colour society diploma in paint & printing ink technology

INORGANICPIGMENTS

Topic :- II

COLOURANT

Natural Colourant:-

- Pigments (organic & inorganic) – Metal Oxides

- Dyes - Madder Lake

- Effect pigments - Fish Fins/ Pearl

Synthetic Colourant:-

- Inorganic pigments

- Azo classical pigments

- High performance pigment

- Effect pigment & Dyes

S . C . S R I VA S TAVA

K - T E C H ( I N D I A ) L I M I T E D

w w w. k t e c h i n d i a . n e t

COLOUR SOCIETY

Diploma in Paint & Printing Ink Technology

Lecture Series on colour and colourants (inorganic pigments, organic pigments, & dyes)

INORGANIC PIGMENT

o White, TiO2, ZnO

o Yellow – Chromes, Nickel

o Orange - Molybdate

o Red – Lead, Iron

o Blue – Prussium, UltraMine

o Green – Chromium

o Voilet - Ultramrine

DYES CHEMISTRIES

Acidic Dyes

Basic Dyes

Sulphur Dyes

Vat Dyes

Solvent Dyes

Metal complex Dyes

Disperse Dyes

Dope Dyes

Vinyl Sulphone Dyes

Thermochromic Dyes

Photo chromic Dyes

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC PIGMENT CHEMISTRIES - CLASSICAL AZO ORGANICS

Monoazo (PY 1, 3, 7, 64, 73, 97)

Disazo (PY 12, 13, 14, 17, 83, 41, 11)

Napthol As (PR 112, 146, 170, 210, 284)

Napthol B (PO2, PO5, PR1, PR3, PR4)

Pyrazolone (PO13,34, 37,38,41, 111)

BON Pigment lakes (PR48, 52, 53, 57, 64)

Napthol As lakes (PR151, 239, 240, 43, 247)

Benzimidazole (PY 120, 151, 154, 175, 180, PR194, 171, 175, 176)

Disazo condenstion (PY93, 94, 95, 128, 166, PR144, 166, 214)

A set of unit operation of chemical, engineering standard operating procedure.

o Raw materials (Host of chemicals &

intermediates)

o Formulation (As per Chemical class)

o Synthesis (Depends upon every

pigment class)

o Finishing (Post treatment)

o Filtration (Isolation of Pigments)

o Washing (Removal of unreacted

metal salt)

o Drying (Removal of Moisture <1%)

o Pulverizing (Size reduction)

o Blending (Complementary batches

for colouristic properties)

o Standardizing (For Application)

o QC & Check (Test standard, test

method, test equipment's, COA)

o Packing & Branding & Servicing

PIGMENT MANUFACTURING

PIGMENTS TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

o Chemical Structure

o Chemical Class

o Crystallinity

o Polymorphism

o Refractive Index

o Colouristic Properties

o Transparency/ Opacity

o Rheology

o Fastness Properties (Light, Weather)

o Resistance Properties (Heat, Chemical, Solvent)

o Functional Properties

PIGMENT PHYSICS - POLYMORPHISM

o Organic & Inorganic pigment are true crystalline particles, with specific

certain arrangements.

o X-ray diffraction & investigation reveal Crystalline structure These

different crystal types of same chemical molecule are called polymorphs.

o Existence

o Existence in different crystal types of a same chemical molecule are either

called polymorphism

o Pigments (organic & inorganic both) have several case of polymorphism

PIGMENT PHYSICS – CRYSTAL & POLYMORPHISM

o Cubic – ZnS Cds (Zinc blend lattice)

o Fe3O4Co Al2O3 ( Spinel

Lattice)

o Tetragonal – TiO2 Rutile

o Orthorhombic - goethite lattice (α Fe OOH)

o Hexagonal - Corundum lattice (αFe2O3Cr2O3)

o Mono clic – Monazite Lattice (PbCrO4)

o 𝛼 = Modification

o 𝛽 = Modification

o 𝛾 = Modification

o 𝛿 = Modification

o = Modification

o Anatase :- TiO2

o Routile

o tile :- TiO2

PIGMENT (PHYSICS)

