coir bhoovasthra - an eco...

Coir Bhoovasthra - an Eco friendly,Bio degradable Material for Soil Conservation

and Rural Road

Save Nature Use Coir

Coir Board(Ministry of MS&ME, Govt. of India)

Coir House, M.G.Road, Ernakulam, Cochin – 682016

Phone: 0484 2351807, 2351788, 2354397

Email: [email protected]

www.coirboard.gov.in

COIR BOARDMinistry of MSME, Government of IndiaP.B No: 1752, “Coir House”, M.G.Road, Kochi – 682 016Tel: +91-484-235807, 235788, 2383313. Fax: +91-484-2370034Email: [email protected], www.coiboard.gov.in

First Edition: 2016

© Reserved with the Coir Board

Editors: K.A.Baby & P. K. RAVI

Project Assistance

Sumy SebastianC.K.JayanandSunil Kumar. RSatheesh Kumar.R

Cover Design: V.R.George Roy

Published on the occasion of the India International Coir Fair 2016, Coimbatore

Printed at :PrintExPress, Cochin

DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

The India International Coir Fair 2016 has been organized by Coir Board to demonstrate

In these circumstances, R&D becomes increasingly important in order to overcome this

Dr. Das Anita Ravindranath

Director, RDTE, CCRI

PREFACECoir Board in association with the Central Road Research Institute,

2. Since then

institutions and Govt. departments in arresting the soil erosion,

as New Delhi, Alappuzha, Bangalore, Dehradun, Shilliong, Kohima,

with the Coir Board in arranging demonstrations.

K.A.Baby

P.K.Ravi

demonstration.

CONTENTS

MassageForewordPreface

Sl No

Particulars Page No

1 Introduction 12 Geo synthetics 13 Geo textiles 24 Soil Erosion 35 History of Application of Geo textiles 3

5.1 The application vs. percentage of different major application areas for geo textiles

4

5.2 45.3 Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECP) 5

6 Functions of Geo textiles 66.1 Drainage 66.2 Filtration 66.3 Separation 66.4 Protection 7

7 Coir Bhoovastra (Coir Geo textiles) 78 Types of Coir Bhoovastra 9

8.1 Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra 98.1.1.Quality Parameters of Coir Geo textiles as per IS12503 (Part 2) 1988 Coir Mattings, Mourzouks and Carpets

10

8.2 Geo rolls and Vegetation Fascines 118.3 Non-woven Coir needled Felts. 128.4 Cocologs 138.5 Coir Fibre Beds (Cocobeds) 138.6 Coir Loop Fabric 14

8.6.1. Constructional Details of Coir Loop Fabrics 14

8.7 Coir Cell Geo Textiles 148.7.1. Major Mineral Mines in India 148.7.2. Impacts of mining 158.7.3. Application of Coir Cell Geo Textiles in the Waste Dumping Yards of Mines

16

9 Bioremediation using Coir geo textiles 1710 Qualities of Good Coir Bhoovastra 1811 Major Application Areas of Coir Bhoovastra 1812 Choice & Selection of Coir Bhoovastra Depends on 1913 Advantages of Coir Bhoovastra 20

14 Demerits of Geo textiles from synthetic materials 2015 Looms for Manufacturing Coir geo textiles 21

15.1 Coir Wooden Handloom 2115.2 Anugraha 2215.3 Jacquard Loom 24

16 Application of Geo textiles 2416.1 Present Status 2416.2 Separation 2416.3 Filtration 2516.4 Drainage (Transmissivity) 2516.5 Reinforcement 26

17 Guidelines for Installation and Laying of Coir Geo textiles 2617.1 For Soil Erosion Control 26

17.1.1 Site Assessment 2617.1.2 Site Preparation 2617.1.3 Vegetation & Seeding 2717.1.4 Fixation 2717.1.5 Laying 2817.1.6 Monitoring 28

17.2 Reinforcement of Paved Roads 2817.3.Cost Estimate for Reinforcement of Paved Roads 1 Km Long and 4 M Wide with Coir Geo textiles

37

17.4. As Sub -base layer (Under lays) in Village / Rural Unpaved Roads. 38

17.5 .Reinforcement of Village Roads using coir geo textiles under PMGSY

44

18 Performance Evaluation 4518.1 Functional Performance 4518.2 Pavement Performance Evaluations 46

18.2.1 Rutting 4718.2.2 Raveling 4718.2.3 Pothole 4718.2.4 Cracking 4718.2.5 Edge Drop 4718.2.6 Merlin Test for Roughness Measurement 4818.2.7 Skid Resistance 50

