’s CIC. In addition to its primary mission of seeking and engaging submarines many miles from the ship, the Seahawk helicopter is able to provide targeting information for over-the-horizon, surface-to-surface missiles. The secondary mission of the Seahawk helicopter is search and rescue, medical evacuation, vertical replenishment, and communications relay.

• e. SH-2 Sea Sprite - Homing torpedoes and air-to-air missiles.An ex-utility helicopter, is now serving in the LAMPS (light airborne multipurpose system) program with the destroyer Navy

• f. AH-1 Sea Cobra - air/ground support attack helo, air-to-air combat.

• g. UH-1 Huey - Reconnaissance/some troop movement.

• 107.22 State the primary mission of the following landing craft: a. LCAC - Landing Craft Air Cushion (40 + advertised speed)(250 miles max range)(Over the horizon)The air-cushion landing craft (LCAC) has a crew of 5 and a speed of 40 knots loaded, with a 220-nm range at 40 knots

• b. LCU - Land Craft Utility (10 knots, 1000 miles max range)The utility landing craft (LCU), the largest of the landing craft, transports troops, heavy vehicles, equipment, and cargo from ship to shore. It has a crew of 14 and a load capacity of 168 cargo tons or 440 troops. With a speed from 7 to 14 knots, depending on class and cargo weight, it can operate in rough seas, but is limited by its slow speed and maneuverability. Five classes of LCUs are currently in use:

· 1608-Class LCU: Features include length, 115 feet; width, 38 feet; maximum draft, 5 feet; and displacement, 340 tons.· 1610-, 1627-, 1637-, and 1646-Class LCUs: Features include length, 135 feet; width, 29 feet; maximum draft, 6.6 feet; and displacement, 340 tons.

• c. LCM The mechanized landing craft (LCM) is the most versatile of the landing craft and has a crew of five. It is used to land equipment, personnel, cargo, and medium-weight vehicles on the beach. There are two LCM classes.

• · LCM-8 (Aluminum): Features include length, 74.5 feet; width, 21 feet; and displacement, 95.3 tons when fully loaded. It has a maximum loaded speed of 12 knots and a load capacity of 48.9 cargo tons.

• · LCM-8 (Steel): Features include length, 73.5 feet; width, 21 feet; and displacement, 120 tons when fully loaded. It has a maximum load speed of 9 knots and a load capacity of 58.9 cargo tons.

•23. Discuss the following methods of visual communications:

• a. Flags/pennants/day shapes - Primarily for transmitting tactical info between ships.

• b. Flashing light (directional/omni-directional) - Utilizes Morse code by means of an interrupting light.

• c. Semaphore - Sends messages at short range using the positions of the senders arms.

• d. Flares/pyrotechnics - Flares, red, white and green that are fired from the boat.

• e. Infrared - Used when secrecy is important, may be sent the same manner as flashing light.

.24 Describe the day shapes used for the following:

• a. Vessel at anchor - One black ball• b. Vessel not under command - two black balls • c. Restricted in ability to maneuver - ball, diamond, ball • d. Vessel aground - three black balls • e. Constrained by draft - Cylinder .25 Describe and discuss the flags/pennants used for the following:

• a. Refueling/ammunition handling – Bravo• b. Senior Officer Present Afloat (SOPA) - Starboard • c. Breakdown - Five • d. Personnel recall - Papa • e. Boat recall – Quebec• f. Divers - Code Alpha• g. Personnel working aloft/over the side - Kilo • h. Hazards of Electro-Magnetic Radiation to Ordnance

(HERO) - Lima • i. Ready to receive a ship alongside - Romeo, at sea

(India, in port) • j. Man overboard - Oscar • k. Anchoring - Uniform • l. Absentee pennants-• First Sub - Flag officers Second Sub - CSO Third Sub - CO

Fourth Sub - Civilian diplomats .26 Discuss how a message is prepared via semaphore and flashing light.The message is taken to the signal bridge after the originator has it released by the proper authority and precedence is assigned. The SM’s then prepare the message for transmission by constructing the proper call signs and/or heading/ending. .27 Discuss the following as they apply to radio/voice messages:

• a. Flash (Z) -10 minutes or less process time.• b. Immediate (O) - 30 minutes • c. Priority (P) - 3 hours.

• d. Routine (R) - 6 hours. 107.28 Define the following terms:

• A. “MINIMIZE” - The condition imposed in a specific communications area to reduce voice and record traffic so that essential traffic can be efficiently handled. Usually required due to some contingency condition (i.e. hostile environment, open conflict, and/or natural disaster.

• B. Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI) - Identify specific items of information which, if revealed and correlated with other information, would degrade the security of military operations, projects, or missions in the applicable area.

• C. “BEADWINDOW” - A term describing a real time procedure used to alert circuit operators that an unauthorized disclosure has occurred. Only proper response when receiving a beadwindow from another station is “Roger Out”.

• D. “GINGERBREAD” - A term advising-net participants that there may be a possible intruder on the radio net.

107.29 Discuss the methods of ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communications• A. BELLEAU WOOD has a variety of ways to communicate via

narrative message traffic and voice traffic to other ships or shore stations.

1a. NAVMACS II - Naval Modular Automated Communications Subsystem. Is the primary system onboard used to send and receive narrative messages and teletype messages. Receives inputs from SHF/UHF circuits including MARCEMP, CUDIXS, Fleet Broadcast, NOVA and ATG TTY

1b. CUDIX - Common User Digital Information Exchange Subsystem, is a UHF satellite circuit that is one of our main methods of communicating via Narrative Message Traffic with the shore. It’s crypto device is the KG-84A.

1c. Broadcast - Is a receive only, multi-channel system used to receive narrative message traffic which is disseminated via various satellite channels by the NCTAMS. All messages for each channel are processed on a First In First Out (FIFO) by precedence. It’s crypto device is the KWR-46.

1d. ARG TTY - Amphibious Ready Group Teletype, is a satellite or HF teletype circuit in which Belleau Wood can communicate via abbreviated messages or

narrative messages with ships within our battlegroup or ships in company. The crypto device used for this circuit is the KG-84C.

1e. Voice - Satellite, UHF, HF, VHF, and EHF are different methods of communicating via voice with either shore station or other ships. A variety of crypto devices are used for voice circuits. They are:

Satellite - ANDVT UHF - KY-58 HF - ANDVT VHF - KY-58 EHF - ANDVT

107.30 Discuss the following with respect to frequency and range:

• a) A. High Frequency (HF) - FREQ: 3 - 30 MHZ RANGE: Maximum 1500 miles, depending on radio wave propagation and power output

• b) B. Very High Frequency (VHF) - FREQ: 30 - 300 MHZ RANGE: Approx 20-30 miles, depending on radio wave propagation and power output

• c) C. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) - FREQ: 300 MHZ - 3 GHZ RANGE: Approx 20-30 miles, depending on radio wave propagation and power output

• d) D. Super High Frequency (SHF) - FREQ: 3 - 30 GHZ RANGE: Directional Beam

• e) E. Extremely High Frequency (EHF) - FREQ: 30 - 300 GHZ RANGE: Directional Beam

107.31 Discuss Communication Security (COMSEC) and the role of the Communications Security Material (CMS) System Custodian

• a) The purpose of Communications Security Material (COMSEC) is designated to keep unauthorized persons from obtaining any information of value relating to National Security which might be derived from a study of communication material.

• b) The CMS custodian is the person designated in writing by the Commanding Officer to maintain the CMS account for the command. Their duties include receiving, inventorying, destroying, and issuing COMSEC material and equipment to authorized users and local holders. They are also responsible for training all personnel involved in CMS and submitting required COMSEC report to the proper authority in a timely manner. They also are primarily involved in planning, coordinating, managing, and documenting Communication Department portion of the Emergency Action Plan.

107.32 Discuss the following terms:

• a) ACCESS - Navy uses principle of “circulation control” to maintain security of classified information. This means that knowledge of possession of material or info is permitted only by persons requiring access in the interest of national security. Access is literally the ability to gain or obtain something.

• b) CLASSIFICATION - There are 4 classifications of material; UNCLASSIFIED, CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET, AND TOP SECRET

• c) CLEARANCE - A security clearance is required prior to granting access to classified information. A national agency check or background investigation is completed on a person requiring clearance, depending on level needed. If no doubt is determined, a person’s loyalty is assumed to be consistent with the interests of national security.

