collaboration between the faculty of animal science bogor ... view on... · 2016 •subway aims to...

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018 all rights reserved. ® ™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., USA© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018 all rights reserved. ® ™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., USA

Collaboration between the

Faculty of Animal Science – Bogor Agricultural University

and

Kemin Industries

and

JAPFA Foundation

Bogor Agricultural University, JHH Auditorium

19 September 2018

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018 all rights reserved. ® ™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., USA

®

Antibiotic Alternative – Path Forward

BoonFei Tan, PhD


Contents

▪ Antibiotics usage in Food Animals

▪ Mode of Action of AGPs

▪ Global antibiotics usage status

▪ Negative effects of AGPs

▪ Regulation

▪ Industry’s response to AGP ban / reduced usage

▪ AGP Alternatives

▪ Summary


JIM O’NEILL, THE REVIEW ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE. ANTIMICROBIALS IN AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: REDUCING UNNECESSARY

USE AND WASTE

How Antibiotics Are Used In Animals?


How Antibiotics Are Used in Food Animals?


Accidental Discovery of Antibiotics as

Growth Promoting Agents in 1940’s


Reducing the incidence

and severity of sub clinical

infections

Reducing microbial use of nutrients

Improving absorption of

nutrients because of thinning of

intestinal wall

Reducing the amount of

growth depressing metabolites produced by Gram +ve bacteria

Changing morphology

in the gut wall and induce

immune reactions

Inhibiting the production and

excretion of cytokines by immune cells

(macrophages) Antinflammator

y effect

Mode of Action of Antibiotic Growth Promoters


What volume of antibiotics is used in

Livestock?


Antibiotic Consumption by Livestock – Top 10 Countries


63,151 (2010) 105,596 tons (2030)

Global Antimicrobials consumption in livestock

67%

Thomas P. Van Boeckel et al. PNAS 2015;112:5649-5654

For Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, the increase in antimicrobial consumption will be 99%, up to seven times the projected population growth in this group of countries.


Consumption of antimicrobials in food animals in 2013 (light red) and

projected for 2030 (dark red).

Van Boeckel et al. 2017, Science.


Top five countries with rising global antimicrobial use in food animal production

Laxminarayan, R., Van Boeckel, T.,Teillant, A. (2015). Global Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector. Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development


Thomas P. Van Boeckel. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. PNAS | May 5, 2015 | vol. 112 | no. 18 | 5649–5654

Cattle - 45 mg /kg

Chicken - 148 mg/ kg

Pigs -172 mg/ kg

Global average annual consumption of antimicrobials per

kilogram of animal produced


Use of antibiotics across countries by species

“A Global Treaty to Reduce Antimicrobial Use in Livestock.”CGD Policy Paper 102 January 2017


Negative Effects of AGPs

• Killing beneficial bacteria

• Disturbing the microbiome balance

• Inhibitory effect on Phagocytosis by host cells (Van den

Broek (1989)

• Resistance development

• Absence of growth promoting effect in Germ Free animals


Resistance development

WHO


World Health Organisation (WHO)


Chinese finding of a bacterial gene conferring resistance to

Colistin, a last-resort antibiotic for treating multidrug-resistant

infections caused by Gram negative bacteria in humans, but

which is also used extensively in livestock in some countries,

including in Europe

JIM O’NEILL, THE REVIEW ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE. ANTIMICROBIALS IN AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: REDUCING UNNECESSARY USE AND WASTE

Resistance to Colistin


Geographical distribution of detected colistin resistance (mcr-1 gene) in

food-producing animals as of March 2016

FAO - DRIVERS, DYNAMICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Food producing animals Humans


AGP Effects are Fading


Production responses by

livestock to antibiotic growth

promoters (improvement

compared with controls)

The Economic Costs of Withdrawing

Antimicrobial Growth Promoters from the

Livestock Sector”, OECD Food, Agriculture and

Fisheries Papers, No. 78, OECD Publishing


The Growth Promoting Effect of AGPs Is

Disappearing


Regulation


AGPs banned

No restriction

Phase out

OECD, 2014; USDA, 2014

Regulation in Countries

Indonesia

Vietnam


Microbe / Volume 6, Number 6, 2011

Regulation in EU


Regulation in OECD Countries


What happened after banning AGPs – European Experience

▪ Increased cost of production

▪ Increased marketing age

▪ Increased incidences of bacterial enteritis

▪ Increased usage of therapeutic

antibiotics

▪ Search for viable alternatives

▪ Decreased resistance issues

Filip Van Immerseel, Trends in Microbiology, November 2008


The Use of Therapeutic Antibiotics in Denmark

Aarestrup, F. (2012) Nature 486:465-466

▪ Increased therapeutic

antibacterials initially

▪ Pig Production –

Increased

▪ Human antibacterial

usage – no change


What’s happening in the

market today?


Antibiotic Use in the News


No Antibiotics Ever (NAE)

Perdue Farms expanding antibiotic-free policy to all chicken and

foodservice turkey products – World Poultry, March 2016

• Perdue Farms is the first major brand to convert all value-

added chicken products to antibiotic free

o Sell antibiotic-free chicken in all 3 categories - fresh, refrigerated and

frozen

• Now offer over 200 products labelled “no antibiotics ever”


Antibiotic Free Sandwiches

Subway launches its first antibiotic-free sandwich – CNBC, March

2016

• Subway aims to be fully antibiotic-free by 2025 and it will covert to

using all antibiotic-free chicken by the end of 2016.