o Crystal (Cubic, Tetragonal, Triclinic, Orhombic, Hexagonal, monoclinic, Trigonal)

o Crystal Size, Shape, distribution

o Particle

o Agglomerates

o Aggregates

o Lumps & Powder

o Surface area 𝑆 =6

𝜎𝛿o Surface Shape

o Surfaces & Corners

PIGMENT TESTING METHODS

o Specific gravity – ASTM D153-84, DIN 5313, IS 3493

o Bulk density – DIN 53194, ISO 787-11, DIN ISO 787

o Sieve residue – ASTM D 185

o Loss of ignition – ASTM D 1208

o Water Soluble – ASTM D 1208

o Volatile Matter - ASTM D 1208

o PH - ASTM D 1208

o Acidity/ Alkalinity - ASTM D 1208

o Moisture Content - ASTM D 1208

o Oil absorption – ASTM 1483/ ASTM D 28

o Fastness to solvent – DIN 54002

o Particle Size - DIN 53206

SYNTHETIC INORGANIC PIGMENT CHEMISTRIES

o ZrVSi (PB 71 – ZrVSiO4)

o CoZnAl2O4 (PB 72 –CoZnAl2O4)

o CoSi (PB 73 – Co2SiO4)

o CoZnSi (PB 74 – CoZnSiO4)

o CrZnSiAlMMO(PB 36 –Al2O3CrO3.ZnO2)

o CoSnMMO (PB55 –CoSnO2)

o TiO2 (PW - 6)

o ZnO (BaSO4–ZnS )(PW5)

o Ca (PW-18)

o Si (PW - 27)

o Fe ( PR – 101, PB 27)

o Cr (PG0 - 18) (PG – 17)

o Pb (PY – 34) (PR – 104)

o Bi (P 184)

o C(PB7)

INORGANIC WHITE PIGMENT - 1

Manufacturing:- carbonation of lead mono oxide precipitation on

process.

Properties:- RI:- 1.94 – 2.09 Isolate now due to lead restriction

Application:- Exterior Oil Based Primer For Wood, Water Pipe Lines Artist

Colours.

Details

CI Pigment White 1

Type Inorganic Pigment

CI No 77597

CAS No 1344-36-1

Chemical class Basic Lead Carbonate

Hue White

Chemical Structure 2PbCO3.Pb(OH) / 4PbCO3.2Pb(OH)2PbO


o Manufacturing:- 1) Zn + Co + O2 → ZnO + CO2

Zinc vapor & Carbon Mono oxide are Oxidized to Zn2 & CO2

2) 2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO (Zinc Vapors Oxidized)

Details

CI Pigment White 4


CI No 77947

CAS No 1314-13-2

Chemical class Zinc Oxide

Hue White

Chemical Structure ZnO


o Application:- Limited use in exterior paints wood primers, metal

primers.

As preservative, Mildew resistance, Hospital paints,

Artistic colour, Photo copy papers

Properties Range

Particle Shape Acicular Type

Particle size 0.1 – 0.8𝜇

Surface area 20 – 35 Sq.m/gm

Oil absorbance 10 – 20

Acid Resistance Poor

Alkali Resistance Good

Water Resistance Good

UV Absorbance Excellent


o Manufacturing:-

(45% ZnS) 4ZnCl2+Na2SO4+BaS →2ZnS+BaSO4+3BaCl2+2BaCl

(62.5% ZnS) ZnSO4+3ZnCl2+4BaSO4 →4ZnS+3ZnSO4+3BaCl2

Details


CI No 77115

CAS No 1345-05-7

Chemical class Lithopone

Hue White

Chemical Structure BaSO4ZnSO4; BaSO4 (72%Max) ZnS (28-40%)

INORGANIC WHITEPIGMENT - 5

o Properties:- Strong absorbance in blue region, good for UV curable Zn – responsible for algaecide in exterior.

o Application:- Paints, Coatings, Printing Inks.