• d) COMPROMISE - The disclosure of classified info to a person who is not authorized access to that information. This disclosure could have occurred knowingly, willfully, or accidently-through negligence. There are two types of compromise, suspected and confirmed. Suspected - believe material has been compromised but cannot definitely prove. (example: temporary loss of control). Confirmed - definite proof material is compromised. (example: lost material)

• e) NEED TO KNOW - A person cannot be granted access to classified info based solely on his/her rank or position. There is a requirement to determine the level of access necessary for the person to perform his or his official duties (need to know). Need to know means a person must have access to the material to perform their duties.

• f) RESTRICTED AREA - To provide for an effective and efficient method to restrict access and control movement where classified material is stored or used, such areas will be designated Restricted Areas and only those persons whose duties actually require access and who have been granted appropriate security clearance will be allowed freedom of movement within the area.

107.33 Define the following security classification categories:

• a) CONFIDENTIAL - This classification of info requires protection, but no as much as Secret or Top Secret material. If compromised, the unauthorized disclose of Confidential material could reasonably be expected to cause damage to our nation, and or embarrassment to the

United States and/or its allies.• b) SECRET - This info requires a substantial amount of

protection, and, if compromised, could cause serious damage to the national security.

• c) TOP SECRET - Refers to that national security information or material which requires the highest degree of protection. If Top Secret material is compromised, it could result in exceptionally grave damage to our national security.

107.35 Discuss your responsibilities upon discovery of a compromise of a suspected compromise

• a) BWD - report compromise to the CMS Custodian or Security Manager during normal working hours. After working hours post a sentry and notify the Command Duty Officer. Example: An open security container which has classified material inside. Do not close any containers in this circumstance.

• b) OPNAVINST 5510.1H - Individual who become aware of the loss, compromise or suspected compromise of classified information or material is to immediately notify their security manager or commanding officer. If the circumstances of discovery make such notification impractical, the individual is to notify the nearest NCIS field office or the most readily available command.

107.36 Define the term, “EMERGENCY DESTRUCTION”

• a) Emergency Destruction - Is a plan for ships and overseas stations to provide efficient, complete destruction of classified material in the event of an emergency. Examples would be a ship under duress, hostile fire, imminent boarding, etc.

.37 Discuss the purpose of the information contained in the following Casualty Reports

• a. Initial• b. Update• c. Correction• d. Cancellation.38 Explain the information required on a CASREP from the following:

• a. Initiating department• b. Operations

• c. Supply.39 Discuss the significance of the relationship between the casualty category and the mission.

.40 Explain the purpose of and information contained in the following:

• a. Logistics Request (LOGREQ) - To make known the logistics requirements of the ship during an inport period.

• b. Movement Report (MOVREP) - Report is submitted every 12 hours via message. Will assist the Chain-of-Command in tracking all vessels for operational/emergency use.

107.41 Explain the purpose of the information contained in the following:

• a. OPREP-3 Pinnacle - severe incident involving a foreign national, especially involving death, any incident with high medial level interest, severe oil spill, defections or asylum requests, Also accidents with nuclear weapons, reports of armed attack on U.S. or allied personnel or territories, or reports of nuclear detonations of any kind. Each of these last have special prowords to be used.

• b. OPREP-3 Navy Blue - minor but newsworthy incidents involving foreign nationals, less severe oil spills, reports of collisions or grounding, or any other’ event generating high Navy level interest but falling short of national interest. Also, nuclear weapons incidents short of accidents, or incidents involving Navy nuclear reactor power plants, Each of these last have special prowords to be used.

• c. Unit Situation Report (SITREP) - minor incidents which the CO wants to lay out in detail to the chain of command, such as fights on base, bomb threats evaluated as a hoax, serious injury or casualty onboard

.42 Explain the purpose of and the information contained in SORTS message..43 Discuss the following phases in a ship’s training cycle:

• a. Basic

• b. Intermediate• c. Advance .44 Discuss the ship’s training cycle as it applies to the following terms:

• a. Light Off Assessment (LOA)• b. Command Assessment of Readiness and Training (CART)• c. Tailored Ship’s Training Availability (TSTA)• d. Final Evaluation Problem (FEP) .45 Explain the purpose of the Planning Board for Training (PBFT).

• Monthly planning meetings that discuss short and long term training plans, including schools, future training, qualifications, etc.

.46 Discuss the following:

• a. Long Range Training Plan (LRTP) - Yearly training• b. Short Range Training Schedule (SRTS) - Monthly

training. Weekly training..47 Discuss the organization, duties and responsibilities of the following:

• a. Combat Systems Training Teams (CSTT)• b. Ship’s Electronic Readiness Team (SERT)• c. Engineering Training Team (ETT) • d. Damage Control Training Team (DCTT)• e. Seamanship Training Team (STT)• f. Aviation Training Team (ATT)g. Integrated Training Team (ITT)

108: COMBAT SYSTEMS FUNDAMENTALS108.1 Explain the following terms as they pertain to Combat system missions:

• a. Detect to engage: Detect hostile inbound target, report Range and Bearing to TAO, TAO gives weapons release authority. Self-Defense Weapons Coordinator designates target to Weapons Delivery System and destroys target.This term is best described in the following scenario: Picture yourself as the TAO of a surface combatant. The relative quiet of CIC will generally be shattered by an

alarm on the Electronic Warfare (EW) equipment indicates the initial detection and identification of a possible incoming threat by your Electronic Support Measures (ESM) equipment. The wideband ESM receiver detects an electromagnetic emission on a specific bearing. Almost instantaneously, the ESM equipment interprets the emitter’s parameters and compares them with radar parameters stored in its memory. The information and a symbol indicating the emitter’s approximate line of bearing from your ship are presented on a display screen. The commanding officer is notified of this development. Meanwhile, the information is transmitted to the rest of the Battle Group via radio data links.Moments later, in another section of CIC, the ship’s long-range two-dimensional air search radar is just beginning to pick up a faint return at its maximum range. The information from the air search radar coupled with the line of bearing from your ESM allows you to localize the contact and determine an accurate range and bearing. Information continues to arrive, as the ESM equipment classifies the J-band emission as belonging to a hostile nation’s attack aircraft capable of carrying anti-ship cruise missiles. The contact continues inbound, headed toward the Battle Group. Within minutes, it is within range of your ship’s three-dimensional search and track radar. The contact’s bearing, range, and altitude are plotted to give an accurate course and speed. As the aircraft approaches the outer edge of its air-launched cruise missile’s (ALCM) range, the ESM operator reports that aircraft’s radar sweep has changed from a search pattern to a single target track mode. This indicates imminent launch of a missile. According to the Rules of Engagement (ROE) in effect, you have determined hostile intent on the part of the target and should defend the ship against imminent attack. You inform your CIC team of your intentions, and select a weapon, in this case a surface to air missile, to engage the target. You also inform the Anti-Air Warfare Commander of the indications of hostile intent, and he places you and the other ships in Air Warning Red, “attack in progress”.As the target closes to the maximum range of your weapon system, the fire control or tactical computer program, using target course and speed computes a predicted intercept point (PIP) inside the missile engagement envelope. This information and the report that the weapon system has locked-on the target

is reported to you. You authorize “batteries release” and the missile is launched toward the PIP. As the missile speeds towards its target at Mach 2+, the ship’s sensors continue to track both the aircraft and the missile. Guidance commands are sent to the missile to keep it on course.On board the enemy aircraft, the pilot is preparing to launch his own countermeasures when his ESM equipment indicates he is being engaged. This warning comes with but precious few seconds, as the missile enters the terminal phase of its guidance. In a desperate attempt to break the radar lock, the pilot uses evasive maneuvering. It’s too late though. As the missile approaches its lethal “kill radius,” the proximity fuze on the missile’s warhead detonates the missile’s explosive charge, sending fragments out in every direction, destroying or neutralizing the target. This information is confirmed by your ship’s sensors. The radar continues to track that target as it falls into the sea and the ESM equipment goes silent.

• b. Command and Control Warfare (C2W): The direction of forces and weapons to achieve a mission or goal.This warfare discipline provides the capabilities and organization needed to disrupt, neutralize, and deceive the enemy’s command and control systems while protecting our own. A classic example is the suppression of enemy air defenses through overt electronic warfare. Command and control is the foundation upon which the planning and execution of naval operations are built-from peace-time forward presence, to operations other than war, to crisis response, to regional or global war. It is the tool the naval commander uses to cope with the uncertainty of combat and to direct his forces to accomplish the assigned mission. Naval command and control reflects the way we organize, train, and fight.Command and control is an essential element of the art and science of naval warfare. Command is the authoritative act of making decisions and ordering action; control is the act of monitoring and influencing this action. These acts-supported by a system of people, information, and technology-enable the naval commander to cope with the uncertainty of combat and to employ military force more efficiently. Modern technology has broadened the scope and increased the complexity of command and control, but its foundations remain constant: professional leadership, competence born of a high level of

training, flexibility in organization and equipment, and cohesive doctrine. These elements establish a framework for effective command and control that must be mastered by all who exercise command in the naval Services.Command and control governs all areas of naval warfare. To be effective, it requires the commander to have a thorough understanding of the nature and conduct of war, naval leadership, the command and control process, and the supporting information systems. It requires an appreciation of the vulnerabilities and weaknesses in our own command and control process and systems-as well as insight into the nature of adversary command and control. The requirement to exercise effective command and control in today’s environment extends to all levels of warfare, across the full range of military operations.

