CRYSTALTM 4.0 Integrated Workflow

As oil companies search for opportunities to optimize theirexploration, drilling, and production efforts in complexreservoirs, they are forced to address multiple challenges thatoften act as barriers to success.

The answer to these questions depends on a dynamic reservoir.Our models must change as the reservoirs evolve and as welearn more about them. Supporting this concept of Real-TimeDynamic Earth Modeling, CRYSTAL 4.0 enhances collaborationand provides a suite of integrated tools that Subsurface Geo-Engineering teams need to manage their assets most effectively.

CRYSTAL 4.0 (64-bit Windows) provides – in a single, seamlessenvironment – an integrated suite of tools to help you accuratelyplan, develop, and optimize your fields. Its core functionality isbased on modules that generate high-resolution geologic modelsconstrained by seismic and well data.

Real-time completions data and microseismic events can also bevisualized and interpreted in tandem with the geologic models,well geometries, and field-scale reservoir property predictions.

SIGMA3 Integrated Reservoir Solutions

RTD

M

Understanding your

needs based on a

global track record

of success!

• Hydrofracture Design

on 1,200+ Wells/Year

• 50+ Continuous

Fracture Modeling

(CFMTM) Projects

• Hundreds of

Microseismic & Borehole

Seismic Imaging (BSI)

Projects

• 120+ Geopressure

Prediction Projects

• What areas will be the most productive andprofitable?

• How do we drill the fewest wells and leveragetheir trajectory to make the most of reservoirproperties, including geomechanical attributeslike brittleness and features like natural fractures?

• How do we design wells that best connect naturaland induced fractures with the least number ofhydrofrac stages?

• What hydrofrac engineering and completiontechniques will maximize our production and ROI?

Collaborative Tools for Subsurface GeoEngineering

TM

Sweet-Spot Mapping

More than 70% of the world's known hydrocarbon reservoirscontain natural fracture systems, and oil companies around theworld are controlling the high capital costs of drilling andcompletions optimization by using the Continuous FractureModeling (CFMTM) workflow from SIGMA3 to build predictivemodels of their reservoirs.

A key part of the integrated CRYSTAL 4.0 workflow, CFM can beused to compute reservoir sweet spots, as well as predict user-defined properties across the entire geomodel. CFM leverages anadvanced, proprietary neural network to find and rank correlationsthat exist between large volumes of well data, production data, andseismic attributes. The neural network is first trained on a subsetof available wells (e.g., using “fracture indicator” logs from FMI,etc.), and then validated by testing its predictions on a separatesubset of wells.

The sweet-spot mapping capabilities in CRYSTAL 4.0 augmentthe base toolkit of attributes with maps of Young’s Modulus,Poisson’s Ratio, brittleness, and other key properties that impactstimulation and production. Around the world, SIGMA3 has usedCFM predictions to enable Subsurface GeoEngineering teams toperform field-level planning and optimization – all in the spiritof determining “Where to Drill”, “Where to Frac”, “How to Frac”,and “Where to Invest”.

Sweet-Spot Mapping can also be used in combination with theHigh-Resolution Imaging and Inversion package to generatedetailed fracture density maps around the wellbore. In addition,CRYSTAL 4.0 can generate Discrete-Fracture Networks from CFMresults. These fractures can be exported as part of the geo-cellular grid for importing into commercial reservoir simulators,such as Eclipse® and CMGTM, allowing users to forecast well- andfield-scale production.

Integrated Field Surveillance

CRYSTAL 4.0 combines microseismic interpretation, hydrofrac data and geomodel predictions to enhancereal-time decision making.

Subsurface GeoEngineering teams worktogether on a common platform tounderstand where microseismic eventsoccur with respect to horizons, faults,well trajectories, and Continuous FractureModel predictions that are defined on thegeocellular grid.

Hydraulic fracture data (pressure dataand other time series) can be viewed as asnapshot or a movie to better understandhow microseismic events correlate withvarying downhole conditions.

a suite of upscaling tools and routinesfor coarsening the geocellular model,as needed.

