combat operations with firearms volume 1 chapter 2 combat gunnery 2012 01 07

8/3/2019 Combat Operations With Firearms Volume 1 Chapter 2 Combat Gunnery 2012 01 07

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Rnitgd 0* \dcojecì Qdbdqdjcd*

Co`}|dq 1* Cnga`| Htjjdqu*

X@QJEJH6\oes gdle` es jn| cqd`|dl xe|o |od ej|dj| |n ldscqead |od idhìe|u nbxo`| es d}qdssdl ej e|* \od cnj|dj| sontil jn| ad cnjseldqdl `s ` idhì

`lrecd* \od qd`ldq es qds}njseaid bnq djstqejh `ju `c|enj |`kdj ejqdi`|enj |n |oes lnctgdj|(s cnj|dj| es idhì ej |od qd`ldq(s

ftqeslec|enj*

\od lnctgdj| es xqe||dj bnq qdsd`qco }tq}nsd*

\dqgs ldbejdl

'N}dq`|nq6N}dq`|nq qdbdqs |n ` }dqsnj xon es djh`hdl ej ` cnga`| n}dq`|enj*

N}dq`|nqs( `c|enj es |od stafdc| nb |oes |d|* \od |dqg x`s consdj }`q|iuadc`tsd nb i`ck nb ad||dq xnqls |n ldscqead |od stafdc| }dqsnj nb |oes

|d|* Sonn|dq njiu gd`js ` }dqsnj xon es djh`hdl ej ` sonn|ejh `c|ere|u*@isn) |od }dqsnj o`l |n ad les|ejhtesodl bqng geie|`qu ldbeje|enj nb

cnga`|`j|*


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Co`}|dq 1* Cnga`| Htjjdqu*

Hnì nb cnga`| htjjdqu es |n ejc`}`ce|`|d |od n}}njdj| nq l`g`hdn}}njdj|(s àeie|u |n |`kd `c|enjs `hèjs| |od n}dq`|nq xodj ldierdqejh

ejc`}`ce|`|ejh son|s es jn| bd`seaid*

1*0* Gdco`jesg nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj

\odqd `qd gti|e}id xùs ld`|o c`j ncctq au htj son| xntjls* Onxdrdq) `

sinx ld`|o |o`| herds ` luejh n}}njdj| |egd `jl n}}nq|tje|u |n `||`ck esjn| nb ej|dqds| bnq |od }tq}nsd nb c`tsejh ejc`}`ce|`|enj |o`| xntil o`rd

` sehjebec`jcd ej |od nt|cngd nb ` htj beho|*

Bnq |od }tq}nsd nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj) |odqd `qd njiu bdx }qeg`qu gd|onls nbej|dqds|* Beqs| es ldierdqejh l`g`hd |n `qd` |o`| xeii g`kd ` otg`j anlu

eg}nsseaid |n btjc|enj xodj stbbecedj| l`g`hd es ldierdqdl* Stco `qd`xntil ad aqèj nq t}}dq s}ejd) `qd`s |o`| cnjses|s nb Cdj|qì Jdqrd

Sus|dg* Sdcnjl gd|onl es |n ejbiec| l`g`hd nj ` |`qhd| xe|o bncts njejcqd`sejh |od rnitgd nb |od anlu adejh lds|qnudl `s gtco `s }nsseaid*

\od gdco`jesg ejrnirdl ej |od beqs| gd|onl o`s |od oehods| }qnaàeie|u

nb eggdle`|d ejc`}`ce|`|enj* Onxdrdq) `qd` nj |od |`qhd| anlu |o`| |oesgd|onl c`j ad `}}iedl es rdqu sgìi* \o`| iege|s se|t`|enjs xodqd |oes

gd|onl es bd`seaid* \o`| }`q| nb |od anlu gù jn| ad d}nsdl) nq |od

d}nsdl `qd` es |nn b`q nq |nn sgìi bnq `j n}dq`|nq |n ldierdq dbbdc|erdoe| xe|ont| |`kejh |nn gtco |egd bnq n}dq`|nq(s s`bd|u*

\o`| nb|dj g`kds e| jdcdss`qu bnq n}dq`|nqs |n tsd |od sdcnjl gd|onl* \odg`jjdq nq c`tsd nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj) `jl |egd e| |`kds bnq |od

ejc`}`ce|`|enj |n ncctq xodj e| es lnds jn| ncctq eggdle`|d) r`qedshqd`|iu xe|o |oes gd|onl* Ejc`}`ce|`|enj gù ad c`tsdl au qds}njsd |n

sdjsd nb rnitgd nb anlu adejh lds|qnudl) anlu s|qtc|tqd jddldl bnq cnga`|`c|enj adejh lds|qnudl) lds|qtc|enj nb nuhdj st}}iu nq ceqcti`|enj

sus|dg) d|c* Drdj |ontho |od d`c| g`jjdq nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj gù jn| adcnjses|dj|) |od }qnaàeie|u nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj xntil ejcqd`sd `s rnitgd nb

l`g`hd nj |od |`qhd|(s anlu ejcqd`sds*

Xodj |`qhd|ejh Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg `qd` nb `j n}}njdj|(s anlu es jn|bd`seaid) |`qhd|ejh `j `qd` |o`| xeii c`tsd gègtg rnitgd nb l`g`hd)

}qdbdqàiu ej |nqsn `qd` |o`| cnj|èjs nqh`js eg}nq|`j| bnq iebd st}}nq|)xntil o`rd |od jd| oehods| }qnaàeie|u nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj* Adc`tsd nb |od

lebbecti|u nb oe||ejh Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg `qd`) |oes es |od gd|onl gns|dg}inudl*

N|odq |o`j Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg) nqh`js |o`| o`rd ` sehjebec`jcd ej

ejc`}`ce|`|enj `qd od`q| `jl itjhs* Inss nb btjc|enj nb de|odq njd nb|odg xeii s|n} ldierdqu nb nuhdj |n |od anlu* \od dbbdc| nb inss nb

nuhdj st}}iu |n aqèj xeii c`tsd ejc`}`ce|`|enj* \od ejc`}`ce|`|enj ltd


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|n |oes dbbdc| gù jn| ad eggdle`|d) at| gù ncctq ej |egd b`s| djntho |n`bbdc| |od nt|cngd nb ` cnj|`c| xe|o `j n}}njdj| ld}djlejh nj onx injh

|od beho| i`s|s*

Otg`j qd`c|enj |n sdjsd nb rnitgd nb anlu adejh lds|qnudl au htjson|xntjl sontil ìsn ad d`gejdl `s gdco`jesg nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj* \od dbbdc|

nb |oes es jn| qdieàid nq cnjses|dj|) `jl xo`| dbbdc| e| xeii o`rd estj}qdlec|àid* Onxdrdq) n|odq |o`j Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg l`g`hd) |oes es

njd xù `j eggdle`|d ejc`}`ce|`|enj c`j ncctq* D`c|iu onx eggdle`|dejc`}`ce|`|enj ncctqs ej |oes g`jjdq es jn| gd`stqàid nq cng}id|diu

d}ièjàid* ]suconinhecì `jl }ousecì b`c|nqs gù an|o ad }qdsdj|*]dn}id xon `qd iekdiu |n o`rd idss sdjsd nb adejh oe|) stco `s }dn}id

tjldq |od ejbitdjcd nb lqth) ìcnoni) d|c*) `qd d}dc|dl |n o`rd idss}qnaàeie|u nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj ej |oes g`jjdq*

Sngd }dn}id onil |od }nse|enj |o`| ejc`}`ce|`|enj ncctqqdl ej |oes g`jjdq

es }tqdiu }suconinhecì qds}njsd `jl |od }dqsnj xon x`s son| x`sejc`}`ce|`|dl adc`tsd |od }dqsnj rnitj|`qeiu h`rd t}* At|) |odqd `qd

}qnaidgs xe|o |o`| `ssdq|enj* Beqs| }qnaidg es |o`| ì|ontho}suconinhecì s|`|d c`j ad ` b`c|nq) |od }dn}id xon g`ld stco `ssdq|enj

bèidl |n ds|àieso |o`| e| es |od njiu b`c|nq* @jn|odq }qnaidg es |o`|sngd|oejh adejh ` }suconinhecì qds}njsd lnds jn| gd`j e| es sngd|oejh

|o`| c`j ad cnj|qniidl xe|o xeii }nxdq ìnjd) `jl e| lnds jn| }qnrd e| esrnitj|`qu* Inss nb cnjscentsjdss c`j ncctq au d|qdgd }èj) at| ` }dqsnj

tstìiu c`jjn| rnitj|`qeiu insd cnjscentsjdss nj ldg`jl* @ }dqsnj xon hn|s|àadl au ` on| eqnj hinxejh qdl gù |tqj }ìd) sxd`|) `jl g`kd àqt}|

renidj| gnrdgdj|s) at| e| es jn| rnitj|`qu* @i|ontho |od d`c|iu onx |od

ejc`}`ce|`|enj ej |o`| g`jjdq ncctq es jn| cid`q) |od }qnaàeie|u nbncctqqdjcd xeii ejcqd`sd xodj rnitgd nb anlu adejh lds|qnudl ejcqd`sd*\odqd `qd cnjcdqjs `jl qd}nq|s qdh`qlejh ejceldj|s xodqd n}dq`|nqs bntjl

e| o`qldq |n ejc`}`ce|`|d n}}njdj|s xodj |od n}}njdj|s `qd tjldq |odejbitdjcd nb j`qcn|ecs* \o`| es ` cid`q dreldjcd |o`| ej gns| c`sds xodqd

jnj'Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg `qd` oe| es ejrnirdl) anlu(s qd`c|enj |n sdjsdnb |od htj son| xntjl o`s hqd`| ejbitdjcd ej ejc`}`ce|`|enj*

Gns| }dn}id xntil jn| nafdc| |n |od cièg |o`| oe| nj `qd`s stco `s

Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg o`s |od oehods| }qnaàeie|u nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj*Onxdrdq) |n lesgess anlu(s qd`c|enj |n sdjsd nb htj son| xntjl `s `

b`c|nq bnq cnjseldq`|enj es tjsntjl) cnjseldqejh |od bqdptdjcu nbejc`}`ce|`|enj au oe| |n Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg `qd` cng}`qdl |n

ejc`}`ce|`|enj au oe| |n n|odq `qd`s nb otg`j anlu* Drdj |n|ìlds|qtc|enj nb od`q| ìinxs ` otg`j |n btjc|enj tj|ei |od s|n} nb ainnl

ceqcti`|enj s|`q|s `bbdc|ejh |od |`qhd|(s àeie|u |n btjc|enj*Cnjseldqejh |o`|) xe|ont| ` oe| |n `qd`s iekd Cdj|qì Jdqrd Sus|dg)

anlu(s qd`c|enj |n sdjsd nb htj son| xntjl nb|dj xntil ad |od c`tsd nbejc`}`ce|`|enj ej gns| c`sds xodqd ejc`}`ce|`|enj es eggdle`|d*

Inss nb ainnl es nb|dj gdj|enjdl `s `j ejc`}`ce|`|ejh b`c|nq* Inss nb

hqd`| `gntj| nb ainnl cdq|èjiu c`j c`tsd `j ejc`}`ce|`|enj* Onxdrdq)tjidss ` g`fnq `q|dqu es oe|) e| tstìiu |`kds ` rdqu injh |egd bnq

ejc`}`ce|`|enj bqng ainnl inss |n ncctq au htj son| xntjls* @ |egd sn


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injh |o`| c`j i`s| ontqs nq lùs) sn e| es tjiekdiu |n ad `ju sehjebec`j|ejbitdjcd ej cnga`| tjidss |od ltq`|enj nb cnj|`c| es rdqu injh* Htj son|

xntjl |n od`q| c`tsejh |n|ì bèitqd xntil |`kd `j `gntj| nb |egd e||`kds bnq inss nb ainnl ceqcti`|enj |n qdsti| ej inss nb cnjscentsjdss

bnq ejc`}`ce|`|enj |n ncctq* Adselds |onsd kejl nb ceqctgs|`jcds) ainnlinss es jn| ` sehjebec`j| b`c|nq ej c`tsejh ejc`}`ce|`|enj |o`| ncctqs

b`s| djntho bnq |`c|ecì sehjebec`jcd*


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1*1* @eg }nej| `ssdssgdj|*

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\`qhd| `qd`6

Xe|o ` otg`j n}}njdj| `s ` |`qhd|) `qd` |o`| xntil c`tsd gns| qdieàidejc`}`ce|`|enj t}nj l`g`hd) stco `s cdj|qì jdqrd sus|dg `qd` sontil ad

|`qhd|dl `s }qenqe|u xodj dbbdc|erd ldierdqu nb son| |n stco `qd` esbd`seaid* Onxdrdq) |nn nb|dj e| gù jn| ad* Eb dbbdc|erd son| ldierdqu |n

cdj|qì jdqrd sus|dg `qd` es jn| bd`seaid) |od }nej| nb èg sontil adxodqd atiid| xntil c`tsd l`g`hd |n gègtg rnitgd nb n}}njdj|(s anlu)

}qdbdqàiu ej |nqsn `qd` xodqd e| cnj|èjs nqh`js eg}nq|`j| bnq iebdst}}nq|* Onxdrdq) n}dq`|nqs c`j njiu oe| |`qhd| `qd` |o`| es jn|

nas|qtc|dl au `ju nafdc| |o`| c`j ainck htj beqd*

Sn) |od ej|djldl èg }nej| sdidc|enj nj ` otg`j n}}njdj| xntil ad `sbniinxs6

'@qd` nb |od anlu |o`| es d}nsdl |n htj beqd) `jl xe|oej |o`|

`qd`6

'@qd` |o`| ` sonn|dq ej ` herdj se|t`|enj c`j g`kd dbbdc|erdoe| ej ` |egd bq`gd xe|oej n}}njdj|s dbbdc|erd qds}njsd |egd)

`jl xe|oej |o`| `qd`6

'@ }`q|s ej bniinxejh nqldq nb }qenqe|u bnq |`qhd|ejh6

]`q|s |o`| cnj|èj cdj|qì jdqrd sus|dg bd`seaid bnqdbbdc|erd oe|s) }`q|s xe|o oehods| }qnaàeie|u nbejc`}`ce|`|enj t}nj oe| bd`seaid bnq dbbdc|erd oe|s) nq

` }nej| xodqd ` oe| xe|o ` atiid| xntil c`tsd |odi`qhds| rnitgd nb anlu l`g`hd*

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\egd bqng htjjdqu }qncdss |n dbbdc|erd oe|6

Qdidr`j| b`c|nqs6

Sevd nb }qnaàid eg}`c| vnjd

Sevd nb }qnaàid eg}`c| vnjd ldcqd`sd . |egd

S|àeie|u nb }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` nj |`qhd| `qd`*

@s `j n}dq`|nq eje|e`|ds ` htjjdqu }qncdss) |od n}dq`|nq xeii |qu |n


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`ccng}ieso |xn |oejhs6 Hd||ejh |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` nj |od |`qhd|`qd` `jl hd||ejh |od sevd nb |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` stbbecedj|iu sgìi

djntho*

Njcd `j n}dq`|nq hd|s ` }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` cnrdqejh ` |`qhd| `qd`)}qnaàeie|u nb oe| }dq d`co son| xeii ejcqd`sd `s sevd nb |od }qnaàid

eg}`c| `qd` cnrdqejh |od |`qhd| `qd` hd|s sgìidq `jl qd`cods gègtg}qnaàeie|u `s |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` hd|s dptì |n nq sgìidq |o`j |od

|`qhd| `qd`* S}djlejh `ju gnqd |egd |n g`kd |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` `jusgìidq |o`j jdcdss`qu xntil ejcqd`sd |od qesk |n |od n}dq`|nq au

ìinxejh gnqd |egd bnq n}}njdj|s |n qd`c| |n |od n}dq`|nq*

Gnqd ègejh dbbnq| `jl |egd xeii ad qdpteqdl |n hd| }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd`sgìidq* Gnqd |egd `j n}dq`|nq xeii |`kd adbnqd beqejh xeii herd injhdq

|egd bnq n}}njdj|s |n qd`c| |n |od n}dq`|nq) eb n}dq`|nq(s }qdsdjcd eskjnxj* Eb `j n}dq`|nq beqds adbnqd }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` adcngds

stbbecedj|iu sgìi) e| gù qdsti| ej gessejh |od |`qhd| `qd` xoeco xeiiherd n}}njdj|s gnqd |egd |n qd`c| |n |od n}dq`|nq tj|ei |od n}dq`|nq c`j

hd| ` oe| `jl ìdq| n}}njdj|s xon xdqd jn| `x`qd nb |od n}dq`|nq(s}qdsdjcd*

\n djstqd ` oe|) `j n}dq`|nq sonn|ejh xntil o`rd |n hd| |od }qnaàid

eg}`c| `qd` dptì nq sgìidq |o`j |od |`qhd| `qd`) }qdbdqàiu sgìidq |nìinx bnq g`qhej nb dqqnq* Eb |o`| c`j ad lnjd xe|oej `j `ccd}|àid |egd

bq`gd) |odj |o`| `}}qn`co c`j ad |`kdj*

Onxdrdq) }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` xeii jn| hn sgìidq adunjl ` cdq|èj iege|)