• c. Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS): Naval Gun Fire Support plays a vital role in supporting Landing Force (USMC, USN, USA) units during amphibious operations. The general mission of NSFS is to support amphibious operations by destroying, neutralizing, or suppressing:1. Shore installations that oppose the approach of ships and aircraft2. Defenses that may oppose the insertion of the Landing Force3. Defenses that may oppose the advance of the Landing Force There are two types of tactical missions that naval ships can provide while in support of the Landing Force. They are Direct Support and General Support.

.2 Define the following acronyms:• a. RADAR- RAdio Detection Aand Ranging. It refers to

electronic equipment that uses reflected electromagnetic energy to determine the direction to, height of, and distance of detected objects.

• b. SONAR- SOund Navigation And Ranging. It refers to electronic equipment that transmits audible sound energy into the surrounding water to determine the direction to, depth of, and distance of detected objects.

.3 State the two warfare areas that utilize naval gun systems.

• There are actually more than two warfare areas that

utilize naval gun systems. However, the two primary areas:

• Air Warfare and Surface Warfare. • The other relates to Amphibious Warfare where surface

ships (cruisers and destroyers) bombard the shore (NSFS).

.4 State the four warfare areas that utilize naval missile systems.

• a) Air Warfare b) Undersea Warfare c) Surface Warfare d) Strike Warfare

108.5 State the purpose of fire control.

• Simply put, to accurately place ordnance on target. .6 Explain the purpose of the following weapons:

• a. Harpoon- The Harpoon, an Anti-Ship Cruise Missile (ASCM), is designed to be launched from multiple platforms, such as submarines, surface ships, or aircraft. Its flight profile is programmed prior to launch to allow for up to three points in its flight path to make course directions while en route to the target.

• b. Tomahawk - A fully operational and proven part of the battle group strike arsenal. It is an integral part of strike planning for power projection ashore. Tomahawk is capable attacking point targets, providing decoy and deception, and acting as a force multiplier. Tomahawk missiles are typically employed sequentially.

• c. Vertical launched ASROC- Merely a torpedo with a rocket booster attached to its tail. ASROC is an acronym for Anti Submarine Rocket. Once the weapon has cleared the launcher and the booster has separated, a parachute is deployed and the weapon safely drops into the water. Upon entry, salt water activates the torpedo and it begins a set search pattern for the submarine or target it was launched against.

• d. Standard missiles- A surface to air missile, is the surface navy’s primary offensive anti air weapon. All Standard Missiles require some form of guidance to intercept and destroy or neutralize their targets. It can, in certain circumstances, be fired against surface or shore targets.

• e. Torpedo- Anti-ship, anti-submarine. The main purpose of a torpedo is to destroy submarines. However, they are

capable of being set to attack surface targets. .7 State the navy ships’ self defense weapon systems.

• The principal air threat to US naval surface ships is a variety of highly capable anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs). These include subsonic (Mach 0.9) and supersonic (Mach 2+), and low altitude ASCMs. Detection, tracking, assessment, and engagement decisions must be made rapidly to defend against these threats, since the time from when an ASCM is initially detected until it is engaged is less than a minute. SSDS is designed to accomplish these defensive actions. SSDS, consisting of software and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware, integrates and coordinates all of the existing sensors and weapons systems aboard a non-AEGIS ship to provide Quick Reaction Combat Capability (QRCC). (It will eventually be installed on board most classes of non-AEGIS ships.) SSDS, by providing a Local Area Network (LAN), LAN access units (LAUs), special computer programs, and operator stations, automates the defense process, from the detect sequence through the engage sequence. This provides a quick response, multi-target engagement capability against anti-ship cruise missiles. The entire combat system, including the sensors and weapons, is referred to as Quick Reaction Combat Capability (QRCC), with SSDS as the integrating element. Although SSDS broadens the ship’s defensive capability, it is not intended to improve the performance of any sensor or weapon beyond its stand-alone performance. The primary advantage SSDS brings to the combat systems suite is the ability to coordinate both hard kill (gun and missile systems) and soft kill (decoys such as chaff) systems and to use them to their optimum tactical advantage.

• The following systems represent the SSDS interfaces for a non-AEGIS ship:

· AN/Air Search Radar· AN/Surface Search Radar· AN/Electronic Warfare System · Centralized Identification

Friend or Foe (CIFF)· Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM)· Phalanx Close-in Weapon System (CIWS)· Mk 36 Decoy Launching System (DLS)• SSDS options range from use as a tactical decision aid (up

to the point of recommending when to engage with specific systems) to use as an automatic weapon system.

SSDS will correlate target detections from individual radars, the electronic support measures (ESM) system, and the identification-friend or foe (IFF) system, combining these to build composite tracks on targets while identifying and prioritizing threats. Similarly, SSDS will expedite the assignment of weapons for threat engagement. It will provide a “recommend engage” display for operators or, if in automatic mode, will fire the weapons, transmit ECM, deploy chaff or a decoy, or provide some combination of these.

.8 Discuss the purpose of the following radars:

• a. Air search- The primary purpose of an air-search radar is to maintain a 360-degree surveillance from the surface to high altitudes and to detect and determine ranges and bearings of aircraft targets over relatively large areas.

• b. Surface search- Surface search radars provide short-range (100 nautical miles or less), 360-degree coverage. They can determine a contact’s range and bearing.

• c. Fire control- The function of Fire Control radar is to lock on to and identify a specific hostile target in order to direct a weapon to destroy it. Most FC radars use a narrow beam to perform their function. It can determine a target’s range, bearing, and elevation. Some Fire Control systems have built-in search and track radar; others rely on completely separate search radars and a target hand-off.

• d. Navigation- Navigational radars tend to be low power and have shorter ranges than surface or fire control radars. They are primarily used in harbors and restricted waters due to their higher resolution.

.9 Explain the difference between 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional radars.

• Simply put, two-dimensional radars provide bearing and range to a contact or target. Three-dimensional radars provide bearing, range, and elevation of a contact or target.

.10 Describe the purpose of the Combat Systems Operational Sequencing System (CSOSS).• CSOSS provides the means to manage combat systems

readiness around-the-clock, at-sea and in-port, in

peacetime and in wartime. It consists of people, places, and procedures just as EOSS does for the Engineers.

108.11 Describe general duties of the following CSOSS watch standers:

• a. Combat Systems Readiness Officer, (CSRO)- CSRO. Manned during Condition I, the Combat Systems Readiness Officer is the link for integrating CIC operations with the CSOSS organization. The CSRO is a qualified CSOOW and must be knowledgeable in tactical matters. The CSRO provides status and impact assessments to the CO/TAO as casualties are reported and resolved. The CSRO also translates tactical requirements and priorities for the CSOOW to ensure directed technical operations support the immediate tactical situation. The CSRO maintains a Combat Systems Summary Status Board which displays the limitations imposed by casualties and configurations. The CSRO also maintains control and coordination of the CSOSS organization during transition shifts between primary and alternate CSOOWs.

• b. Combat Systems Officer of the Watch- Located in a central control area designated Combat Systems Maintenance Central (CSMC), the Combat Systems Officer of the Watch (CSOOW) is the unifying watch station for coordinating all CSOSS-based operations. Using CSOSS procedures, status boards, and other reference materials, the CSOOW communicates with CIC, Action Area Supervisors, Engineering, Damage Control, and Supply in order to coordinate system initialization, configuration changes, and casualty control/restoration. For non-combat and inport periods, the CSOOW maintains positive control of the combat system during all evolutions. This centralized control enhances safety and security between times of heightened readiness.

• c. Area supervisor (air, surface, undersea, electronic)- Area Supervisors, assigned during Condition I and as needed in Condition III, coordinate efforts to maintain a specific area of the Combat System. Under the direction of the CSOOW, they supervise assigned technicians and operators to maintain maximum readiness of the equipment within their area.

.12 Discuss the purpose of torpedo countermeasure systems.

