collaboratory life: observations on scholarship via the internet thomas a. finholt collaboratory for...
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Collaboratory life: Observations on scholarship via the Internet
Thomas A. FinholtCollaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
School of InformationThe University of Michigan
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
A problem statement
• “There is a growing mountain of research...the investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers...”
• “...our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose...”
• “The difficulty seems to be, not so much that we publish unduly in view of the extent and variety of present-day interests, but rather that publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record.”
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
“As we may think” -- 1945
• “memex” -- a device in which individuals store all their books, records, and communications, and which...may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility
• “links” -- associations between information
• “trails” -- persistent records of information searches across multiple sources
Vannevar Bush, author of“As we may think”
www.netspot.unisa.edu.au/tutorial/vbush/as-we-may-think.html
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
As we may work...
• electronic resources (e.g., the Web) represent a tremendous opportunity
• gains for scholars are possible...but not automatic
• the challenge: How to maximize the likelihood of positive change?
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
An old pattern
More
Time
Performance
Less
hype
raw performance of technology
“real performance”
“reality gap”
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Interdisciplinary synergy
Behavioral & Organizational Science
Computer & Communication Science
The User’s Domain
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Human-centered design
Build:Rapid prototyping
Trials: Deploy, use, evaluate.
Modify: extend design,evolution
Conceptualize:Interview, Observe & Define objectsin current practice; establish baseline.
“living specification”
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
A testbed for human-centered design
• “a laboratory without walls”
• support for work among geographically distributed scholars
• 1993 National Academy Report– National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NWWashington, DC 20418
• fund several prototype systems
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
The collaboratory vision
Digital libraries &electronic publishing
groups-to-information groups-to-facilities
people-to-people
Communication,Collaboration
Services
Distributed,media-richinformationtechnology
Remote instruments
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
University of Michigan Digital Library (UMDL)
• one of 6 large projects funded under the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Library Initiative
• centerpiece of a range of digital library projects at Michigan
• initial deployment in schools
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
The UMDL approach
• a system to support large-scale information collections and services in a heterogeneous environment
• “agent-based” -- software that mediates between information sources and users
• easy integration of new and legacy collections
• services tailored to users’ abilities and history of use
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
UIA TPA
RACIA
Registration process
CIA
Registration of collections
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
UIA TPA
RACIA
Registration processCollection search -- find CIAs
CIA
Collection search
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
UIA TPA
RACIA
Registration processConspectus search -- find CIAsInformation retrieval -- get documents
CIA
Information retrieval
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
UIA TPA
RACIA
Registration processConspectus search -- find CIAsDocument search -- get documents
CIA
The entire agent-based system
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
The UMDL interface
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UMDLIndexes
Numeric Data
Spatial Data
Books
Encoded Texts
Reference Works
ImagesJournals
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC)
• NSF-funded, 1992 to the present
• an experimental system for collaborative research over wide-area networks
• focused on data from ground-based observatories, spacecraft, and supercomputer models
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
The UARC approach
• Java-based -- to overcome platform dependence
• designed to accommodate a wide range of “quality of service”
• used by an international community of 300 scientists
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
The nature of space physics
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Remote observatories
Kangerlussauq, Greenland
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
The UARC testbed
Chat window
Radar displays
TING model
Session manager
Polar UVI
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
UARC scope, 1997
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Access to complementary expertise
• Past: access limited by time and distance– single PI campaigns
– dependence on face-to-face meetings
• Hypothesis: UARC should increase access– diverse expertise should be available during UARC
campaigns
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Pattern of participation, April 1997
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Interaction network, 1997
Utah State
Millstone
SRIRice
EISCAT
HAO
NSF
SwRI
SPRL-3Scientist
Post-doc
Student
Student
ScientistScientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
SPRL-1Scientist
0 - 5 exchanges
6-10 exchanges
> 10 exchanges
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Interaction network, 1997
Utah State
Millstone
SRIRice
EISCAT
HAO
NSF
SwRI
SPRL-3Scientist
Post-doc
Student
Student
ScientistScientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
SPRL-1Scientist
0 - 5 exchanges
6-10 exchanges
> 10 exchanges
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Interaction network, 1997
Utah State
Millstone
SRIRice
EISCAT
HAO
NSF
SwRI
SPRL-3Scientist
Post-doc
Student
Student
ScientistScientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
Scientist
SPRL-1Scientist
0 - 5 exchanges
6-10 exchanges
> 10 exchanges
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Opportunities for participation
• Past: limited participation by students– watch, but don’t touch
– secondary analysis of data
• Hypothesis: UARC should create new ways to participate
– students will treat UARC like a computer-mediated community of learners
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
“Lurking”N
um
ber
of
con
vers
atio
nal
tu
rns
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Participants – Most active to least active
FTFUARC
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Experimental paradigms
• Past: focus on views from instruments– local data; one person = one instrument
• Hypothesis: UARC should create simultaneous views from multiple instruments
– shift in focus to a global perspective
– emphasis on phenomena, not instruments
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
Design challenges
• Access and participation– need to create shared interpretations
– problem: absence of metaphors for “group” work involving dozens of scientists
• New experimental paradigms– need to provide multiple views
– problem: overwhelm screen real estate
• Technology– need to support tightly-coupled work
– problem: variable quality of service in current Internet
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
A vehicle for change
www.si.umich.edu
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Collaboratory for Research on Electronic Work
CREW
Finholt
School of Information: Intellectual Linkages
School of Information
Information & Library Science Business Admin.Psychology
Computer Science
CREW
Economics
Org. Theory
Education
Health Care Units:Research & Practice
Design & Fine Arts,Architecture Libraries, Media Union
Law School
Public Policy Studies
Journalism,Communication