combining family caring with paid work in britain

Combining family caring with paid work in Britain

Combining family caring with paid work in Britain

1717thth October 2005 October 2005

Striving for Work-Life BalanceStriving for Work-Life Balance

• Multiple roles in work & family life Multiple roles in work & family life • Key policy issueKey policy issue• GB Govt. Work-Life Balance campaignGB Govt. Work-Life Balance campaign• Little research in GB on extent of Little research in GB on extent of

multiple roles in mid-life & effect on multiple roles in mid-life & effect on quality of lifequality of life

Striving for Work-Life BalanceStriving for Work-Life Balance

• Family and Working Lives Survey 1994/5Family and Working Lives Survey 1994/5• General Household Survey 198General Household Survey 1985-20005-2000• Key research findingsKey research findings

• Extent of multiple rolesExtent of multiple roles• Impact of caring on employmentImpact of caring on employment• Impact of family caring on pension prospectsImpact of family caring on pension prospects

• Key policy implicationsKey policy implications

Extent of multiple role occupancy in Britain


• Being "caught in the middle" remains atypicalBeing "caught in the middle" remains atypical

Parental Status Paid Work

Informal Caring

12.0% 27.6%

2.4%

1.4% 1.5%

34.4%

2.0%

18.7% don’t have any of these 3 roles

Fig 1: Multiple Roles amongst 45-59/64 years, FWLS

Source: Evandrou, M. Glaser, K. Evandrou, M. Glaser, K. & Henz, U. (2002)& Henz, U. (2002)




• Multiple role occupancy more common when Multiple role occupancy more common when examined over the life courseexamined over the life course

Table 1: Ever had multiple roles (%), FWLSTable 1: Ever had multiple roles (%), FWLS

MenMen WomenWomen

Never had 2 or more roles at the same timeNever had 2 or more roles at the same time 13.113.1 7.97.9

Ever had 2 roles at the same timeEver had 2 roles at the same time

Carer & ParentCarer & Parent

Carer & Paid workerCarer & Paid worker

Paid worker & ParentPaid worker & Parent

Carer & Parent; and (at another time)Carer & Parent; and (at another time)

Paid worker & ParentPaid worker & Parent

--

2.82.8

72.972.9

0.80.8

0.10.1

3.73.7

65.865.8

4.74.7

Three roles at same timeThree roles at same time

Carer, Parent, Paid workerCarer, Parent, Paid worker 10.510.5 17.917.9

(N)(N) (1027)(1027) (947)(947)

Source: Evandrou, M. & Glaser, K. (2004)Evandrou, M. & Glaser, K. (2004)

Fig 2: Median duration of caring (yrs) amongst ever carers by age and gender, FWLSFig 2: Median duration of caring (yrs) amongst ever carers by age and gender, FWLS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

Age group

Years

WomenMen

Source: Evandrou, M. Glaser, K. & Henz, U. (2002)Evandrou, M. Glaser, K. & Henz, U. (2002)




• Multiple role occupancy more common when Multiple role occupancy more common when examined over the life courseexamined over the life course

• Extent of multiple roles increasing across Extent of multiple roles increasing across cohortscohorts

Fig 3: Percent of mid-life women occupying all 3 roles of carer, parent, worker.

Fig 3: Percent of mid-life women occupying all 3 roles of carer, parent, worker.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1926-30 1931-35 1936-40 1941-45

Birth Cohort

%

45-4950-5455-5960-64

Using GHS 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 Source: Evandrou, M. & Glaser, K. (2004)Evandrou, M. & Glaser, K. (2004)

Fig 4: Percent of mid-life women occupying role of carer & paid worker.

Fig 4: Percent of mid-life women occupying role of carer & paid worker.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1926-30 1931-35 1936-40 1941-45

Birth Cohort

% 55-59

Using GHS 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000 Source: Evandrou, M. & Glaser, K. (2004)Evandrou, M. & Glaser, K. (2004)

What is the impact of starting to care upon paid work?

What is the impact of starting to care upon paid work?