• To distract the torpedo and cause it to change its course

towards the countermeasure device itself. Onboard Mount Whitney, we have the AN/SLQ-25 commonly referred to as NIXIE. It generates noise to distract the torpedo. Once the torpedo has been successfully distracted and has changed its course toward the NIXIE, the NIXIE system is then deenergized. The torpedo “should” safely pass the NIXIE and not detonate, thereby allowing us to continue to utilize the NIXIE as a countermeasure system.

.13 Explain the difference between active and passive sonars.

• Active sonars are very similar in operation to radars. They transmit sound signals through the water, which causes an echo (return) when it strikes an object. This echo is processed in much the same way as a radar return is. It provides bearing, range, as well as depth of the sonar contact.

• Passive sonars are similar to our AN/SLQ-32. They do not transmit. The merely “listen” for noise that is generated by subsurface contacts and provide a “bearing only” of the noise source.

.14 Discuss how the following factors affect sonar operations:

• a. Temperature: Temperature, the foremost factor affecting sound speed, usually decreases with depth, and this leads to an accompanying decrease in sound speed at the rate of approximately 3 m/sec per degree Celsius. Below a depth of about 1,000 m, however, temperature is fairly constant, and the predominant factor affecting sound speed becomes pressure. At first glance it would seem that a temperature decrease would increase sound speed due to the increased water density, but not so. As the temperature of a medium decreases, bulk modulus decreases while density increases. It also should be noted that temperature differs bulk modulus and density at a variable rate. A change in temperature at one point on the scale, therefore, affects sound speed differently than an equal change at another point on the scale. It should be noted that the effect of temperature is relatively large compared to the other factors. It takes a depth change of about 165 meters to cause the same change in sound speed as a one-degree temperature change.

• b. Pressure: Pressure in most circumstances is more important than salinity, but in the sea its change is constant and predictable. It also causes a change in density, and the result is an increase in sound speed of 0.017 m/sec for every meter of depth increase. This slight change, which is important when temperature remains constant, causes a sound beam to bend upward at great depths.

• c. Salinity: Salinity, which on the average ranges from 32 to 38 parts per thousand (ppt), is fairly constant in the open ocean. A change of salinity will cause a small corresponding change in density with a resulting variation of sound speed. The greatest variation in salinity in the open ocean exists in the vicinity of "oceanic fronts," which are narrow zones separating water masses of different physical characteristics, usually exhibiting very large horizontal gradients of temperature and salinity. Even greater variation in salinity can be expected around the mouths of rivers, heavy ice, and in areas of extraordinary rainfall (e.g., the monsoon) where a layer of fresh water overrides a layer of salt water. A change in salinity of one part per thousand will result in a change in sound speed of approximately 1.3 meters per second.

.15 Discuss the safety precautions for entering a magazine.

• The term magazine applies to any compartment, space, or locker that is used, or intended to be used, for the stowage of explosives or ammunition of any kind.

• No flame, heat, or spark producing devices shall be permitted where explosives or flammable materials, batteries, or battery charging lockers are located. Cigarette lighters, heaters, fires, welding tools, soldering irons, cutting torches and uncovered lights are included in this category.

• Smoking shall be prohibited in any magazine.16 Discuss the following terms and the hazards associated with each:

• a. Hang fire- The temporary failure or delay in the action of a primer, igniter or propelling charge.

• b. Mis-fire- The weapon did not fire. Failure of a component to fire or explode following an intentional attempt to cause an item to do so.

• c. Hot gun- A gun whose barrel has temperature has been

raised to a temperature at which cook-off of a round is possible.

• d. Train warning circle - The train warning circle is measured 18 inches from the furthest projection of the gun mount or missile launcher. It is marked as a solid red line, 4 inches wide. The red line will be labeled with “DANGER AREA” by painting 2 inch high white letters inside the 4 inch wide red danger circle line. The danger area label shall be repeated around the circle on 4 foot centers as practicable.If the train warning circle comes against any part of the ships’ structure, a seven foot vertical extension of the line is required, and “DANGER AREA” shall be stenciled as a height of 5 feet from the deck.

.17 Define the acronyms and discuss the use of the following projectiles:• a. HE-PD- HE” denotes the projectile itself is High

explosive, while “PD” denotes the type of fuze installed on this projectile is Point Detonating.A PD fuze requires the depression of a percussion rod to strike a detonation charge installed at the base of the fuze which causes the entire projectile to explode.HE-PD projectiles are used against armored targets such as tanks, jeeps, ships. They are also fired against buildings, bunkers, and pill boxes.

• b. HE-VT- “HE” denotes the projectile itself is High explosive, while “VT” denotes the type of fuze installed on this projectile is Proximity (or Variable) Timed.All “VT” fuzed projectiles are powered with wet batteries with the active ingredients contained in a glass ampoule. Upon set back (when the projectile is fired) the ampoule is broken and the battery is automatically activated. Within one second, the fuse begins to emit small bursts of RF energy (similar to a RADAR) and “looks” for a signal return indicating a target. Once this return is strong enough, the fuze detonates the projectile.HE-VT projectiles are used primarily against air targets, exploding in front of it. They create large amounts of shrapnel which the air craft or missile flies through, tearing pieces of it open and/or away.

• c. HE MT-PD- “HE” denotes the projectile itself is High explosive, while “MT-PD” denotes the type of fuze installed on this projectile is Mechanical Timed, Point Detonating.An MT-PD fuze detonates after a

predetermined length of time after the projectile is fired. The exact time is set before the projectile is loaded into the chamber by a mechanical fuze setter on the mount or by hand by a Gunners Mate using a special fuze wrench. The fuze will not function until the projectile is fired. The “PD” aspect of this fuze is a safety back-up in the event the mechanical time fuze malfunctions.HE MT-PD projectiles are primarily used to obtain an air burst against troops in the open during NSFS.

• d. VT non-FRAG- VT non-FRAG projectiles function exactly as the HE-VT projectiles except that the projectile does not explode and cause large amounts of shrapnel. When the fuze functions, it causes the charge in the body of the projectile to rapidly burn, which in turn blows a plug out of the base of the projectile to pop out and allow the rapidly burning charge to create a cloud of smoke. These projectiles are used for training purposes only to judge the accuracy of the Fire Control System against air targets. They permit the repeated use of costly target drones.

• e. RAP- RAP denotes a Rocket Assisted Projectile. Certain projectiles are fitted with small rocket motors that actuate either (1) upon being fired from the gun mount, or (2) upon deceleration of the projectile. Their sole purpose is to extend the range of the Gun Weapon Ssystem.RAP projectiles come in the same varieties as those being discussed in this topic.

• f. BL&P - Blind loaded and plugged. These projectiles are primarily used for target practice, range testing, and proving ground tests. They contain an inert material that combined with the projectile itself, is the equivalent of a standard projectiles weight.

• g. HE-IR- “HE” denotes the projectile itself is High explosive, while “IR” denotes the type of fuze installed on this projectile is sensitive to Infra-Red heat or light sources.They function in the same manner as HE-VT projectiles, yet the installed electronic circuits “look” for infra-red heat signatures generated by combustion engines. They are employed against aircraft, and explode just as the VT fuzed projectiles do – in front of or very near the target.

• h. WP- White phosphorous. This projectile is considered to be a chemical projectile and is loaded with a toxic, harassing, or smoke producing agent. Of the smoke agents, white phosphorus is the most frequently used. WP projectiles are designed to produce heavy smoke and, secondarily an incendiary effect. The small WP containers are expelled and scattered upon impact.

• i. HE-CVT- “HE” denotes the projectile itself is High explosive, while “CVT” denotes the type of fuze installed on this projectile is a Controlled Proximity (or Variable) Timed fuze.HE-CVT is functionally identical to an HE-VT except that the proximity timing is not set until a predetermined and preset time period had expired.

.18 Discuss the following components of a weapon system:

• a. Detection- Identifying a target. Comprised of air and surface radar systems, IFF, cryptologic combat support systems, sonar systems, and off ship sensors such as satellites, and airborne sensors contained in LAMPS helo’s, E2’s, P-3’s, etc. These components “detect” the presence of a contact and electronically sends the contact information to the “direction” components for processing.

• b. Direction- Aiming of the weapon towards the target. The components are the brains of a weapon system. Direction components are the control systems, command and display equipment, data link systems, etc. They schedule or assign weapon systems, prioritize targets, and determine the optimum time to fire the weapon

• c. Delivery- Firing of the round. Delivery components are the missile launchers, gun mounts, chaff launchers, torpedo tubes, etc.

