collaborative hotel development
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This is presentation for my dissertation as a Major research in MA Design Management at Lancaster University.TRANSCRIPT
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourisma Case Study of Chipping, UK
Seungil Lee
MA in Design Management
Design Research Project (LICA 426)
10 Sep 2012
Email: [email protected]
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee Contents
1The Research Overview
2 Methods & Process
3 Results
4 Insights
5 Conclusion
Project SummaryTopicTheoretical BackgroundFocusObjective
Research ProgrammeResearch NetworkField Research in the UK
DiscussionsReflections
Findings
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Project Summary
1.The Research Overview
The village is in the centre of a conservation area with stone
Arkwright Mill (Grade II).
Chipping has shops, schools, churches and several
restaurants and cafés. Several attractive inns can
Figure 3 Newspaper article announcing the closure of HJ Berry
Chipping, U
KFurniture factory
Chipping Village Plan 2011
Tourism
A development companyWith LICA
Doing research !
Generating Ideas together
Workshop with local residents
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 1.The Research Overview
Rural Tourism Sustainable
Tourism
Community-based approach Co-design What about
hotel?
UK
?
Topic
Tourism is a vital industry in the countryside
Sustainable tourism requires a holistic approach in planning to solve problems derived from tourism.
Encouraging direct participation to promote sustainable tourism
Using co-design in tourism as sustainable design
Rural tourism accounts for £14 billion in income and supports 380,000 jobs.
UK adults make 14 million holiday trips to the English countryside each year and 1.1 billion leisure day visits are also taken in the countryside.
VisitBritain (2005)
Sustainable Tourism generates benefits for countryside visitors and local communities without damaging the environment.(Countryside Commission, 1995)
Sustainable Tourism requires effective planning and management to achieve the potential benefits of rural tourism.(Sharpley & Sharpley, 1997)
A community-based approach to tourism development is a precondition for sustainability.(Woodley, 1993; Sharpley & Sharpley, 1997)
The participation of relevant stakeholders is a social dimension of sustainable tourism. (WTO, 2004; Panyik et al., 2011)
The transition towards sustainability requires radical changes.(Jansen, 1993; Braungart & McDough, 1998; Manzini, 2007; Walker, 2008)
Co-design is a method to generate new ideas to meet society’s needs, aiming to create a new vision and purpose for society and the environment. (Fuad-Luke (2007)
Co-design is increasingly popular in many businesses and organizations. (Binder, Brandt, & Gregory; Steen, 2008)
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 1.The Research Overview
Co-design
Theoretical Background
Sanders and Stappers (2008: 6) define co-design as creative designers and people not trained in design working together in the design development process.Broadbent (2003) describes the following characteristics of co-design (Faud-Luke, 2007: 38):
• Being holistic, intuitive, descriptive, experiential and empirical, pragmatic and wisdom/values-based approach;
• Being an iterative, non-linear interactive process;
• Being “action-based” research;
• Involving top-down and bottom-up approaches;
• Simulating the real world;
• Being useful for complex systems or problems;
• Being situation driven, especially by common human situations;
• Satisfying pluralistic outcomes;
• Being internalised by the system.
Definition of co-design differs from context to context and according to the disciplinary outlook.
(LSE, 2009: 7)
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 1.The Research Overview
Shepherd (1998) argues that participation in rural development is still regarded as very idealistic and ideological, although Macdonald (1993) sees this as an appropriate method.
(Osborne et al., 2002: 1)
Tourism planning through collaboration with the community(e.g. Jamal & Getz, 1995)
Urban and regional planning(cf. Cross, 1972; Communityplanning, 2008; Nasser & Holyoak, 2012)
Collaborative destination design(cf. Wang & Fesenmaier, 2007; Taboada et al., 2009)
Tourism policymaking(cf. Bramwell & Sharman, 1999)
ExistingScholarship
of co-design in tourism
Topic
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 1.The Research Overview
Rural Tourism Sustainable
Tourism
Community-based approach Co-design What about
hotel?
Focus
UK
?
Can the application of collaborative hotel development to sustainable rural tourism be introduced into current scholarship?⦁ Hotels are a key component of tourism.