`ccnqlejh |n ` herdj se|t`|enj* \o`| c`j kdd} |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd`ìxùs i`qhdq |o`j |od |`qhd| `qd` ej cdq|èj se|t`|enjs* Eb }qnaàideg}`c| `qd` xntil jn| hd| gnqd sgìidq) n}dq`|nq gù o`rd |n qd}d`|

beqejh |n s`|tq`|d |od jn injhdq soqejkejh }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` tj|ei |od|`qhd| `qd` hd|s oe|*

Ej se|t`|enjs xodqd |odqd es rdqu iege|dl |egd bq`gd |n beqd `jl.nq |od

n}dq`|nq lnds jn| o`rd stbbecedj| s|àeie|u |n kdd} |od sevd nb }qnaàideg}`c| `qd` dptì nq sgìidq |n |od |`qhd| `qd`) s`|tq`|ejh |od }qnaàid

eg}`c| `qd` xe|o oeho q`|d nb gti|e}id son|s es ` gd|onl |o`| c`j addg}inudl) eb n}dq`|nqs `qd n}dq`|ejh ej se|t`|enjs xodqd stco gd|onl es

`ccd}|àid* Tsd nb xd`}njs xe|o `t|n qd}d`| beqejh c`}àeie|u gùdjo`jcd |od dbbdc|erdjdss nb |o`| `}}qn`co) ld}djlejh nj |od

ceqctgs|`jcds* Eb |o`| gd|onl es tsdl) |od `t|n qd}d`| sontil jn| adsts|èjdl }`s| |od }nej| xodqd |od sevd nb |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd`

adc`gd |nn i`qhd |n d}dc| oe|s xe|oej d}dc|dl |egd bq`gd nq |od}qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` o`s soeb|dl |nn gtco bqng ej|djldl èg }nej| |n

d}dc| oe|s xe|oej d}dc|dl |egd bq`gd* Onxdrdq) tsd nb `t|n qd}d`|beqejh gnld es iekdiu |n g`kd e| |`kd injhdq |n qdcnrdq èg |q`ckejh*

Xe|o qebids stco `s @Q'04 |u}d) |o`| xntil iege| |od ltq`|enj nb `t|nqd}d`| beqejh |n `}}qneg`|diu 1z4 son|s) ld}djlejh nj |od se|t`|enj* \od

dbbdc|erdjdss xntil ld}djl nj |od n}dq`|nq(s àeie|u |n cnj|qni |od sevdnb |od }qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` `jl |od les|`jcd |n |od n}}njdj|) d|c* \o`|

iege|s |od se|t`|enj xodqd |oes gd|onl gù ad b`rnqàid*


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1*3* Htjjdqu }qncdss*

JN\D6 Beqd`qgs ldscqeadl ej |oes lnctgdj| es `sstgdl |n ad beqdl ejsejhid qntjl beqejh gnld) ` gnld |o`| beqds njd qntjl }dq |qehhdq }tii

`jl qdpteqds qdsd||ejh |od |qehhdq au qdid`sejh }qdsstqd nj |od |qehhdq`jl }qdssejh |od |qehhdq `hèj bnq beqejh `jn|odq qntjl) tjidss s}dcebedl

n|odqxesd*

JN\D6 Beqd`qgs ldscqeadl ej |oes lnctgdj| es `sstgdl |n ad ` sdib in`lejhbeqd`qg) ` |u}d |o`| lnds |od co`gadqejh) bddlejh) d|q`c|enj) `jl

dfdc|enj `c|enj `t|ng`|ecìiu |o`| e| njiu qdpteqds g`je}ti`|enj nb |od|qehhdq |n beqd ` qntjl tj|ei `ggtje|enj st}}iu ej |od g`h`vejd es

ld}id|dl) tjidss s}dcebedl n|odqxesd*

Htjjdqu }qncdss s|`q|s xodj n}dq`|nqs xon adcngd `x`qd nb ` se|t`|enj|o`| qdpteqds sonn|ejh ldcelds |n |`kd `c|enj |n sonn|* Eb |odqd es `

}n|dj|eì |oqd`|) `j n}dq`|nq jddls |n nasdqrd e|* \tqjejh njd(s t}}dqanlu xeii ad gnqd b`s|dq |o`j |tqjejh |od xonid anlu) |tqjejh |od od`l

xeii ad b`s|dq |o`j |tqjejh |od t}}dq anlu) sn e| xeii ad pteckdq bnq |odod`l |n gnrd beqs| |odj |od t}}dq anlu nq |od xonid anlu bniinxejh |od

od`l(s gnrdgdj| `s jdcdss`qu* \oes gù ìsn }qdrdj| tjjdcdss`qu |tqjejhgn|enj au s|n}}ejh |od |tqjejh gn|enj nb |od xonid anlu xodj |od n}dq`|nq

xonsd od`l es |tqjdl |nx`ql |od }n|dj|eì |oqd`| ld|dqgejds jn `c|enj esqdpteqdl*

'@egejh `jl bnqgejh nb ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg6

@s `j n}dq`|nq ldcelds |n sonn| ` cdq|èj |`qhd|) n}dq`|nq bnqgs `sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xoeid leqdc|ejh |od èg nb |od n}dq`|nq(s xd`}nj |nx`ql

|od |`qhd|* Nqedj|`|enj nb sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg jddls |n ad pteck `jl}qdcesd `| |od s`gd |egd* Sn) s}ddl jddls |n ad cnj|qniidl |n ` ldhqdd

|o`| }qdcesenj c`j ad gèj|èjdl* Ej }`q| nb gnrdgdj| sdhgdj|s xodqds}ddl lnds jn| `bbdc| `cctq`cu) s}ddl c`j ad gègevdl* @s bnqgejh nb |od

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg cngds |n ` cng}id|enj) gnrdgdj| gù jddl |n ad sinxdqsn |o`| |od }`q| nb |od anlu ej gn|enj xeii jn| hn }`s| e|s ej|djldl

}nse|enj* Gnrdgdj| }`s| ej|djldl }nse|enj xeii sinx |od }qncdss adc`tsd|od n}dq`|nq xeii o`rd |n g`kd gnqd gn|enj `jl |`kd gnqd |egd |n hd| |o`|

}`q| nb |od anlu |n }qn}dq }nse|enj*

Bnq d`g}id6 Eb `j n}dq`|nq ej ` inx qd`lu }nse|enj xe|o ` qebid s|`q|s|od htjjdqu }qncdss) |od n}dq`|nq xeii gnrd |od gtvvid |nx`ql |od

leqdc|enj nb |od |`qhd|* \od eje|eì gnrdgdj| nb |od gtvvid leqdc|enjco`jhd |nx`ql |od hdjdqì leqdc|enj nb |od n}}njdj| c`j ad b`s| xe|ont|

`bbdc|ejh `cctq`cu* Sn) |od n}dq`|nq c`j gnrd |od gtvvid nb |od htj `s


9/68

b`s| `s njd c`j* Onxdrdq) njcd |od gtvvid djl nb |od htj es aqntho| jd`q|od hdjdqì leqdc|enj nb |od |`qhd| `qd`) |od n}dq`|nq xntil o`rd |n sinx

lnxj |od gnrdgdj| sn |o`| ejdq|e` xntil g`kd |od htj hn }`s| |od }nse|enj|od n}dq`|nq jddl e| |n ad bnq èg*

@s |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg es bnqgdl) |od sonn|dq xntil sdd |od seho| `jl

|od seho| ejld }nej| jd`q |od seho| èg }nej| nj |od |`qhd|* Eb eqnjseho|s `qd tsdl) bqnj| `jl qd`q seho| xntil ad ìehjgdj| xntil s|`q| `|

|oes }nej|* @s sonn|dq(s skeii eg}qnrds) |od seho| ejld }nej| xeii adgnqd `jl gnqd cinsdq |n |od seho| èg }nej| nj |od |`qhd| t}nj cng}id|enj

nb bnqgejh |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* Eb |od seho| ejld }nej| es jn| nj |odseho| èg }nej|) |odj |od sonn|dq xeii g`kd `lfts|gdj| |n eg}nsd seho|

ejld }nej| nj |od seho| èg }nej| `jl s|`q|s èg |q`ckejh* Eb eqnjseho|s `qd tsdl) |od sonn|dq(s bncts les|`jcd es jn| soeb|dl |n |od bqnj|

seho|) `jl bqnj| `jl qd`q seho| ìehjgdj| sontil ad cng}id|dl `| nqadbnqd |od |egd èg |q`ckejh s|`q|s* \od sonn|dq gù cnjbeqg |od seho|

ìehjgdj| `s |od èg |q`ckejh s|`q|s* @ sonn|dq(s bncts xntil ad jnx nj|od |n} cdj|dq nb bqnj| seho| nq n|odq seho| qdbdqdjcd }nej| `s èg

|q`ckejh s|`q|s* \od sonn|dq |odj beqds |od htj*

'Beqejh6

\odqd g`ju xùs |n g`je}ti`|d ` |qehhdq nb ` htj* Xo`| gd|onl es

`}}qn}qe`|d ld}djls nj ` s}dcebec htj |u}d ejrnirdl) sonn|dq(s

}qdbdqdjcd) d|c* \od bniinxejh es ` bdx d`g}ids nb onx e| c`j ad lnjd*

Ejld bejhdq nb |od |qehhdq o`jl |o`| x`s }i`cdl `xù bqng |od |qehhdq

bnq s`bd|u xeii ad }i`cdl nj |od |qehhdq ej }qd}`q`|enj nb |od |qehhdq}tii `s |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg es bnqgejh* @s |od htj es gnrejh ej|n |od

beqejh }nse|enj) |od sonn|dq c`j gnrd |od |qehhdq ` iege|dl idjh|o |n hd|e| |n beqejh }qd}`q`|enj }nse|enj `jl onil e| ej |o`| }nse|enj tj|ei `qg

|q`ckejh s|`q|s* @s èg |q`ckejh s|`q|s) |od |qehhdq xntil ad }tiidlbtq|odq `jl |od }tii xntil ad cng}id|dl* Xodj |qehhdq jddls |n ad gnrdl

btq|odq bqng `ju }nej|) e| sontil ad lnjd au sgnn|o ejcqd`sd nb }qdsstqd`}}iedl |n e| |o`j àqt}| ejcqd`sd ej }qdsstqd*

\odqd gù ad ` inx qdses|`jcd gnrdgdj| idjh|o nb |od |qehhdq ad|xddj |od

}nse|enj nb |od |qehhdq tjldq jn ejld bejhdq }qdsstqd `jl |od }nse|enjnb |od |qehhdq xodqd `c|t`|enj nb beqejh gdco`jesg adhejs* @jl) |odqd gù

ìsn ad ` |qehhdq gnrdgdj| sdhgdj| ad|xddj |od |qehhdq }nse|enj xodqd`c|t`|enj nb beqejh gdco`jesg adhejs `jl |od |qehhdq }nse|enj xodqd }`q|

onilejh ` o`ggdq nq s|qekdq tjldq s}qejh |djsenj adhejs |n gnrd `xù bqng|od onilejh }nse|enj `jl qdid`sds |od beqejh }ej nq s|qekdq tjldq s}qejh

|djsenj* \od |qehhdq }nse|enj xodqd }`q| onilejh ` o`ggdq nq s|qekdqtjldq |djsenj adhejs |n gnrd `xù bqng |od onilejh }nse|enj `jl qdid`sds

|od beqejh }ej nq s|qekdq tjldq s}qejh |djsenj es |od s|`q|ejh }nej| nb|od i`s| |qehhdq }tii sdhgdj|* Sngd htjs o`rd les|ejc|erd ejcqd`sd ej

|qehhdq(s qdses|`jcd |n gnrdgdj| `s |od |qehhdq dj|dqs |od jd| |qehhdq


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}tii sdhgdj|* Sngd htjs xntil o`rd idss jtgadq nb sdhgdj|s) `jl sngd htjso`rd |od i`s| |xn sdhgdj| aidjldl ej xe|o d`co n|odq ej ` xù |o`| es jn|

les|ejc|erd*

Xe|o gns| sejhid `c|enj njiu nq gns| s|qekdq |u}d |qehhdqs) |od`}}qneg`|d s|`q|ejh }nej| nb |od |qehhdq }tii sdhgdj| xodqd }qncdss nb

|od }`q| onilejh ` o`ggdq nq s|qekdq tjldq s}qejh |djsenj adejh gnrdl`xù bqng |od onilejh }nse|enj `jl qdid`sejh |od beqejh }ej nq s|qekdq

tjldq s}qejh |djsenj es ejrnirdl c`j ad tsdl bnq beqejh }qd}`q`|enj}nse|enj* @ sonn|dq c`j gnrd |od |qehhdq |n |o`| }nse|enj xe|ont|

sehjebec`j|iu hnejh adunjl |od s|`q|ejh }nej| nb |o`| sdhgdj|) `jl onil|od |qehhdq ej |o`| }nse|enj tj|ei èg |q`ckejh s|`q|s*

\od |qehhdq }nse|enj xodqd |od |qehhdq }tii s|`q|s |od `c|t`|enj nb |od

beqejh gdco`jesg c`j ìsn ad tsdl `s ` beqejh }qd}`q`|enj }nse|enj* \oesgd|onl c`j ad hnnl xe|o |u}d nb |qehhdqs |o`| o`s i`s| |xn sdhgdj|s nb

|od |qehhdq }tii `qd jn| sn les|ejc|erd bqng d`co n|odq* Eb ` sonn|dq`||dg}|s |n tsd |qehhdq }nse|enj xodqd i`s| sdhgdj| s|`q|s `s |od beqejh

}qd}`q`|enj }nse|enj xodj |od i`s| sdhgdj| lnds jn| o`rd `ju les|ejc|erdco`q`c|dqes|ecs) stco `s ejcqd`sd ej |qehhdq qdses|`jcd) |od sonn|dq o`s

` qesk nb }tiiejh |od |qehhdq |nn b`q adunjl |od s|`q|ejh }nej| nb |odi`s| sdhgdj| `jl beqd |od htj xe|ont| ej|djlejh |n* Onxdrdq) tsejh |od

s|`q|ejh }nej| nb `ju sdhgdj| n|odq |o`j |od i`s| njd `s ` beqejh}qd}`q`|enj }nse|enj c`j gd`j ` injhdq |qehhdq |q`rdi les|`jcd `jl |egd

xodj èg |q`ckejh s|`q|s*

Jn g`||dq xo`| |qehhdq }nse|enj es tsdl bnq beqejh }qd}`q`|enj }nse|enj)

gnrdgdj| nb ` |qehhdq bqng |o`| }nse|enj |n cng}id|d |od |qehhdq }tii `jlbeqd sontil ad lnjd au sgnn|o cnj|ejtnts ejcqd`sd nb }qdsstqd `}}iedl |n|od |qehhdq) tjidss |od sonn|dq ej|djls |n ej|dqqt}| |od }qncdss*

@jn|odq xù |n g`je}ti`|d ` |qehhdq es |n lesqdh`ql |od lebbdqdjcd

ad|xddj |od |qehhdq }tii sdhgdj|s gdj|enjdl ànrd `jl s|`q| ` cnj|ejtntsejcqd`sd ej }qdsstqd `}}iedl |n |od |qehhdq) `b|dq |od ejld bejhdq g`kds

cnj|`c| hdj|iu xe|o |od |qehhdq) ej ` g`jjdq |o`| |od sonn|dq `j|ece}`|d|od htj |n beqd t}nj cng}id|enj nb bnqgejh ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg*

@s injh `s |od èg es |q`ckejh }qn}dqiu) |odqd es jn jddl bnq |od

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |n ad cng}id|d* @jl) |odqd `qd ceqctgs|`jcds xodqdsonn|ejh }i`|bnqg c`jjn| ad bnqgdl |n ` sonn|dq(s s`|esb`c|enj*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Esstd nb g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecds6

Sngd |u}d nb beqd`qgs o`rd g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecds* \oes |u}d nbldrecd es ldsehjdl |n lesàid |od beqejh c`}àeie|u nb ` beqd`qg e| es

ejs|ìidl ej tj|ei ` sonn|dq g`jtìiu g`je}ti`|ds ` at||nj nq idrdq |n


11/68

djàid |od beqejh c`}àeie|u* Eb `j n}dq`|nq(s xd`}nj o`s stco ldrecd)|od n}dq`|nq sontil o`rd ` }i`j nj onx e| xntil ad tsdl `jl ad }qnbecedj|

xe|o |od g`je}ti`|enj nb e|*

@i|ontho |odsd ldrecds c`j qdltcd |od qesk nb ` htj bqng beqejh xodj`ju|oejh }qdssds nj |od |qehhdq xodj |od tsdq lnds jn| ej|djl |n beqd) e|