Table 2: Respondents reporting impact of first episode of caring on work arrangements, amongst ever carers aged 45-59/64 yrs (%), FWLS

Table 2: Respondents reporting impact of first episode of caring on work arrangements, amongst ever carers aged 45-59/64 yrs (%), FWLS

MenMen WomenWomen AllAll

Stopped work altogetherStopped work altogether 88 2121 1616

Worked fewer hoursWorked fewer hours 99 1111 1010

Did a different type of workDid a different type of work 22 22 22

Earned less money from workEarned less money from work 66 55 55

Could only work certain times of dayCould only work certain times of day 33 66 55

Missed out on career opportunitiesMissed out on career opportunities 33 33 33

No effect – continued workingNo effect – continued working 4848 3737 4141

No effect – continued not workingNo effect – continued not working 2525 2626 2525

(N)(N) (236)(236) (380)(380) (616)(616)


Table 3: Respondents reporting impact of end of last episode of caring on work arrangements (%), FWLS

Table 3: Respondents reporting impact of end of last episode of caring on work arrangements (%), FWLS

MenMen WomenWomen AllAll

Started work againStarted work again 2424 2727 2626

Could work longer hoursCould work longer hours 5050 2525 3232

Did a different type of workDid a different type of work 33 55 44

Earned more money from workEarned more money from work 2121 66 1010

Could work more flexible hoursCould work more flexible hours 1212 1111 1111

Had more career opportunitiesHad more career opportunities 33 11 22

Did not affect workDid not affect work 1818 3535 3030

(N)(N) (35)(35) (84)(84) (118)(118)


Fig 5: Years of full-time employment amongst mid-life men who have ‘ever cared’ by age and response to caring, FWLS

Fig 5: Years of full-time employment amongst mid-life men who have ‘ever cared’ by age and response to caring, FWLS

05

1015202530354045

45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

Age

Years

Continued workChanged workStopped workCont. not working


Fig 6: Years of full-time employment amongst mid-life women who have ‘ever cared’ by age and response to caring, FWLS

Fig 6: Years of full-time employment amongst mid-life women who have ‘ever cared’ by age and response to caring, FWLS

0

5

10

15

20

25

45-49 50-54 55-59

Age

Years



Fig 7: Years of part-time employment amongst mid-life women who have ‘ever cared’ by age and response to caring, FWLS

Fig 7: Years of part-time employment amongst mid-life women who have ‘ever cared’ by age and response to caring, FWLS

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

45-49 50-54 55-59

Age

Years



FWLS provides info on:FWLS provides info on:• Contributions to Contributions to 11stst tier public pension tier public pension

• Basic State Pension (BSP)Basic State Pension (BSP)• Contribution CreditsContribution Credits• Home Responsibility Protection (HRP)Home Responsibility Protection (HRP)

• Contributions to Contributions to 22ndnd tier pensions tier pensions • (public(public, occupational , occupational && p personal)ersonal)

Calculating pension entitlementsCalculating pension entitlements

Caring and pension entitlementsCaring and pension entitlements

Summary findings:Summary findings:• Men who stopped working due to caringMen who stopped working due to caring made made

fewer contributions to BSfewer contributions to BSPP

• After Credits After Credits && HRP taken into account, these HRP taken into account, these men have higher entitlement than on averagemen have higher entitlement than on average

• Credits Credits && HRP are working to protect carers HRP are working to protect carers

Table 4: Membership of occupational pension scheme at any stage during working life, 45-59/64 yrs, FWLS Table 4: Membership of occupational pension scheme at any stage during working life, 45-59/64 yrs, FWLS

% ever member % ever member occupational pensionoccupational pension

Mean no. of yrs Mean no. of yrs of contributionsof contributions (amongst members)(amongst members)

All menAll men (45-64 yrs) (45-64 yrs) 7878 2121.0.0Men who stopped work Men who stopped work to careto care

4949 13.413.4

All womenAll women (45-59 yrs) (45-59 yrs) 5151 12.712.7Women who stopped Women who stopped work to carework to care

5252 12.112.1


Summary of key findingsSummary of key findings

• Low prevalence of multiple rolesLow prevalence of multiple roles

• Higher prevalence of ‘ever’ had MRHigher prevalence of ‘ever’ had MR

• Evidence of negative impact of caring on Evidence of negative impact of caring on

paid work paid work

• Caring has negative impact on accumulation Caring has negative impact on accumulation pension entitlements, both state and privatepension entitlements, both state and private

Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications

Juggling work and family life: towards a better work-life balanceJuggling work and family life: towards a better work-life balance