18.3 Structural Performance 5118.3.1 Benkelman Beam Test 5118.3.2 Dynamic Penetration Test 53

19 54

19.1.Cost of Laying with Single Layer of Coir Geo textiles for 1 Km Long and 8 M Wide Unpaved Road 5519.2.Cost Estimate for Reinforcement of Unpaved Roads 1 Km Long and 4 M Wide with Single Layer of Coir Geo textiles and Two Layer of Earthwork Filling 56

20 Standards for Testing Quality Parameters of Geo textiles 5621 Indian Standards for Coir Bhoovastra 57

21.1 IS 15868 (Part 1 to 6): 2008: Methods of Test for Natural Fiber Geo textiles (Jute Geo textiles & Coir Bhoovastra) 5721.1.1 Part 1 Determination of Mass per unit area 5721.1.2 Part 2 Determination of Thickness 5821.1.3 Part 3 Determination of Percentage of swell 5821.1.4 Part 4 Determination of Water Absorption Capacity 5921.1.5 Part 5 Determination of Smoldering Resistance 59

21.1.6Part 6 Determination of Mesh size of coir geo textiles by overhead projector method. 59

21.2 IS 15869:2008- Textiles-Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra 60

21.3 IS 15871: 2009: Guidelines for Use of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Bhoovastra) in unpaved Roads) 61

21.4 IS 15872:2009 : Guidelines for Application of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Woven Bhoovastra) for Rain Water Erosion Control in Roads, Railway Embankments and Hill Slopes 63

22Equipments and Procedure for Measuring Quality Parameters of Geo textiles 66

22.1 Bursting strength test apparatus 6622.2 Dry sieve test apparatus 6622.3 Cone drop test apparatus 6722.4 6722.5 CBR push through test apparatus 6822.6 Hydrodynamic sieve test apparatus 6822.7 Geo textiles permeometer 6822.8 Cross plane permeability test apparatus (hydraulic permittivitty

test apparatus) 6922.9 In-plane permeability test apparatus (hydraulic transmissivitty test

apparatus) 7022.10 Wide width tensile test by Universal Tensile Testing Machine 7022.11 Trapezoidal tearing strength 7122.12 Grab tensile strength 7122.13 7122.14 7222.15 Thickness gauge 72

23 Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Matting 7324 Tested Quality Parameters of Latex coated Coir Needled Felt backed 74

25 7426 Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Bhoovastra (Coir geo textiles) 7527 Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Loop 7628 Tested Quality Parameters of Knotted Coir Net 7729 Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Needled Felt With Hessian and HDPE

Backing77

30 Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Needled Felt 7831 Patents Granted for Application and Manufacture of Coir Geo textiles 7832 Export of coir geo textiles from India 7933 Protection of road embankment using coir geo textiles 8034 Reinforcement of rain water harvesting pond and stream embankment

using coir geo textiles82

35 Protection of hills slope embankment using coir geo textiles 8436 Protection of canal embankment using coir geo textiles 8637 8838 Protection of irrigation canal embankment using coir geo textiles 9139 Stabilization of landslide using coir geo textiles 9340 Protection of clay embankment using coir needled felt 9541 Stabilization of eroded slopes of railway embankment by coir geo textiles 9742 Appliction of coir geotextiles for reinforcement of mudwall for protecting

canals100

43 Creation of greenery over rocky patches using coir geotextiles 10344 Protection of dam against siltation using coir geotextiles 10545 Protection of river embankment using coir geotextiles 10746 Prevention of soil erosion due to runoff on the banks of river using cocolog 11047 Erosion control of soil and water conservation for vegetable crop on steep

slope laid with coir geo textiles111

48 Coir geo-rolls for high velocity stream bank protection 11449 Weed control and mulching using coir geo textiles 115

117References 118Case studies 124

Coir Bhoovasthra- an Eco friendly , Bio degradable Material for Soil Conservation and Rural Road

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Coir Bhoovasthra, an Eco friendly and Biodegradable

Material for Soil Conservation and Rural Roads

1. Introduction

India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 33 lakh km at

present. However many of the existing roads are becoming structurally inadequate because

of the rapid growth in traffic volume and axle loading. At locations with adequate sub grade

bearing capacity/CBR value, a layer of suitable granular material can improve the bearing

capacity to carry the expected traffic load. But at sites with CBR less than 2%, problems

of shear failure and excessive rutting are often encountered. The ground improvement

alternatives such as excavation and replacement of unsuitable material, deep compaction,

chemical stabilization, pre loading and polymeric geo synthetics etc are often used at such

sites. The cost of these processes as well as virgin material involved is usually high and as

such they are yet to be commonly used in developing nations like India. In this context natural

fiber products hold promise for rural road construction over soft clay.