ìsn `lls ` qesk nb jn| adejh lesdjh`hdl `jl kdd}ejh ` htj ejoeae|dl bqngbeqejh xodj ` tsdq lnds ej|djl |n beqd* \o`| xntil djl`jhdq |od n}dq`|nq

eb |od n}dq`|nq jddls |n beqd ej cnga`|*

\odqd `qd g`ju qd`snjs |o`| ` g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| gdco`jesg xntil jn|ad lesdjh`hdl xodj `j n}dq`|nq ej|djl |n beqd* Adc`tsd nb |o`| qesk) sngd

|nnk ` }nse|enj |o`| n}dq`|nqs sontil lesdjh`hd g`jtì beqejh ejoeae|ldrecds `s snnj `s |odu `qd ej cnga`| n}dq`|enjs* Sngd n|odqs |nnk `

}nse|enj |o`| n}dq`|nqs sontil kdd} |od g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecddjh`hdl `s gtco `s }nsseaid) `jl njiu |dg}nq`qeiu lesdjh`hd e| ltqejh `

` htjjdqu }qncdss |odj qd`c|er`|d |od beqejh ejoeae| `s snnj `s |odhtjjdqu }qncdss es nrdq* Sngd |nnk ` ouaqel `}}qn`co* D`gej`|enj nb xo`|

qesks `qd ejrnirdl xe|o d`co }nse|enj `jl `qhtgdj|s qdh`qlejh e| xntil add}ièjdl odqd*

@j n}dq`|nq gù hd| |n ad ej èg |q`ckejh s|`|ts xodqd beqejh `| |o`|

gngdj| xntil hd| `j dbbdc|erd oe| adbnqd |od n}dq`|nq x`s àid |nlesdjh`hd ` g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd* \oes xntil c`tsd ` ldiù bnq

|od n}dq`|nq |n g`kd ` son|) c`tsejh |od n}dq`|nq |n ad ej l`jhdq* \od`qhtgdj| |o`| `||dg}|s |n lesgess |oes qesk es |o`| |od g`je}ti`|enj

qdpteqdl |n lesdjh`hd |od beqejh ejoeae| c`j ad lnjd xoeid |od n}dq`|nq

es ej |q`jse|enj bqng qd`lu }nse|enj |n sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* \odqd `qd sngd}qnaidgs xe|o |o`| `qhtgdj|6 E| g`kds `j `sstg}|enj |o`| es jn| ìxùs|qtd* \od ldgnjs|q`|enj |n rìel`|d stco `qhtgdj| es gns|iu lnjd ej

cnggnjiu kjnxj s|`jl`ql inx qd`lu nq n|odq qd`lu }nse|enj |o`| ejrnirdscdq|èj les|`jcd nb anlu gnrdgdj|* Ej |onsd c`sds) |od gnrdgdj| les|`jcd

ejrnirdl xntil qdpteqd ` |q`jse|enj |egd injh djntho bnq |od g`jtìbeqejh ejoeae| ldrecd g`je}ti`|enj |n ad lnjd adbnqd |od |q`jse|enj es

cng}id|d* Onxdrdq) jn| ìi |q`jse|enj |`kds |o`| injh* Ej sngd c`sds)n}dq`|nq(s qd`lu }nse|enj es rdqu cinsd |n nq drdj eldj|ecì |n `

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xoeco c`j g`kd |q`jse|enj |egd sonq|dq |o`j |od |egd e|geho| |`kd bnq g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| idrdq g`je}ti`|enj) ds}dceìiu xe|o

` |u}d nb xd`}nj |o`| o`s ` g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd |o`| es jn| d`su|n qd`co nq g`je}ti`|d* Sngd xd`}njs) stco `s G0500 |u}d }es|nis) o`rd `

g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd |o`| ìinxs |od ejld bejhdq nb |od |qehhdqo`jl |n gnrd nj ` |qehhdq xoeid |otga nb |o`| o`jl es g`je}ti`|ejh `

g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd idrdq* Onxdrdq) g`jtì beqejh ejoeae|ldrecds nb sngd xd`}njs qdpteqd ejld bejhdq nb |od |qehhdq o`jl |n

djàid beqejh xoeco g`kds lesdjh`hejh |od ldrecd `jl gnrejh |od ejldbejhdq |n |od |qehhdq ` cnjsdct|erd) jn| cnjctqqdj|) }qncdss* \o`|

qdpteqds gnqd |egd |n cng}id|d*

@isn) ej gns| c`sds) stco `sstg}|enj nb dbbdc|erd g`je}ti`|enj nb g`jtìbeqejh ejoeae| ldrecd ìsn ejrnirds `j `sstg}|enj |o`| `j n}dq`|nq o`rd

jn| sts|èjdl `ju ejftqeds |o`| gù oejldq njd(s àeie|u |n ln stco


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g`je}ti`|enj `jl ìsn |od `sstg}|enj |o`| |odqd es jn|ejh ej |odse|t`|enj |o`| }ousecìiu nas|qtc|s |od g`je}ti`|enj gnrdgdj|* E| `sstgds

|o`| `j n}dq`|nq es àid |n onil nq }nse|enj ` htj ej ` g`jjdq |o`|dbbdc|erd g`je}ti`|enj es }nsseaid xoeco gù jn| ad |qtd ej sngd

se|t`|enjs*

@jn|odq }qnaidg xe|o lesdjh`hejh |od g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd njiultqejh ` htjjdqu }qncdss `jl eggdle`|diu djh`hejh e| `hèj es |o`| |odqd

`qd se|t`|enjs xodqd ldcesenj |n eje|e`|d) cnj|ejtd) |dqgej`|d) nq qdstgd` htjjdqu }qncdss co`jhd ej pteck stccdssenj ej co`jhejh nqldq xoeco gù

qdpteqd g`je}ti`|enj nb ` g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd |n qdrdqsd ltqejh|q`jse|* \o`| c`j c`tsd ` ges|`kd ej g`je}ti`|enj) ds}dceìiu xodj |od

qdrdqsì ncctqs gti|e}id |egds xoeco c`j ad rdqu cnjbtsejh* @j d`g}id nbstco se|t`|enj es xodj `j n}}njdj|(s `c|enj sxe|cods ` se|t`|enj ad|xddj

ld`liu bnqcd fts|ebedl se|t`|enj `jl ld`liu bnqcd jn| fts|ebedl se|t`|enjgti|e}id |egds ej pteck stccdssenj* @jn|odq d`g}id es xodj `j n}dq`|nq

o`rd |n eje|e`|d `jn|odq htjjdqu }qncdss adc`tsd nb ` stlldj `}}d`q`jcdnb ` jdx n}}njdj| `jl o`rd |n lesdjh`hd ` g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecd nj

|od n}dq`|nq(s htj xoeid |od n}dq`|nq x`s |quejh |n djh`hd |od g`jtìbeqejh ldrecd `b|dq |dqgej`|ejh ` }qdrents htjjdqu }qncdss bnq `

lebbdqdj| n}}njdj|* Stco d`g}ids `qd rdqu bqdptdj| ncctqqdjcd) at| e| eststìiu ehjnqdl au }dn}id xon `lrnc`|d kdd}ejh g`jtì beqejh ejoeae|

ldrecd djh`hdl `s gtco `s }nsseaid*

\odqd c`j ìsn ad g`je}ti`|enj cnjbiec|s* @ccnqlejh |n |od lnc|qejd nbkdd}ejh g`jtì beqejh ejoeae| ldrecds djàidl `s gtco `s }nsseaid)

n}dq`|nqs jddl |n ad |qèjdl |n eggdle`|diu djh`hd |od beqejh ejoeae|

ldrecd `s snnj `s ` htjjdqu }qncdss es nrdq* \o`| c`j cnjbiec| xe|o lnejhcdq|èj g`je}ti`|enjs xe|o cdq|èj htjs adc`tsd sngd htjs qdpteqd g`jtìbeqejh ejoeae| ldrecd |n ad lesdjh`hdl ej nqldq bnq |od n}dq`|nq |n ln

cdq|èj g`je}ti`|enjs* Bnq d`g}id) eb ` sonn|dq stacnjscentsiu }t| |odsdidc|nq idrdq nb `j @K'


13/68

idrdq bnq g`jt`i beqejh ejoeae| ldrecds stco `s Adqd||` G5 nq Sge|o `jlXdssnj G


14/68

xe|o ldiùejh beqd6 N}}njdj|s o`rejh n}}nq|tje|u |n `||`ck |od n}dq`|nq*G`j`hejh s}ddl nb beqejh }qncdss ejrnirds g`j`hejh |o`| qesks*

\n gègevd `cctq`cu) ` sonn|dq xntil g`je}ti`|d ` |qehhdq xe|o |od

gd|onl nb hd||ejh |od |qehhdq |n |od s|`q| }nej| nb |od bejì s|`hd nb|od |qehhdq gnrdgdj| ltqejh |q`jse|enj |n ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) `jl

cng}id|d |od |qehhdq }tii t}nj èg |q`ckejh adejh hnnl djntho bnq ` oe|*\od n}dq`|nq xntil o`rd ` rdqebec`|enj nb onx gtco `cctq`cu c`j ad

d}dc|dl) tstìiu |oqntho restì bddl a`ck nb seho|s*

Onxdrdq) xodj qesk nb ldiùejh beqd bnq qdcnhje|enj nb `cctq`curdqebec`|enj es oeho) `j n}dq`|nq c`j }tii |od |qehhdq xe|ont| s|n}}ejh

|od }tii `| `ju s|`hd `| ` q`|d nb s}ddl |o`| |od htj xntil beqd `| |od`j|ece}`|dl }nej| nb |od htj adejh ej hnnl djntho èg |q`ckejh s|`|d) eb

|od sonn|dq es àid |n hd| |od htj ej hnnl èg |q`ckejh s|`|d au |od`j|ece}`|dl |egd nb |od htj beqejh*

\od ànrd ìsn gd`js |od htj c`j ad beqdl `s injh `s ` oe| c`j ad

d}dc|dl) `jl |o`| c`j drdj ad adbnqd ` htj ej tsd es aqntho| ej |n}nse|enj xodqd |od htj seho| c`j ad tsdl ej ` s|`jl`ql g`jjdq* Drdj eb

|od htj seho|s `qd jn| tsdl ej ` s|`jl`ql g`jjdq) tsd nb ì|dqj`|dsonn|ejh }ns|tqd nq tsejh reseaid }`q| nb |od htj n|odq |o`j |od seho|s

c`j g`kd e| }nsseaid bnq `j n}dq`|nq |n hd| |od htj ej }nse|enj |n`coedrd ` oe| xodj beqdl) ld}djlejh nj |od se|t`|enj* Gnqd ld|èis nb

|o`| xeii ad d}ièjdl ej n|odq }`q| nb |oes co`}|dq*

@sstgejh |odqd es `j n}}nq|tje|u bnq ` sonn|dq |n bnqg ` s|`jl`ql

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) |odqd xntil ad cdq|èj nb gn|enj |o`| es qdpteqdl ejnqldq |n hd| bqng |q`jse|enjejh bqng qd`lu }ns|tqd |n sonn|ejh }ns|tqd|o`| es qd`lu |n beqd* Ej nqldq |n qdltcd |od `gntj| nb |o`| |egd) njd

`}}qn`co |o`| c`j ad tsdl es |n `lfts| |od qd`lu }ns|tqd sn |o`| e| xntilad gnqd cinsdq |n sonn|ejh }ns|tqd xodj lnejh sn xntil jn| oejldq

n}dq`|nq(s àeie|u |n gèj|èj n|odq qdpteqdgdj|s nb ` qd`lu }ns|tqd)stco `s htj `jl `qgs jn| nas|qtc|ejh redx) nq sonn|ejh snnj xntil ad `

oeho }nsseaeie|u |o`| |od qesk nb lnejh sn nt| xdeho|s |od qesk nb jn|lnejh sn*

N|odq |o`j hd||ejh ` qd`lu }ns|tqd cinsdq |n sonn|ejh }ns|tqd bnqg)

qdltcejh |egd gns|iu ejrnirds ejcqd`sejh |od dbbecedjcu nb |od qd`lu}ns|tqd |n sonn|ejh }ns|tqd |q`jse|enj* \od gnrdgdj| nb `qgs `jl htj ej

tsd jddl |n ad b`s|) `jl èg |q`ckejh s|àeiev`|enj ìsn jddls |n adpteckiu `coedrdl* Onxdrdq) cnggnj ges|`kd es bnq ` sonn|dq |n s}ddl t}

|od ` gnrdgdj| ej ` s|`hd |nn b`s| |o`| e| |`kds injhdq |egd |n `coedrd|od i`|dq s|`hds*

Bnq sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xe|o hnnl s|àeie|u) |od }nse|enjejh nb |od htj ej

tsd) |od }nse|enjejh nb `qgs `jl n|odq }`q| nb |od anlu `jl gtscid|djsenj nb gèj|èjejh |od }i`|bnqg) n|odq ld|èis nb bnqgejh ` hnnl

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg o`s |n ad xe|oej ` s}dcebec q`jhd* Xodj ` sonn|dq g`kdseje|eì gnrdgdj| nb bnqgejh |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |nn b`s|) |od sonn|dq

xntil nb|dj hd| |od anlu `jl htj }nse|enjejh cinsd |n |od hdjdqì so`}d


15/68

nb ` ldseqdl sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) g`kejh `j `||dg}| |n g`kd |od b`s|gnrdgdj| àqt}|iu s|n}* Drdj |ontho |od hdjdqì `}}d`q`jcd nb |od bnqg

xntil innk segei`q |n ` hnnl sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) |od ld|èis nb |od anlu`jl htj }nse|enjejh `jl gdco`jesg |o`| g`kds ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg btjc|enj

es jn| ud| ej |od s}dcebec q`jhd qdpteqdl* @b|dq |od àqt}| s|n} nb |odgn|enj) |od sonn|dq xon g`ld ` |nn o`s|u gn|enj xntil s|`q| |n g`kd

`lfts|gdj| sn |o`| |od }i`|bnqg xntil sd||id ej |n hnnl btjc|enjejhs|`|d* Drdj |ontho |oes gù `coedrd |od `}}d`q`jcd nb ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

b`s|dq) e| c`j `c|tìiu g`kd e| |`kd injhdq bnq |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |ns|àeievd `jl btjc|enj*

Q`|odq |o`j g`kejh ` gti|e s|`hd gnrdgdj| nb àqt}|iu bnqgejh ` hdjdqì

nt|iejd nb ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |odj `lfts|ejh e|) e| es ad||dq |n bnqg `btjc|enjì sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ej njd sgnn|o gn|enj) xe|o |od ld|èis nb

e|s gdco`jesg xe|oej xnqkejh }`q`gd|dqs) xoeco xntil ìinx |od sonn|dq |neggdle`|diu beqd `s snnj `s |od }i`|bnqg es bnqgdl*

\oes gù qdpteqd |od sonn|dq |n g`kejh ` |q`jse|enj gnrdgdj| |n iege| |od

s}ddl nb |od |q`jse|enj `s qdpteqdl sn |o`| |od bnqgejh nb |od sonn|ejh}i`|bnqg c`j ad cnqqdc|iu lnjd |n gdd| |od s}dcebec`|enjs* \o`| gd`js ìi

nb |od ld|èidl gdco`jecs |n ad ej xnqkejh }`q`gd|dqs `jl |od sonn|dqxntil ad qd`lu |n beqd eggdle`|diu t}nj bnqg nb |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

xodj èg |q`ckejh es `ccd}|àid*

\oes es o`ql |n ln bnq ` sonn|dq xon lnds jn| o`rd ` hnnl tjldqs|`jlejhnb onx ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xnqks `jl |od d`c| s|`|d |od sonn|dq es

|quejh |n `coedrd t}nj bnqgejh |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* \od sonn|dq o`s |n

kjnx xo`| |od d`c| s|`|d nb |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |od sonn|dq ej|djls |nbqng ej ld|èi) `jl ad àid |n bnqg e| xe|o cnjses|djcu* E| es jn| `g`||dq nb sinxejh lnxj |od }qncdss |n odi} |od sonn|dq bejl ` hnnl

