cold war, new nations, and revolt against authority 1945 - 1989

Chapter

Fourth Edition

THE WORLD’S HISTORYTHE WORLD’S HISTORY

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek

Cold War, New Nations,Cold War, New Nations,and Revolt Against and Revolt Against AuthorityAuthority

1945 - 19891945 - 1989

21



Cold War and New NationsCold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR

• US policy toward world alternates between isolation and assertion of global mission– US established Pax Americana after WWII

• Soviet Union had similar sense of mission tied to belief in spreading communism– Third Socialist International (Comintern)– Survival in World War II added prestige

• Post war agreements try to bridge this gap



Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR

• “Iron Curtain” reality emerges in late 1940s– Each sees other’s ideals as cover for

aggression

• Berlin Blockade (1948)

• Nuclear weaponry a major element in war

• Space race adds rivalry

• “Fall” of China adds fear to the US. – 1/4 of world “becomes” communist over night




• The Korean War, 1950-53– North Korea invaded South Korea (June,

1950) North attack almost succeeded Death toll high for all parties




• The Korean War, 1950-53 [cont.]– Outcomes

War added to American sense of threat Japan experienced prosperity as supplier of

material US and Europe split over war aims Started trend of “brinksmanship” in diplomacy




• The Soviet Union After Stalin– Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64

Denounced Stalinist policies Openness led to novels of criticism of Russia Revelation of gulags by Solzhenitzyn Continued attempts to catch up with the West

technologically Diplomatically aggressive with harsh control of

eastern Europe and support for Castro




• The Soviet Union After Stalin [cont.]– Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82

Brezhnev Doctrine is response to “Prague Spring”• Doctrine claims right to intervene in satellite nations to

prevent counter-revolution

Unrest in Poland surrounding Solidarity movement and election of Pole as Roman Catholic Pope leads to creation of martial law

Involvement in Afghanistan becomes Russia’s Vietnam




• The American Military-Industrial Complex– President Eisenhower warned of the threat of

the military-industrial complex to peace in 1961

– Cold War involved client states & proxy wars– Economic assistance was another aspect of

the effort to win friends with monetary assistance Some nations drew assistance from both sides




• The Cuban Missile Crisis– Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959– Initial success in social programs– Failed Bay of Pigs invasion moved Cuba

toward the Soviet Union– Russian nuclear missiles placed in Cuba to

protect it from invasion– Nuclear war averted in Missile Crisis (1962)



Cold War and Emergence of New Nations

• Decolonization a product of Depression and world wars, 1914-45– West no longer a clearly superior culture– World Wars emphasized self government– US & USSR promoted independence

• British & French Middle East mandates were first to gain freedom




• Independence of India (1947)

• Israeli statehood (1948)

• China to communists (1949)

• Independence of Indonesia (1949)

• War in Vietnam when France is reluctant to withdraw. – French withdraw from Vietnam in 1954




• Africa– Ghana 1st black African nation to gain

freedom




• Egypt– Coup claims control of Suez Canal (1956)– Joint British-French attack to reverse this

action– US demands attack end– Nasser brings in Soviet advisors to build dam– Sadat (1970) expels Russians from Egypt




• Congo– Cruel Belgian rule ends with elections in 1957

and move toward independence– Lumumba elected Prime Minister in 1960 but

army overthrows his government– Three-sided Civil War ends with victory for

Joseph Mobutu (dictator Mobutu Sese Seko)– War showed dilemma of resource rich area in

midst of Cold War




• Algeria– Independence through Civil War

Algeria legally an integral part of France Algerians of European origin control wealth War from mid-1950s led by NLN DeGaulle and new French constitution open the

door to Algerian independence

– Oil revenues finance economic and educational development




• Mozambique, Angola, & Guinea– Portugal resists loss of colonial power– Calls these colonies “overseas provinces)– Revolts in all three by 1961– Military coup in Portugal creates government

that grants independence to these colonies– Even among colonizers, colonialism no longer

considered an appropriate relationship



Emergence of the Third World

• Term emerged as “third alternative” in Cold War conflict between US & USSR

• Made collective entry into international affairs at Bandung conference (1955)– 1st presentation of non-Western views