(Wight, 1997: 210)
⦁ Collaborative planning methodologies may be a viable alternative for sustainable tourism planning, as they stimulate trans-disciplinary discussion among diverse local and social groups and meet the need to consider multiple interactions, feedback relationships, complexities and uncertainties.
(Taboada et al., 2010: 72)
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 1.The Research Overview
Focus
Customer-Firm:Continuous
Involvement/Dialogue Type
Firm-Customer:Sporadic
ProductionProcess
Consumption/Usage Process
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Co-production
Firm-drivenInnovation
8&*&:)(/9Feedback and learning loopsCompletencies of employeesImproved loyaltySales of other hotel servicesHigher customer satisfactionEnhanced profitabilityUnique positive experiences
8'%%)&%/9Internal barriersCost and resourcesTrustOrganisational resistanceTop-down commitmentCultural barriersStructural and cultural barriersHigh labor turnoverExternal barriersConflict of interestRegulatory barriersContext related barriersLack of acceptance from customersTrust between customers and hotel
Co-creationCustomer-drivenCustomisation
COMMUNITYENVIRONMENTCOLLABORATIONINNOVATION
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY REPORT
www.ihg.com/crLast updated March 2012 /
Few indirect examples of co-design in hotel development
IHG Cooperate ResponsibilityReport (2011)
Co-creation and Co-production from a Hotel Service Context (n.d.)
53N Presentation To Chipping Parish CouncilFormer H J Berry & Sons Complex
Chipping, UK
Hotel development company
Needs a direct example
Countryside in the UKCommunity-led Chipping Village Plan 2011
⦁ Emphasising local tourism⦁ Regeneration of the former HJ Berry furniture site
Case studies can provide knowledge about previously under-investigated research areas. (Eisenhardt, 1989; Gummesson, 2000; Kristensson et al., 2008: 479)
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 1.The Research Overview
Focus
The former factory site
Chipping Brook
Case Study site_Chipping
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Objectives
1.The Research Overview
The main aim of this research is to develop a co-design approach for hotel development within a sustainable rural tourism framework by analysing a case study, the “Chipping hotel development project”. Objectives:
To determine whether there are opportunities for collaborative hotel development through co-design.To investigate issues arising when co-design principles are applied to hotel development.To identify a collaborative hotel development for sustainable rural tourism in this context.
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 2. Methods & Process
Synthesis Visualization Response
Village Plan
Consultation
Community led
Company led
Phase 1Diagnose
Phase 2Co-discover
Phase 3Design Development
Phase 4Co-design
Research Period
Research Phase
Research activities
April 2012 May 2012 July 2012June 2012Research Programme for Chipping project
The overall design process is convergent, but it will contain periods of deliberate divergence.(Nigel Cross, 2000)
Emphasising “Walking process” as descriptions of actual behaviour rather than “theoretical and prescriptive” in many models of the design process.
(Lawson, 1991)
The Dott methodology adopts a ‘bottom-up’ approach, encouraging both professionals and the public to share ideas and to have greater ownership of the solutions. (Design Council, 1996)
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Research Network
Academic design practiceyielding discussions, papers and conceptual objects
Hotel development companyproject manager Architect Landscape architect
Ecology company Environmental engineeringcompany (Flood)
Planning consultants(Highways)
Landscaping Topographical survey
Service designer Architect Hotel Planning Manager
Councillor Other researchers
Local residents
x 10
External Interview (P3-P6) Additional Interview (P7-P9)
Internal Interview (P1-P2) Workshop
Commercial design practice
Fundamental Research
Applied Research
Fundamental design research in academia (Influenced by Walker, 2011)
2. Methods & Process
Researcher
Field meeting & workshop
x 3
Arboriculturalconsultants
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Field Research
2. Methods & Process
Phase 1: Diagnose
Option 1: Aspiration
Land To West:9 Detached20 Semi-Detached32 Terrace1 Apartment Block
Land To North:5 Detached
Former HJ Berry & Sons Complex:10 Detached Eco Cabins12 Semi-Detached Cottages3 Terrace Cottages50 Car Parking Spaces
++++
+
++++
Community-led Village Plan
The Future :The Sustainable Vision
The joint efforts of Chipping village and 53N could present signi!cant opportunities and bene!ts for all. Some of these bene!ts could include:
New employment opportunities;Provision of housing, including starter / affordable homes;Enhanced accessibility through the site and to adjacent countryside;Support for existing services / facilities;New tourism related uses to further strengthen the local economy;Preservation of the existing village character;Additional car parking;A new allotments;Possible relocation of the Cricket Club to new improved facilities;Improved accessibility to broadband and other infrastructure; andSupport for implementation of village wide renewable energy measures.