Geo textiles are proving to be cost effective alternative to traditional road construction method.

Studies have indicated that the biodegradability of coir can be used to advantage and the coir

based geo textiles have the potential of being used for rural road construction over soft clay.

In paved and unpaved road construction, geo synthetics reinforcement has been applied to

improve their overall strength and service life. The stabilization of pavements on soft ground

with geo textiles is primarily attributed to the basic functions of separation of base course layer

from sub grade soil, reinforcement of composite system etc. But these synthetic products are

non biodegradable and cause environment problems, whereas natural geo textiles like coir is

biodegradable.

2. Geo synthetics

Geo synthetics are synthesized polymeric or natural materials used to solve engineering

problem. The problem of rural roads on soft soil can be solved to some extent using geo

synthetics. Polymeric materials are polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, polyester etc. Natural

geo synthetics are produced from natural materials like coir, jute, sisal etc.

A geo synthetic is affected by its surroundings or environment. Environmental factors that

contribute to the degradation of geo synthetics include UV radiation (sunlight), mechanical/

physical wear, long duration loads and temperature. For instance, a polypropylene textile or

grid will creep when exposed to tensile loads. Creep is also enhanced by an increase in

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temperature and additionally, UV radiation in sunlight can cause serious degradation and

weakening of polymer bonds.

Geo textiles, Geo grids, Geo membranes and Geo composites (Geo nets) belong to the family

of geo synthetics.

Geo grids

Geo textiles

Geo composites

or

Geo nets

Reinforcement

Separation

Cushioning

Filtration

Transmission

Isolation

Geo synthetic highway applications can be split into two areas, which are unpaved and

paved roads .In paved and unpaved road construction, geo synthetic reinforcement has been

applied to improve their overall strength and service life. The stabilization of pavements on soft

ground with geo textiles or geo grid is primarily attributed to basic functions of separation of

base course layer from sub grade soil, reinforcement of composite system etc.

3. Geo textiles

The geo textiles derive its name from two words

“geo” and “textiles” and therefore it means the

fabric in use in relation with “earth”. The term geo

textiles or geo fabric represent woven / non woven,

knitted / composite / blanket cells of natural or

synthetic origin, used as a permeable textile fabrics

in geo technical engineering to prevent the soil from

migrating while maintaining the water flow (soil

erosion). Geo textiles come in thickness ranging

from 0.2 mm to 10 mm in roll lengths up to 100

metre and width up to 10 metres with permeability

comparably ranged from coarse gravel to fine sand.


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The geo textiles role is to protect and promote vegetarian cover during its formative period

after which it degrades over a period of time and mixes with the soil providing for valuable

nutrients.

4. Soil Erosion

It is the gradual removal of the topsoil of earth’s crust over an extended period of time. This

leads to

1. Depletion of nutrients from the topsoil.

2. Reduction in productivity.

3. Disturbance in the wild life habitat.

4. Topographical alteration in the landmass.

5. Exorbitant costs of repairing erosion damaged sites.

Erosion consists of the loosening and

transportation of soil particles, a heavy

thunder storm will throw into the air up to

250 tons per hectare of top soil and the

flowing water which can no longer be

absorbed by the soil causes rills and gullies.

Deforestation, mining and construction,

vegetation disturbance etc. creates

conditions for accelerated erosion. Rainfall,

agricultural and forestry disturbance cause

India to lose 6000 million tones of precious

top soil annually.

5. History of Application of Geo textiles

The first use of a synthetic fabric as geo

textiles was in the late 1950’s when

a permeable woven fabric made of a

synthetic fabric was placed beneath

concrete pavements for erosion control

in Florida. Woven geo textiles found wide

uses throughout the US during the 1960’s

in erosion control applications. In Europe,

geo textiles materials were used in the

Netherlands around 1960 in combination

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with reed mat fascines for erosion protection in coastal works, Non woven geo textiles were

first used by Giroud as early as 1969 in earthen dam as a filter under erosion protection on

the upstream pace. In the same time, Wager started using both woven and non-woven geo

textiles in erosion protection in Sweden. Since then, plastic and steel nets and grids, used

automobile tyre casings, steel landing mats, Columbus fascine mats, reinforced plastic, rubber

membrane, wood, jute, coir and saw dust have also been used in reinforced soil structures.