• It’ll switch to antibiotic-free turkey within 3 years and antibiotic-free

pork and beef from 2020-2025.


Antibiotic Free Pork

Tyson Foods launches antibiotic-free pork line – WATTAgNet,

March 2016

• US food producer Tyson Foods unveiled its new Open Prairie

Natural Pork brand at the Annual Meat Conference in February


Clean Chicken

McDonald’s wants “clean” chicken – McDonald’s newsroom, 2015

• McDonald’s U.S.A. announced it “will only source chicken raised

without antibiotics that are important to human medicine.”


No New Major Class of Antibiotics Since Last 30 Years

HELLEN GELBAND. THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S ANTIBIOTICS 2015, Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, 2015.

Sep’17 – WHO’s

latest report

confirms that

World is running

out of antibiotics


World Health Organisation (WHO)


Solutions in Post Antibiotic Era


An Ideal AGP Alternative

Ideal AGP Alternative

Control pathogens –Clostridium perfringens

Have positive effect on

good microbiota

Have anti inflammatory

effect and improve intestinal

vitalityCompatible with commonly used

feed additives and able to withstand pelleting condition

Have no bacterial

resistance issues and no for withdrawal

period

Improve animal performances –

FCR, body weight and

lower mortality


Diversity of bacterial flora in broiler ileum and cecum *

Ileum Cecum

Lactobacillus

Clostridium

Streptococcus

Enterococcus

Fusobacterium

Bifidobacterium

Proteobacteria

Bacteroides

Other

* Jiangrang Lu, Umelaalim Idris, Barry Harmon, Charles Hofacre, John J. Maurer, and Margie D. Lee

Importance of the micro flora


Functions of Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota can be

divided into four major categories


CLOSTAT™Solutions in Post Antibiotic Era


Probiotics

▪ First Generation Vs Second Generation

▪ Origin/ Source

▪ Mode of action – competitive exclusion and secretion of antibacterial substances

▪ Pellet stability

▪ Compatibility with feed additives

▪ Action on pathogens and commensals

▪ Spore Vs Non spore


Prebiotics

▪ Commonly used – Fructo Oligosaccharide (FOS), Mannan Oligosaccharide, Inulin

▪ Ideal prebiotic

▪ Should not be hydrolyzed or absorbed

▪ FOS - Selectively enrich commensal bacteria (Bifidobacteria). Stimulate lactate

and acetate production.

▪ MoS – Binding on the epithelial surface and prevent pathogens to bind (flushing

effect)

▪ Inulin - +ve effect on SCFA production, sufficient height on intestinal villi,

stimulation of commensals


Organic Acids

▪ Many organic acids shown to have +ve effect on digestibility, nutrient absorption and

performance

▪ Antimicrobial effect – pH fall in stomach and penetration into bacterial cell

▪ Lactic, Fumaric,Citric,

▪ Formic, Acetic, Propionic, Butyric acids

▪ stabilise the intestinal microflora by decreasing the pH and improve enzymatic digestion

▪ Organic acids decrease pathogenic bacteria

▪ Use of protected acids

▪Availability in upper GI tract Vs Small Intestine


Essential Oils

▪ The beneficial effects of essential oils

▪ stimulation of feed intake and digestive secretions

▪ immunostimulation

▪ antibacterial

▪ antiviral

▪ coccidiostatic

▪ anti-inflammatory effects and

▪ antioxidant effects

▪ Intestinal Villus development

▪ The efficiency depends on chemical composition, concentration of oil, genotype

of the plant, and growing conditions, type of plant extract, correct combination

and appropriate dosage

▪ Synergistic effect


Immune Modulators

▪ Immunologically active compounds (Antibodies, Cytokines, Spray

dried porcine plasma proteins) - Enhance resistance to disease

▪ Probiotics

▪ Essential oils

▪ Beta Glucans

▪ 1,3 1,6 beta Glucans Vs 1,3 Beta Glucans

▪ Activation of immune cells

▪ Bioavailability

▪ Consistent concentration


CLOSTAT™Solutions in Post Antibiotic Era

CLOSTAT

CitriLAC

Orsential

ButiPEARL

Aleta


Focus

▪ Biosecurity and Farm management help to prevent disease outbreak

▪ Correct vaccination schedule and implementation is another important factor

▪ Antibiotics to be used judiciously per need and under prescription by the Vet.

▪ Ensure correct dosage and complete the full course of treatment.

▪ Strictly adhere to the recommended withdrawal period.

Avoid..

▪ Avoid underdosing and overdosing.

▪ Avoid using AGPs for promoting growth and productivity.

▪ Avoid having the sick birds in the farm premises. Cull them periodically.

AGP Free Food Animal Production


Biosecurity

Strategies

in Farm and

Feed Mill

Correct

Nutritional

Strategies

Appropriate

Alternatives

in Feed and

Drinking

Water

Good Health

Management

Programs

Producing chicken and swine without in-feed antibiotics requires a

combination of different strategies


Thank You

collaboration between the faculty of animal science bogor ... view on... · 2016 •subway aims to...

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