++
+
++
++++
+
+
ECOLOGY / NATURE
CHIPPING VILLAGE
Existing Shops/ Pub / Hotel
Cricket Pitch& Pavillion
Car Parking
Allotments
Schools
Leisure &Tourism
Mill Pond
Kirk MillHeritage
RenewableEnergy
Cycle & WalkingRoutes
SuperfastBroadband
Supporting LocalFacilities
RiversideWalk
WasteEnergy
WaterWheel
TowardsCarbon Neutral
NewHousing
RegisteredProviders
NEW EMPLOYMENT
53N Presentation To Chipping Parish CouncilFormer H J Berry & Sons Complex
Company-led Plan Company aspirations
FOREST OFBOWLANDArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Forest of Bowland AONB
PO Box 9, Guild House
Cross Street, Preston, PR1 8RD
Tel: 01772 531473
Fax: 01772 533423
www.forestofbowland.com
The Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)
is a nationally protected landscape and internationally important for
its heather moorland, blanket bog and rare birds. The AONB is
managed by a partnership of landowners, farmers, voluntary
organisations, wildlife groups, recreation groups, local councils and
government agencies, who work to protect, conserve and enhance
the natural and cultural heritage of this special area.
Lancashire County Council acts as the lead authority for the
Forest of Bowland AONB Joint Advisory Committee a partnership
comprising: Lancashire County Council, North Yorkshire County
Council, Craven District Council, Lancaster City Council, Pendle
Borough Council, Preston City Council, Ribble Valley Borough
Council,Wyre Borough Council, Lancashire Association of Parish
and Town Councils,Yorkshire Local Councils Association, NWDA,
DEFRA, Countryside Agency, United Utilities plc, Environment
Agency, English Nature, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
(RSPB), Forest of Bowland Landowning and Farmers Advisory Group
and the Ramblers Association.
Sense of Place Toolkit
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AONB materials
Existing Tourism Resources SWOT
UnderstandingChipping contexts
AnalysingChipping contexts
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Regulation
A focus on constraints implies sufficient identification and
understanding to make choices as solutions.
(Vandenbosch & Gallagher, 2004: 199)
121
Iconic model of the design processafter Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (1964)
In this model, Mesarovic employs a helix as the central struc-ture, suggesting both a repeated cycle of steps and progress through time.
Peter Rowe (1987) notes that Mesarovic’s model is similar in structure to Asimow’s. (See pages 92-95.) “Throughout this kind of account runs the assumption that it is possible to discriminate distinct phases of activity and, further more, that such distinctions have relevance to our understanding of design.” Rowe continues, “The very maintenance of distinct phases of activity, with a beginning and an end, and with
feedback loops among them, requires that objective per-formance criteria can be explicitly stated in a manner that fundamentally guides the procedure. Moreover, there is a strong implication that the eventual synthesis of information in the form of some designed object follows in a straightfor-ward fashion from analysis of the problem at hand together with likely performance criteria. Therefore, once a problem has been defi ned, its solution is made directly accessible in terms of that defi nition.” Rowe describes this view as “be-haviorist” and also links it to “operations research”.
Hotel Development companyProject manager
Project manager
Field Research Phase 2: Co-discover
121
Iconic model of the design processafter Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (1964)
In this model, Mesarovic employs a helix as the central struc-ture, suggesting both a repeated cycle of steps and progress through time.
Peter Rowe (1987) notes that Mesarovic’s model is similar in structure to Asimow’s. (See pages 92-95.) “Throughout this kind of account runs the assumption that it is possible to discriminate distinct phases of activity and, further more, that such distinctions have relevance to our understanding of design.” Rowe continues, “The very maintenance of distinct phases of activity, with a beginning and an end, and with
feedback loops among them, requires that objective per-formance criteria can be explicitly stated in a manner that fundamentally guides the procedure. Moreover, there is a strong implication that the eventual synthesis of information in the form of some designed object follows in a straightfor-ward fashion from analysis of the problem at hand together with likely performance criteria. Therefore, once a problem has been defi ned, its solution is made directly accessible in terms of that defi nition.” Rowe describes this view as “be-haviorist” and also links it to “operations research”.
