colonial american conflict - circleusd375 history/presentations... · colonial american conflict...
TRANSCRIPT
Conflict Between France and England
1755
– International war started between France and England
– Fought mostly in North America, India, and Europe
– French and Indian War
American History
– Seven Years War
European History
French and Indian War
French Side
– France
– Native American tribes associated with the Huron
English Side
– England
– American Colonists
– Iroquois Tribes
Enemies of the Huron
Pontiacs Rebellion
Near the end of the war, tribes in the west rebelled.
England put down rebellion after an expensive fight.
Proclamation of 1763 – Settlement west of
Proclamation Line prohibited.
Predicting Results
Predict how the application of the Proclamation of 1763 affected the American colonists.
– Indian Problems?
– Freedom?
– Land Prices?
Salutary Neglect
Until French and Indian War, English government ignored the American colonies.
– Americans became used to managing themselves.
– Taxes were low
– Americans were very profitable
Salutary Neglect
In your notes, write, in your own words, a definition of salutary neglect.
Then write a brief statement explaining why such neglect would be a problem for the British when they started to crack down.
War Debt
Debt following the war required England to seek new sources of revenue.
Government control increased
Taxes increased
Navigation Acts
Laws that regulated the trade of the colonies
– With England
– Between the Colonies
– With other nations
Trade with England
No finished goods could be made in the colonies.
Only raw materials could be produced.
– Colonies had to trade only with England.
– Smuggling became a profitable business
John Hancock was a prominent smuggler
– English government used Writs of Assistance to find illegal goods.
General search warrants
Writs of Assistance
How do writs of assistance differ from search warrants issued today?
– Specific probable cause (reason).
– Specific list of what is being searched for.
– Specific location must be identified.
– Time period for search limited.
Sugar Act - 1764
Tax on Sugar and things that contained sugar was lowered
– Penalties for smuggling were increased.
Accused sent to England for trial.
– Idea was to encourage compliance with paying the tax – which would decrease smuggling.
– Colonists were very angry
They did not like taxes – but hated regulation even more.
1765 – Stamp Act
Direct tax on paper items First direct tax on the American colonists
– Stamp Tax became very unpopular. Americans protested vigorously
– Stamp Act Congress First time colonies acted together to
protest English policies. – Boycotts – Non-importation agreements – Sons of Liberty
Gangs of colonists – violently protested the Stamp Act.
Sons of Liberty
Local gangs of anti-British Americans.
– Used terror and violence to resist English law.
– Most important unit was in Boston.
Samuel Adams was the leader.
– Paul Revere
– John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Stamp Act Repealed
Merchants in England were hurt seriously by the boycotts.
– Pressured the government to repeal the tax
Townshend Acts
Replaced the Stamp Act
Taxes were collected on imported goods. – Indirect Tax – tax became part of the price.
Colonists – angry at any tax by this time. – Protests continued
– Sons of Liberty as active as before.
These taxes were also repealed
British sent more troops to America – Especially Boston
Outbreak of Violence
Winter, 1770 in Boston
Conflict between British soldiers and Boston radicals.
Boston Massacre
– Provoked by the people, British soldiers fired their guns on the crowd.
Several were killed
First bloodshed in this increasing conflict.
– Crispus Attucks
Committees of Correspondence
Local groups set up to communicate with committees in other towns. (1772)
– Most colonies had Committees of Correspondence that communicated quickly (Horseback couriers) with each other.
– Colonists could communicate far faster than the English authorities.
8-9 weeks to get to England / 8-9 weeks to get back to the colonies.
Tea Act
British government – still trying to control the colonies
– Tea Act – granted a monopoly to a company to sell tea in the colonies.
Even though colonist drank tea as their beverage of choice – most boycotted tea.
– Sons of Liberty even threatened people who purchased or sold tea.
Boston Tea Party
Sons of Liberty raid on tea ships in Boston Harbor.
– Threw tea into the water to ruin it.
– Violent protest against regulations concerning tea.
British Reaction
Coercive Acts
– Closed Boston Harbor
– Limited the operation of Massachusetts town meetings.
– Required the Quartering of British troops in private homes.
– Took away Massachusetts land in the west.
Intolerable Acts
Colonists began to call the Coercive Acts – the Intolerable Acts.
– Massachusetts reacted
Local militia units began to mobilize
– Continental Congress called to discuss the crisis.
Philadelphia
12 of the American Colonies attended
Boston, 1775
General Gage ordered to capture militia supplies and arrest colonial leaders.
– Samuel Adams and John Hancock were in Concord.
– Paul Revere
Warnings
British Retreat
As the British retreated to Boston
– Minutemen harassed them the entire way
– About 80 British and 50 colonials were killed that day.
Siege
Colonial Militia surrounded Boston
Colonial troops
– Without leadership
Militia units bickered with each other
– Smallpox outbreak
Fort Ticonderoga
British Fort
Captured by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold
– Green Mountain Boys
Fort contained dozens of Cannons
Bunker Hill – June, 1775
British attempt to break the siege.
Attack American positions near Charlestown.
Battle of Bunker Hill
– Breeds Hill
– “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”
Bunker Hill
Tactical victory for the British.
British suffered great losses
– 226 dead and more than 800 wounded
– Americans had 140 killed
People Have to Decide
Loyalists / Tories
– Americans who remained loyal to England and the King.
Patriots / Rebels
– Americans who favored independence.
2nd Continental Congress
Meeting of Colonial leaders in Philadelphia.
– Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, John Adams, George Washington, John Hancock, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson
– Hancock was elected President of the Congress.
2nd Continental Congress
Began to govern the colonies.
– Not yet united
Negotiated with Indian tribes and other nations.
Created the Continental Army
– George Washington appointed commander
Olive Branch Petition
Congress attempted to make peace with the king.
– King George III refused to cooperate
War was now assured
Thomas Paine
Common Sense – Booklet that argued
that it was time for Americans to totally separate from England.
Independence Debate
Congress continued to debate the future of America.
Richard Henry Lee proposed (Summer 1776) that the colonies become independent.
A committee was appointed to write a document.
Thomas Jefferson
Authored the Declaration of Independence
Finally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776.
United States was born.