comfy cotton clothes and their genetics khanal 2013

swicofil.com

Comfy Cotton Clothes

and their Genetics

loveandlavender.comSameer Khanal

Fable of veggie lamb

houstonpress.compaulchong.net

Cultivated cotton

Cotton breeding

World of cotton

washington131.pbworks.comehow.com

ChallengesOp

portu

nitie

s123rf.com

Comfy cotton clothes and their genetics

From field to cotton gin

mavensphotoblog.com

Harvest Modules

Gin Gin

Cotton gin

mavensphotoblog.com

Ginning

Bale

Products

Seeded cotton

Cleaned cotton (still seeded)

Seeds

Fibers

Cotton seeds

planetnatural.com wholesale.wfplastic.com.aucsc-world.com baumwollboerse.de

Feed

Medicine

made-in-china.com

Pulp

What can you make from a bale?

Cotton fibersBale

123rf.com

200 Jeans

480lbs


Cotton fibers

gabanigroup.com

Bale

123rf.com

200 Jeans

480lbs

700 Shirts

Cotton fibers

$31 million


culpeppercleaners.com

3 parts cotton: 1 part linen

en.wikipedia.orghuffingtonpost.com

Bale

480lbs

cotton.org

Cotton world

USAChina BrazilIndia

Australia

Pakistan Uzbekistan

33

28

16

11 96

4

11 12

5 52.5

cottoninc.com

Who’s who in cottonProduction (in million bales)Export (in million bales)

cotton.org

The cotton belt

• 12 million acres• 4th biggest crop• $6 billion industry • $3 billion from export

The state of Georgia

2000

1200

1000

800

600

400

1600

1400

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Area planted (in thousand acres)

georgiaagforecast.com

Cotton

Peanut

Corn

SoybeanWheat

Georgia

Cultivated cotton

Cotton breeding

World of cotton


ChallengesOp

portu

nitie

s123rf.com

Cultivated cotton

carolinafiberfest.orgalibaba.comthefibercloset.com

Domestication:

Old world cotton

New world cotton

Old world cotton Tree cotton:

G. arboreum Levant cotton:

G. herbaceum

photozou.jpgeolocation.ws

Old world cotton

26 chromosomes

“A” genome

Old world wilds:

- “B”, “E”, and “F”

- Where are “C” and “D”?

Wang et al., 2007

cotton.org

New world cotton

“D” genome “A” genome

“A” genome

“AD” genome

New world cotton

Hybrids between “A” and “D” genomes

52 chromosomes

“A” genome “D” genome

Wang et al., 2007Konan et al., 2007

“AD”genome

New world cotton

Upland Cotton:G. hirsutum

Pima/Egyptian:G. barbadense

flickr.combotanicalgarden.ubc.ca

US cotton types

EasternAcala DeltaPlains

cotton.org

Pima

Upland cotton:Pima/Egyptian cotton:

Cultivated cotton

Cotton breeding

World of cotton


ChallengesOp

portu

nitie

s123rf.com

Yield

flickr.com

Insect-pest resistance

clemson.edusripmc.orgflickr.com http://iowabuglife.blogspot.com

Boll worm Spider mites

Stink bug Plant bug

Disease resistance

mississippi-crops.comhttp://today.agrilife.org

Boll rot Target leaf spot

Wilt Nematodes

Herbicide tolerance

www.invasive.org

Cotton row

Weeds row

Fiber quality traitsDetermination:

Samples from bales

Inspector determination:

- Leaf grade- Preparation - Extraneous materials

Bale

480lbs

culpeppercleaners.com

Instrument determination - Fiber color, length, strength, fineness

cottoninc.com

Instrument determination

uster.com

High volume instrument

How garments are made?

BaleYarn

Cloth Garments

forbes.com

Spinning

Weaving

culpeppercleaners.comzhenhuatex.com123rf.com

Fiber quality affects yarn quality

Long, strong, and fine fibers:

Full, strong, even yarns

studyblue.comtextilefabric.com




Less hairiness in threads

denimhunters.com

Hairs





Maximum thread count Soft, light, and lustrous

1worldsarongs.blogspot.com

Low thread count

High thread count

propercloth.com

Fibers – threads- product quality




Maximum thread count Soft, light, and lustrous

Expensive!Craig Taylor220 thread count$395-$525

Thomas Pink170 thread count$350

us.thomaspink.com craigtaylor.com

Fiber color

mavensphotoblog.comdoa.go.th cottonindia.com

Fiber length

Upper half mean length (inch)Below 0.99 Short0.99-1.10 Medium1.11-1.26 LongAbove 1.26 Extra Long

uster.com cottoninc.com

Beard

Sample

Sensor

Fiber strength

Fiber strength (grams/tex)20 and below Very Weak21-25 Weak26-29 Base30-32 Strong

uster.com cottoninc.com

Fiber fineness

Fiber fineness (micronaire)Premium 3.7-4.2Base Range 3.5-3.6, 4.3-4.9Discount Range <3.5, >4.9

cottoninc.com swicofil.com

Increase in yield from Bt

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Bt

Non Bt

0

900

720

540

360

180

3,080

1,080

Fibe

r yie

ld (l

bs/a

cre)