• d. Destruction- Detonation of the round. The destruction components or units of a weapon system are the missiles, projectiles, torpedoes, etc.,

.19 Explain the purpose of Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO).• To reduce the amount of frequencies being used. These High

Frequencies may detonate a round. The high intensity radio frequency (RF) fields produced by modern radio and radar transmitting equipment can cause sensitive electroexplosive devices (EEDs) contained in ordnance systems to actuate prematurely. The Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) problem

was first recognized in 1958. The prime factors causing the problem have been increasing ever since. The use of EEDs in ordnance systems has become essential. At the same time, the power output and frequency ranges of radio and radar transmitting equipment have also increased.RF energy may enter an ordnance item through a hole or crack in its skin or through firing leads, wires, and so on. In general, ordnance systems that are susceptible to RF energy are most susceptible during assembly, disassembly, loading, unloading, and handling in RF electromagnetic fields. The most likely results of premature actuation are propellant ignition or reduction of reliability by dudding. Where out-of-line Safety and Arming (S + A) devices are used, the actuation of EEDs may be undetectable unless the item is disassembled. If the item does not contain an S +A device, or if RF energy bypasses the S +A device, the warhead may detonate.Ordnance items susceptible to RF are assigned one of three HERO classifications, based upon the probability that they will be adversely affected by the RF environment. Those classifications are:

• 1. HERO Safe. An ordnance item sufficiently shielded or protected to make it immune to adverse effects from RF when used in its expected shipboard RF environments.

• 2. HERO susceptible. Ordnance containing EEDs proven by tests to be adversely affected by RF energy to the point that safety or reliability may be in jeopardy when the ordnance is used in RF environments.

• 3. HERO unsafe. Any electrically initiated ordnance item that becomes unsafe when:

a. Its internal wiring is physically exposed. b. Tests being conducted on the item require additional

electrical connections to be made.c. Electroexplosive devices (EEDs) having exposed wire leads

are present, handled, or loaded. d. The item is being assembled or disassembled.e. The item is in a disassembled condition.f. The item contains one or more EEDs and has not been

classified as HERO safe or susceptible by either a test or design analysis.

.20 Explain the term "C4".

• Command, control, computers, and communication. This term

applies to use of computers communicating commands to control what we, or others, do.

• It can be on a large scale, such as the Pentagon giving us an order (communicating a command via a computer). They want us to attack the bad guys and they want us to do at 1400 tomorrow (controlling how we do it).

.21 State the two primary gun weapon systems found on navy surface combatants.• They are the MK86 GFCS which are on Spruance class

destroyers and Ticonderoga class cruisers plus the MK92 FCS which is on Perry Class frigates.The gun mounts utilized by these gun weapon systems are the MK45 Light Weight Guh Mount (LWGM) and the MK75 76 millimeter Gun Mount, respectively.

.22 State the purpose of blue color coding in regards to ammunition.

• Designates the round as a dummy round. Any ammunition painted blue has been certified to be inert (contains no explosive material).

108.23 State the purpose of the electronic cooling systems.

• To keep the system within operating temperatures. Cooling systems are essential to the satisfactory operation of a shipboard weapons system. In fact, some form of cooling is required for all shipboard electronic equipment, and liquid cooling is especially efficient for the transfer of large amounts of heat.

.24 State the purpose of the ships’ gyro as it relates to weapon systems:

• In fire control, we call the stabilizing unit a stable element. As its name implies, the stable element uses a stabilizing gyro. The stabilizing gyro is also the primary reference for navigation of the ship. It gives the ship a true North reference for all navigational equipment. The WSN-2 or WSN-5 are examples of stabilizing gyros used in today’s ships. The maintenance and operation of these gyros is the responsibility of the Interior Communications (IC) technicians. The primary purpose of the stable element

for fire control equipment is to measure accurately any deviation of the reference element (antenna, director, launcher, etc.) from the horizontal plane. Deviation measurements are sent to the fire control computer to create a stationary foundation from which to solve the fire control problem. They are also sent to the gun director, radar antenna, or optical equipment, depending upon the fire control system, to stabilize these units of the fire control system.

109: ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS109.1 Brief describe the general duties and responsibilities of each of the following:

• a. Chief Engineer (CHENG)- Head of the Engineering Dept responsible, under the CO, for the operation, care, and maintenance of all propulsion and auxiliary machinery, the control of damage, and upon request of the head of the dept concerned, the accomplishment of repairs beyond their capabilities.

• b. Main Propulsion Assistant (MPA)- Operation, care, and maintenance of the ship’s propulsion machinery and such other auxiliaries as may be assigned.

• c. Engineering Officer of the Watch (EOOW)- Responsbile for the proper performance of engineering plant and safety while underway. In charge of main propulsion plant and associated auxiliaries. Reports to the OOD.

• d. Engineering Duty Officer (EDO)- Responsible to the CDO for the watches and care of equipmaent while inport. Also in charge of the fire party.

• e. Cold Iron watch/In-port equipment monitor- Maintains watch on operating auxiliary systems and equipment. Acts as a security watch in the engine room: also a fire and flooding watch. Makes frequent inspections of his assigned areas and reports any unusual conditions to the OOD. Watch is located in the FWD and AFT Main.

• f. Sound and Security watch- Conducts a continuous patrol of unmanned spaces taking periodic soundings of tanks and spaces.

• g. Oil King/Water King- Responsible for the water and fuels onboard.

• h. Gas Free Engineer- Responsible for the testing of all spaces that may have been overrun by gases. Only the gas free engineer can certify space safe to enter. DCA is the gas free engineer.

• i. Fire Marshall- Responsible to the CDO for the inport Fire Party.

109.2 Discuss the purpose and content of each of the following:

• a. Engineering log- A complete daily record of events involving engineering. Record of all pertinent information pertaining to the operation of the ship’s propulsion system. A legal document that is held onboard for a period of 3 years. Maintained by EOOW.

• b. Engineering bell book- Contains all changes of speed to the ship’s main engines in RPM and other orders received by the throttleman regarding propellar RPM. A legal document.

• c. Engineering night orders- Orders written by the CHENG covering any special instructions and comments, normally covering the time between 2000 and 0800.

• d. Liquid load plan (draft report)- Contains draft of ship forward, aft, and mean draft. Submitted daily to the CO.

• e. Daily fuel and water report- Report of ship’s liquid load, including amount of fuel, lube oil, and water on hand. Also includes the previous day’s feed and potable water, results of tests on water, and steaming hour. Signed by CHENG, MPA, and Oil King.

• f. Naval Ships’ Technical Manual (NSTM)- Manuals containing instruction and guidance concerning shipboard procedures, equipment repairs, testing, and overall management of materials, equipment and systems.

• g. Engineering standing orders- Standardized sequence of procedures for the normal operation of the ship’s propulsion plant, including normal evolutions.

• h. Ships’ Information Book (SIB)- Document covering general info about the ship, such as length, beam, ship’s mission, equipment held onboard, general description, etc.

• i. Engineering Operational Sequencing System (EOSS)- EOP and EOCC.

• j. Engineering Department Organization Manual (EDORM)- Maintained at the department level, contains the duties of personnel, organizational chain of command, and basically what is expected of each individual in the department.

• k. Main Space Fire-Fighting Doctrine- Detailed instruction for fighting a fire in the main space, including personnel, plant reconfiguration and methods. Copies are held in DC Central, Repair lockers, Main Control, and the QD.

• l. Boat report- Report submited by the BM’s stating the equipment status on the boats.

• m. Operational logs- Individual equipment log. Allows to establish a history.

.3 Discuss the following evolutions in the engineering plant:

• a. Jacking over main engine/reduction gears, shafting and propellers- Main engines are engaged with jacking gear to turn the shaft at a very slow speed. This is done to keep the shaft from warping.

• b. Stopping and locking the shaft- A casualty and control measure taken to minimize damage if necessary to secure engineering plant while underway.

• c. Refueling operations- Split-plant operation would be used during refueling, to ensure max safety of vessel in case of engineering casualty.

• d. Full power trial- Split plant operation would be used when max reliability is required.

.4 Describe the 4 phases of the basic steam cycle.

• 1. Generation- Changing liquid to a gas. The generation function takes place in the boiler, where fuel is burned to produce heat. When the water becomes hot enough, “bubbles” form and rise through the water in the boiler tubes. These bubbles are a vapor (steam). The steam collects in the upper part of the steam drum. The saturated steam leaves the steam drum and passes through the tubes of the superheater section of the boiler.

• 2. Expansion- Changing thermal energy into mechanical energy. The high-pressure, high-temp steam is carried from the superheater outlet of the boiler to the HP turbine of the main engine. The superheated steam passing through the turbine expands with the turbine, where wht thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy to turn the rotor of the turbine. The steam

exhausted from the HP turbine is sent to the inlet of the LP turbine, where it is allowed to expand even more as it passes through the LP turbine blades.