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `jl sd||id ej|n e|* \od ldseqdl s|`|d es |o`| ` sonn|dqìqd`lu kjnx xo`| e| es) `jl cnj|qniiejh |od s}ddl ej nqldq |n `coedrd e|

ej njd sgnn|o s|d}*

Qdbdqdjcejh `jl gdco`jecs `}}iec`|enj codck }iùs `j eg}nq|`j| qnid ejbnqgejh ` hnnl sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xe|o cnjses|djcu* Qdbdqdjcejh gd`js |od

sonn|dq o`rd ` d`seiu rdqebeàid }ousecì qdbdqdjcd ej }i`cdgdj| nb njd(ss}dcebec anlu }`q| nq htj }`q| ej s}dcebec }i`cd sn |o`| e| xntil ad

qd}d`|àid* Gdco`jecs `}}iec`|enj es |n hd| ` bddl a`ck nb `}}iec`|enj nbsonn|ejh }i`|bnqg gdco`jecs xnqk) `jl bnqg |od }i`|bnqg ej ` g`jjdq |o`|

|od gdco`jecs xntil cnqqdc|iu `}}iu* \oes ìsn herds ` sonn|dq |odàeie|u |n `lfts| |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |n `l`}| |n lebbdqdj| xd`}nj nq

lebbdqdj| sonn|ejh cnjle|enjs* Eb e| lnds jn| xnqk `s e|(s st}}nsdl |n)e|(s `j ejlec`|nq |o`| sngd|oejh xqnjh xe|o |od }i`|bnqg*

Sngd sonn|dq g`kd ` ges|`kd nb fts| |qèjejh |n hd| ` gdgnqu nb xo`| `

cnqqdc| sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg bddis iekd bnq cnjses|djcu* Bddi nb ` anlu ejcdq|èj }ns|tqd xe|ont| `ju qdbdqdjcdl ejld es rdqu tjqdieàid* Xo`| `

}dqsnj bddis |oqntho njd(s anlu ànt| adejh ej ` cdq|èj bnqg nb }ns|tqdej |od }`s| c`j ad lebbdqdj| bqng |o`| |od }dqsnj xntil bddi `| }qdsdj|)

drdj eb |od }dqsnj es ej |od d`c| s`gd bnqg nb }ns|tqd* \oes lnds jn|


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gd`j bddla`ck |oqntho xo`| ` sonn|dq bddis |oqntho njd(s anlu sontil jn|ad t|eievdl* Onxdrdq) ej nqldq |n `coedrd cnjses|djcu) |od sonn|dq gts|

ìsn kjnx d`c|iu xo`| gdco`jecs x`s `| xnqk `jl xou adejh ej |od cnqqdc|}i`|bnqg bdi| ` cdq|èj xù*

Sonn|dqs sontil ìsn xnqk nj g`kejh gti|e}id |`sks cnjctqqdj| |o`j

cnjsdct|erd* Sonn|dqs xntil ìsn ad nqedj|`|ejh |od leqdc|enj nb |od htj`jl |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) `s e| es bnqgejh) ìnjh xe|o e| ej ` g`jjdq

|o`| |od èg nb |od htj xntil ad `s cinsd |n hnnl èg |q`ckejh `s}nsseaid t}nj cng}id|enj nb |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* ]i`cdgdj| nb |qehhdq

bejhdq nj |od |qehhdq xntil ìsn ad lnjd ltqejh |od |q`jse|enj sn |o`| e|xntil ad qd`lu |n }tii |od |qehhdq t}nj cng}id|enj nb bnqgejh |od

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg*

Sonn|dqs ìsn jddl |n ad gdj|ìiu }qd}`qdl bnq c`sds |od s|`jl`ql htjjdqu}qncdss es jn| xnqkejh nq `lle|enjì s|d}s jddl |n ad |`kdj* Sngd |egds)

seho|s gù jn| ad reseaid nq gù ad l`g`hdl* Eb |odqd es ` sdcnjl`quseho| |o`| xnqks ad||dq ej ` herdj cnjle|enj) ` sonn|dq o`s |n ad

}qd}`qdl |n tsd |od ì|dqj`|d seho|s xe|ont| ldiù* Eqnj seho|s gù jn|ad cid`qiu reseaid ej cdq|èj se|t`|enjs) `jl eggdle`|d tsd nb inx ieho|

st}}idgdj| seho|s nj eqnj seho|s c`j odi} ej |onsd se|t`|enjs* N}|ecìseho| gù ad l`g`hdl nq bèi) `jl eggdle`|d sxe|co |n eqnj seho|s nq

n|odq ejldejh gd|onls gù ad qdpteqdl*

Ejcqd`sd ej dbbecedjcu c`j ìsn ad g`ld au tsd nb qd`lu }ns|tqd |o`|ad||dq b`ceie|`|ds dbbdc|erd qd`lu }ns|tqd |n sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

|q`jse|enj* Bnq d`g}id6 Xodj ` }es|ni es ej tsd) d|djlejh `j `qg

onilejh ` }es|ni jd`q cods| |nx`ql ` |`qhd| ej nqldq |n bnqg ` sonn|ejh}i`|bnqg c`j ad ad||dq cnj|qniidl |n s|n} `| ` ldseqdl }nej| |o`jsxejhejh t} ` btiiu d|djldl `qg |o`| x`s }nej|dl lnxjx`ql*


17/68

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Son| dbbdc| `ssdssgdj| `jl |dqgej`|enj nb htjjdqu }qncdss6

\odqd es ` jddl |n `ssdss |od dbbdc| nb son|s beqdl nj ` |`qhd|*

Ld}djlejh nj |od `ssdssgdj|) |od n}dq`|nq xon es g`kejh |od `ssdssgdj|gù o`rd |n cnj|ejtd |od `||`ck au qd}d`|ejh beqejh) nq co`jhd |od èg

}nej| `jl qdstgd beqejh) nq s|n} beqejh* Onxdrdq) }`tsejh |n nasdqrd ejnqldq |n g`kd stco `ssdssgdj| gù herd |od |`qhd|dl n}}njdj| `j

n}}nq|tje|u |n `||`ck |od n}dq`|nq eb |od n}}njdj| es jn| ejc`}`ce|`|dl*Onxdrdq) n}dq`|nqs xntil jn| x`j| |n x`s|d |egd `jl `ggtje|enj nj

sonn|ejh `j n}}njdj| xon es ìqd`lu ejc`}`ce|`|dl*

Njd xù |n ldì xe|o g`j`hejh |onsd qesks es |n g`kd |od `ssdssgdj|

xe|ont| s|n}}ejh `||`ck) au nasdqrejh njiu xo`| es nasdqràid xoeidègejh `jl beqejh `| |od s`gd |egd* @||`ck xntil cnj|ejtd xe|ont|}`tsejh bnq gnqd ld|èidl nasdqr`|enj tj|ei |odqd es `j ejlec`|enj) stco


18/68

`s n}}njdj| bìiejh `jl jn injhdq sonxejh `ju ejlec`|enj nb ons|eid`c|enj) nq sngd drdj| es nasdqrdl |o`| xntil g`kd e| bd`seaid |n s|n}

`||`ck) stco `s n}}njdj| adoejl ` }qn|dc|enj nafdc| les`}}d`qejh adoejl|od nafdc|* \o`| xntil jn| gd`j |od n}}njdj| es ejc`}`ce|`|dl* @j

n}}njdj| xon o`s bìidj bqng s|`jlejh nq kjddiejh }nse|enj gù ad s|eiic`}àid nb beho|ejh* \od qd`snj xou `j n}}njdj| les`}}d`qdl adoejl `

}qn|dc|enj nafdc| gù nq gù jn| adc`tsd |od n}}njdj|(s bìiejh adoejl|od nafdc| c`tsdl au ejc`}`ce|`|enj* E| njiu gd`js |od n}dq`|nq gù o`rd

`j n}}nq|tje|u |n s|n} sonn|ejh ej nqldq |n ln ` gnqd ld|èidld`gej`|enj nq gnrd nj |n `||`ck ` gnqd |oqd`|djejh n}}njdj| `| |od |egd*

Onxdrdq) xo`| es nasdqràid ltqejh ègejh `jl beqejh gù jn| ad `s

ld|èidl xodj `j n}dq`|nq es njiu nasdqrejh* N}dq`|nq gù jn| ad oe||ejh|od |`qhd|) nq oe|s nj |od `qd` nb |od |`qhd| gù jn| ad dbbdc|erd*

\odqd(s ìsn ` }nsseaeie|u |o`| |od |`qhd| gù jn| doeae| `j narentssehj nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj xodj e| ncctq* @j n}}njdj| xon es ejc`}`ce|`|dl

c`j s|eii ad ej ` }ns|tqd |o`| qdsdgaids ` ierd n}}njdj| ej `||`ck}ns|tqd ej sngd se|t`|enjs* N}dq`|nqs gù o`rd |n }i`j |n soeb| èg |n `

lebbdqdj| inc`|enj nq s|n} beqejh `| ` cdq|èj }nej| |n sdd xo`| o`so`}}djdl eb |odeq beqejh `}}d`qs |n o`rd jn dbbdc|*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


19/68

1*


20/68

\oes gd`js ` sonn|dq `||dg}|ejh |n qds}njl au beqd b`s|dq `| ` i`qhdq

`jhti`q sevd |`qhd| xntil s|eii o`rd |n iege| |od sevd nb `qd` ej|djldlèg }nej| es }i`cdl ej) xoeco ìsn iege|s seho| èg }nej| }i`cdgdj|) |od

s`gd*

Eb `jhti`q sevd nb ` |`qhd|dl `qd` es i`qhd djntho |n `ccnggnl`|d |odcngaejdl dqqnq) stco c`t|enj gù jn| ad qdpteqdl* N|odqxesd) |od

}qnaàid eg}`c| `qd` sevd cnj|qni es lnjd au cnj|qniiejh |od aì`jcdad|xddj s}ddl nb |od beqejh }qncdss `jl `coedrejh jdcdss`qu ldhqdd nb

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg s|àeie|u `jl }qdcesenj nb seho| |q`ckejh seho| èg}nej| xe|ont| lqeb| ej |od èg }nej| sdidc|enj e|sdib* Sonn|dqs sontil

jn| ìinx n|odq ejs|àeie|u |n `ll nj gnqd }qnaàeie|u nb ldre`|enj nb|od eg}`c| }nej|*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Gnrejh |`qhd|6

Oe||ejh ` gnrejh |`qhd| ejrnirds ds|eg`|ejh |od }nej| xodqd |`qhd| cntqsd`jl |q`fdc|nqu nb ` atiid| jddl |n cnjrdqhd ej nqldq bnq |od èg }nej| nj

|od |`qhd| `jl |od atiid| |n ad `| |od s`gd }i`cd `b|dq |od atiid|(s|q`rdi |egd) eb |od atiid| es beqdl `| |od gngdj|* @ sonn|dq xntil |odj

`lfts| |od seho| èg }nej| |n xodqd |od seho| jddls |n ejld ej nqldq |noe| |od cnjrdqhd }nej| |n hd| |od cnqqdc| seho| èg }nej|* \od sonn|dq

xntil beqd |n sdjl ` atiid| |n |od cnjrdqhd }nej|*

Sonn|ejh xodqd |od ds|eg`|dl inc`|enj nb |od èg }nej| nj ` |`qhd| xntil

ad ej |o`| bt|tqd es cìidl !id`l*! E|(s nb|dj jn| }nsseaid |n hd| `}qdcesd }qdlec|enj adc`tsd |od n}dq`|nq c`jjn| kjnx xod|odq eb |odn}}njdj|(s s}ddl nq leqdc|enj nb |q`rdi xntil co`jhd* \od }qejce}ì

gd|onl ejrnirdl ej oe||ejh ` gnrejh |`qhd| ej cnga`| lnds jn| co`jhd bqnga`secs* N}dq`|nq |q`cks |od seho| èg }nej|) ldscqeadl ànrd* Ej `lle|enj

|n |od }qnaidg nb ds|eg`|ejh xodqd |od ej|djldl èg }nej| nj ` |`qhd|xntil ad) `ccnqlejh |n |`qhd| gnrdgdj| }`||dqj |o`| es ìqd`lu nasdqrdl)

|odqd es ìsn ` }qnaidg nb n}dq`|nq(s qds}njsd s}ddl |n `ju nasdqrdlco`jhd ej |od |`qhd|(s gnrdgdj|* Eb ` |`qhd|(s gnrdgdj| s}ddl nq

leqdc|enj co`jhds) n}dq`|nq(s cnqqds}njlejh co`jhd ej èg |q`ckejh xeiio`rd ` cdq|èj |egd ldiù* Ld}djlejh nj |od se|t`|enj) stco `s q`|d nb

co`jhd ej s}ddl nq leqdc|enj nb gnrdgdj|) |od i`h c`j ad |nn hqd`| bnq `stccdssbti oe|* @isn) cnj|ejtnts èg }nej| |q`ckejh ncct}eds }qncdssejh

}nxdq*

Ejs|d`l nb ègejh leqdc|iu `| |od cnj|ejtntsiu cìcti`|dl }nej| xodqd|`qhd| cntqsd `jl atiid| |q`fdc|nqu jddl |n cnjrdqhd) nqedj|ejh |od seho|

ejld }nej| nj ` bedl }nej| nb |od seho| èg }nej| cntqsd xodqd |odseho| èg }nej| es }qdlec|dl |n gnrd ej|n |odj xè|ejh bnq |od seho| èg

}nej| |n gnrd ej |o`| }nej| gù qdltcd |od |egd h`} c`tsdl au |od|q`ckejh }qncdss i`h `jl qdltcd gdj|ì xnqk in`l nb cnj|ejtnts |q`ckejh

}qncdss* @ sonn|dq tsejh |oes |dcojeptd es hd||ejh |od htj(s èg òd`l nb|od cnj|ejtntsiu gnrejh cnjrdqhd }nej|) xoeco seho| èg }nej| gnrds ej

cnqqds}njldjcd xe|o) q`|odq |o`j cnj|ejtntsiu c`|coejh t} xe|o e|* \od


21/68

}qnaidg xe|o |oes |dcojeptd es |o`| sejcd |od }nej| |od seho| ejld }nej|es nqedj|dl ej `j|ece}`|enj nb xodqd |od seho| èg }nej| xntil gnrd ej|n

es ld|dqgejdl au }qdlec|enj nb |`qhd|(s }nse|enj btq|odq ej|n |od bt|tqd|o`j |od }tqd |q`ckejh gd|onl) |od `cctq`cu nb |od }qdlec|dl }nej| es

idss cdq|èj) hqd`|iu ld}djlejh nj onx cnjses|dj| |`qhd|(s gnrdgdj| es*Bnq |o`| qd`snj) |od |dcojeptd es jn| cng}id|diu bqdd nb |od sonn|dq

o`rejh |n cnjs|`j|iu `lfts|*

Cngaej`|enj nb an|o |dcojeptd gù ad dbbdc|erd* \oes es ìgns| s`gd `s|od beqs| èg |q`ckejh gd|onl ej }qejce}id* Xe|o |od cngaej`|enj

|dcojeptd) ` htjjdq xntil s|eii |q`ck èg }nej| `ccnqlejh |n |`qhd|gnrdgdj| xe|o ` htj seho|* Onxdrdq) |od |q`ckejh xeii s|`q| au |q`ckejh `

}nej| nj |od seho| èg }nej| gnrdgdj| cntqsd sieho|iu òd`l nb |od d`c|seho| èg }nej| `| |od herdj gngdj| xe|o |od seho| ejld }nej|* \odj |od

sonn|dq xntil sinx lnxj |od |q`ckejh gnrdgdj| sn |o`| |od h`} ad|xddj |odseho| ejld }nej| `jl seho| èg }nej| xntil ldcqd`sd) |odj g`|co* Ejs|d`l

nb cnjs|`j|iu |quejh |n hd| |od seho| ejld }nej| |n c`|co t} xe|o |odseho| èg }nej| ej nqldq |n |q`ck èg) |o`| ìinxs |od n}dq`|nq |n |q`ck

` }nej| nj |od seho| èg }nej| cntqsd òd`l nb |od seho| èg }nej| |odjsinx lnxj |n ìinx |od seho| èg }nej| |n c`|co t} xe|o |od seho| ejld

}nej|* \od seho| ejld }nej| xntil cnj|ejtntsiu ad `lfts|dl `ccnqlejh |n|`qhd| gnrdgdj|*

Qdh`qlejh q`jhd stco `s 1==g nq idss les|`jcd bnq qebid `jl 4=g nq idss

les|`jcd bnq }es|ni) otg`j |`qhd| ln jn| gnrd b`s| djntho bnq co`jhd ej

q`jhd c`tsdl au |`qhd|(s gnrdgdj| |n g`||dq ej gns| c`sds* Ej stco c`sds)}`q| nb |`qhd|(s gnrdgdj| |o`| lnds jn| o`rd `jhti`q s}ddl bqng |odsonn|dq(s }nej| nb redx c`j ad ehjnqdl ej gns| ceqctgs|`jcds* Bnq

d`g}id) bqng n}dq`|nq(s }nej| nb redx) bqnj| |n a`ck gnrdgdj| nqonqevnj|ì nq rdq|ecì gnrdgdj| |o`| èg }nej| lnds jn| o`rd djntho

|q`rdi les|`jcd bnq ` gess ej `ccd}|àid eg}`c| `qd` nj `j n}}njdj| ejatiid| bieho| |egd c`j ad ehjnqdl*