2. Methods & Process
Field meeting_1
Field meeting_2
Idea Workshop Internal Interview
Phase 1: Diagnose
Gaining In-depth understanding ofChipping context
Working with key informants
Examining the perspective of co-design
No involvement of local input
Local peopleʼs attitudes towards the changes planned for Chipping were revealed in passive and past-oriented forms.
Co-design:a beneficial and a positive method
Current process isco-design. “I feel community
involvement with the evolution of Chipping is very important.”
P2
P1
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
121
Iconic model of the design processafter Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (1964)
In this model, Mesarovic employs a helix as the central struc-ture, suggesting both a repeated cycle of steps and progress through time.
Peter Rowe (1987) notes that Mesarovic’s model is similar in structure to Asimow’s. (See pages 92-95.) “Throughout this kind of account runs the assumption that it is possible to discriminate distinct phases of activity and, further more, that such distinctions have relevance to our understanding of design.” Rowe continues, “The very maintenance of distinct phases of activity, with a beginning and an end, and with
feedback loops among them, requires that objective per-formance criteria can be explicitly stated in a manner that fundamentally guides the procedure. Moreover, there is a strong implication that the eventual synthesis of information in the form of some designed object follows in a straightfor-ward fashion from analysis of the problem at hand together with likely performance criteria. Therefore, once a problem has been defi ned, its solution is made directly accessible in terms of that defi nition.” Rowe describes this view as “be-haviorist” and also links it to “operations research”.
Common groundFounder
P3
PAD Architects LLPDirector
THE SHILLAProject Manager
P5
Lancaster Councillor
Researchers
Field Research Phase 2: Co-discover
2. Methods & Process
External Interview
Additional Interview
Exploring different perspectives related to hotel planning and co-design in order to maintain objectivity
Identifying current design processin Chipping
The constraint on communication by researchers with local residents is a barrier to more in-depth understanding of the community, such as their desires and needs.
Emphasising the participation of local stakeholders in the early stages of the co-design process
Hotel development through co-design could bring benefits to both local residents and the development company:
(P4) Providing better facilities
(P5) Sharing cultural values & reflecting local identity
(P6) Easier way for the planning committee
P4
P7
P8
P9
P6
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Field Research Phase 3: Design Development
2. Methods & Process
Page 43 of 98
Figure 8 Criteria for Design Development
company during field meetings and workshops. The following design criteria were
used as part of alternative development process for the project, as opposed to
conventional hotel development processes which involve generating new designs.
The criteria are based on the following (see Figure 8):
1) Appropriateness: Does it fit reasonably with the context of Chipping and trends in
rural tourism? (Source: Field meetings)
Appr
opria
tene
ss
Easy & AttractiveInformation
Co-existence Ex
tend
ibili
ty
Distinctiveness
Sustainability
Criteria
Design Criteria Hotel Community Business Partnership Stakeholdersʼ Map
The aim of the design is to develop conceptual scenarios based on the Chipping context for the hotel development project, which would be practical and academically reasonable and appropriate in terms of a development for the village.
Objectives:To realise the development in ChippingTo facilitate local residentsʼ access to the hotel developmentTo formulate proactive engagement.
The scenarios have to be flexible to include the diverse opinions of local residents, while helping to communicate with the hotel development company and local stakeholders.
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Field Research Phase 3: Design Development
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Chipping Brook
Mill Building
Mill Pond
Former Factory site
2. Methods & Process
Conceptual maps for zones
Heritage experience
Friendly Business environment& Healthcare
Natural Experiences
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 2. Methods & Process
Field Research Phase 3: Design Development
Page 57 of 98
Figure 20 Balanced Scenario for zone 3
which are introduced in conceptual mapping based on aspects of rural tourism. In the
concepts presented here, the scenarios are not fixed but flexible. Therefore,
conceptual suggestions that eliminate the negative effects of participation, such as
proposing a fixed design created by a designer, might promote positive feedback
with space for more communication in design. Furthermore, this could provide new
insights into local residents. However, the result cannot be imagined before
proceeding with the workshop with local residents, due to practical considerations.