The Reservoir Framework Constructionpackage includes the ability to importfrom KingdomTM and a broad range ofseismic, well, and field data formats.Additionally, 3D meshes can be ex-ported to Eclipse and CMG to drivereservoir simulations, or to Petrel® foruse in other workflows.

Reservoir Framework Construction

A key strength of CRYSTAL 4.0 isits ability to generate robust 3Dgeocellular grids from interpretedsingle-z and multi-z horizons andfaults, with the ability to representhundreds of faults directly in thereservoir.

Users can visualize, edit, andmanipulate attributes and user-defined reservoir properties in timeor depth. This package also includes

High-Resolution Imaging & Inversion

CRYSTAL 4.0 now includes ThinMANTM, the powerful spectralinversion technique from SIGMA3. Subsurface GeoEngineeringteams apply ThinMAN to perform “space-time adaptive” spectralinversion, which combines non-stationary wavelets withoptimization algorithms to generate high-resolution images(pseudo-impedance volumes) of their reservoirs.

A companion tool, SpecMANTM, allows users to visualize theresults of a suite of additional proprietary spectral decompositionroutines, including the SIGMA3 proprietary industry-leadingExSpectTM algorithm, leading to a deeper understanding of theinterplay between frequency and interpreted images of thinlylayered structures or changes in lithology and/or fluid properties.SpecMAN also provides users with the ability to display andmanipulate mono-frequency attributes in the form of volumetricor horizon-based data, and includes data analytics tools to studythe statistical distributions of these data sets.

The High-Resolution Imaging & Inversion package also includespre- and post-stack inversion routines, such as colored andsparse spike inversion, as well as our proprietary high-resolutiondeterministic and stochastic methods. CRYSTAL 4.0 userscombine best-in-class inversion and spectral methods in order todetermine rock properties, fracture networks and hydrocarbonindicators directly from well and seismic data.

Enhanced Structure

© 2012. SIGMA3 Integrated Reservoir Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. Nov 2012

SIGMA3 Integrated Reservoir Solutions

4700 West Sam HoustonParkway North, Suite 150Houston, TX 77041 USA

+1 281 363 8500

www.sigmacubed.com

info@sigmacubed.com

Integrate Geoscience, Engineering & Real-Time Microseismic Monitoring

Through a truly integrated, reservoir-centric portfolio of technology, expertise andservices, SIGMA3 Integrated Reservoir Solutions delivers an unprecedented level ofintegration that spans reservoir understanding to production optimization. Oil & gascompanies will accelerate their return on investment by making more confidentdecisions that are the catalyst for long-term success.

Invest, Drill & Frac Where it Counts

Managing the life cycle of a petroleum asset requirestrue integration and collaboration. CRYSTAL 4.0 is atailor-made solution that will help you make betterdecisions, improve performance and protect the valueof your portfolio.

Reservoir Visualization

Key elements of CRYSTAL 4.0 usability are linked to itsvisualization engine, which uses advanced visualizationtechnologies and LDM (Large Data Management) technologythat lets users display and manipulate very large geologicmodels.

Users can visualize, edit and manipulate 2D and 3D seismicdata, geocellular grids, surface maps, wellbore trajectories,and a variety of field data types. CRYSTAL 4.0 also works withexisting workflows, and provides easy links to a variety ofcommercial interpretation and simulation platforms.

Reservoir Property Prediction

The CRYSTAL 4.0 base package includes the ability to analyze and edit logs and other petrophysical data on aunified platform. Vertical and deviated well ties can be performed using a step-by-step workflow that enablesprecise control of wavelet structure and phase. Users can also import or generate velocity models to performtime-to-depth conversion, and when combined with Reservoir Framework Construction, well-based formationtops are linked to interpreted horizons within the geocellular grid.

The Reservoir Property Prediction package includes a suite of seismic attributes, leveraging best-in-class post-stack curvature algorithms to illuminate fine-scale features that highlight critical geologic structures. The impactof ThinMAN is critical here, as high-resolution spectral inversion leads to details that have a direct impact onseismic attributes.