The application of geo textiles to geo technical projects gained its momentum in 1970’s. One

of the earliest applications of geo textiles were in transportation engineering and in pavement

rehabilitation. It is estimated that 1400 million sq.metres of geo textiles are being used in the

world annually. Europe and North America markets each account for 40 % with the remaining

20 % attributed mainly to Japan. Natural fibre geo textiles (coir, jute, sisal, hemp, straw etc.)

account for less than 1 %.

5.1. The application vs. percentage of different major application areas for geo

textiles is furnished below.

Application area Percentage (%)

1. Reinforcement 4

2. Silt fences 6

3. Erosion control 7

4. Linings 8

5. Drainage 16

6. Asphalt overlay 17

7. Separation / stabilization 42

5.2. Features and benefits of Geo textiles

Surface soil erosion on slopes occurs by dislodgement

of soil particles and their transportation down slope as a

series of events that may be repeated several times by

a single particle before final deposition.

Erosion control is the process of restraining the initial

movement of soil particles by wind and water (rain). The

selection and installation of an effective erosion control

material will reduce the impact of rain drops on the soil

and impede overland water flow by reducing the impact

of rain drops, fewer soil particles become dislodged during rainfall.


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The soil erosion can be avoided with soil surface protection using a vegetation cover of

relatively shallow, fibrous root structure whereby the roots creep along the ground. Native

plants that occur naturally in a particular region, ecosystem and habitat without direct or

indirect human actions can achieve the vegetative cover. The vegetation plays an extremely

important role in controlling rainfall erosion by

1. Interception: Foliage and plant residues absorb rainfall energy and prevent soil detachment

by raindrop splash.

2. Restraint: Root systems physically bind or restrain soil particles while above ground

portion filter sediment out of run off.

3. Retardation: Stem and foliage increase surface roughness and slow velocity of run off.

4. Infiltration: Plants and their residues help to maintain porosity and permeability thereby

delaying onset of run off.

5.3. Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECP)

They are expected to serve mitigation of erosion both in the short term as well as long term

through the establishment and maintenance of vegetation cover.

Features of Geo textiles Benefits derived

Shield soil-against wind jet efflux and rain Prevent soil loss and controls erosion

Protects seeds/plants – against wind, rain & birds

Increases germination rate of seeds

Retains moisture-by capillary storage of water and shading

Promotes vigorous growth of vegetation

Fertilizes soil-increase humus content of soil as natural organic constituents degrade

Enhances soil fertility and permeability

Reinforces Turf – against general wear and tear. Greater turf durability and stability of soil surface

Insulates soil & roots – against extremes of temperature

Provides optimum conditions for seeds early growth of vegetation

Mulching – prevents moisture loss from soil Extended period of growth per season results in lower plant loss

Weed control-totally opaque Environmental friendly and suppresses weed growth

Temperature Moderation-the matrix/blankets moderates temperature changes

More roots survive to give stronger plant growth

Increased fertility – as the matrix degrades it adds to the humus in the soil

Improves long term condition for plant growth

The economics-easily man handleable, in roll form, no special labour, very easy to install, takes the contour of the soil, provides for long term weed control, mulching etc.

Reduces laying time, site labour utilised, cost spread over several financial years, eco friendly & biodegradable.

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The Rolled Erosion Control Products can be classified as

1. Erosion Control Nettings (ECN)

2. Erosion Control Meshes (ECM)

3. Erosion Control Blankets (ECM)

4. Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRM)

6. Functions of Geo textiles

Geo textiles usually fulfill one or more of the following functions

1. Drainage (Fluid Transmission).

2. Filtration.

3. Separation.

4. Reinforcement (Protection).

6.1. Drainage

Geo textiles can collect a liquid or gas and convey it along its own plane thus providing fluid

transmission

6.2. Filtration

Geo textiles acts as filter when it allows liquid to pass normal to its own plane, while preventing

most soil particles from being carried away by the liquid current. It is one of the most widely

used geo textiles functions. A geo textile provides filtration function, which serves the same

role in soil structures, as were the various gradations off aggregates conventionally used.

6.3. Separation

The separation function refers to the separation of two dissimilar materials. The primary geo

textile responsibility is to prevent intermixing of the two different soil layers or dissimilar materials,

throughout the design life of the structure. Normally geo textiles provided for separation in road

pavement prevent intrusion/pumping of soil particles into the base/ sub base course. Geo

textiles are commonly used for this function when pavements are constructed over soft soils.