Properties Range

Specific Gravity 4.2 – 4.3

Particle shape Spherical

Surface area <10 Sq.m/gm


Refractive index 1.84


o Type :- Inorganic Pigment

o CI No:- 77891

o CAS No:- 13463-67-7

o Chemical class :- Titanium Dioxide

o Hue:- White

o Chemical Structure:- TiO2

o Manufacturing:-

1. Sulphate Process:- FeOTiO2+2H2SO4→TiSO4+FeSO4+2H2O

TiSO4+2H2O → TiO(OH)2+H2SO4

TiO(OH)2 → TiO2+2Cl2

2. Chloride Process:- TiO2+C2Cl2 → TiCl4+CO2

TiCl4+O2 → TiO2+2Cl2


Properties:-

Application:- As Prime opacifier in paints, coatings, Printing

inks, Plastics, Rubber, Artistic Colour.

Anatase Rutile

Colour White (Bluish) White (Yellowish)

Refractive index 2.55 2.71 – 2.76

LF & WF Chalking Non-Chalking

Particle size 0.3 0.2-0.3

Surface area 10 m²/gm 10 m²/gm

Hardness 5 - 6 6 – 7.5


Manufacturing:-

Calcined Zinc Sulphate precipitated from solution of

Sodium Sulphate & Zinc Sulphate

Details


CI No 77975

CAS No 1314-98-3

Chemical class Zinc Sulphide

Hue White

Chemical Structure ZnS


Properties:- Soft Texture, Low abrasion

Application:- Abrasion free, Printing Inks, Extra White, Stoving Paint, FRP Plastics.

Properties Range

Particle Shape Spherical

Particle size 0.25 – 0.4𝜇



Acid Resistance Poor

Alkali Resistance Poor


Hydrocarbon Absorbance Good

Refractive Index 2.37


Manufacturing:-

Ore-Chalk/ Lime Stone, Marble Calcite Solution

carbonates & precipitated

Details


CI No 77220

CAS No 471-34-1

Chemical class Calcium Carbonate

Hue White

Chemical Structure CaCO3


Properties Calcite Argonite

Particle Shape Trigonal Orthimbic

Particle Size 0.05-1.0 0.05-1.0

RI 1.6 1.65

Density 2.9 2.7

Hardness 3 4

Oil Absorption 20-50 20-50

oApplication:- Most widely used extender in Paints, Printing Inks,

Plastic, Rubber, Artistic Colour, Concentration.


Manufacturing:- Natural hydrated aluminum silicate air classification, water washing, delaminating, calcination

Details

China Clay Kaolin


CI No 77004

CAS No 1332-58-7

Chemical class Aluminum Silicate/ China Clay

Hue White

Chemical Structure Al2O32SiO22H2O


Properties:- Kaolin Natural Kaolin Calcination

Dulk Density 2.2-2.7 2.5-2.63

Particle Size 0.05 - 5 0.8 – 1.4

pH 7.5 – 8.5 5 - 6

Oil Absorption 20-50 50-95

Refractive Index 1.56 1.62

oApplication:- Mg Paper, Rubber, Latex Paint, Prime, Screen Inks


• Manufacturing:- By converting natural barites to soluble

sulphide or Chloride salt & reprecipitating

Details

Pigment White Barium Sulphate


CI No 77120

CAS No 7727-43-7

Chemical class Barium Sulphate

Hue White

Chemical Structure BaSO4

INORGANIC WHITEPIGMENT – 21

Application:- Strength modifier for pigment pharma (X-ray

analysis) Chemical resistant coating screen printing

inks, photographic papers.

Properties Range

Crystal Shape Rhombic

Crystal size 0.7 – 4.0𝜇

Surface area < 3.5 Sq.m/gm

Hardness 3

Oil absorption 10 – 20

Specific Gravity 4.25 – 4.5

Refractive Index 1.63


• Manufacturing:-Talc/ Soap Stone/French /Chalk /Stealtile are

mined

Details


CAS No 8005-37-6

Chemical class Magnesium Silicate

Hue White

Chemical Structure 3MgO3.4SiO2.H2O


Application:- Primers, enamels, textures, structural paints, metal

under coats exterior white, gloss enamel printing inks.