@ atiid| |q`rdiejh `| ?==g.s xntil `qqerd `| 1==g les|`jcd ej =*14

sdcnjl* \oes es ` seg}iebedl bnqgti` xodqd atiid|(s ldcdidq`|enj esehjnqdl fts| bnq eiits|q`|enj }tq}nsd* @sstgejh `j n}}njdj| es c`}àid nb

s}qej|ejh `| 8g.s xe|o gègtg `jhti`q s}ddl) qtjjejh onqevnj|ì ejleqdc|enj }dq}djlecti`q |n n}dq`|nq(s iejd nb seho| |n |od n}}njdj|)

n}}njdj| xntil o`rd |q`rdidl 0*84g nj =*14 sdcnjl* \oes es ànt| |ododeho| nb `j `lti| gìd* Xìkejh `| `}}qneg`|diu 0g.s xntil qdsti| ej

|q`rdi les|`jcd nb =*14g) `}}qneg`|diu oìb s|d} les|`jcd* Tsejh |oeskejl nb l`|`) ` sonn|dq c`j cngd t} xe|o ` seg}id bnqgti` |o`| c`j ad

pteckiu `}}iedl t} |n cdq|èj q`jhd* Gnqd |od q`jhd) gnqd l`|` |o`| o`s|n ad gdgnqevdl) at| drdj q`jhd t} |n 1==g bnq qebid xntil cnrdq les|`jcd

xodqd gns| ejceldj| nb qebid cnga`| ncctq*

@ }es|ni atiid| |q`rdiejh `| 34=g.s xntil |`kd ànt| =*0< sdcnjl |n|q`rdi 4=g* @ }dqsnj s}qej|ejh `| 8g.s xntil o`rd |q`rdidl 0g) s}qej|ejh

`| oìb |o`| s}ddl xntil o`rd |q`rdidl =*4g) `jl xìkejh `| 0g.s xntil


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o`rd |q`rdidl =*0


23/68

Esstd nb njiu kdd}ejh njd dud tsdl bnq ègejh n}dj nq an|o duds n}dj6

Gns| htj seho| sus|dg es ègdl xe|o njd iejd nb seho| bqng `j dud |oqntho

|od ègejh ldrecd |n |od |`qhd|* \odqd `qd sngd }qnaidgs xe|o |o`|* @jurestì ej}t| bqng |od n|odq dud |o`| lnds jn| qdcnjceid bqng |od eg`hd

cngejh ej bqng |od dud tsdl bnq ègejh c`j c`tsd cnjbtsenj* @isn) drdj eban|o eg`hds c`j ad qdcnjceidl) e| gù qdpteqd gdj|ì }qncdssejh }nxdq

|o`| lq`xs `||dj|enj `xù bqng n|odq cqe|ecì gdj|ì }qncdssds* De|odqan|o duds n}dj nq njd dud njiu gd|onl c`j ad tsdl) `jl d`co o`s e|s nxj

sd| nb `lr`j|`hds `jl }qnaidgs*

Gns| }dn}id o`rd resenj sus|dg sd| ej ` g`jjdq |o`| ej}t| bqng njd dud esqdcnhjevdl sehjebec`j|iu s|qnjhdq |o`j |od ej}t| bqng |od n|odq dud* Eb

|od lngej`j| dud es tsdl bnq ègejh) eg`hd qdcnjceie`|enj gù jn| ad `}qnaidg xe|o gns| se|t`|enjs adc`tsd `ju eg`hd ej}t| bqng |od jnj'ègejh

dud es seg}iu nrdq}nxdqdl*

Onxdrdq) an|o duds n}djdl gd|onl o`s jtgadq nb }qnaidgs* Sngd }dn}id o`rd|od lngej`j| dud nj |od seld |o`| es n}}nse|d nb |od seld nb ` o`jl `

}es|ni gù jddl |n ad odil nq seld nb |od sontildq ` qebid s|nck o`s |ncnj|`c|* \oes es ` }qnaidg xe|o gns| |u}d nb xd`}njs) drdj eb |od xd`}nj

es ldsehjdl |n ad `gaeld|qnts) adc`tsd |`c|ecì se|t`|enj gù qdpteqd `jn}dq`|nq |n sxe|co |od o`jl onilejh ` }es|ni nq seld nb |od sontildq `

qebid s|nck es }i`cdl nj* Eb |od xd`}nj ej tsd es ` qebid) |odj e| c`jjn|ad dbbdc|erdiu tsdl xe|o e|s s|nck nj |od seld nb |od sontildq |o`| lnds

jn| ìinx |od lngej`j| dud |n ad tsdl bnq ègejh* @isn) sngd }dn}id gù

o`rd eg`hds bqng |od lngej`j| dud ej}t| |o`| es jn| qdcnhjevdlsehjebec`j|iu s|qnjhdq |o`j |o`| cngejh bqng |od n|odq dud* @jn|odq}qnaidg es |o`| drdj eb ` xd`}nj es ègdl xe|o ` lngej`j| dud xe|o |od

xd`}nj ej tsd }nse|enjdl nj |od sonn|dq(s anlu ej `j dbbecedj| `jl }qn}dqg`jjdq) |odqd s|eii c`j ad ` se|t`|enj xodqd bèidl eg`hd qdcnjceie`|enj

cqd`|ejh cnjbtsenj es ` }qnaidg* Stqqntjlejh nafdc|s `jl onx e| eseiitgej`|dl au r`qents ieho| sntqcds c`j c`tsd ` se|t`|enj xodqd eg`hd

ej}t| bqng |od lngej`j| dud es jn| qdcnhjevdl sehjebec`j|iu s|qnjhdq*

Seg}ids| gd|onl |n `rnel |od eg`hd qdcnjceie`|enj }qnaidg es |n cinsd |oddud jn| tsdl bnq ègejh* Gnqd dbbecedj| |`qhd| eg`hd }qncdssejh au

diegej`|ejh cnjbiec|ejh eg`hd ej}t| bqng |od dud jn| tsdl bnq ègejh) jn|adejh iege|dl |n tsd xd`}nj dbbdc|erdiu njiu xe|o lngej`j| seld dud `qd

|od adjdbe|s* E| ìsn o`s |od adjdbe| nb ìinxejh gnqd dbbdc|erd tsd nb}qn|dc|enj nafdc|s* Xe|o an|o duds n}dj gd|onl) `j n}dq`|nq gù o`rd |n

d}nsd njd(s od`l tj|ei |od lngej`j| dud c`j sdd |od |`qhd|* \o`| xntilqdsti| ej n}dq`|nq d}nsejh sehjebec`j|iu gnqd `qd` nb |od od`l) eb |od

dlhd nb |od nafdc| tsdl bnq }qn|dc|enj |od n}dq`|nq es adejh d}nsdl bqnges nj |od n}}nse|d seld nb |od n}dq`|nq(s lngej`j| dud*

\od njd dud njiu gd|onl ìsn o`s e|s sd| nb }qnaidgs* Sngd }dn}id gù jn|

ad àid |n nrdqcngd ` gdj|ì cnjle|enjejh sd| au xo`|drdq iebd d}dqedjcdnq stacnjscents qds}njsd |n |oqd`|s |o`| g`kds |odg n}dj an|o duds xodj

n|odq }dn}id `qd c`}àid nb cinsejh njd dud* @isn) |odqd `qd }dn}id) bnq


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xo`|drdq qd`snj) `qd tjàid |n tsd jnj'lngej`j| dud bnq ègejh drdj xodjjn |oqd`| es ejrnirdl) ì|ontho |odu cnjses| rdqu sgìi }nq|enj nb |od

}n}ti`|enj*

Sngd }dn}id ciègs njd dud njiu gd|onl es a`l bnq |od qd`snj |o`| e|g`kds sonn|dq insd }dqe}odqì resenj* Onxdrdq) sdidc|enj nb de|odq gd|onl

es ` cng}qngesd ad|xddj qesk `jl adjdbe|s* Drdj |ontho }dqe}odqì resenjes jn| `s xeld xe|o njd dud njiu gd|onl cng}`qdl |n |xn duds n}dj gd|onl)

|od }dqenl xe|o njiu njd dud es n}djdl es iege|dl |n |egd xodj `jn}dq`|nq es ègejh* @jl) xodj `j n}dq`|nq es ej `j ègejh }qncdss) |od

n}dq`|nq es jn| sc`jjejh sejcd ejc`}`ce|`|enj nb |od }qeg`qu |`qhd| o`s}qenqe|u `jl sd`qcoejh bnq }nsseaid des|djcd nb n}}njdj|s ej }dqe}odqì

resenj es ` les|q`c|enj* Sn) |od qesk ejrnirdl ej |od njd dud njiu gd|onlxntil ad sgìi cng}`qdl |n e|s adjdbe|s*

@jn|odq cqe|ecesg |od gd|onl qdcderds es |o`| sonn|dqs tsejh |od gd|onl

xntil ins| ld}|o }dqcd}|enj* \oes gù ad |qtd) at| |od qesk |od cqe|ecseg}iu es d`hhdq`|dl* @j n}dq`|nq lnds jn| ld|dc| ` |`qhd| xe|o njiu njd

dud n}djdl* Xodj n}dq`|nqs ld|dc| |`qhd|s) |odu ln e| xe|o an|o duds*\`qhd| gnrdgdj| xeii ad |q`ckdl |o`| xù tj|ei htj seho|s cngds jd`q iejd

nb seho| ad|xddj |od dud tsdl bnq ègejh `jl |od |`qhd|* Au |o`| |egd)|od sonn|dq(s `x`qdjdss nb |od |`qhd| les|`jcd xntil ad jn lebbdqdj| xe|o

de|odq gd|onl*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

\`qhd| |n |`qhd| |q`jse|enj6

@j n}dq`|nq sontil g`jdtrdq nq }nse|enj njdsdib ej ` xù |n }qdrdj| adejh

d}nsdl |n gnqd |o`j njd n}}njdj| `| ` herdj |egd xodj sonn|ejh* Onxdrdq)eb |odqd `qd gnqd |o`j njd n}}njdj| reseaid |o`| `j n}dq`|nq o`s |n

`||`ck) |q`jse|enjejh nqedj|`|enj nb |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg bqng njd|`qhd| |n `jn|odq adcngds jdcdss`qu*

\od beqs| esstd |n cnjseldq es xodj |od |q`jse|enj s|`q|s* Eb `j n}}njdj|

|o`| es |`qhd|dl beqs| adcngds ejc`}`ce|`|dl |odj n}dq`|nq c`j |q`jse|enj|n |od jd| |`qhd|) at| |od `}}d`q`jcd nb |od ejc`}`ce|`|enj gù jn| ad

eggdle`|d nq e| gù |`kd gnqd son|s ldierdqdl nj |od |`qhd| bnq |odejc`}`ce|`|enj |n ncctq xoeco xntil ldiù n}dq`|nq(s sonn|ejh nb |od jd|

n}}njdj| eb |od n}dq`|nq xè|s |n nasdqrd stco sehj* \o`| ldiù c`j herd`j n}}nq|tje|u bnq |od jd| |`qhd|dl n}}njdj| |n `||`ck |od n}dq`|nq*

E| es ànt| `ssdssejh |od qesk nb |`kejh |egd |n nasdqrd ` sehj nb

ejc`}`ce|`|enj nb |od beqs| |`qhd| xoeco gù herd `j n}}nq|tje|u bnq |od


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jd| |`qhd| |n `||`ck |od n}dq`|nq rdqsts jn| |`kejh |egd |n nasdqrd `sehj nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj nb |od beqs| |`qhd| `jl |q`jse|enjejh |n `||`ck

|od jd| |`qhd|* \od qesk nb bnqgdq c`j `}}d`q |n ad hqd`|dq |o`j |odi`|dq ej sngd se|t`|enjs `jl jn| sn nj n|odq se|t`|enjs* \n g`j`hd |o`|

qesk) g`ju n}dq`|nqs nq nqh`jev`|enjs g`kd e| ` }niecu |n ldierdq `cdq|èj jtgadq nb son|s nj |od beqs| |`qhd|) |odj |q`jse|enj |n |od jd|

|`qhd| xe|ont| |`kejh |egd |n nasdqrd ` sehj nb ejc`}`ce|`|enj) |odj`b|dq |od i`s| |`qhd| de|odq `}}d`qs |n ad ejc`}`ce|`|dl nq |o`| cdq|èj

jtgadq nb son|s o`s addj ldierdqdl |n e|) |od n}dq`|nq xntil qd`ssdss ìireseaid n}}njdj|s |n ld|dqgejd xoeco njd jddls |n ad `||`ckdl `hèj*

Onxdrdq) iekd `ju n|odq |dcojeptds nq }niecds) e| jddls |n ad `lfts|dl`ccnqlejh |n |od se|t`|enj* Eb `j n}}njdj| es b`q) ldierdqejh gti|e}id

son|s nj |o`| |`qhd| c`j |`kd injhdq |egd) xoeco gù fts|ebu ldierdqejhidss jtgadq nb son|s nj |`qhd| adbnqd |q`jse|enjejh |n |od jd| |`qhd|*

Ej sngd se|t`|enjs) n}dq`|nq gù ad gnqd d}nsdl |n |od jd| |`qhd| |o`j|od beqs|) nq `jn|odq |`qhd| |o`| `}}d`qdl i`|dq c`j ad gnqd nb ` |oqd`|

adc`tsd e| es cinsdq*

Eb `jhti`q les}dqsenj ad|xddj |od ctqqdj| |`qhd| `jl |od jd| njd essgìi) gèj|èjejh sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `jl qn|`|ejh e| |n |q`jse|enj xntil

ad idss |egd cnjstgejh |o`j ìinx |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |n lesej|dhq`|d|n |tqj |odj qdateilejh e|* At|) |tqjejh xe|o ` cng}id|d sonn|ejh

}i`|bnqg bnqg c`j ad sinxdq |o`j g`kejh njdsdib cng}`c| au qd|tqjejh |nqd`lu }nse|enj |n r`qents ldhqdds* Eb `jhti`q les}dqsenj ad|xddj |od |xn

|`qhd|s `qd hqd`|) |odj aqejhejh |od htj cinsdq |n b`ceie|`|d b`s|dq |tqjgù ad jdcdss`qu* \o`| xntil qdsti| ej |od }ns|tqd adejh idss cinsd |n `

cng}d|d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg bnqg* Onx idss |od }ns|tqd xntil ad cinsd |n `

cng}id|d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ld}djls nj |od ldhqdd nb `jhti`q les}dqsenj nb|od |xn |`qhd|s* Gnqd |od `jhti`q les}dqsì) gnqd co`jhd nb }ns|tqd gùad jddldl |n b`ceie|`|d b`s|dq |tqj* E| |`kds |egd |n co`jhd |od }ns|tqd

bqng sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `jl qdbnqg |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) sn co`jhejh |od}ns|tqd |n ` ldhqdd |o`| e| xntil |`kd injhdq |n ln co`jhd bqng `jl |n `

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |o`j |n cng}id|d |od |q`jse|enj |tqj sontil ad `rneldl*E| ìsn ld}djls nj |od idjh|o `jl xdeho| nb |od htj* Xe|o ` ieho|dq `jl

sonq|dq qebid) |tqjejh qn|`|ejh ` i`qhd `jhid ej sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg bnqgnq ` bnqg cinsd |n e| gù jn| ad gtco nb ` les`lr`j|`hd*

Xod|odq eb |od od`l `jl duds sontil qdgèj ` cng}id|d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

`jl |tqj xe|o |od ègejh dud nj |od seho| nq lesej|dhq`|d bqng |odsonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `jl |tqj beqs| |n |q`ck |od jd| |`qhd| xoeid

|q`jse|enjejh ìsn ld}djls nj |od b`c|nqs gdj|enjdl ànrd* Eb |od `jhti`qles}dqsenj ad|xddj |od ctqqdj| `jl jd| |`qhd| es sgìi `jl |od sonn|dq

kjnxs d`c|iu xodqd |od jd| |`qhd| es) gèj|èjejh |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg|n ad nqedj|`|dl d`c|iu |n |o`| |`qhd| c`j ad ` bd`seaid n}|enj*

Onxdrdq) |od jd| |`qhd|(s inc`|enj geho| o`rd co`jhdl) nq |od sonn|dqgù ad jn| ln `cctq`|d ej |tqjejh |n nqedj| |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ej |od

i`s| kjnxj leqdc|enj nb |od jd| |`qhd| xe|ont| restìiu innkejh `| |o`|leqdc|enj beqs|* Duds nq od`l gù o`rd |n |tqj beqs| |nx`ql |od d}dc|dl

|`qhd| leqdc|enj |n hd| |od inc`|enj ejbnqg`|enj nb |od jd| |`qhd| `jlhteld |od qds| nb |od anlu ej|n bnqgejh ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg nqedj|dl

|nx`ql e|* Ads| cntqsd nb `c|enj xntil lebbdq bqng ejlereltì |n


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ejlereltì) ld}djlejh nj |odeq s}ddl `jl `cctq`cu nb |od |tqj `jlnasdqr`|enj c`}àeie|u ltqejh |od |tqj xe|o ` cng}id|d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

nq }ns|tqd xe|o r`quejh ldhqdd nb co`jhd bqng |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ejnqldq |n b`ceie|`|d |tqj s}ddl `jl `cctq`cu*