Roadway pavements are basically structures for taking the high contact pressure from the

vehicle tyres and reducing that pressure through the depth of the pavement to a level, which

can be handled by the underlying soil. Pressure dissipation occurs down through the various

layers of materials within the pavement. Over a period of time, especially in presence of water,

repeated vehicle load applications cause sub grade soils to migrate into the aggregate base

of the pavement section. Contamination of the aggregate base by the sub grade results in the

reduction of the effective base thickness to a value, which is less than what, was the design


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value. Reduction of the base thickness results in a decrease in the load carrying capability of

the aggregate base and leads to a reduction in the pavement life. Geo textiles prevent the sub

grade materials from migrating into the aggregate base, while maintaining the desired strength

over a much longer period and as a consequence the quality and the life of the pavement is

increased substantially.

6.4. Protection

Geo textiles protect a material when it alleviates or

distributes stresses and strains transmitted to the

protected material. This can be

1. Surface protection, as in erosion control

2 For interface protection i.e. alleviation of

reflection cracking

3. As tensioned membranes when placed

between two materials with different

pressures (bridging of gaps, stress reductions)

4. As tensile member in a reinforced soil structure to provide tensile modulus and

strength through interface friction.

In many applications, geo textiles may perform more than the function envisaged.

7. Coir Bhoovastra (Coir Geo textiles)

Coir geo textiles (Coir Bhoovastra) are permeable fabrics capable to control soil erosion. It

protects the earth and promotes vegetation retaining precious top soil. It is available in woven

and non-woven forms.

Coir Bhoovastra is

� Made from natural fibre

�� 100% organic and renewable

�� Good durability

�� Biodegradable

�� Naturally resistant to rot, moulds and moisture

�� Needs no chemical treatment

�� High tensile strength and modulus

�� Good dimensional stability

�� Anti-slip nature

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�� Available in India in abundance at low price

�� Found to last for 4-6 years within the soil environment

�� eco friendly and bio degradable

�� Serves the purposes of Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration and Drainage – in road

construction

�� Low extensibility

�� Stiffness

�� Long hairs protruded from the yarn surface fibre shedding and processibility

�� High biodegradability to last for 4-6 years within the soil environment

Coir Bhoovastra (Coir Geo textiles) is a net fabric from coir fibre.

It is a woven fabric of two treadle in construction made from

coir yarn in which the warp and weft strands are positioned at

a distance to get a mesh (net) effect of ¼”, ½” and 1” square.

The netting (mesh) gives the grass plenty of room to grow at the

same time provides large number of “Check Dams” per square

meter of soil media. The nettings are normally produced on Coir handlooms out of 2-ply coir

yarn, i.e., 1-meter wide rolls of 50-meter length.

Coir Bhoovastra are permeable fabrics made from coir fibre extracted from coconut husk

either by natural retting or by mechanical process. Coir geo textiles are used for stabilisation

of soil through vegetation against erosion of landscape and soil slopes as well as protection

of banks of river, canal and lakes, road and railway embankment and reinforcement of mud

wall of stream, bunds, farm and fishponds against erosion and other applications involving

separation and filtration.

Compared to other natural fibres like cotton, jute etc, coir fibres of larger diameter and

curvature, possess rigidity to bending which helps to bridge gaps in soil materials in the case

of filters and separation functions. Also in the case of reclamations, coir fabrics require less

support than other fabrics

Coir geo textiles control the soil erosion by acting as a ground cover or mulch .The term mulch

refers to any material which would be decomposed fully or partially over a period of time and

serving as nutrient to the vegetation that is being nurtured. The mulch has a short-term role to

play and not a long-term role in stabilisation. As a ground cover, it reduces the flow velocity of

runoff water by forming check dams with the help of net structured strands of coir geo textiles

in firm contact with the soil, which absorb the impact of water flow and resist washing down

keeping the soil intact. Coir geo textiles provide support to the seeds sown and seedling

which could be otherwise easily washed away by water. The strands of the net reduce the

wind velocity at the soil surface thereby trap soil particles from being blown away. As a mulch,

coir geo textiles provide ideal environment for the seeds to germinate and healthy grow of


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seedling by regulation of soil humidity, temperature and manure and controlling weeds, by

protection from direct sunlight and rain.

