colour pigment and additives used on thermoplastics · colour masterbatch production requires often...
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Colour pigment and additives used on thermoplastics
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Masterbatch producer within the supply chain
Rawmaterial, Crude oil, …
Monomer
Virgin polymer =
“pure resin“
Masterbatch Compound
Plastics converter
Final article
customer
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From the beginnig – the basics of polymers From crude oil to (thermo)plastics
Crude oil naphtha
cracking
plastics
distillation
Ethylene, propylene,... Polymerization Polycondensation Polyaddition
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• polymerisation
• polycondensation
• polyaddition
Formation of macromolecules
Differentiation of 3 synthesis processes
polycondensation
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Subdivision of plastics
High-performance plastics
Construction - Plastics
Standard - Plastics
performance
PS SAN PVC
PP PE-UHMW
PE-HD PE-LD
PC PPE ABS
PMMA
PET PBT POM PVDF
PA
PI PEI PES PSU
PAI LCP
PEEK PPS
Semi-crystalline - opaque, flexible, chemical-resistant
Amorphous - transparent, brittle, Not resistant to chemicals
300°C
100°C
150°C
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Important plastics
Name shortcut kind
1. Polyethylene PE Polymer
2. Polypropylene PP Polymer
3. Polyvinylchloride PVC Polymer
4. Polystyrene PS Polymer
5. Polyurethane PUR Polyaddukt
6. Polyethyleneterephthalate PET Polykondensat
The following six plastics now account for about 90% of global production in order of share:
There are about two dozen important types of plastics, but at least 5,000 trade names - mostly fancy names!
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Biobased versus biodegradeable Polymers Recycling of polymers
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Advantages & disadvantages of plastics
Disadvantages
low heat resistance Flammability (partly toxic
decomposition products) large thermal expansion low modulus of elasticity Time and temperature dependence
of mechanical properties UV sensitivity
Advantages low density with good mechanical
properties good electrical insulation properties low thermal conductivity good resistance to chemicals Complex geometries can be
produced at low cost physiologically harmless (observe
additives) Properties can be specifically
influenced materials tailored to the application
can be produced
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Mechanical characterization Time and temperature dependence of mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of plastics are the most important basis for the designer. Unfortunately, the mechanical properties cannot be described as material constants, but rather as molded part characteristics. This means, for example, that they are influenced by the geometry and process parameters during production.
1 = brittle
2 = tough
3 = elastic
4 = rubber-elastic
Viscoelastic material behavior
Temperature dependent Time (speed) dependent
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UV sensitivity of polymers
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Weathering … important aspects beside sunlight
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Additive masterbatches
Light stabilisers
Antioxidants
Flame retardants
Antistatics
Blowing agents
Degraded flowerpot
stabilisers
Selfextinguishing
Burning driplets
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Polymer processing aids
Slip additives
Antiblock Agents
Nucleating agents
Laser marking additives
Antifog
…..
Bisheriges PPA
Neues PPA
Additive masterbatches
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Lubricants – Processing Aids
Lubricant
polymers low molecular weight
compounds
organic Oils
anorganic
MoS2 glass balls graphite silicone oil
white oil oleic acid
fatty acids soaps amide waxes polar PE-waxes polyolefine waxes montan waxes ester waxes poyols silicone waxes saccharides organic nanoparticles (hypercrosslinked)
PTFE UHMPE silicone
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e.g. FR PRODUCT RANGE OF GABRIEL CHEMIE
LOW HALOGEN/ HALOGEN
FREE POLYETHYLENE
(thin wall)
TAPES
ARTIFICIAL TURF
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PRODUCT RANGE OF GABRIEL CHEMIE – ACTUAL STATUS & OUTLOOK
MAXITHEN® PPSEAT SERIES
Low Halogen Products
PPSEAT SERIES
Tailormade Formulations As per customer requirements regarding colour & UV stability,
combination UV-FR–colour product in one pellet can be offered Compounds in customer specific polymers can be produced
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FUNCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS
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Colourants - Basics
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„Colour“ is different – from one to another person up to 20%
Lightbeam visual converting in human brain
„Light-Colour“
Absorbing medium
„Colour impression” Lightsource
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Colourimetry basics – Spectral colours
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Example of different lights
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CIE L*a*b* - Colour Model
Green -a*
Black
L* White
Red +a*
Yellow YellowYellowYellowYellow+b*
Blue-b*
Das CIE L*a*b* System was puplished in 1976 .
It shows the distance between colors according
to the cognition of the eye.
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Colours brochures
• Pantone (GC Standard = Formular Guide Coated/Uncoated) • RAL (GC Standard = K7) • Munsell • NCS • HKS • ….
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Grey scale ISO 105-A02 / DIN EN 20105-A02
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Colour differences
standard dE = 2,93 dE = 1,06
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Colour differences
dE = 2,88
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1 colour in 3 different polymers
PP BC245MO ABS GP22 Lexan 121 R
HP5N3277 E=2%
PC5N3247 E=4%
ABS5N3235 E=4%
Pattern/Sample
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Colour Index
Color Colour Index Generic Name Constitution Number
Yellow Pigment Yellow 138 (56 300)
Red Pigment Red 101 (77 491)
Green Pigment Green 7 (74 260)
Yellow Solvent Yellow 93 (48 160)
Example
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Overview about colouration possibilities
Colour Pigments
Black Pigments
Glossy Pigments
Shiny Pigmnets
White Pigments
Pigments Dye stuff Pigments Dye stuff
anorganic organic
Coloured Pigments Coloured Dye stuff
--- ---
---
Black Pigments Black Dye stuff
---
Shiny Pigments Shiny dye stuff
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Dispersion
Good dispersion Weak Dispersion
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A large proportion of thermoplastics is processed fully automatically as granules. Therefore, a significant proportion of the active agent concentrates is supplied as granulate!
Why a Masterbatch?
Why are colorants and additives not added directly to the manufacturing process in liquid or powder form? considerable problems with regard to uniform
distribution of the active ingredients in the end product: uneven concentrations
Agglomerates / visible specks technical problems with dosage and processing Automation and purity in the production process
concentrates is supplied as granulate!
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Coloration and refinement of plastics
= „Conditioning“
Tasks & Steps of Masterbatchproduction
Tasks: Change of particle/granule size Incorporation of additives (powder / pellets / flowing materials) Removing of volatile components (degasing / dehumidifying)
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Mixer
Silo
Cooling in watertank Granulator Sieve vibrating unit
Twinscrew extrusion process Sieve changing unit
Filling station
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Dosing unit
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Masterbatch Process & further processing
Injectionmoulding
Filmextrusion
Faserextrusion
Profilextrusion
Pipeextrusion Polymer Masterbatch Fillers
Additives
Pigments Raw polymer > 10%
Compounding
Filler Reinforcement
Thermostabilizer Light stabilizer Flameretarder Antistatics Antiblock Nucleating Agents
Organic Pigments Anorganic Pigments Effect pigments Monopräparations
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Classification extrusion processes
Single screw extrusion
Twin screw extrusion
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Polymer processing methods
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Thermoforming
5 4
3 2 1
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