• Improve flexible working practicesImprove flexible working practices• Parental leaveParental leave• Time-off for dependantsTime-off for dependants• Long-term career breaksLong-term career breaks

• Supporting carers to remain in Supporting carers to remain in employmentemployment• Financial incentives for the low paidFinancial incentives for the low paid

Juggling work and family life: towards a better work-life balanceJuggling work and family life: towards a better work-life balance

• Improve pension protection for carersImprove pension protection for carers• Extend Extend Credits for second tier pension Credits for second tier pension to to

low paid carers, caring > 20 hrs pwlow paid carers, caring > 20 hrs pw

Further reading on the projectFurther reading on the project• Evandrou, M. and Glaser, K. (2004) ‘Family, Work and Quality of Life: Evandrou, M. and Glaser, K. (2004) ‘Family, Work and Quality of Life:

Changing Economic and Social Roles Through the Lifecourse’, Changing Economic and Social Roles Through the Lifecourse’, Ageing Ageing and Society and Society Vol. 24(1):1-21.Vol. 24(1):1-21.

• Evandrou, M. and Glaser, K. (2003) ‘Combining Work and Family Evandrou, M. and Glaser, K. (2003) ‘Combining Work and Family Life: The Pension Penalty of Caring’, Life: The Pension Penalty of Caring’, Ageing and SocietyAgeing and Society, Vol. 23 (5): , Vol. 23 (5): 583-602.583-602.

• Evandrou, M. and Glaser, K. (2002) ‘Changing Economic and Social Evandrou, M. and Glaser, K. (2002) ‘Changing Economic and Social Roles: the Experience of Four Cohorts of Mid-life Individuals in Roles: the Experience of Four Cohorts of Mid-life Individuals in Britain, 1985-1995’, Britain, 1985-1995’, Population TrendsPopulation Trends,, No.110: 7-18. No.110: 7-18.

• Evandrou, M. Glaser, K. and Henz, U. (2002) ‘Balancing work and Evandrou, M. Glaser, K. and Henz, U. (2002) ‘Balancing work and family life: multiple role occupancy in mid-life and quality of life’, family life: multiple role occupancy in mid-life and quality of life’, The The GerontologistGerontologist, Vol. 42 (5): 1-9., Vol. 42 (5): 1-9.

Further general readingFurther general reading• Dautzenberg, M.G.H., Diederiks, J.P.M., Philipsen, H., & Stevens, Dautzenberg, M.G.H., Diederiks, J.P.M., Philipsen, H., & Stevens,

F.C.J. (1998). Women of a middle generation and parent care. F.C.J. (1998). Women of a middle generation and parent care. International Journal of Aging and Human DevelopmentInternational Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 241-262, 47, 241-262

• Philips, J, Bernard, M and Chittenden (2002) Philips, J, Bernard, M and Chittenden (2002) Juggling Work and Care: Juggling Work and Care: The Experiences of Working Carers of Older AdultsThe Experiences of Working Carers of Older Adults, Joseph Rowntree , Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Policy Press, Bristol.Foundation and Policy Press, Bristol.

• Rosenthal, C. J., Martin-Matthews, A., and Matthews, S. H. (1996). Rosenthal, C. J., Martin-Matthews, A., and Matthews, S. H. (1996). Caught in the middle? Occupancy in multiple roles and help to parents Caught in the middle? Occupancy in multiple roles and help to parents in a national probability sample of Canadian adults. in a national probability sample of Canadian adults. Journal of Journal of Gerontology: Social SciencesGerontology: Social Sciences, 51B, S274-S283., 51B, S274-S283.

• Yeandle, S, Wigfield, A, Crompton, R and Dennett, J (2002) Yeandle, S, Wigfield, A, Crompton, R and Dennett, J (2002) Employers, Communities and Family-Friendly Employment PoliciesEmployers, Communities and Family-Friendly Employment Policies. . Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Policy Press, Bristol.Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Policy Press, Bristol.

Contact detailsContact details

www.ageing.soton.ac.ukwww.ageing.soton.ac.uk

Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

Centre for Research on AgeingCentre for Research on AgeingUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity of Southampton

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combining family caring with paid work in britain

Documents

midlife men

working life

worklife balancefamily

work arrangements

life coursetable

roles of carer

role of carer

percent of midlife women