8. Types of Coir Bhoovastra

8.1. Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra

Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra is a net fabric woven from coir yarn. Open Weave Coir

Bhoovastra is a good insulant, resistant to dampness and moths, biodegradable, absorb

moisture equal to its own weight and conserved moisture in soil which is sufficient for the

growth of vegetation. When the Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra eventually disintegrates, it

leaves only humus. There is no need for post-installation work.

Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra have been found to be an ideal geo textile for situations where

land is sloppy which may lead to riling and gulling. In such slopes, heavy rainfall causes loss of

soil. In the areas of scanty rainfall where soil is non- cohesive and prone to wind blowing, Open

Weave Coir Bhoovastra provides adequate protection .Coir bhoovastra finds applications in

erosion of cut slopes of railways, road, approaches of bridges, canal and drainage bank,

bank of river, ponds, lakes, hill slopes and terraces requiring surface stabilisation, reclamation

of mine spoil heaps and sand dune stabilisation.

The Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra initially holds the ground for seeds and seedling and provides

a mechanical support against water erosion helps the germination of seeds of better and growth

of the plants conserving moisture and adds organic matter to the soil after degradation. In areas

where vegetation is poor or takes longer time for establishment, Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra

can hold the soil together for a longer period of time in comparison to other natural fibres.

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In areas prone to soil erosion like slopes and

drainage areas open weave Coir Bhoovastra, holds

seed and soil intact even during heavy rainstorms.

It stays on the earth against the ravages of quick

flowing water, wind or wild vegetative growth. The

openings between the strands give the grass or

vegetation plenty of growing room.

8.1.1. Quality Parameters of Coir Geotextiles as per IS12503 (Part 2) 1988 Coir

Mattings, Mourzouks and Carpets

A matting of two-treadle weave in construction with the difference that the warp and weft

strands are positioned at a distance to get mesh effect.

DesignationType of warp

yarn

Approximate

scorage of warp

yarn

Ends

per dm

Type of weft

yarn

Picks per

dm

Mass, kg/

m2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Hand loom matting

H2M1 (MMA1)

H2M2 (MMB1)

H2M3 (MMR1)

H2M4 (MMA2)

H2M5 (MMV1)

H2M6 (MMV2)

H2M7(MMY1)

H2M8(MMA3)

H2M9 (MMA4)

H2M10 (MMA5)

Anjengo

Beach

Aratory

Anjengo

Vycome

Vycome

Beypore

Anjengo

Anjengo

Anjengo

14

9

15

12

13

12

-

12

11

11

9

8

14

19

9

4.6

4

11

13

18

Vycome

Beach

Aratory

Aratory

Vycome

Vycome

Beypore

Aratory

Aratory

Anjengo

8

7

14

11

8

4

6

7

7

9

0.650

0.700

0.875

1.400

0.740

0.400

1.250

0.700

0.900

1.300

Permissible tolerances

Sl.No. Parameters Tolerance Permissible

1 Scorage of yarn 1

2 Dimension

Length

Width up to 180 cm

Width above 180 cm

+ 1 %

± 13mm

± 25 mm

3 Ends ± 2 strands per dm

4 Picks

Width up to 275 cm

Width over 275 cm

- 5%

- 2 per dm

5 Mass +7.5% -5%


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Note:

MMA2 (H2M4) In this matting the warp threads are arranged in-group of three strands.

MMR1 (H2M3) In this matting, the warp and weft threads are arranged is pairs, each warp

strands are woven alternately with the adjacent strands.

MMA5 (H2M10) In this matting the warp strands are arranged in-group of 6 strands leaving

a gap of 1 cm between each group. After 6 such groups 4 jute strands are

provided to protect the warp after cutting. A gap of 1.5 cm is provided after

the jute strands of facilitate cutting of matting in strips of 20 cm width.

MMB1 (H2M2) In this matting extra warp strands are allowed to reinforce over a width of 2”

at both sides, when the width of matting is 36” and less. Above 36” width a

reinforcement of 4” width at the centre and sides of the matting is allowed.

8.2. Geo rolls and Vegetation Fascines

These are mainly used for the stabilisation and revegetation of sites marked by steepness

or high exposure to waves and currents causing instability. Geo rolls or vegetation fascines

are construction modules characterised by a compact roll of coir web covered by exterior

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coir mesh netting making it strong and flexible. Their

configuration and density help them to maintain

form without losing material and promote plant

growth as well as microbial activity. In areas where

there is a constant flow of water, they facilitate new

channel alignment. In standing water they initiate

sedimentation, facilitate vegetation and dissipate

induced wave energy. Geo rolls collect and hold

mineral and organic particles, provide a physically

stable substrate for root growth and gradually bio-degrade to leave a self sustaining erosion

control system. The interior of the geo rolls consist of 100% coir fibre webs cross-lapped or air

laid, followed by needle punching or stitch bonding. The fibre density is greater than or equal

to 1000 gsm and the width of 220 mm to 600 mm. The substrate is then rolled into desired

diameters.