Properties Range

Particle Shape Needle Type

Particle size 1 -19𝜇



Fastness to Acid Good

Fastness to Alkali Good

Fastness to Solvent Good

Hardness 1 – 2

Refractive Index 1.54 – 1.59


Composition :- % Total SiO2 % Crystalline SiO2

Microcrytaline 99.5 20 – 35

Diatomic silica 86.0 50 – 70

Quartz 99.7 99.7

Precipitated Silica 87 0

Pyrogenic Silica 98 0

Details


CI No 77811

CAS No 61790-53-2

Chemical class Silicon dioxide

Hue White/ creamy white

Chemical Structure SiO2 X H2O


Properties Quartz Crystalline

Quartz Amorphous

DiatomeceousSilica

Specific Gravity 2.65 2.75 2.0

Oil Absorption 25 - 35 25 – 35 130 – 160

Surface area 4 – 6 1 – 2 Very High >200

Refractive Index 2 – 5 𝜇 1.5 – 10 𝜇 4 – 10 𝜇

Fastness to Acid Good Good Good

Fastness to Alkali Good Good Good

Fastness to Solvent Good Good Good

o Application:- Matt Paints, Fillers, Low Cost, Filter aid, Abrasives, Ceramics


Manufacturing:-

Zinc Orthophosphate produced by reacting zinc

oxide with phosphoric acid.

Details


CI No 77964

CAS No 7779-90-0

Chemical class Zinc Phosphate

Hue White

Chemical Structure Zn3 (PO4)2


Properties:- Corrosion inhibitor White Pigment

Application:-

Corrosion inhibiting paint formulation, metal primer, coating,

construction chemical, ship paints, Corrosion resistant primer

Properties Range

Hardness 3 - 4

Acid Resistance Good



INORGANIC YELLOW – PY 31

Details

CI Pigment 31


CI No 77103

CAS No 10294-40-3

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Zinc Tetroxychromate

Chemical Structure ZnO.CrO3.4H2O


Technical Properties

Particle Shape Needle

Particle Size 1 – 2

Resistances to Acid Poor

Resistances to Alkali Poor

Resistances to Solvent Good

Resistances to Water Good

o Application:- Industrial coating & Paints restricted dur to lead & chromium.


Details

CI Pigment 32


CI No 77839

CAS No 7789-06-2

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Strontium Chromate

Chemical Structure SrCrO4


Details

CI Pigment 33


CI No 77223

CAS No 13765-19-0

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Calcium Chromate

Chemical Structure CaCrO4.2H2O


Details

CI Pigment 34


CI No 77600

CAS No 1344-37-2

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Lead Chromate

Chemical Structure PbCrO4



Particle Shape Rod







INORGANIC YELLOW – PY 36:1

Details

CI Pigment 36:1


CI No 77103

CAS No 10294-40-3

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Zinc Tetroxychromate

Chemical Structure ZnCrO4

INORGANIC YELLOW – PY 36:1


Particle Shape Cubic

Particle Size 0.2 – 0.5






INORGANIC YELLOW - PY37

Details

CI Pigment 37


CI No 77199

CAS No 1306-23-6

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Cadmium Yellow

Chemical Structure CdS



Particle Size 1 – 2 𝜇

Oil absorption 16 - 30

Fastness to Acid Poor


Fastness to Water Good


o Application:- Coatings, primers, industrial paints, enamel

INORGANIC YELLOW - PY37.1

Details

CI Pigment 37.1


CI No 77199:1

CAS No 90604-90-3

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Cadmium Yellow

Chemical Structure CdS:BsSO4

INORGANIC YELLOW - PY37.1










Details

CI Pigment 38


CI No 77878

CAS No 1315-01-1

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Stannous Sulphide

Chemical Structure SnS2

INORGANIC YELLOW – PY41

Details

CI Pigment 41


CI No 77878

CAS No 8012-00-8

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Antimony Yellow

Chemical Structure Pb2O3


Details

CI Pigment 42


CI No 77492

CAS No 51274-00-1

Hue Yellow

Chemical Class Iron Oxide

Chemical Structure Fe2O3 • H2O


Details

CI Pigment 43


CI No 77492

CAS No 64294-91-3

Hue Yellow


Chemical Structure Fe2O3 • H2O

INORGANIC RED – PR101

Details

CI Pigment 101


CI No 77105

CAS No 1309-371

Hue Yellow Brick Red


Chemical Structure Al2(SiO3)3•Fe2O3






Fastness to Alkali Poor



o Corporation:- Fe2O3 = 45 – 60% / SiO2 = 15 – 40% o Application:- Enamel, Coatings, Paints, Metal Decorative

inks.