Sngd }dn}id gù |oejk |q`jse|enjejh xe|o ` cng}id|d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

xe|o duds bniinxejh |od seho| es ad||dq adc`tsd e| es dbbdc|erd ej|qèjejh nq sonn|ejh s}nq| se|t`|enj xodqd |xn |`qhd|s `qd sd| t} ej jn|

sn xeld `jhti`q les}dqsenj* At|) |o`| es lebbdqdj| bqng `c|tì cnga`|se|t`|enj adc`tsd |od sonn|dq kjnxs d`c|iu xodqd |od jd| |`qhd| es `jl

|o`| |`qhd| lnds jn| gnrd nq qds}njl |n |od sntjl nb htj beqd* @ sonn|dqxntil aqeskiu |tqj |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |nx`ql |od kjnxj s}n| nb |od

jd| |`qhd| xe|ont| innkejh `| e| beqs|) `jl |od |`qhd| xntil s|eii ad|odqd* S`gd lnds jn| `}}iu |n ` ierd n}}njdj|* \oes lnds jn| gd`j

qn|`|ejh `s ` cng}id|d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg c`jjn| ad dbbdc|erd* E| es fts||n eiits|q`|d |o`| n}dq`|nqs sontil ad c`t|ents ànt| xou |odu adiedrd `

cdq|èj |dcojeptd es dbbdc|erd nq jn|*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''@egejh xe|ont| seho|s6

\oes c`j ad jdcdss`qu `| |egds) at| sontil ad `rneldl `s gtco `s

}nsseaid* Gns| qdieàid `jl `cctq`|d gd|onl bnq ` otg`j |n ejldejh `

}nej| xe|o `j nafdc| es |n tsd restì qdbdqdjcd `jl dqqnq cnqqdc|enj aubddl a`ck* Xe|ont| restì qdbdqdjcd) nqedj|`|enj nb ` htj xntil ad lnjdau bddi nb anlu }`q| }nse|enjejh* Ej nqldq bnq ` htj |n ad }nse|enjdl |n

oe| ` 3= cg xeld ceqcid `| 0=g) |od htj(s nqedj|`|enj o`s |n ad xe|oej 3=gei `jhti`q q`jhd/`}}qneg`|diu 0*81 ldhqdd%* Drdj ` qdi`|erdiu cinsdq

q`jhd stco `s 4g xntil qdpteqd 2= gei/`}}qneg`|diu 3*


27/68

` cdq|èj q`jhd nb `jhid |n hd| ` oe|) |odqd es jn qd`snj |n tsd njdgd|onl |n |od dcitsenj nb n|odqs*

\odqd `qd bdx qd`snj xou sonn|ejh xe|ont| tsejh seho| gù ad jddldl* Njd

qd`snj es |o`| ` sonn|dq sngd|egds geho| ad }ousecìiu tjàid |n hd| `htj }nse|enjdl |n hd| |od seho| ej iejd nb seho| ad|xddj |odu sonn|dqs

dud `jl |od |`qhd|* @jn|odq qd`snj es |o`| |odqd c`j ad se|t`|enjs xodqdnqedj|ejh ` htj au bddi nb anlu }`q| }nse|enjejh ìnjd es stbbecedj| bnq

` sonn|dq |n oe| |od |`qhd| `jl |`kejh btq|odq |egd |n }i`cd |od htjxodqd |od sonn|dq c`j hd| ` restì qdbdqdjcd nb xodqd |od htj es }nej|ejh

o`s gnqd qesk |o`j sonn|ejh xe|ont| restì qdbdqdjcd* Eb |od |`qhd| esxe|oej 0g) |od q`jhd nb leqdc|enj gù ad xeld djntho |n nqedj| ` htj ej

o`jl xe|oej |o`| leqdc|enj xe|ont| restì qdbdqdjcd*

Htj seho|s gù ad o`ql |n sdd ej cdq|èj cnjle|enjs* Onxdrdq) |o`| lndsjn| gd`j ` sonn|dq sontil à`jlnj tsejh ` restì qdbdqdjcd |n kjnx xodqd

` htj es }nej|dl) e| fts| gd`js |od sonn|dq gù o`rd |n tsd ` idss |o`jcid`qiu reseaid seho| nq tsd n|odq }`q| nb |od htj |n ld|dqgejd xodqd |od

htj es }nej|dl* Restì qdbdqdjcd |n kjnx |od }nej| |od htj es }nej|dl `|lnds jn| o`rd |n ad ` }tq}nsd ldsehjdl seho|* @jl) qdh`qlidss nb xod|odq

eb |od sonn|dq(s dud es bnctsdl `| |`qhd| les|`jcd nq ` htj seho| nqn|odq }`q| nb ` htj) ` reseaid htj c`j s|eii }qnreld restì qdbdqdjcd |n

ejlec`|d xodqd |od htj es }nej|ejh `|* N}dq`|nqs sontil |qu |n hd| restìqdbdqdjcd nb |od htj(s nqedj|`|enj xodj sonn|ejh `s gtco `s }nsseaid)

tjidss |odu `qd ej ` se|t`|enj xodqd stco `||dg}| xntil ejcqd`sd nrdqìiqesk cnjseldqejh |od qesk nb jn| tsejh ` restì qdbdqdjcd nq fts| tjàid

|n hd| ` tsàid restì qdbdqdjcd `| ìi*

\qèjejh |n oe| tsejh seho|s es xo`| xntil ad ìsn tsdl |n ateil ` gdgnqunb xo`| x`s |od anlu }`q| }nse|enjejh xodj ` oe| x`s `coedrdl |o`| c`j ad

tsdl |n èg xe|ont| tsd nb restì qdbdqdjcd xodj restì qdbdqdjcd es jn|`rèiàid `jl sonn|ejh ej |o`| cnjle|enj adcngds jdcdss`qu*

\od !ejs|ejc|erd sonn|ejh!)!bejhdq }nej|ejh! `qhtgdj|6

Sngd }dn}id xntil cièg d|djlejh |od |qehhdq o`jl `s eb }nej|ejh `bejhdq ` |`qhd| hqd`|iu ejcqd`sds ègejh dbbecedjcu* Sngd xntil drdj

cièg |o`| |od gd|onl |n }ej| ` htj xe|ont| |od tsd nb seho| sontil ad|od }qeg`qu gd|onl nb ègejh ` }es|ni* \odsd `qhtgdj|s o`rd inhecì `jl

b`c|tì b`ti|s*

Eb |od hnì es |n }nej| ` htj `| ` |`qhd|) ` sonn|dq sontil qd}iec`|d `s|`|d nb ` htj adejh }nej|dl `| ` |`qhd|) jn| qd}iec`|d `j ejld bejhdq

nb |od |qehhdq o`jl }nej|dl `| ` |`qhd|* Xou |qu |n `coedrd sngd|oejh aulnejh sngd|oejh idss qdidr`j| nq eqqdidr`j|>

E o`l `j `qhtgdj| xe|o sngdnjd }qèsejh Hinck }es|nis adc`tsd |od }dqsnj

adiedrdl Hinck }es|nis ej ègdl }nse|enj }nse|enjdl |o`| }dqsnj(s o`jl ej


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29/68

1*4* Sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg Esstds*

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Sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg suggd|qu6

@ }es|ni nq qebid c`j ad }i`cdl xe|o e|s onqevnj|ì bqnj| |n a`ck iejdcinsdq |n nq b`q|odq bqng |od cdj|dq nb sonn|dq(s anlu* \od gnqd cinsdq

|o`| iejd es |n |od cdj|dq) |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg c`j ad gnqd suggd|qecì`jl |od qdcnei bnqcd |q`jsbdqqdl |n |od |nqsn xntil ad idss ae`sdl |nx`ql

njd seld nb |od |nqsn* Xe|o ` }es|ni) |oes xntil g`kd |od qdcnei bnqcdin`l ad`qejh nj d`co `qg gnqd suggd|qecì*

Eb |od bqnj| |n a`ck iejd nb |od htj es b`q|odq bqng |od cdj|dq nb

sonn|dq(s anlu) |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xeii iekdiu `}}d`q gnqd`suggd|qecì `jl qdcnei bnqcd |q`jsbdqqdl |n |od sonn|dq(s |nqsn xntil ad

ae`sdl gnqd |nx`ql |od seld |od xd`}nj(s anqd iejd es nbbsd| |n*

\odqd `qd suggd|qecì `jl `suggd|qecì |u}d nb sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) `jl |odsonn|dq tsejh |od `suggd|qecì |u}d c`j connsd r`quejh ldhqdds nb

`suggd|qu* D`co o`s e|s adjdbe|s `jl qesks) `jl `j n}dq`|nq o`s |ntjldqs|`jl ìi nb |odg*

Suggd|qecì gd|onl o`s ` adjdbe| nb qdcnei bnqcd o`rejh idss |nqptd |n

|tqj |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* E| ìsn o`s idss cnjbiec| xodj ` sonn|dq o`s` |djldjcu |n g`kd |od leqdc|enj |od bqnj| seld nb |od |nqsn es b`cejh

leqdc|iu |nx`ql ` |`qhd|* Xodj ` }es|ni es tsdl) e| ìsn o`s |od adjdbe|

nb `qgs bnqg ìsn adejh suggd|qecì xoeco gù ad gnqd ej|te|erd |n sngdsonn|dqs*

@suggd|qecì gd|onl o`s ` adjdbe| nb ìinxejh gejegtg `gntj| nb d}nstqdbqng nafdc|s |o`| }qnreld }qn|dc|enj xodj stco nafdc| es t|eievdl*

Adc`tsd xd`}nj(s bqnj| |n a`ck iejd }nse|enjdl nbbsd| |n |od cdj|dq nbsonn|dq(s anlu) |od }`q| nb |od sonn|dq(s anlu |o`| es idss nbbsd| xntil

jn| o`rd |n ad d}nsdl bnq |od htj |n o`rd iejd nb seho| jn| nas|qtc|dlau |od }qn|dc|enj nafdc|* Xe|o ` qebid) |od }i`|bnqg nb|dj c`jjn| ad

suggd|qecì adc`tsd |od qebid(s s|nck c`jjn| ad }i`cdl jd`q |od cdj|dqdlnb ` sonn|dq(s |nqsn* @isn) s|àeie|u `jl b`|ehtd cnj|qni esstd gù nb|dj

qdpteqd |od st}}nq| `qg seld sontildq |n ad ej bqnj| nb |od n|odq seld)sonq|djejh |od les|`jcd ad|xddj |od st}}nq| `qg seld sontildq `jl |od

st}}nq| o`jl hqe}}ejh }nse|enj nj |od qebid |n st}}nq| |od bqnj| seld nb|od qebid xe|o idss dbbnq|* Segei`q esstd c`j ìsn `qesd xe|o st}}nq| `qg

st}}nq|ejh ` }es|ni onil*

@i|ontho ` sonn|dq gù o`rd ` }qdbdqdjcd bnq njd nrdq |od n|odq) xo`| estsdl sontil ad lec|`|dl au xo`| es bd`seaid `jl }qn}dq ej ` herdj

se|t`|enj* Njd |u}d nb sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `j n}dq`|nq }qdbdqs gù jn| adbd`seaid ej ` herdj se|t`|enj*

\odqd `qd |xn g`fnq }es|ni sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |u}ds* Njd |u}d tsd an|o

`qgs ej ` suggd|qecì g`jjdq* \od `qgs `qd d|djldl drdjiu |n ` btii nq


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jd`q btii d|djsenj |n |nx`ql |od |`qhd|* \od }es|ni es onqevnj|ìiucdj|dqdl ej bqnj| nb |od sonn|dq(s anlu sddj bqng bqnj| xodj |od sonn|dq

es s|`jlejh t}qeho|) `jl bqnj| seld nb |od sonn|dq(s |nqsn xntil b`cdleqdc|iu |nx`ql |od |`qhd|* Adc`tsd nb |od suggd|qecì |qe`jhid iekd

so`}d) |od }ns|tqd es cìidl !Esnscdids*!

Gns| n|odq }ns|tqds xntil ad `suggd|qecì) sejcd Esnscdids ]ns|tqd es}qnaàiu |od njiu xù |n sonn| xe|o ` suggd|qecì }ns|tqd* Gns| a`sec

d`g}id nb `suggd|qecì }ns|tqd es ` }i`|bnqg xe|o |od `qg onilejh |od}es|ni ej ` jd`q s|qèho| onqevnj|ì iejd) xodj ` sonn|dq es s|`jlejh

t}qeho| `jl ègejh `| ` |`qhd| nj |od s`gd didr`|enj) ì|ontho |od `qgc`j ad adj| `| |od dianx xe|o n|odq fnej|s adj| |n cnqqds}njlejh ldhqdd

`jl gù jn| ad ` s|qèho| rdq|ecì iejd* @i|ontho e| es }nsseaid |n o`rd|od st}}nq|ejh `qg d|djldl |n jd`qiu segei`q ldhqdd xe|o |oes |u}d)

jnqgìiu |od st}}nq|ejh `qg seld sontildq es }nse|enjdl bnqx`ql |n |odn|odq seld `jl |od st}}nq| `qg es adj| `| |od dianx* \oes g`kds |od t}}dq

anlu qn|`|dl |nx`ql |od seld nb |od }es|ni xe|o |od bqnj| nb |od |nqsnb`cejh ` leqdc|enj naieptd |n iejd ad|xddj |od sonn|dq |n |`qhd|* \o`|

aqejhs |od sonn|dqs od`l cinsdq |n |od }es|ni(s seho| qdbdqdjcd iejd)g`kejh e| d`sedq bnq |od ègejh dud |n ad ej iejd xe|o |od seho|

qdbdqdjcd iejd* \od st}}nq| `qg |o`| c`j ad ej r`qents bnqgs* E| gù nqgù jn| ad suggd|qecì |n |od n|odq `qg st}}nq|s |od `qg onilejh |od

}es|ni bnqgejh |od jd`q s|qèho| onqevnj|ì iejd* Onxdrdq) |od `qgonilejh |od }es|ni) xoeco xeii ad qdbdqqdl |n `s |od }qeg`qu `qg bqng

jnx) es tsdl `s ` }qeg`qu gd`js nb àsnqaejh qdcnei `jl ad |od a`sd nb|od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* E| es segei`q |n sonn|ejh xe|o njd `qg) at| xe|o

|od `sses|`jcd nb |od st}}nq| `qg* \od ldhqdd `jl g`jjdq nb t|eiev`|enj

nb |od st}}nq| `qg c`j ad `lfts|dl `s ldseqdl* \oes |u}d xeii ad qdbdqqdl|n `s ]qeg`qu @qg gd|onl*

\od }qeg`qu `qg c`j ad adj| `| |od dianx bnq r`qents qd`snjs) at| e| xeiio`rd gnqd qehele|u xodj e| es jd`q btii d|djsenj* N|odqxesd) qdpteqdl

ldhqdd nb qehele|u o`s |n ad cnj|qniidl au gtscid xoeco es idss ldseqàidbnq s|àeie|u* Gègtg qehele|u es jn| ldseqdl) `jl dianx fnej| jd`q |od

dlhd nb e|s gn|enj q`jhd es ìsn jn| ldseqdl) sn dianx xntil jnqgìiu adjd`q at| idss |o`j btii d|djsenj) bnq |od qd`snjs d}ièjdl ej A`sec

Htjjdqu sdc|enj* \od c`j ad ` cdq|èj q`jhd nb |od }qeg`qu `qg d|djsenj|o`| sngd sonn|dqs g`ju o`rd ` |djldjcu |n qn|`|d |od leqdc|enj nb |od

dianx |n |od seld* Xodj |od o`jl es s|eii onilejh |od htj t}qeho|) e| c`jcnjbiec| xe|o |o`| |djldjcu `jl c`tsd ejs|àeie|u* Ej |o`| c`sd) `

sonn|dq gù o`rd |n kdd} |od dianx }nej|dl lnxjx`ql |n `rnel |o`|cnjbiec|* Ej njd o`jldl sonn|ejh gd|onls) c`j|ejh |od htj `jl |od o`jl

onilejh e| ìnjh xe|o |od `qg `jl jn| qdses|ejh |od |djldjcu nb dianxqn|`|ejh es tsdl au sngd sonn|dqs* \oes es tstìiu ` }qnaidg xe|o cdq|èj

q`jhd nb `qg d|djsenj) ej cnjftjc|enj xe|o |od `qg(s `jhid xe|o |od}qeg`qu `qg seld sontildq* Xodj |od }qeg`qu `qg seld sontildq es qniidl

bnqx`ql) e| hqd`|iu qdltcds |od |djldjcu nb qn|`|enj nb dianx leqdc|enj*An|o seld sontildqs qniidl bnqx`ql xntil cng}`c| |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg)