8.3. Non-woven Coir needled Felts.

Coir needled felt is a non woven fabric of

various densities made from needle punching of

decorticated coir fibre. The coir non-woven blankets

are composed of 100% coir fibre randomly needle

punched to the desired degree of compaction. In

the manufacturing process, well cleaned coir fibres

of good staple length pass through the cleaning

machines by pneumatic suction and punched by

the needle loom on one side to manufacture felts of


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different density depending upon punching intensity, needle penetration and thickness. The

fibre is mechanically bonded (interlocked) to form a continuous length of sheet. No bonding

material is used in the manufacture. It can be manufactured in thickness from 10 mm to 20

mm with a density varying from 500 to 1500 g/sq.m. Coir needled felts are available in blanket

forms backed with nets made of jute, polypropylene and polythene also.

The felts have excellent moisture absorption and retention characteristics and form an ideal

medium for plant growth.

8.4. Cocologs

Cocologs are made from coir fibre bunches under pressed condition in tubular enclosures

of knotted coir yarn. They are having a shape similar to a wooden log.They vary in diameter,

length and weight. The diameter varies from 30 cm to 50 cm, weight from 60 kg to 180 kg,

usually produced with a length of 6 metre.

Charcoal is also used intermittently for filling the logs as additional manure for faster growth of

plants. Cocologs are mainly used for vulnerable streams, rivers or lake bank to protect scour.

The rolls are attached at the edges of the bank and secured by wooden stakes/ pegs. The

pegs may be used on alternate sides of the log.

For high embankment areas with variable water level, several Cocolog can be applied as a

stack.

8.5. Coir Fibre Beds (Cocobeds)

Cocobeds are made from coir fibre and coir

geo textiles. Coir fibre is sandwiched between

two coir geo textiles and stitched together to

form a bed or pouch. Cocobeds are produced

in different thickness, width and lengths. The

thickness varies from 5 cm to 15 cm, width from

60 to 100 cm and length 125 cm to 600 cm.

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Relatively steep stream banks can be covered with pre planted Cocobeds. Sediments will

be collected and held in Cocobeds, which helps in plant

growth and purifies water to a certain extent.

8.6. Coir Loop Fabric

Coir loop fabric is a product made with loop construction

usually manufactured in rolls for use as geo fabric for soil

erosion control and soil stabilization.

8.6.1. Constructional Details of Coir Loop Fabrics

Quality Number

Tight chain

Binding chain

Loop chain Weft Tig-ht Bin-ding

Lo-op

Picks/dm

Weight gm/m2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

SPL L7

SPL L8

SPL L9

Vycome

Vycome

Beach

Vycome

Vycome

Beach

Vycome

Quilandy

Beach

Vycome

Vycome

Beach

5

4

5

10

8

5

5

4

5

8

8

9

1300

1600

1200

8.7. Coir Cell Geo Textiles

India is a mineral-rich country, with more than 20,000 mineral deposits. The country produces

about 90 minerals, which include four fuels, 10 metallic and 50 non-metallic, three atomic and

23 minor minerals. Most of the country’s mining activities are concentrated in the 11 statesviz.

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Odisha, Tamil

Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal which accounts 92 per cent of the mines.

2,628 mines were reported in India during 2010-11.

8.7.1. Major Mineral Mines in India

� Asbestos Mines

�� Bauxite Mines

�� Chromate Mines

�� Coal Mines

�� Copper Mines

�� Diamond Mines

�� Dolomite Mines

�� Feldspar Mines

�� Gold Mines

�� Granite Mines

�� Iron Mines

�� Iron Ore Mines

�� Lime Stone Mines

�� Metallic Minerals

�� Non Metallic Minerals


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8.7.2. Impacts of mining

Almost all of India’s minerals are located in regions that also hold most of its forests, tribal

population and major river systems. Forest land has constantly been getting diverted for the

purpose of mining and for other developmental projects. During 1980-2005, about 1,00,000

ha of land was diverted across India to make way for 1,200 mines. This diversion has destroyed

ecosystems as well as livelihoods.