Details

CI Pigment 108


CI No 77202

CAS No 58339-34-7

Hue Cadmium Red

Chemical Class Reddish Orange

Chemical Structure CdS. CdSe/ CdSe









o Corporation:- CdS = 65 – 87% / CdSe = 15 – 35% o Application:- Enamel, Coatings, Paints, Metal Decorative inks.


Details

CI Pigment 104


CI No 77605

CAS No 12656-85-8

Hue Brick Red

Chemical Class Chromate moly Orange

Chemical Structure PbCrO. PbMoO4. PbSO4



Particle Size 0.15 – 1.5 𝜇






o Application:- Enamel, Coatings, Paints, Metal Decorative inks.

INORGANIC BLUE – PB27

Details

CI Pigment 27


CI No 77510

CAS No 12240-15-2

Hue Blue

Chemical Class Ferriferrocyniol

Chemical Structure Fe4 -[Fe(CN)6]3 . H2O



Three types Milori (Least reaction)Chinese (deep Mantone)Pruusian jet Blue MT


Alkali Resistance Poor

Tendency to Bronzing

Tencency to absorb moisture (good for fire resistance AIP, Smouldering)

o Manufacturing:- Ferric ammonium, Ferrocynide, Precipitatedly, Reacting ferrocynide with sulphate & with Dichromate

o Application:- Paint, Printing inks, coatings, screen inks, crayon, Artistic colours.


Details:-

CI Pigment 29


CI No 77007

CAS No 57455-37-5

Hue Blue Bright Dark

Chemical Class Silicate

Chemical Structure Na7A6Si6O24S3

Heat Stability 400ºC



Particle Size 0.5 – 1 𝜇

Shape Cubic Aeolite

Oil Absorbance 28 - 35


Fastness to Alkali Poor



LF Good

o Application:- Paint, Printing inks, Coatings, Metal décor inks, Screen Ink

INORGANIC BLUE – PB 72

Details

CI Pigment 72


CI No 77347

CAS No 68186-87-8

Hue Bright Blue

Chemical Class Mix Metaloxide (MMO)

Chemical Name Cobalt Zinc Aluminate

Chemical Structure (Co,Zn)Al2O4

o Application:- Ceramics Glazes, Artistic colour


Details

CI Pigment 73


CI No 77364

CAS No 68187-40-6

Hue Edish Navy Blue

Chemical Class Mix Metaloxide

Chemical Name Cobalt Aluminate

Chemical Structure Co2SiO4

Application:- Ceramics Glazes, Artistic colour


Details

CI Pigment 74


CI No 77366

CAS No 68412-74-2

Hue Blue

Chemical Class Mix Metaloxide

Chemical Name Cobalt Zinc Silate

Chemical Structure Co2SiO4

Application:- Ceramics Glazes, Artistic colour

INORGANIC GREEN– PG17

Details

CI Pigment 17


CI No 77288

CAS No 1308-38-9

Crystal Structure Crystalline Henatite

Chemical Class Metaloxide

Chemical Structure Cr2O3

INORGANIC GREEN– PG17


Particle Size 0.4 – 0.75 𝜇

Surface Area 4 – 10 Sq.m






Light Fastness Good

Acid/ Alkali Excellent

o Application:- Ceramics, Cement plaster, Rubber, Industrial Coatings, Artisti Colour, Militery camflouge Coating, Porceleanenamels, Packaging Inks, Postor Colour, Currency note Inks.

INORGANIC BLACK – PB7

Details

CI Pigment Black 7


CI No 77266

CAS No 215-609-9

Hue Black

Chemical Class Carbon Black

pH 2 - 9

Application:- Paints, Printing Inks, Plastics, Rubber

INORGANIC BLACK – PBK7


Three types Furnace BlackGas BlackOil Black



LF Good

WF Good

Application:- Paints, Printing Inks, Plastics, Rubber

colour society diploma in paint & printing ink technology

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