• Non-aligned, these countries form regional organizations to promote their interests– Include OPEC, OAU, OAS




• Client States and Proxy Wars– US & USSR seek client state relations with

resource-rich Third World nations– Warfare for control of resources by Cold War

nations involved “proxy wars”– Communist takeover of China saw US refuse

diplomatic recognition of the nation, outbreak of Korean War, and deterioration of China’s relationship with Russia




• Latin America– Nicaragua

US involvement from support of 1909 coup and continuous stationing of troops to 1933

Guerilla war led by Sandino ended in 1934 with start of Somoza government

Sandinista success in 1979 gains support of Carter administration but Pres. Reagan pursues overthrow Nicaraguan government with covert financing

1990 sees end of war




• Latin America [cont.]– Guatemala

U.S. sponsors ouster of President Arbenz• Had confiscated land from United Fruit Company with

promise of compensation, built a highway to break the fruit company’s monopoly on transportation and built a hydroelectric plant for energy independence

Assassination of US sponsored successor leads to decades of civil war

US apology for role in “banana republic” in 1999




• Latin America [cont.]– Panama

Established by coup in 1903 with US support in return for right to build Panama Canal

– Chile Socialist Salvador Allende elected leader (1970) Land reform and nationalization of copper

resources Allende overthrown and killed with CIA support Pinochet government is successor by force until

1988




• Iran– US/Britain oppose Iranian control of oil (1951)

Placed compliant Shah of Iran fully in charge

– Forced modernization plan alienates many Religious opposition led by Ayatollah Khomeni

– Fall of Shah placed militant Shiites in power Seizure of 52 Americans at embassy Numerous actions against neighboring states Restrictions on women



Terrorism

• Terrorism is tactic of the weak

• Is used by some states as well as outsider movements

• Israel is a frequent target of terror

• Can boomerang in the sense that those attacked can resolve to resist terror demands



In Pursuit of Peace

• Mutually Assured Destruction prevented attacks

• United Nations: Growth & New Missions– Forum for nations in General Assembly– Peacekeeping a major role for UN– Promotion of general welfare around the

world– Work to improve global economy



In Pursuit of Peace

• Demographics– Fear of “population bomb” reduced by

declining birth rates and decrease in death rates

– Green Revolution added to food supply Fear that revolution would make the rich richer

– Population growth uneven--growing population in cities produces “slums of hope” and “slums of despair”



In Pursuit of Peace

• Economic Growth– Western Europe

Post-war “economic miracles”• European Coal and Steel Community (1952)• European Economic Community (1957)• Euratom• Common Agricultural Policy (1962)• Unified western European economy (1965)

West German economy fastest growing in Europe



In Pursuit of Peace

• Economic Growth [cont.]– Japan

US occupation laid basis for Japanese recovery Re-entry to family of nations in three stages

• Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development• Bullet train• Hosted Summer Olympics (1964)

Japan’s policy combined free enterprise & planning 1973 OPEC oil embargo shocked world economy

• Japanese survival tied to conservation measures



In Pursuit of Peace

• International Organization– Bretton Woods Agreements (1944) produced

International Monetary Fund World Bank General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

– OPEC (1960) Used economic clout to promote oil embargo to

reduce willingness of US to support Israel



NGOs and Transnationals

• Term “Non-governmental organizations” does not usually include private businesses

• Can be national or transnational in scope• Have a wide variety of purposes

– World Wildlife fund– Amnesty International – Oxfam– Solidarity



Legacies of the Cold War

• Twentieth century has developed healthy skepticism about past changes

• Winners include newly freed people

• Losers are those who continue to live in poverty

• Postwar years favored optimists over pessimists

cold war, new nations, and revolt against authority 1945 - 1989

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