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COLLABORATION AND COMPLEXITY Working together for mutual benefit Ian Couper Director, Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health 1 August 2019 #IPE2019

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Page 1: COLLABORATION AND COMPLEXITY Working together for mutual ...€¦ · Complexity theory conceptualizes relationships of individuals within a system as the foundation from which the

COLLABORATION AND COMPLEXITY

Working together for mutual benefitIan Couper

Director, Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health1 August 2019 #IPE2019

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Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences

Tygerberg Campus Worcester Campus

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Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences

Tygerberg Campus Worcester Campus

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Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health

Established in 2002: First Centre for Rural Health in Africa

Aims to train health care professionals to respond to health issues facing rural & underserved communities

Focus on longitudinal & integrated exposure for students from 5 different professional programmes, with regular collaborative care 

Research on rural health, collaborative care, and first 1000 days

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It’s Ukwandaful!

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Outline

• Brief introduction• Discussion• Input on collaboration and complexity• Adaptive action• Way forward

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Call to action

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IPE

• What is IPE?

• “Interprofessional education is a collaborative approach to develop healthcare students as future interprofessional team members”

Bridges DR, Davidson RA, Odegard PS, Maki IV, Tomkowiak J. Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of 

interprofessional education. Med Educ Online. 2011; 16(1): 6035. [A disappointing article!]

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IPE

• What is IPE?• “Interprofessional education is a collaborative 

approach to develop healthcare students as future interprofessional team members”

Bridges DR, Davidson RA, Odegard PS, Maki IV, Tomkowiak J. Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of 

interprofessional education. Med Educ Online. 2011; 16(1): 6035. [A disappointing article!]

• Why IPE?

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IPE

• What is IPE?• “Interprofessional education is a collaborative 

approach to develop healthcare students as future interprofessional team members”

Bridges DR, Davidson RA, Odegard PS, Maki IV, Tomkowiak J. Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of 

interprofessional education. Med Educ Online. 2011; 16(1): 6035. [A disappointing article!]

• Why IPE?• For interprofessional collaboration?

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IPC• “A growing number of research studies have indicated that 

interprofessional collaboration can be effective in reducing staff absenteeism, educating health professional learners, creating a more satisfying work environment, enhancing patient safety, and improving the quality of care.”

• These studies delineated a range of factors required for effective IPC, including: a commitment to collaboration shared trust regular discussion/feedback on collaborative goals open communication systems clear shared objectives a high level of interaction between staff low turnover of personnel.

Fox A, Reeves S. Interprofessional collaborative patient‐centred care: a critical exploration of two related discourses. J Interprof Care. 2015; 29(2): 113‐118

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Collaboration

Definitions:

Thomson AM, Perry JL. Collaboration Processes: Inside the Black Box. Public Administration Review. 2006; 66 (S1):20‐32

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Collaboration

• Collaboration (co + laborare – labour together) = working with someone to produce something

“Cooperation for a mutual goal moves this to collaboration. The whole is great than the sum of its parts. It may be achieving individual ends, but there’s an additional outcome that is shared …”

Thomson AM, Perry JL. Collaboration Processes: Inside the Black Box. Public Administration Review. 2006; 66 (S1):20-32

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Collaboration

“Interdisciplinary collaboration is an effective interpersonal process that facilitates the achievement of goals that cannot be reached when individual professionals act on their own.”

Bronstein LR. A model for interdisciplinary collaboration. Soc Work. 2003; 48: 297–306.

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Challenges

• Habit• Hierarchy• Professions• Professional societies• Regulatory bodies• Educational institutions• Health system

• Complexity of systems• Complexity of individuals (colleagues, patients, etc.)

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Discussion

Question:

In the light of the complexity and challenges of the health systems we work in:

• What can I do to collaborate?

• What can we as a group do to collaborate?

(Arrange groups)

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Reflections

• What?

• What happened?

• What did you feel?

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Reflections

• So what?

• What do you understand about what 

happened?

• What were the patterns that emerged?

• What does this mean?

• How does collaboration happen?

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Reflections: why IPC?

• Why collaborative practice? 

• utilitarian vs emancipatory approaches

Haddara W, Lingard L. Are we all on the same page? A discourse analysis of interprofessional collaboration. Acad Med. 2013; 88(10):1509‐15. 

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Reflections: Hierarchy

“Unfortunately, despite attempts to reduce them, steep hierarchical gradients still seem to exist both within healthcare professions and specialties, and between different professions. Our own practice has benefitted from close collaboration with airline pilots and from recognising the importance of a regular team brief that includes personal introductions and the crucial phrase that ‘anyone can and should speak up if you have any concerns whatsoever, with‐out fear of retribution’.”