The following chapter will discuss this particular issue.
Visualisation of scenario for Zone 3
Four future scenarios for Zone 3
Peopleʼs mental images of the future can be articulated in a picture.Zeisel (2006: 272)
One architectural sketch is “worth 10,000 words” and can be used for communication to aid design collaboration.
Tzonis (2004: 69)
One of the important positive side effects of working with future scenarios is that participants feel free to put aside their current vested interests and leave disagreements out of the discussion.
Visser et al. (2009: 244)
Page 50 of 98
Figure 14 Four Future Scenarios for Zone 3
According to Visser et al. (2009: 244), one of the important positive side effects of
working with future scenarios is that participants feel free to put aside their current
vested interests and leave disagreements out of the discussion.
6.2 Results: Features and Benefits of Collaborative Hotel
Development
The result of the hotel design development project is a hotel within the Hotel
Community Business Partnership Programme (HCBP) (see Figure 15), a programme
designed to shift the paradigm of hotel design and encourage participation by local
residents of all ages and all proactive clubs. HCBP is important in encouraging
employment and local businesses, as these are the major challenges facing
Development
Conservation
Natural Manmade
Natural Camp Eco-House
Outdoor Living RoomNatural Ground
Enjoy Accommodation
Enjoy Nature
Balance
Conceptual maps for zones
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Adapted from Goal-action-feedback loops (Pangaro, 2002)
Goal(Desire State)
Action
Feedback(Transfer of information)
Measurement
Field Research Phase 4: Co-design with workshop
Local residents
x 10
Small workshop was conducted with 10 local residents.
Most participants felt comfortable relating their opinions.
Some participants hesitated to speak and preferred to listen.
The flexible scenarios described in the sketches helped reduce participants’ doubts.
T
V
V
T
V
V
To collect different perspectives of:1) their participation in the hotel development2) their opinions of the visualised scenarios
2. Methods & Process
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Findings from workshop
3. Results
Criteria
Appropriateness
Easy & AttractiveInformation
Co-existence Extendibility
Distinctiveness
Sustainability
Feedback of Design Proposal
Measurement
Schematic workshop responses about the four scenarios for Zone 3 (P: Participant in workshop)
The workshop revealed their passion for Chipping and their desire to work together on the development, as it will directly affect their lives and so they want to monitor any changes
Most local people felt that, without them, planning activities would not respect their interests, although these partially agreed with the initial ideas presented
Respondents required involvement at the earliest stages of the project, displaying a proactive attitude towards participation.
Limited number of participants in achieving objectivity
x 10
Needs guidelines to combine various opinions
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 3. Results
Findings: Inclusion of co-design in Chipping research
Additional interview
Internalinterview
Companylevel
Residentslevel
External interview
Co-design
- Passion for participation- The sense of alienation- The earliest involvement- Liking for less development- Hesitation to share opinions
- Importance of local context
- Negative constraint in design process
- Positive method for hotel development- Stable hotel business- Agreement on earlier involvement of local residents- Concern about various barriers
- Positive method for hotel development- Benefits of broadening ideas- Providing knowledge to local residents in the change of environment
- In Chipping, co-design with local residents is hard because of their passive and past-oriented attitudes
Positive response Negative response
Gap between
general co-d
esign and
co-design in reali
ty
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 4. Insights
Opportunities for Co-design in Chipping
Local community
Hotel development
company
UK Government
Chipping in the UK
(1) local residents are strongly motivated to participate in the project.
(2) the hotel development company revealed a positive attitude to a co-design approach, and considered the current research as a successful example of incorporating co-design.
(3) the UK government encourages community involvement and partnerships in sustainable rural tourism.
The three key participants are well motivated to work with the design community in a collaborative development seeking sustainable rural tourism.
Positive motivation
Osborne et al. (2002)
Chipping Village Plan 2011 (2011)
Community Commission (1995)Workshop in research
Interviews in research
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 4. Insights
Barriers presented by the Company and Local Residents
Prejudice and alienation
Distinctive constraints were generated by specific local characteristics, the change in local situation and the attitudes of local residents.