• 3. Condensation- Changing a gas to a liquid. The exhaust steam from the LP turbine goes into the main condenser, where the condensation phase begins. As the steam passes over the tubes in the condenser, heat flows out of the steam into the seawater, which carries the energy away from it on its way out of the main condenser. When enough heat has been extracted from the steam, the molecules change back into liquid.

• 4. Feed- A combination of distilled water and condensate used by the boiler in the process of making steam.

.5 Discuss the operation of the following prime movers:

• a. Internal combustion engine b. Gas turbines c. Steam turbines

109.6 Explain the purpose and inter-relationship of the prime mover and reduction gears.

• The main shafting transfers torque generated from the main engine to the propeller. The bearings are used as guides or supports on the rotating shaft. The propeller pushes the ship through the water, using the end result of the mechanical energy produced.

.7 State the function of the following:

• a. Reduction gear- Connects the turbines and shafts. Reduces the high RPMs of the turbines to a working, more efficient speed. Reduces the speed to allow proper RPM at the propellers.

• b. Lube oil pumps- Provide lubrication for the turbine bearings and the reduction gears.

• c. Shaft turning (jacking) gear- Used to turn shaft and prevent bowing of the shaft when shaft is idle for long periods of time.

8. Discuss the function of the following:

• a. Main thrust bearing- Absorbs thrust of the propeller via the shaft. Attached to the reduction gear.

• b. Shafting- Transmits power from the main reduction gears to the propellers.

• c. Line shaft bearings- Transmits power from the main reduction gears to the propellers.

• d. Bulkhead stuffing boxes- Located where shaft penetrates

a bulkhead. Provides watertight integrity. e. Stern tube stuffing box- Located in the shaft ally where shaft penetrates the hull of the ship.

• f. Shaft seal- Located in the stern tube. Mechanical seal used to seal the shaft as it penetrates the hull, preventing water from entering the ship.

• g. Inflatable shaft seal- Located in the stern tube. Used to allow maintenance by inflating with air, sealing the shaft.

• h. Stern tube bearing- Rubber strip bearing at each end of the stern tube, water lubricatred.

• i. Strut bearing- Outside the hull of the ship. Last support device for the shaft before the propeller.

• j. Propeller- Uses the mechanical energy produced to move the ship through the water.

.9 Define the following compressed air systems parameters:

• a. High pressure- Compressed air between 600-5000 psi. Usually located in the auxiliary sections of engineering spaces.

• b. Medium pressure- Compressed air normally set at 500 psi. Not used on BWOOD.

• c. Low pressure- Compressed air, usually between 100-125 psi, used to operate ship’s whistle, siren, fresh water pressurizing, etc.

109.10 State the purpose of the following:

• a. Vital air/non-vital air- Components that are needed/not needed for operation of ship.

• b. Priority valves- Shuts automatically, securing air to nonvital components when pressure drops.

• c. Air receivers/flask- Storage tanks for housing air compressers.

• d. Dehydrators- Dries compressed air by removing moisture. • e. HP/LP air cross connect- .11 Explain the basic function of the Potable Water Service/Transfer system.

• Fresh water can be distilled from sea water when the ship is underway/at anchor, or can be taken from the pier. The potable water can be transferred between storage tanks via internal piping system for purposes of ship’s stability, or for the needs of separate areas of the ship.

.12 State the function of the following major components:

• a. Potable water storage tanks- Used exclusively for

storage of fresh water.• b. Valve manifold- A filling, transfer, and suction

manifold is provided in pump suction line to allow the pump to take suction while tanks are being filled from distillation plant, or from shore connection.

• c. Fresh water pumps- Takes suction from any of the storage tanks and discharges to either fitting/transfer mains or service mains. Pressurizes the system.

• d. Hypochlorinators/brominator- Used to treat stored water, freeing them from contaminents.

• e. Potable water risers- Used for connection for obtaining fresh water from pier/outside source, and for the discharge of the system.

.13 Explain the special handling and storage requirements for calcium hypochlorite.

• Must be stowed in cool, dry, vented locker in ventilated space. It can only be mixed with water. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Contact with grease, oil, etc. may cause fire.

.14 What are the three types of naval distilling plants.

• 1. Flash-type • 2. Submergible tube• 3. Vapor Compression.15 Explain the safety/sanitation requirements for handling shore source fresh water.

• Do not have the same persons handling sewage and fresh water.

109.16 Explain the special handling and storage requirements for bromide cartridges.

• Face shield, rubber gloves, rubber apron, and well ventilated.

.17 State the purpose of the Ships’ Service Electrical Distribution system.• To maintain power at all times. Underway the power is

generated by the SSTGs, inport it is hooked to shore power.

.18 State the function of the following major components:

• a. Ship's service/emergency generators- Generates auxiliary electricity.

• b. Switchboards- Controls/monitors/distributes power.

• c. Bus ties- Connects 2 or more switchboards so that generators can be operated in parallel.

• d. Disconnect links- Separates the system so as to be able to isolate a portion in case of damage.

• e. Circuit breakers- Safety measure to regulate current. f. Automatic Bus Transfer (ABT)- Links one switchboard to another.

• g. Manual Bus Transfer (MBT)- Links one switchboard to another.

.19 State the purpose of:• a. Air conditioning plants- Provide air conditioning

throughout the ship.

• b. Refrigeration plants- Used to cool the ship’s stores, cargo, water, and for AC.

.20 Discuss the following components of the air conditioning and refrigeration plants:

• a. Compressor- Takes low pressure freon gas and compresses it into higher pressure liquid. Located in each air conditioning room or unit. Pumps heat from the cold side to the hot side of the system.

• b. Evaporator/cooling coil- Evaporation takes place when a liquid is changed into a vapor or gas.

• c. Condenser/heat exchanger- Converts the freon from gas to liquid.

• d. Receiver- Stores the liquid refrigerant coming from the condenser.

• e. Thermal expansion valve- Metering device that measures the amount of refrigerant allowed into the evaporator and chiller.

109.21 State the purpose of the Steering system.

• To provide for the turning of the ship. .22 State the function of the following:

• a. Steering motors- Turns the pump.• b. Steering pumps- Move the fluid.• c. Steering gear- Turns the rudders. .23 Explain the different methods of operating the steering gear (controlling the rudders).• 1. Bridge

• 2. Secondary con (ACC Room)

• 3. Emergency Steering

• 4. Trick Wheel

• 5. Racket Assembly

.24 State the purpose of the Degaussing system.

• Reduces the effects of a ship’s magnetic field. .25 State the purpose of the ship’s degaussing folder.

• Navigator keeps a folder that relates all changes, deletions, etc. to the degaussing system. The Degaussing Folder is an official ship's log. It contains information on the magnetic treatment of the ship, instructions for operating the shipboard Degaussing System, degaussing charts with the values for the current and loop settings, installation information forms, compass compensation forms, and a log section showing details of the magnetic treatment of the action taken on the ship's Degaussing System. The folder is prepared by the degaussing range when the ship's system is initially calibrated.

.26 State the purpose of the Fuel Oil Quality Management Program.

• Provides procedures for the receipt and transfer of fuel; stripping and inspection of tanks; safety precautions for handling fuel; laboratory analysis of fuel samples; and accountability logs and test record requirements.

.27 State the purpose of the Lube Oil Quality Management Program.

• To establish policy, define objectives, assign responsibility, and provide requirements and procedures for the monitoring and analysis of the quality of lubricating and hydraulic oils used in machinery aboard ships and service craft.

.28 State the purpose of Navy Oil Analysis Program (NOAP).

• Covered by PMS, Planned Maintenance System. Samples are sent to NOAP for analysis.

109.29 State the purpose of the Shipboard Oil Pollution Abatement Program.

• To avoid environmental damage due to contamination by oil from the ship.

.30 State the purpose of the following:

• a. Oil spill containment kit- Consists of absorbent mats, herding agent, rags, buckets, swabs, etc.

• b. Oil spill containment boom/trawler- Used to surround and contain the oil spill until it can be cleaned.

.31 State the purpose of marine sanitation devices.

• To protect the environment from any contaminents disposed of by the ship.

.32 List the equipment, protective clothing and disinfectants used during sewage spill clean-up operations.

• Coveralls, rubber boots, rubber gloves, and hair covering. Wash down with detergent.

110: HAZARDOUS MATERIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE (HM/HW) FUNDAMENTALS110.1 What are the six categories of hazardous material?

• a. Flammable or combustible materials May be a solid, liquid or gas. Basically any material with a low flash point, or point at which it ignites into flames.

• b. Toxic materials A poison or toxin is a substance that adversely affects one's health by causing injury, illness, or death, when inhaled, injested, or through contact.