Green B, Oeppen RS, Smith DW, Brennan PA. Challenging hierarchy in healthcare teams ‐ ways to flatten gradients to improve teamwork and patient 

care. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 55(5):449‐453.

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Reflections: Hierarchy

• Learning from pilots

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Assertiveness triangle

Green B, Oeppen RS, Smith DW, Brennan PA. Challenging hierarchy in healthcare teams ‐ways to flatten gradients to improve teamwork and patient care. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 55(5):449‐453.

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Reflections: Hierarchy

Green B, Oeppen RS, Smith DW, Brennan PA. Challenging hierarchy in healthcare teams ‐ways to flatten gradients to improve teamwork and patient care. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 55(5):449‐453.

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Reflections: Power

“While there may be general philosophical consensus about the value of interprofessional collaboration, institutional structures challenge the degree to which this can actually be realized. Beyond more collegial relationships among health care providers and enhanced communication about patient care, it is difficult to see how the conventional power structures, including legal, political and economic ones, have been eroded by these emergent discourses.”

Fox A, Reeves S. Interprofessional collaborative patient‐centred care: a critical exploration of two related discourses. J Interprof Care. 2015; 29(2): 113‐118

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Reflections: Power

“Dominant groups typically do not perceive their values and everyday clinical practice as culturally produced; rather, the assumption is that only minorities engage in culturally determined practices. … it is challenging for members of dominant groups to engage reflexively with the values and beliefs of ‘others’, including among healthcare professions themselves. Instead, values and beliefs are universalised as common sense and the power relations shaping the privilege of these interpretations go unnoticed … [this] requires disruption through education ...”Cook C, Brunton M. The importance of moral emotions for effective collaboration 

in culturally diverse healthcare teams. Nurs Inq. 2018; 25(2):e12214. 

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Reflections: Power

How clinicians exercise power in patient management:• Competitive power (domination) vs Collaborative power 

(interdependent participation and decision‐making) both “competitive” and “collaborative” power co‐exist in 

health services• Patient management is a key site of negotiation about clinical 

roles• Power is exercised along dimensions of: decision‐making, input 

into care delivery, the timing and topics of talk about care, and evaluation of care delivery.

Nugus P, Greenfield D, Travaglia J, Westbrook J, Braithwaite J. How and where clinicians exercise power: interprofessional relations in health care. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(5):898‐909. 

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Reflections: Power• “Although the members of the interprofessional teams agreed about 

the importance of collaborative leadership and discussed ways in which their teams tried to achieve it, evidence indicated that the actual enactment of collaborative leadership was a challenge. The participating physicians indicated a belief that their teams functioned nonhierarchically, but reports from the nonphysician clinicians and the authors’ observation data revealed that hierarchical behaviors persisted, even from those who most vehemently denied the presence of hierarchies on their teams.”

• Although physician leadership is not problematic in and of itself, we have found that it raises issues within IP* teams. … Openly acknowledging and confronting the challenges may enable IP* teams to address specific issues and improve their collaborative practices.

Lingard L, Vanstone M, Durrant M, Fleming‐Carroll B, Lowe M, Rashotte J, Sinclair L, Tallett S. Conflicting messages: examining the dynamics of leadership on interprofessional teams. Acad Med. 2012; 87(12):1762‐7.  *My abbreviation.

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Reflections: Teams

Based, inter alia, on the work of Bourdieu & Habermas, Lingard et al (2004) reflect on interprofessional teams using the theory of social structuration. • Professions are seen as social systems, with roles determined by 

their access to commodities, including: material resources ('economic capital') levels of information ('cultural capital')  social connections and expertise ('social capital'). 

• Team members seek to increase their 'capital' in relation to others.• Therefore: Tensions are inherent in IP teams Can’t assume IP teams are a community with shared values

Lingard L, Espin S, Evans C, Hawryluck L. The rules of the game: interprofessional collaboration on the intensive care unit team. Crit Care. 2004; 8(6):R403‐8. 

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Reflections: IPCFive core components of interprofessional processes:• Interdependence Professionals reliant on each other to accomplish 

goals/tasks• Newly created professional activities Acts/programs/structures that achieve more than is 

possible working independently• Role flexibility Deliberate occurrence of role‐blurring (adaptability and 

creativity)• Collective ownership of goals Shared responsibility

• Reflection on processBronstein LR. A model for interdisciplinary collaboration. Soc Work. 2003; 48: 297–306.