They differ from barriers in existing scholarship, as the constraints are based on the characteristics of Chipping and its situations
B : Barriers in theoretical background and existing cases EC: Barriers in external interviews related to hotel planning C: Barriers in internal interviews related to Chipping project
W: Barriers in workshop with local residents M: Barriers in field meetings & workshop with development company
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 4. Insights
Collaborative Hotel Development in Chipping
Co-design relies heavily on location context, “Being situation driven” (Broadbent, 2003; Faud-Luke, 2007: 38).
The researcher must recognise the “personality of the place”. Local characteristics are integral to developing a collective understanding of the communityʼs needs, problems and future opportunities (Lachapelle et al., 2012: 90).
Co-design in hotel development will require a customised process for each community's involvement in the process of designing, planning and implementing the development.
“Collaborative hotel development” must bring together thinking and working from different perspectives, and involve resolving considerable conflicts; it can be seen as a social activity (Bucciarelli, 1996; Adams et al., 2011; 588).
Together
Thinking
Working
Hotel development company Local community
New social activity Existing social activity
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee 4. Insights
Future Stages of Co-design in Chipping
Current Process of Hotel Development in Chippingfrom a corporate
Desired Process of Hotel Development in Chippingfrom local residents
Next step of Hotel Development in Chipping
1. Induction from Chipping Plan 2011, 2. Initial meeting with local residents, 3. Field meeting 1, 4. Field meeting 2, 5. Further research, 6. Idea generation, 7. Initial design suggestion for further development, 8. Workshop with all residents to generate vision
Steps in process
(Influenced by Lee, 2008)
Current and desired process in Chipping project is still linear movement
One of the characteristics of co-design is an iterative, non-linear interactive process. (Broadbent, 2003; Faud-Luke, 2007: 38)
To achieve this, effective communication between the hotel development company, local stakeholders and government authority in a well-organised workshop might be an essential element in an iterative co-design plan.
Collaborative Hotel Development towards Sustainable Rural Tourism Seungil Lee
Conclusion
5. Conclusion
Limitation Time limitation for further researches Sensitive constraints in commercial businessTrust between the company and the researcher
Learning The importance of direct engagement of local people in deeper insights of projectCo-design research through design practiceCo-design relies on the context of place and characteristics of people who will be involved.Co-design is no panacea due to existing barriers
What next? Needs actual outcome of co-design in hotel development and the productivity of local community participationThe effects of constraints and barriers in terms of co-design Ways of overcoming existing barriers
The possibility of implementing a successful co-design approach can hopefully be seen in this case study, and practical knowledge obtained through such interactions might be a cornerstone for further collaborative hotel development.
Seungil Lee Lancaster University
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ReferenceTzonis, A. (2004) Evolving Spatial Intelligence Tools, From Architectural Poetics to Management Methods. In Boland, R. J. and Collopy, F. (Eds.), Managing as Designing. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Visit Britain (2005) Rural and Farm Tourism. England Research
Visser, A. J., Jansma, J. E., Schoorlemmer, E. and SlingerlandIn, M. (2009) How to deal with competing claims in peri-urban design and development: the DEED framework in the Agromere project. In Poppe, K.J., Termeer, C. and Slingerland, M. (Eds.), Transitions towards sustainable agriculture and food chains in peri-urban areas. the Netherkands: Wageningen Academic.
Walker, S. (2008) Sustainable Design. In Manzini, E., Walker, S. and Wylant, B. (Eds.), Enabling Solutions for sustainable living: A workshop. Calgary: The University of Calgary Press.
Walker, S. (2011) The spirit of design: objects, environment and meaning. Oxon: Earthscan.
Wang, Y. and Fesenmaier, D. R. (2007) Collaborative destination marketing: A case study of Elkhart country, Indiana. Tourism Management, 28, 863-875.
Wight, P. A. (1997) Ecotourism accommodation spectrum: does supply match thedemand. Tourism Management, 18, 209-220.
Woodley, A. (1993) Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Community Perspective. In Nelson, J., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (Eds.), Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing. Ontario: University of Waterloo.
World Tourism Organisation (WTO). (2004) Sustainable development of tourism e Conceptual definition. Available at: http://www.world- tourism.org/sustainable/top/concepts.htm. [Assessed 21 November 2009]
Zeisel, J. (2006) Inquiry by Design. New York: Norton & Co Ltd.