• c. Corrosive materials (including acids and bases) A highly reactive substance that causes obvious damage to living tissue. It is a chemical that causes visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact.

• d. Oxidizing materials Oxidizing materials are liquids or solids that readily give off oxygen or other oxidizing substances, such as chlorine. They also include materials that react chemically to oxidize combustible

(burnable) materials; this means that oxygen combines chemically with the other material in a way that increases the chance of a fire or explosion. This reaction may be spontaneous at either room temperature or may occur under slight heating. Oxidizing liquids and solids can be severe fire and explosion hazards.

• e. Aerosol containers Aerosols are tiny liquid and solid particles suspended in the air. Insecticides, oils and paints are examples of aerosols in pressurized containers. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are good propellants, and present no fire danger, but they are being phased out as they are believed to be a contributory factor to the depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Hydrocarbons are sometimes used in Aerosol containers, and can present a fire and explosion hazard.

• f. Compressed gases Three major groups of compressed gases are stored in cylinders: liquefied, non-liquefied and dissolved gases. All compressed gases are hazardous because of the high pressures inside the cylinders. Some pure compressed gases are chemically unstable. If exposed to slight temperature or pressure increases, or mechanical shock, they can readily undergo certain types of chemical reactions. These reactions may become violent, resulting in fire or explosion. Compressed flammable gases, such as butane, can burn or explode under certain conditions. Compressed oxidizers can react rapidly and violently with combustible materials. Many compressed gases are toxic or very toxic. They could cause various health problems depending on the specific gas, its concentration, the length of exposure and the route of exposure. Some compressed gases are corrosive, and can burn and destroy body tissues on contact. Even inert gases, such as helium, can cause death or injury in high concentrations

.2 Explain incompatible material and describe an example.

• Refers to two (2) or more different substances that when mixed could/will cause a reaction

• in some form. The way for identifying incompatible materials is using the MSDS for

• the material, Hazardous• Material Users Guide, or the incompatibility chart located

in• OPNAVINST 5100.19C Appendix C-23A. Example: OBA Canister

(Oxygen) HMUG Group 18 and; Petroleum based materials/fuels HMUG Group 8,9, 10Reaction: Explosion

hazard.3 Explain the information and procedures to be followed when a HM/HW spill is discovered.

• The skeleton structure that must be followed when dealing with hazardous material spill

• response: • 1. Discovery and notification• 2. Initiation of action• 3. Evaluation• 4. Containment and damage control• 5. Dispersion of gases/vapors• 6. Cleanup and decontamination• 7. Disposal of contaminated materials• 8. Certification of re-entry• 9. Follow-up reports.4 State the personal protection equipment required when handling HM/HW.

• This can be found in one or all of three sources: MSDS Sheet- Health and Safety data and PPE recommended sections will tell youwhat are the minimum requirements for a particular material.HMUG-Has a reference guide in the index that will tell you the noun name and Groupof the material and will give you the general information on PPE required forthat Group class material. PMS Card- Required PPE will be listed under the Tools/Materials section.

.5 Discuss the underway and import discharge limitations for the following:

• a. Inport: Trash to pier. Local Guidelines. • Unnerway: All non-food waste inside 25nm.• b. Inport: Garbage to pier. Local Guidelines. Unnerway:

Food waste outside of 12nm. • c. Inport: Plastic to pier. Local Guidelines. Unnerway:

Non-contaminated retain last 20 days Contaminated retain last 3 days CNO notified if you discharge any plastic Process and retain onboard

• d. Inport: Sewage CHT collection to pier/ovbd discharge Unnerway: Not inside 3nm

• e. Inport: Oily waste, no sheen. Less than 15 ppmUnnerway: Disposal is permitted 50 nm from land

• f. Inport: Paint -Turn into HAZWASTE facility.Unnerway: No discharge permitted

111: Pollution Control

111.1 Define the following:

• a. Hazardous MaterialAny material that, because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics, may pose a substantial hazard to human health or the environment when released or spilled into the environment.

• b. Hazardous Waste Any discarded material (liquid, solid, or gas) that meets the definition of an HM or is designated as HW by the Environmental Protection Agency or state or local authority.

• .2 Define the following:

• a. Oily wasteOil mixed with water or other fluids such that the mixture is no longer useful.

• b. Waste oilOil whose characteristics have changed markedly since being originally refined and has become unsuitable for use, and is not considered economically recyclable.

• 3 Discuss the legislation that governs the discharge of oily waste into the ocean.

The Clean Water Act authorizes the Department of Defense to issue regulations governing the design, construction, operation of marine sanitation devices on board vessels owned and operated by the government.

• .4 Describe the actions required for oil spills within the U.S. contiguous zone.

(1) Notify the shoreside NOSC/cognizant facility commanding officer by the most expeditious means possible.(2) Notify the National Response Center (NRC) by telephone at (800) 424-8802.(3) Take, insofar as practical, immediate actions to mitigate the effects of the spill.(4) Follow up by submitting a naval message.

b. In non-Navy ports (and elsewhere within the contiguous zone), the ship's commanding officer shall:(1) Notify the appropriate shoreside NOSC and cognizant shore facility commanding officerspecified in the shoreside NOSC contingency plan. (2) Notify the NRC by telephone at (800) 424-8802.(3) Take, insofar as practical, immediate actions to mitigate the effects of the spill. Rapid action by the ship's crew can result in containment and collection of the spill. Shipboard personnel shall use available means to clean up minor spills before requesting assistance from shore-based personnel. (4) Follow up by submitting a naval message.

• .5 Describe the actions required for oil spills outside the U.S. contiguous zone.

For OHS spills in these areas, ships shall:a. Initiate immediate action to mitigate the effects of the spill.b. Notify the predesignated fleet NOSC by naval message.c. The fleet NOSC shall implement the applicable fleet NOSC Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill Response Plan.

• .6 Explain the general operational and management requirements for bilge water, oil, oily waste, and shipboard pollution abatement.

Shipboard operational and management requirements for bilge water, oil, oily waste, and shipboard oil pollution abatement are described in the following paragraphs.

• a. Bilge Water and Oily Waste.(1) Bilge water and oily waste minimization. Ships shall

minimize oil contamination of bilge water. Mechanical seals in oil and water pumps and proper segregation of oily and non-oily wastewater will greatly reduce the generation of oily waste.(2) Contaminated bilge water and oily waste. Ships shall not use bilge cleaners or chemical agents that promote chemical emulsion (i.e., detergents and surfactants) for machinery space cleaning. Prohibition of these substances will enable OWSs to perform more effectively. NAVSEASYSCOM recommends short-lived detergents for bilge cleaning. In port, ships shall offload oily waste containing chemical emulsion agents or contaminants from other than routine sources of bilge water to shore receiving facilities. If oily waste has become contaminated from other than routine sources, such as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), solvents, anti-freeze, or other HM, ships shall advise the receiving shore facility prior to offload. Since some States may consider bilge water to be contaminated, ships in those States shall consult with the host receiving facility for collection and discharge requirements. Chapter 9 requires shore activities to periodically sample/test bilge water and other OW/WO batches to see if the waste contains any material that would classify it as hazardous. If it exceeds established standards, the shore activity must manage it as a hazardous waste. The activity OW/WO Management Plan will provide sampling protocols and procedures and require actions to trace and eliminate the source of any contamination in the OW/WO. Activities will determine the frequency of testing by referencing the historic characteristics of samples and the level of confidence in the consistency of samples. Ships shall comply with shore activity established bilge water and oily waste sampling requirements.(3) Bilge water and oily waste disposal in port. Navy policy is to maximize separation, recycling, and reuse of oil. While in a Navy port, ships shall dispose of bilge water and oily wastes per supporting activity guidance using one or more of the following approaches:

(a) Permanent shore reception facilities. In Navy ports that provide shore oily waste collection, shoreside collection of bilge water and oily wastes followed by recovery of recyclable products is the preferred method of dealing with these shipboard wastes.

(b) OWS system. Ships equipped with bilge water OWS and OCM systems may use them, provided the effluent does not exceed 15 ppm, cause a sheen, or violate any other applicable water

quality standard. Prior to discharging in a Navy port via an OWS, ships shall consult with the supporting shore facility host command for discharge requirements. In non-Navy ports, use of the OWS is the preferred method of dealing with these wastes.

(c) Ship waste offload barges (SWOBs). Supporting shore activities shall operate SWOBs per reference (e) and their OW/WO Management Plan. Ships not equipped with an operable OWS shall use waste oil collection lines ashore, if available, or shall discharge to a SWOB.(4) Emergency dewatering. Ships shall not use eductors to dewater bilges containing oily waste, except in emergency situations when OWS systems (including OWHTs) are not available or are not of sufficient capacity to handle the immediate flow requirements. If a ship must use an eductor, it shall make every effort to discharge beyond 12 nm from land and while underway. The ship shall make an engineering log entry concerning eductor use to discharge bilge waste overboard.