`jl c`j èl ej ejcqd`sejh |od qehele|u nb |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |n `ldseqdl ldhqdd*


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Onxdrdq) |od ànrd xntil eiits|q`|d |o`| |od ]qeg`qu @qg gd|onl `jl g`jun|odq `suggd|qecì gd|onl c`j ad sngdxo`| ldiec`|d |n t|eievd cng}`qdl |n

gd|onls iekd Esnscdids*

\odqd `qd g`ju r`qe`|enjs nb |od `suggd|qecì gd|onl) sejcd ìgns|`ju|oejh n|odq |o`j Esnscdids xntil ad `suggd|qecì gd|onl* Ej `ju c`sd)

s|`jl`ql gd|onl nb bnqgejh ` sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xntil iekdiu }qnreld |odgns| s|àid `jl dbbecedj| sonn|ejh c`}àeie|u* \od qd`snj xou r`qents

gd|onls |o`| ejrnirds `qgs `jl htj }nse|enjejh ldre`|ejh bqng |ods|`jl`ql bnqg nb sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg es tstìiu |n `l`}| |n ` }`q|ecti`q

se|t`|enj xodqd s|`jl`ql bnqg nb sonn|ejh }ns|tqd c`jjn| ad bnqgdladc`tsd nb lesàeie|u nq nas|qtc|enj) nq |od se|t`|enj qdpteqds `

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xe|o }qenqe|u nb |od }i`|bnqg }i`cdl nj sngd|oejh n|odq|o`j sonn|ejh dbbdc|erdjdss* @j d`g}id nb stco se|t`|enj es `j n}dq`|nq

se||ejh ej ` c`q xon es nas|qtc|dl bqng bnqgejh ` s|`jl`ql bnqg nbsonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `jl nqedj| |od xonid anlu |nx`ql ` |`qhd|*

Ej `ju c`sd) |onsd sonn|ejh }i`|bnqgs xntil ad bnqgdl ej ` xù |n `coedrd

gègtg sonn|ejh dbbdc|erdjdss xe|oej |od iege|s nb onx |od bnqg |o`| esldre`|dl bqng s|`jl`ql bnqg xntil `coedrd e|(s ej|djldl hnì) `jl |od

}qejce}ids ejrnirdl xe|o |od gdco`jesg nb s|`jl`ql bnqg sonn|ejh }i`|bnqgxntil ad t|eievdl |n |od d|dj| |o`| es }nsseaid* Xodj seho|s `qd tsdl

bnq ègejh) |onsd xntil ejrnird }nse|enjejh `qgs ej r`qents xùs |n hd||od seho| nb ` htj ej tsd nj iejd nb seho| ad|xddj ` sonn|dq(s dud `jl `

|`qhd|* @i|ontho |od r`qe`|enjs xntil ad iege|dl xe|o ` qebid xodj `s|`jl`ql gd|onl nb s|nck cnj|`c| xe|o sontildq `jl coddk es tsdl bnq

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) |od s|`jl`ql gd|onl nb s|nck cnj|`c| es jn| ìxùs `

qdpteqdgdj|) `jl ej sngd se|t`|enjs gù jn| ad `coedràid* \od}nse|enjejh nb `qgs `jl htj xntil ìsn ejrnird gd`js |n g`j`hd qdcnei)tsejh skdid|ì s|qtc|tqd `jl gtscid |djsenj `ccnqlejh |n }qejce}ids

ldscqeadl `jl a`sec htjjdqu sdc|enj* Eb t|eiev`|enj nb skdid|ì s|qtc|tqdes iege|dl) gnqd gtscid s|qdjh|o xntil ad tsdl |n kdd} ` htj ej }nse|enj*

\odqd xntil ìsn ad cnjseldq`|enj |n }nse|enj |od htj ej ` g`jjdq |o`||od n}dq`|enj nb |od htj xntil jn| ad nas|qtc|dl `jl dfdc|enj nb |od

s}djl c`sejh xntil jn| ejftqd |od sonn|dq* Sn) eb `j n}dq`|nq o`s |odtjldqs|`jlejh nb }qejce}ids nb a`sec htjjdqu `jl s|`jl`ql bnqg sonn|ejh

}i`|bnqg gdco`jecs) |o`| c`j ad gnlebedl `j g`ju xùs |n `l`}| |nlebbdqdj| jddls `jl }qenqe|eds*

Sngd }dn}id cqe|ecevds `suggd|qecì gd|onl) sùejh |o`| e| iege|s t}}dq

anlu gn|enj q`jhd |n ` cdq|èj seld* Onxdrdq) |odqd es jn qd`snj xou `jn}dq`|nq sontil njiu tsd t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg qn|`|enj |n |q`ck

èg nq tsd `suggd|qecì nq suggd|qecì sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg dcitserdiu*

\odqd es jn qd`snj |n tsd njd gd|onl ej dcitsenj nb n|odqs* @ sonn|ejh}i`|bnqg |u}d nb bnqg sontil ad gnlebedl |n be| ` se|t`|enj) `jl |odqd es

jn njd sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |u}d nb bnqg |o`| xeii ste| drdqu se|t`|enj*\odqd `qd |egds `j suggd|qecì nq `suggd|qecì |u}d sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

c`jjn| ad gèj|èjdl `jl jddl |n ad gnlebedl bnq r`qents qd`snjs* Eb `sonn|dq o`s |n qn|`|d |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg) at| jddl |n kdd}

|od inxdq anlu nqedj|`|enj leqdc|enj) |od sonn|dq gù qd`co |od qn|`|enj


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iege| xe|o |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* Ej |o`| c`sd) `qgs gù jddl |n ad gnrdlej qdi`|enj |n |od qds| nb |od t}}dq anlu ej nqldq |n |q`ck |od |`qhd|

xe|o |od htj ej tsd xoeco xntil co`jhd |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqgbnqg*

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Esstd nb }qdcesenj èg s|àeiev`|enj xe|o qebid6

St}}nq| `qg xeii jn| iekdiu ad àid |n onil ` qebid cng}id|diu s|àid)ds}dceìiu xodj |od st}}nq| `qg es jn| st}}nq|dl au cnj|`c| xe|o n|odq

bedl nafdc|s* @| cinsd les|`jcds) |oes es jn| ` }qnaidg* Onxdrdq) eb |od|`qhd|(s d}nsdl `qd` es sgìi nq |`qhd| les|`jcd ejcqd`sds) e| c`j ad `

}qnaidg* Eb `j n}dq`|nq ej|djl |n ad dbbdc|erd adunjl fts| cinsd q`jhd`jl o`rd ` c`}àeie|u |n t|eievd ` qebid |n gns| nb e|(s }n|dj|eì)

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |o`| ìinxs }qdcesenj beqd es jddldl*

Gnqd |od st}}nq| `qg qdieds nj gtscid s|qdjh|o |n st}}nq| |od xdeho| nb|od qebid) b`|ehtd xeii ejcqd`sd `jl `ll ejs|àeie|u* Gnrejh |od st}}nq|

`qg sontildq cinsdq |n |od st}}nq| o`jl }nse|enj ej s|`jlejh nq kjddiejhsonn|ejh }ns|tqd ìinxs idss tsd nb gtscid }nxdq |n st}}nq| |od bqnj|

seld xdeho| nb |od qebid xe|o st}}nq| o`jl) ìinxejh `lldl s|àeie|u* @

sonn|ejh }ns|tqd xe|o |od bqnj| seld nb sonn|dq(s |nqsn b`cejh ej `leqdc|enj naieptd |n |od iejd ad|xddj |od sonn|dq `jl |od |`qhd|)ìinxejh |od st}}nq| `qg seld sontildq |n ad ej bqnj| nb |od n|odq seld

sontildq xntil ad jdcdss`qu bnq |oes*

Sngd c`t|enj ej bnqgejh |od }ns|tqd ts jdcdss`qu |n ejcqd`sd dbbecedjcuxe|o |oes }ns|tqd* Drdj |ontho |od st}}nq| `qg sontildq es }nse|enjdl

cinsdq |n |od bqnj| nb |od qebid) qdsti|ejh ej |od |nqsn b`cejh `leqdc|enj |o`| es ej naieptd `jhid |n |od anqd iejd) |od |qehhdq o`jl

seld sontildq |od s|nck nb |od qebid es cnj|`c|ejh es ctqidl sngd ldhqdd|nx`ql |od bqnj| nb |od qebid* \o`| xeii qdsti| ej |od sontildq stqb`cd

|od s|nck es ej cnj|`c| b`cejh |od leqdc|enj nb |od |`qhd|) `jl ìsnodi}s bnqg ` ad||dq }nckd| iekd so`}d ej |od s|nck cnj|`c| `qd` |o`| èls

ej s|nck }i`cdgdj|* \od bnqx`ql qnii nb |o`| sontildq xntil ìsn o`rd `segei`q dbbdc| |n njd nq an|o seld sontildqs qniidl bnqx`ql xodj e| es

t|eievdl ej }es|ni sonn|ejh) `jl e| xeii odi} |od sonn|dq bnqg ` }ns|tqdxe|o dianxs }nej|ejh lnxjx`qls xodj ej }ns|tqds nb s|`jlejh nq kjddiejh

}nse|enj*

Bnq |o`| |nqsn `jhid |n o`rd gejegì tjjdcdss`qu |djsenj nj |od anlu) |odxès| `jl bnn| }nse|enjejh ìsn o`s |n ad }nse|enjdl `ccnqlejh |n |od

|nqsn nqedj|`|enj) |n o`rd gejegì |xes| `| |od xès| nq idhs*

\od st}}nq| `qg seld bnn| xe|o |od |nd }nej|ejh |nx`ql |od leqdc|enj nb


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|od |`qhd| adejh bnqx`ql nb |od n|odq bnn| c`j odi} xe|o kdd}ejh |odsonn|ejh }i`|bnqg `s ` xonid nqedj|dl |nx`ql |od |`qhd|* \od eld` es jn|

|n o`rd ` bddi nb sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg bnqgdl xe|o ` sonn|dq b`cejh ej `leqdc|enj naieptd |n |od sonn|dq |n |`qhd| iejd |odj |tqj ` }`q| nb e|(s

sontildq ej cnj|`c| xe|o |od qebid s|nck `jl sonn|dq(s od`l |nx`ql |od|`qhd| |n nqedj| |od qebid |nx`ql |od |`qhd|* \od eld` es |n o`rd |od

}ns|tqd bnqgdl ad cinsd |n njd cqd`|dl au ` }dqsnj b`cejh |od |`qhd|gnrdl |od st}}nq| o`jl seld sontildq `jl xès| bnqx`ql xe|o |o`| seld nb

|od bnn| }i`cdl bnqx`ql |nx`ql |od |`qhd|) qdsti|ejh ej |od bqnj| seld nbxès| `jl |nqsn |tqjejh |n ` leqdc|enj naieptd |n |od sonn|dq |n |`qhd|

iejd xe|o drdqu|oejh disd s|eii nqedj|dl |nx`ql |od |`qhd|* @ju |djsenjcqd`|dl nj |od |qehhdq o`jl seld idh au |od xès| `jl |nqsn |tqjejh c`j

ad qdierdl au |tqjejh |od |qehhdq o`jl seld bnn| ej ` cnqqds}njlejhleqdc|enj `jl ldhqdd*

Onxdrdq) |oes c`j ad ` }qnaidg) adc`tsd }dn}id ej cdq|èj ceqctgs|`jcds

gù o`rd ` |djldjcu |n o`rd |od leqdc|enj |od bqnj| nb |odeq |nqsn esb`cejh cinsd |n ` |`qhd| |odu `qd djh`hejh* \o`| |djldjcu gù ad

adjdbeceì ej cinsd q`jhd xodj b`s| onqevnj|ì leqdc|enjì |q`rdqsd nb `sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg es jdcdss`qu) at| c`j ad ld|qegdj|ì xodj }qdcesenj es

qdpteqdl* Sn) n}dq`|nqs jddl |n ad `x`qd nb |oes `jl `lfts| `ccnqlejhiu*\odqd es jn njd sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |o`| snirds ìi }qnaidgs bnq ìi

se|t`|enjs) ì|ontho sngd gù `lrnc`|ds tsejh njd }i`|bnqg adc`tsd nbcnjses|djcu nq }i`cd |nn gtco dg}o`ses nj bdx |u}ds nb sonn|ejh se|t`|enj

|od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |odu `lrnc`|d es ste|dl bnq*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Ejld}djldjcd nb t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg bqng inxdq anlu }nse|enjejh6

\odqd `qd cdq|èj xù |n }nse|enj |od inxdq anlu ej qdi`|enj |n t}}dq

anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ej nqldq |n `coedrd gègtg sonn|ejhdbbdc|erdjdss* Xodj sonn|ejh `| ` s|`|ec |`qhd| xe|o |od xonid anlu

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg nqedj|dl |nx`ql |od |`qhd|) |od qdi`|enjsoe} ad|xddj|od |xn sontil ad ej ` xù |o`| e| herds jdcdss`qu ldhqdd nb s|àeie|u

`jl ldseqdl idrdi nb qd`lejdss |n g`jdtrdq* Xe|o ` gnrejh |`qhd|) `sonn|dq xntil ìsn èg |n `coedrd |od s`gd `| |od }nej| xodj èg |q`ckejh

s|`q|s) xe|o |od xonid anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg nqedj|dl |nx`ql |od seho|èg }nej| `| |o`| }nej|) at| xe|o |od `lle|enjì qdpteqdgdj| |o`| |od

t}}dq anlu xntil o`rd ` hnnl q`jhd nb qn|`|enj gn|enj q`jhd xoeid |odt}}dq anlu qn|`|ds |n |q`ck èg* Onxdrdq) |o`| es `sstgejh |od beqejh c`j

ad lnjd xoeid |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg es xe|oej |od gn|enj q`jhdxodqd qn|`|enj c`j ad lnjd xe|ont| les|nq|enj nb |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh

}i`|bnqg* Ej ` s|`jlejh }ns|tqd) |oes xntil hdjdqìiu cngd ej ` bnqg nbanlu ej r`quejh ldhqdd nb cqntcoejh }nse|enj xe|o bdd| `}}qneg`|diu

sontildq xel|o `}`q|) st}}nq| `qg seld bnn| }i`cdl bnqx`ql ej qdi`|enj |n


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|od cdj|dq nb anlu `jl |qehhdq o`jl seld bnn| }i`cdl |n |od qd`q ejqdi`|enj |n |od cdj|dq nb anlu* Ej kjddiejh }nse|enjs) st}}nq| `qg seld

bnn| xntil ìsn tstìiu ad }i`cdl bnqx`ql ej qdi`|enj |n |od n|odq bnn|*

Onxdrdq) stco inxdq anlu }ns|tqd sontil ad ` }qdbdqdjcd |o`| es `||dg}|dlxodj |odqd es `j n}}nq|tje|u) jn| ` qtid* T}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

sontil o`rd sngd ldhqdd nb ejld}djldjcd bqng inxdq anlu }ns|tqd adc`tsd)e| es jn| }nsseaid |n ìxùs gèj|èj ` inxdq anlu }ns|tqd |o`| xntil

herd ads| }dqbnqg`jcd xe|o ` s|`|ec |`qhd| nq ` |`qhd| |o`| njiu gnrdsxe|oej cdq|èj q`jhd nb leqdc|enj |o`| c`j ad o`jlidl xe|o jn inxdq anlu

gnrdgdj|* Xodj t}}dq anlu es st}}nq|dl au inxdq anlu) gns| nb|dj ejs|`jlejh }ns|tqds `jl sngd|egds ej kjddiejh nq n|odq }ns|tqds) idhs gù

jddl |n ad gnrdl ej nqldq |n g`kd e| }nsseaid bnq |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh}i`|bnqg |n |q`ck ` |`qhd|* Eb `jhti`q s}ddl nb |od |`qhd| es |nn b`s|

|o`| `j n}dq`|nq ej ` htjjdqu }qncdss d}dc|s njiu qn|`|ejh t}}dq anlusonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xntil qdsti| ej |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg

qd`coejh jd`q e|s qn|`|enj q`jhd iege| adbnqd |od n}dq`|nq c`j beqd) |odn}dq`|nq jddls |n gnrd |od idhs |n qn|`|d |od xonid anlu ìnjh xe|o |od

t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* S`gd `}}ieds xodj `j n}dq`|nq xon o`sìqd`lu s|`q|dl ` htjjdqu }qncdss) njiu tsejh t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh

}i`|bnqg qn|`|enj |n |q`ck èg) d}dc|s |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqgxntil qd`co jd`q e|s gn|enj iege| adbnqd beqejh ncctqs*