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Reflections: TeamsSaint‐Pierre et al (2018) reviewed how multi‐disciplinary collaboration occurs in primary care & identified four types of team composition :• specialized teams

Usually managing uncommon pathologies 

• highly multidisciplinary teams Usually managing common complex conditions Doctor‐nurse duo with other complementary professionals – average of 

6.1 disciplines per team

• doctor–nurse–pharmacist triad Usually managing co‐morbidities

• physician–nurse centred teams Working across almost all conditions

Saint‐Pierre C, Herskovic V, Sepúlveda M. Multidisciplinary collaboration in primary care: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2018; 35(2):132‐141. 

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Reflections: Teams

Saint‐Pierre et al (2018) identified four types of team collaboration:• co‐located collaboration Highly coordinated; case manager plus clinical leader

• non‐hierarchical collaboration No clinical leader

• collaboration through shared consultations Coordinated through case manager

• collaboration via referral and counter‐referral Coordinated by clinical leader; no face‐to‐face time; not 

very collaborative

Saint‐Pierre C, Herskovic V, Sepúlveda M. Multidisciplinary collaboration in primary care: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2018; 35(2):132‐141. 

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Reflections: Teams• “Clinical work is complex. … complexity resides in social-

relational issues with other individuals and with the system.”

• “Preparing trainees to effectively navigate complexity requires acknowledging that the professional identity of ‘physician knows best’ is obsolete in a health care landscape that is becoming increasingly reliant on multiple forms of expertise, and that this interdependence is both necessary and legitimate.”

• “Navigating complexity may rely on mastering health advocacy. Our results suggest that advocacy is often negotiated or collectively enacted in team settings, often with input from patients and families.”

LaDonna KA, Field E, Watling C, Lingard L, Haddara W, Cristancho SM. Navigating complexity in team‐based clinical settings. Med Educ. 2018; 52(11):1125‐1137. 

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Teams & Complexity

• Collaboration in complexity

‘Knotworking’

= the ways in which team members improvise to negotiate everyday challenges in a complex system(Kangasoja J. Complex Design Problems: An Impetus for Learning and Knotworking. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2002; 199–205, as quoted by Lingard et al, 2012)

Do professional roles remain stable and static?

Is patient care the common objective?

Lingard L, McDougall A, Levstik M, Chandok N, Spafford MM, Schryer C. Representing complexity well: a story about teamwork, with implications for how we teach collaboration. Med Educ. 2012 Sep;46(9):869‐77. 

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Complexity theory

Health systems are complex!

• “complexity is a characteristic of a system” Cilliers P. Understanding Complex Systems. In: Sturmberg JP, Martin CM, 

editors. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 38.

Complexity theory conceptualizes relationships of individuals within a system as the foundation from which the properties of a system emerge.

Thompson DS, Fazio X, Kustra E, Patrick L, Stanley D. Scoping review of complexity theory in health services research. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016; 

16:87. 

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Complexity theory

• Interactions between components of a system (individuals) are important for studying a system

• Interactions of system components result in the overall behaviour of the system.

• Systems are not under central control

• Interactions arise from individuals following simple rules and responding to environmental changes

• New system behaviour is often unpredictable and difficult to explain 

Thompson DS, Fazio X, Kustra E, Patrick L, Stanley D. Scoping review of complexity theory in health services research. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016; 16:87. 

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Patterns

Murmuration:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eakKfY5aHmY

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Simple rules

In 1986, Craig Reynolds created a computer simulation of flocking birds. He posed simple rules about alignment, coherence, and avoidance: Fly the same direction as the rest of the flock 

(alignment) Match the speed of the other members of the 

flock (coherence) Don’t run into anyone (avoidance)

Leslie Patterson & Royce Holladay. Deep Learning Ecologies: An Invitation to Complex Teaching and Learning. Circle Pines, MN: Human Systems Dynamics Institute; 2018. Available at www.hsdinstitute.org

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Change in complexity

• FACT 1: You cannot always predict or control what happens in a complex system. 

• FACT 2: You are still responsible to take wise action (or as wise as you can manage) 

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Change in complexity

Adaptive action

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Reflections

• What?• What happened?• What did you feel?

• So what?• What do you understand about what happened?• What were the patterns that emerged• What does this mean?

• Now what?• What do we you want to do about this?• What is your next wise action?

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Reflections

• Now what?

• What do we you want to do about this?

• What is your next wise action?

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Complexity

Delicious Ambiguity!

I wanted a perfect ending. Now I've learned, the hard way, that some poems don't rhyme, and some stories don't have a clear beginning, middle, and end. Life is about not knowing, having to change, taking the moment and 

making the best of it, without knowing what's going to happen next.

Gilda Radner

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Water is complexgives you life

But can drown youMargaret (hellopoetry.com)

Irony of Water

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Asante