• .7 Discuss the oily waste discharge limitations in geographic zones and waters other than those of the United States

If equipped with OCM, discharge less than 15 parts per million oil. Ships with Oil Water Separator (OWS) or Bilge Water Processing Tank (BWPT) but no Oil Content Monitor, must process all machinery space bilge water through OWS or BWPT.

• .8 Define and discuss data found on an MSDSMSDSs are technical bulletins containing information about materials, such as composition, chemical, and physical characteristics, health and safety hazards, and precautions for safe handling, use, and disposal.

• .9 Discuss Work Center Supervisor responsibilities as they pertain to HMC&M.

(a) Ensure that approved personal protective clothing and equipment are maintained and utilized.

(b) Ensure that prior to using or handling any HM, work center personnel have been trained on the hazards associated with that material and are familiar with what an MSDS is, what it contains, and where a copy is available for review.

(c) Ensure that a valid maintenance requirement exists for any HM item not listed in the SMCL and initiate a SMCL feedback report.

• .10 Discuss all hands responsibilities as they pertain to HMC&M

(a) Ensure that HM is returned to appropriate stowage upon completion of use or at the end of the workday, whichever is earlier.

(b) Follow instructions provided for the proper use of HM.

(c) Collect and segregate any used HM for proper offload per chapter D15.

(d) Report any spills of HM to the Duty Officer (in port) or the Chief Of the Watch (underway).

(e) Report any violation of HM use, storage, and handling precautions to the supervisor for resolution/correction.

(f) Be alert to prevent the onboard storage and use of restricted material during underway operations without prior approval or authorization from the Executive Officer. Ensure limited material is being used per SMCL guidance.

• .11 Discuss proper stowage procedures for HMC&M.For specific handling and use standards, refer to the material/item MSDS. Observe the following general standards when handling hazardous material, HM:

a. Workcenter supervisors shall ensure that, prior to using any HM, machining or abrasive cleaning of components containing HM (i.e., beryllium and other heavy metals), personnel under their supervision are trained on the hazards associated with that material and that they have been provided with necessary protective clothing and equipment (i.e., eye protection, respiratory devices, and gloves

impermeable to the HM in use).

b. Workcenter supervisors shall ensure that spaces are well-ventilated in areas where HM is used or machined.

c. Upon completion of HM use, return surplus material to its appropriate storage location.

d. Avoid breathing vapors or dust when using or machining HM.

e. Avoid contact with the eyes or prolonged contact with skin when using or machining HM.

f. Prohibit smoking, drinking, or eating in areas where open containers of HM is being used.

g. Ensure personal protective equipment (eye protection, respiratory devices, gloves impermeable to the HM in use, etc.) is in good operating condition and is readily available to all personnel working with HM. h. Use a respirator with appropriate filter when potentially exposed to particulate matter, hazardous gases, or vapors. Consult the MDR for specific guidance in this regard, and for a determination of the need for more stringent respiratory protection requirements.

• .12 Discuss proper marking of HM containersManufacturer's labels for shipboard identification of HM containers must clearly identify the material name, the manufacturer's name and address, and the nature of the hazard presented by the HM including the target organ potentially affected by the material. A manufacturer's label may be a tag, sign, placard, or gummed sticker.

• .13 Discuss flammable material stowage requirementsOpen flames are not allowed in flammable liquid storerooms, issue rooms, ready service storerooms, such as paint mix and issue room, or in the vicinity of flammable material cabinets. Smoking is prohibited in these spaces and within

15 feet of flammable material cabinets.Flammable and combustible materials shall be stowed separately from oxidizing materials.Personnel responsible for stowage of flammable and combustible materials should be familiar with fire prevention and safe handling procedures. Materials stored in the flammable liquid storeroom (except alcohols) shall be unpacked before stowage. The packaging materials shall be removed from the storeroom immediately. Materials shall be stowed to minimize rish of spills or breakage. Individual containers shall have either the Department of Transportation (DOT) or National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) label identifying them as flammable or combustible.Partially used materials returned to stowage facilities shall be tightly closed and properly labeled. Inventory lists of flammable and combustible materials in stowage facilities shall be maintained. Materials in corroded or leaking containers shall be transferred to new containers and labeled, and the old container shall be properly disposed of.During strip ship condition, all unnecessary flammables and combustibles shall be off loaded. Those necessary for the ship's operation shall be removed from in-use stowage facilities and placed in the ship's flammable liquids storeroom.

• 14 Discuss the precautions observed when handling flammables

Flammable and combustible materials shall be kept away from open flames, hot work areas, and other sources of heat, and strong oxidizing materials. Smoking is not permitted in areas where flammable and combustible materials are being handled.Containers of flammable and combustible material shall be kept covered or sealed unless in immediate use. Materials shall be returned to flammable material stowage facilities after use. Handling areas for flammable and combustible materials shall be well ventilated to prevent accumulation of vapors. Consult the Gas Free Engineer to determine safe ventilation rates. Containers shall be protected from physical damage during handling. Containers of flammable and combustible materials and containers used for their transfer shall be electrically grounded before transfer. Rubber-soled shoes should be worn when handling flammable and combustible materials.

• .15 State the location and contents of the oil spill containment kit.

Each ship shall maintain one Mk 11 Oil Spill Containment and Cleanup Kit, AEL 2-550024006, for overboard spills, and AEL 2-550024007, for spills onboard ship. These kits include shovels, gloves, coveralls, buckets, absorbent, and sufficient quantities of containers and labels at the hazardous waste accumulation facility. Many ships are confused over the use and contents of the Mark II Oil Containment and cleanup kit(AEL 2-550024006), and the Hazardous Material Spill Response Kit (AEL 2-550024007). The Mark II Oil Containment and Clean-up kit is intended for overboard, waterborne oil spill response. The objective of the oil spill kit is to contain oil floating on the water. The absorbent in the kit floats and does not absorb water, only oil or oily substances. The Hazmat spill kit, on the other hand, is intended for on-board ship spills only. The absorbents in the HAZMAT spill kit absorb water and would sink if used for oil spills over the side, causing more pollution. Also, the Hazmat spill kit contains protective equipment, bags, and labels, which would be applicable to a chemical spill, but are not usually required for oil spill cleanup. Ships must also have an oil spill contingency plan, and a hazardous material spill contingency plan, since each area addresses different equipment, responses, and reporting requirements.

• .16 Describe required sub-tasks within each of the five ORM elements for conducting petroleum product evolutions (internal transfers, onloads, offloads) A. Identifying hazards

Begin with an outline or chart of the major steps in the operation (operational analysis). Next, conduct a Preliminary Hazard Analysis by listing all of the hazards associated with each step in the operational analysis along with possible causes for those hazards. I.E.

Hazards: Wet deck, Gear adrift Causes Personnel slips/falls; Rushing

• b. Assessing hazardsFor each hazard identified, determine the associated degree

of risk in terms of probability and severity.

• c. Making risk decisionsFirst, develop risk control options. Start with the most serious risk first and select controls that will reduce the risk to a minimum consistent with mission accomplishment. With selected controls in place, decide if the benefit of the operation outweighs the risk. If risk outweighs benefit or if assistance is required to implement controls, communicate with higher authority in the chain of command.

• d. Implementing controlsThe following measures can be used to eliminate hazards or reduce the degree of risk. These are listed by order of preference: (1) Administrative Controls - Controls that reduce risks through specific administrative actions, such as: (a) providing suitable warnings, markings, placards, signs, and notices.(b) establishing written policies, programs instructions and standard operating procedures (SOP).(c) training personnel to recognize hazards and take appropriate precautionary measures.(d) limiting the exposure to a hazard (either by reducing the number of personnel/assets or the length of time they are exposed).

(2) Engineering Controls - Controls that use engineering methods to reduce risks by design, material selection or substitution when technically or economically feasible.

(3) Personal Protective Equipment - Serves as a barrier between personnel and a hazard. It should be used when other controls do not reduce the hazard to an acceptable level.

• e. SupervisingConduct follow-up evaluations of the controls to ensure they remain in place and have the desired effect. Monitor for changes, which may require further ORM. Take corrective action when necessary.

• .17 Discuss the information provided in the Oil Spills In-port Prevention video

a. Flammable and combustible materialb. Toxic Material c. Corrosive materials including acids and basesd. Oxidizing materials e. Aerosol materialsf. Compressed Gas

Note: EAWS Coordinators will dictate the information obtained from the video.