Hake, 2013

New varieties: fiber length

cotton.org

DP 1311

DP 1359DP 1321

Upper Half Mean Length (inch)Below 0.99 Short0.99-1.10 Medium1.11-1.26 LongAbove 1.26 Extra Long

Variety Length (inch)DP 1359 1.14DP 1321 1.14DP 1311 1.12

New varieties: fiber strength

cotton.org

DP 1311

DP 1359DP 1321

VarietyStrength

(grams/tex)DP 1359 31.5DP 1321 31.2DP 1311 29.1

Fiber Strength (grams/tex)<20 Very Weak21-25 Weak26-29 Base30-32 Strong>33 Very Strong

New varieties: fiber fineness

cotton.org

DP 1311

DP 1359DP 1321

VarietyStrength

(grams/tex)DP 1359 4.6DP 1321 4.8DP 1311 4.5

Fiber Fineness/Maturity (Mic)Premium 3.7-4.2Base 3.5-3.6,

4.3-4.9Discount <3.5, >4.9

Cultivated cotton

Cotton breeding

World of cotton


ChallengesOp

portu

nitie

s123rf.com

Challenges Negative association

between yield and fiber quality

Narrow genetic diversity in cultivated cotton

Genetically complex trait

Yield Quality

Yield Quality

Clement et al., 2012

1,000 2,000 3,000lbs/acre

1.04

1.12

1.20

1.28

1.36

1.44

Leng

th

(inch

)Negative association

Yield and fiber lengthUS

1999-2009Australia2004-2009

Clement et al., 2012

1,000 2,000 3,000

lbs/acre

260

280

300

320

360

340

380

400

Stre

ngth

(KN

m K

g-1)

Negative associationYield and fiber strength

US1999-2009

Australia2004-2009

Causes of reduced genetic diversity

1st: “A” x “D” 2nd : Domestication 3rd : Distributioneeob.iastate.edu

“D”

“AD” “A”

Complex trait

Many genes control the trait

Each gene makes small contribution to the trait

Genes interact among themselves

Also influenced by the environment

Parent’s generation

F1 generation(Children)

F2 generation (Grand children)

Simple trait

X

X


X

F1 generation X

F2 generation

Simple trait

Parent’s generation F1 generation F2 generation

Complex trait

X

X

Complex trait

X


X

F1 generation

F2 generation

20

30

10

Length

F2 generation

Complex trait

0Yellow

200

300

Cream

100

Simple trait

Number of complex trait genesTrait Chee et al., 2005 Sun et al., 2012

Fiber length 28 10 Fiber strength 22 10 Fiber fineness 9 10

Number of genes

Opportunities

Negative association between yield and fiber quality

Positive association between different fiber quality traits

Yield Quality

Yield Quality Fiber length Fiber strength

Opportunities

Narrow genetic diversity of cultivated cotton

50 different species with tremendous genetic diversity

crops.organbg.gov.au 128.192.141.98/CottonFiber/pages/iiPopulations/overview.aspx

Opportunities


Novel tools and techniques

Whole genome sequence available

scientificamerican.com

Opportunities



Genetic blueprint available

Useful genes introduced from related species into upland cotton

Pima Hawaiian

flickr.com

Opportunities



genetic blueprint available

Useful genes introduced from other species into upland cotton

Mutant lines of upland cotton

Mutations create new genes

Parent Mutant Mutant trait1.2 1.4 Extra long

Upper Half Mean Length (inch)Below 0.99 Short0.99-1.10 Medium1.11-1.26 LongAbove 1.26 Extra Long

Fiber length

Patel et al, 2011


Parent Mutant Mutant trait

31.6 42.5 Extra strong

Fiber strength

Fiber Strength (grams/tex)<20 Very Weak21-25 Weak26-29 Base30-32 Strong>33 Very Strong

Patel et al, 2011


Parent Mutant Mutant trait

5.3 4.0 Premium

Fiber fineness

Fiber Fineness/Maturity (Mic)Premium 3.7-4.2Base 3.5-3.6,

4.3-4.9

Discount <3.5, >4.9

Patel et al, 2011

Better fibers – quality yarns – comfy cotton clothes

Market demands better fiber quality in upland cotton

Simultaneous improvement in both the yields and fiber quality is desirable, but challenging

Novel tools and techniques offer new avenues of improvement of fiber quality traits

Summary

Thank you

swicofil.com

cotton.org

comfy cotton clothes and their genetics khanal 2013

Science