Stco ejld}djldjcd es ìsn adjdbeceì drdj xodj njiu t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh

}i`|bnqg qn|`|enj es tsdl |n }dqbnqg èg |q`ckejh nj ` gnrejh |`qhd|* E|es adjdbeceì ej `ju drdj| xodj |odqd es ` jddl bnq |od t}}dq anlu

sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg nqedj|`|enj jddls |n ad lebbdqdj| bqng |od leqdc|enj

inxdq anlu nqedj|`|enj*'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Anlu `qgnq n|odq dpte}gdj|s `bbdc|ejh sonn|ejh6

Dpte}gdj|s xnqj nj }dqsnj gù `bbdc| bnqgejh `j dbbdc|erd sonn|ejh}i`|bnqg xoeco n}dq`|nqs jddl |n `lfts| |n* Anlu `qgnqs `qd nb|dj jn|

g`ld xe|o gtco cnjseldq`|enj bnq qebid s|nck(s sontildq cnj|`c|* E| nb|djqdltcds |od ejx`ql ctqrd nb qebid s|nck sontildq cnj|`c| `qd`* In`l

ad`qejh rds| nq n|odq xnqj dpte}gdj|s |o`| cnrdq |od qebid s|nck cnj|`c|`qd` ìsn o`rd |o`| }qnaidg* Xe|o qdltcdl ctqrd nj |od s|nck cnj|`c| `qd`

`jl qdltcdl cnj|`c| bddi nb ` qebid s|nck) e| es o`qldq hd| ` bddl a`ckànt| xod|odq eb |od s|nck es cnj|`c|ejh ` hnnl s}n| bnq ` hnnl sonn|ejh

}i`| bnqg* @isn) so`}d `jl nqedj|`|enj nb |od stqb`cd nb |onsd dpte}gdj||o`| cnrdqs |od sontildq cnj|`c| `qd` c`j g`kd e| d`su bnq |od qebid

s|nck |o`| es }qdssdl ej|n |od `qd` |n sie}*

Adc`tsd nb |o`|) |od sonn|dq gù o`rd |n sdidc| |od qebid s|nck cnj|`c|`qd` `ccnqlejh |n |od so`}d nb |od stqb`cd |od dpte}gdj| es bnqgejh nrdq

|od sontildq) q`|odq |o`j |od sontildq cnj|ntq* \od sngdxo`| bi`| stqb`cd


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nb anlu `qgnq stqb`cd |o`| cnrdqs |od qebid s|nck cnj|`c| `qd` c`j g`kde| d`su bnq |od qebid s|nck |n sie} `xù bqng |od cdj|dq nb |od sonn|dq(s

anlu adc`tsd qebid beqejh }ns|tqd nb|dj o`rd |od sonn|dq(s |nqsn b`cejh `leqdc|enj naieptd |n sonn|dq |n |`qhd| iejd `jl hdjdqì onqevnj|ì cqnss

sdc|enj so`}d nb |od bqnj| seld nb anlu `qgnq es `j nt|x`ql ctqrd*

\odqd `qd bdx snit|enjs |n |oes }qnaidg* Njd es |n seg}iu tsd ` anlu`qgnq |o`| cnjbnqgs ad||dq |n |od sonn|dq(s anlu |n qdltcd |od co`jhd ej

sontildq cnj|ntq `qntjl |od qebid s|nck cnj|`c| `qd`* @jn|odq snit|enj estsd anlu `qgnq |o`| o`s ` ste|àid s|nck cnj|`c| `qd` ldsehjdl ej|n e|*

Ej `ju c`sd) sonn|dqs xntil o`rd |n `lfts| |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg* At|)atiku anlu `qgnqs xe|o jn s|nck cnj|`c| esstd ej ldsehj cnjseldq`|enj

xntil qdpteqd gnqd `lfts|gdj|s* Ej |o`| c`sd) |od qebid s|nck xntil adnb|dj `lfts|dl |n cnj|`c| gnqd cinsdq |n |od onqevnj|ì cdj|dq nb |od

sonn|dq(s anlu xodqd |od `qgnq |djl |n ad gnqd bi`||dq* \oes gù ìsnqdpteqd |od leqdc|enj |od |nqsn es b`cejh |n ad `lfts|dl |n ad idss

naieptd ej qdi`|enj |n sonn|dq |n |`qhd| iejd* \o`| xntil g`kd |odsontildq cnj|`c| `qd` stqb`cd nb |od `qgnq gdd| |od qebid ej gnqd

}dq}djlecti`q `jhid) qdltcejh }qnaàeie|u nb sie}*

\oeckjdss nb anlu `qgnqs nq n|odq dpte}gdj|s |o`| cnrdqs |od s|nckcnj|`c| `qd` }nse|enjs |od qebid gnqd `xù bqng xo`| |od }nse|enj xntil

ad xe|ont| |od `qgnq* @lfts|àid idjh|o s|nck c`j ad tsdl |n c`jcdi |o`|dbbdc|*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


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1*4*0* Tsd nb ì|dqj`|d sonn|ejh }ns|tqd*

Qd|dj|enj nqedj|dl sonn|ejh }ns|tqds6

\odsd `qd tsdl xodj s|`jl`ql sonn|ejh }ns|tqds hd`qdl |nx`ql gègtghtjjdqu dbbecedjcu xntil g`kd |od sonn|dq rtijdqàid |n n}}njdj|s cntj|dq

au leqdc| }ousecì cnj|`c| stco `s hqàaejh nq s|qekejh |od sonn|dq nq|od sonn|dq(s htj* \oes tstìiu o`}}djs ej cinsd }qnege|u*

\od }qejce}ids ejrnirdl ej onx |n ht`ql ` htj `hèjs| leqdc| }ousecì

cnj|`c| xe|o `j n}}njdj| ej n}dq`|enj qd`lu }ns|tqds es tsdl* /&&&&& Gnqdld|èis ej Rnitgd 1* Ddct|enj*% A`sec }qejce}ids ejrnirds |od bniinxejh6

'Kdd}ejh |od htj cinsd |n |od |nqsn sn |o`| |od }ns|tqd lnds jn|

ejrnird `qgs nq |od htj }qn|qtlejh |nn gtco ej ` xù |o`| e| g`kdsd`sedq bnq `j n}}njdj| |n g`je}ti`|d

'\od htj odil ej ` g`jjdq |o`| |od `qg xntil o`rd gnqd idrdq`hd nj

|od htj |o`j `j n}}njdj| xon geho| hqà |od htj* Tstìiu cinsd |n|od |nqsn*

'\od htj odil ej ` }nse|enj |o`| g`kds o`qldq bnq `j n}}njdj| |n

g`kd }ousecì cnj|`c|) ainckdl au `qg nq n|odq }`q| nb |od anlu*

Xe|o ` }es|ni) |od htj c`j ad odil cinsd |n |od |nqsn adinx dud idrdi*\od `qg onilejh |od htj c`j d|djl |nx`ql |od |`qhd| |n r`quejh ldhqdd

ld}djlejh nj onx cinsd |od n}}njdj| es*


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Xe|o ` qebid) |od cdj|dq nb |od qebid es aqntho| cinsdq |n |od bqnj|

cdj|dq nb |od |nqsn* \od st}}nq| o`jl gù jddl |n gnrd |n }`q| nb |odhqe}}ejh `qd` cinsdq |nx`ql |od gtvvid djl sn |o`| `j n}}njdj| xon g`kds

}ousecì cnj|`c| xe|o |od bqnj| djl |n hèj gnqd idrdq`hd |n gnrd |odbqnj| djl nb |od qebid* \od qd`q djl nb |od qebid c`j ad |tckdl ej

ad|xddj |od |qehhdq o`jl `qg `jl |od |nqsn bnq gnqd sdctqe|u* Xodj |odqebid jddls |n ad bnqcdl |n qn|`|d) }nsseaiu `hèjs| ` bnqcd nb `j

n}}njdj| `ssdq|ejh bnqcd nj |od qebid) `j n}dq`|nq c`j t|eievd |od xonidt}}dq anlu `jl xès| }nxdq gnqd dbbdc|erdiu |n cnj|qni |od leqdc|enj nb

|od qebid* @isn) |od st}}nq| o`jl gnrdl cinsdq |n |od bqnj| djl c`j adtsdl gnqd dbbdc|erdiu |n bnqcd |od gtvvid |n }nej| nj }`q| nb `j

n}}njdj|(s anlu `hèjs| qdses|`jcd eb jddl ad*


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Xodj |od htj es jn| sddj adc`tsd e| es nt| seld nb |od bedil nb redx)

|od sonn|dq njiu o`s |od sdjsd nb `qg }nse|enj `s `j ègejh qdbdqdjcd* @|rdqu cinsd }qnege|u |o`| gù ad stbbecedj|* At|) `cctq`cu nb stco sdjsd

c`j ldhq`ld tjldq s|qdss* Xodj |od htj c`j ad aqntho| ej|n }dqe}odqìredx) |od nt|iejd nb |od htj c`j herd `j ejlec`|enj nb xodqd |od htj

gtvvid es }nej|dl) `jl |o`| c`j ad djntho bnq cinsd }qnege|u sonn|ejh*\od |n} nb ` }es|ni `jl bnqd`qg nb |od |qehhdq o`jl `qg ìehjdl

s|qèho|) bqnj| |n a`ck iejd nb |od |n} nb |od sield nb ` }es|ni sddjbqng ànrd) qebid(s bqnj| |n a`ck iejd sddj bqng ànrd) c`j ìi ad tsdl

`s ` ègejh qdbdqdjcd xodj jnqgì tsd nb seho| es jn| bd`seaid*


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\odqd `qd se|t`|enjs xodqd sxe|co nb seld nb sontildq ` qebid s|nckcnj|`c|s jddl |n ad sxe|codl) at| |odqd es jn |egd bnq ` cng}id|d }ns|tqd

`lfts|gdj|* \od s}ddl ej sxe|co gù ad qdpteqdl adc`tsd |odqd es `jdgdqhdjcu nq |od sxe|co es njiu |dg}nq`qu `jl jddl rdqu b`s| |q`jse|enj

|n `jl bqng |od |dg}nq`qu sxe|codl }nse|enj) stco `s xodj |dg}nq`qeiusxe|co ej seld es njiu jddldl ltqejh ` gngdj|`qu d}nstqd |dcojeptd ej

c`sds xodqd gngdj|`qu d}nstqd }dqenl x`qq`j|s ` tsd nb lebbdqdj| seld nbsontildq*

Ej stco c`sds) ` qebid c`j ad sxe|codl ej }nse|enj |n cnj|`c| `jn|odq

seld nb |od sontildq au seg}iu soeb|ejh e|s }nse|enj |n |od n|odq seldxoeid gèj|èjejh o`jl }nse|enj* \odqd(s njiu ` seld gnrdgdj| nb |od

qebid xe|o jn sxe|co nb |qehhdq o`jl `jl st}}nq| o`jl*


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1*2* Sonn|ejh `jl g`jdtrdqejh

Ejcqd`sejh s|àeie|u xoeid xìkejh6

Eb sonn|dq es ddct|ejh ` htjjdqu }qncdss xoeid gnrejh) idhs gnrdl ej `

cdq|èj g`jjdq xntil ejcqd`sd s|àeie|u nb |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh}i`|bnqg* \od jnqgì t} `jl lnxj nsceii`|ejh }`||dqj nb |od t}}dq anlu

xodj ` }dqsnj jnqgìiu xìks jddls |n ad gejegevdl* \od s|d}s |`kdj gùjddl |n ad sonq|dq*

@isn) xodj ` btiiu d|djldl idh es gnrdl bqnj| |n a`ck) |od bnn| `| |oddjl xntil o`rd `j `qc }`|o* Adc`tsd nb |o`|) xìkejh xe|o |od idh |o`| es

st}}nq|ejh xdeho| btiiu d|djldl `s e| gnrds tjldq |nqsn xntil qdsti| ejt} `jl lnxj nsceii`|ejh }`|o nb |od t}}dq anlu `s ` }dqsnj xìks* Sn)

ejs|d`l nb xìkejh nj btiiu d|djldl idhs) ` sonn|dq xntil o`rd |n adjl|od kjdd `s |od idh st}}nq|ejh xdeho| gnrds cinsdq |n leqdc|iu tjldq |od

sonn|dq(s |nqsn sn |o`| |od sonn|dq(s t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg xntiljn| qesd*


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Stco gd|onl c`j ad t|eievdl gns|iu ej qdh`qls |n bnqx`ql nq qd`qx`qlgnrdgdj| nb |od inxdq anlu* Onxdrdq) sejcd e| es }nsseaid |n nqedj| |od

t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ej ` leqdc|enj ejld}djldj| nb |od leqdc|enjnb |od iejd ` inxdq anlu es nqedj|dl nj |n gnrd bnqx`ql nq a`ckx`ql) |o`|

g`kds e| }nsseaid bnq `j n}dq`|nq |n g`jdtrdq ej ` leqdc|enj lebbdqdj|leqdc|enj bqng |od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg nqedj|`|enj leqdc|enj*

\od lebbdqdjcd ej |od leqdc|enj es iege|dl au qn|`|enj gn|enj q`jhd nb|od t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg ej qdi`|enj |n |od inxdq anlu g`jdtrdq

nqedj|`|enj leqdc|enj*

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

]q`c|ecì g`jdtrdq s}ddl `jl htjjdqu dbbdc|erdjdss6

Xìkejh nq qtjjejh xeii ldhq`ld `j n}dq`|nq(s àeie|u |n g`kd dbbdc|erdson|s* Adc`tsd nb |o`|) se|t`|enjs xodqd lnejh an|o `| |od s`gd |egd

xntil ad dbbdc|erd `qd rdqu iege|dl* G`jdtrdqejh `| btii dbbnq| ldhq`ldshtjjdqu dbbdc|erdjdss `jl htjjdqu }qncdss ej btii dbbnq| xntil ldhq`ld

njd(s àeie|u |n g`jdtrdq* @j n}dq`|nq c`j de|odq sonn| xoeid g`jdtrdqejh`| |od s`gd |egd nq ej|dqqt}| |od g`jdtrdq |n sonn| |odj qdstgd

g`jdtrdqejh*

Htjjdqu }qncdss ltqejh g`jdtrdqejh c`j ad dbbdc|erd eb xìkejh nq selds|d}}ejh es sinxdl lnxj djntho `jl ddct|dl ej ` c`qdbti g`jjdq |n

gègevd t}}dq anlu sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg s|àeie|u* Onxdrdq) |od t|eie|u nbstco sinx gnrejh gd|onl es rdqu iege|dl* Tjidss |od n}dq`|nq ejrnirdl es

bnqcdl |n gnrd) e| es ad||dq bnq |od n}dq`|nq |n s|n} ej }nse|enj |n

gègevd htjjdqu dbbdc|erdjdss* @jl) eb `j n}dq`|nq es bnqcdl |n gnrd |n`rnel l`jhdq) |od n}dq`|nq gns| iekdiu gts| gnrd `| ` s}ddl |nn b`s| bnq|o`| gd|onl* Xodj `j n}dq`|nq es bnqcdl |n gnrd) |odu(qd iekdiu ddct|ejh

sngd bnqg nb dr`serd g`jdtrdq*

Cngaejejh ` htjjdqu }qncdss xe|o dr`serd g`jdtrdq sontil jn| ad lnjdtjidss e| c`j ad lnjd xe|ont| sehjebec`j|iu sinxejh lnxj |od g`jdtrdq nq

dr`serd g`jdtrdq ìnjd es tjiekdiu |n }qdrdj| |od n}dq`|nq bqng qdcderejhdbbdc|erd beqd tj|ei ` }qn|dc|dl }nse|enj es qd`codl* Eb |od sonn|ejh es

|n ad lnjd xoeid |od n}dq`|nq es gnrejh `| s}ddl b`s| djntho bnq dr`serdg`jdtrdq) |od les|`jcd |n |`qhd| o`s |n ad sonq| djntho nq |od |`qhd| o`s

|n ad i`qhd djntho bnq |od n}dq`|nq |n hd| dbbdc|erd oe|s* \od n}dq`|nqgù |tqj |od t}}dq anlu nq xonid anlu |n sngd ldhqdd |nx`ql |od |`qhd| ej

nqldq bnq |od sonn|ejh }i`|bnqg |n ad àid |n èg ` htj `| |od |`qhd|)|odj |od n}dq`|nq sonn|s xodj |od èg es stbbecedj|iu `cctq`|d djntho bnq

` oe|* Bnq |oes |n ad dbbdc|erd) |od les|`jcd o`s |n ad rdqu cinsd sn|o`| `jhti`q sevd nb |od |`qhd| es i`qhd djntho bnq `j dbbdc|erd oe| xe|o

`ccd}|àid }qnaàeie|u drdj |od `bbdc|dl au |od qt

combat operations with firearms volume 1 chapter 2 combat gunnery 2012 01 07

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