Like the majority of human activities, mining operations produce waste materials. The soil

and rock which is removed to gain access to buried ore and the material (water, solids, and

gases) left behind after the ore has been processed to remove the valuable commodities,

are considered to be waste materials. The large volumes of waste produced during mining

operations are expensive to manage and are frequently cited as an obstacle in the environmental

sustainability of mining.

The type, amount and properties of mine waste produced at different mines vary depending on

the resource being mined, process technology used and geology at the mine site. While many

mine wastes are benign, mining companies manage their waste in order to deal with the large

volumes of waste produced and to prevent the release of contaminates into the environment.

Waste management plans are developed as part of the mine approval process and consist of

waste storage area selection and design, strategies to address problematic waste and long

term stabilization of waste as part of mine closure. Understanding and addressing potential

impacts at many of these sites are often complex involving multiple environmental media

spread over large areas.

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Since climate is basically an average of the weather over a long period of time, vegetation

is important to climate. Plants also use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, which slightly

offsets the amount of greenhouse gas being released in the atmosphere through the burning

of fossil fuels. Vegetation is necessary for normal weather and climate.

Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids and myriad organisms that

together support plant life. Two general classes are topsoil and subsoil. Soil is a natural body

that performs four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water

storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of the atmosphere of Earth; and it is a habitat

for organisms all of which modify the soil.

Soil is considered to be the “skin of the earth” with interfaces between the lithosphere,

hydrosphere, atmosphere of Earth, and biosphere. Soil consists of a solid phase (minerals

and organic matter) as well as a porous phase that holds gases and water. Accordingly, soils

are often treated as a three state system.

As soil resources serve as a basis for food security, the international community advocates for

its sustainable and responsible use through different types of Soil Governance.

Soil formation is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic

processes working on soil parent material. Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has

accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide,

carbonate and gypsum producing a distinct layer called the B horizon.

8.7.3. Application of Coir Cell Geo Textiles in the Waste Dumping Yards of Mines

The type, amount and properties of mine waste produced at different mines vary depending

on the resource and dumping sites hence the technology for the application of coir geo textiles

also varies. The application of coir geo textiles for the development of vegetation in the other

sites has top soil available. For the vegetation in the mines, it is essential to provide top soil or


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the conditions for the germination of seedlings.

Due to deep slope dumping and varying sizes

of waste, use of normal coir geo textiles cannot

control the retention of the added top soil till

effective germination.

The Coir Cell Geo Textiles is a new innovation

for the application of Coir Bhoovastra. Coir Cell

Geo Textile is normal coir geo textiles provided

with woven pockets for the insertion of seed

embedded manure blocks/ coir felt etc. The

plant species are selected on the basis of

suitability to the climatic conditions of the site. The pockets are woven so as to insert the seed

implanted blocks or coir felt at the desired places in the coir geo Textiles. Pockets of variant

size and dense per area can be made in the Coir Geo Cell textiles. The blocks or felt can be

inserted at the time of weaving or at the site before application. Size and number of pockets

to be provided depends on suitable factors for local natural well growing vegetation. Based

on the suitability for thick vegetation the coir pith/ manure /soil etc are mixed and embedded

with seeds to make the blocks of coir felt. The Coir Cell Geo Textiles can be effectively applied

on rocky patches and mainly in the wasting dumping yards of the mines.

9. Bioremediation using Coir geo textiles

The potential of natural geo textiles lies in areas of short to medium term applications, with

high performance and a life span of 1.5 to 2 year. Coir fibre is coarse, rigid, and strong and

degrades slowly. The slow rate of degradation is attributed to the high lignin content of the

coir fibre. The high content of lignin in coir fibre, bestows the strength to the coir geo textiles,

which remains undisturbed and embedded in the soil till root fixation and establishment of the

vegetation.

Biodegradation of coir geo textiles is very slow process in comparison to the other natural

geo textiles like jute and sisal. The acidic phenolic materials leached out from the coir prevent

the indigenous micro flora from attacking it. Over the passage of time, biodegradation sets

with the enrichment of the phenolic precursors leached out into the soil environment. The

development of a consortia of micro organisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi and protozoa) lead to

the biodegradation of the coir geo textiles and adds to the nutrient status of the soil with a

marginal increase in nitrogen / potassium and phosphorous content of the soil.

According to the tests conducted by German Bundesamt for Material Testing on natural fibres

over a prolonged period of time in highly fertile soil maintained at high humidity (90%) and

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300C temperature revealed that coir retained 20% of its strength after 1 year whereas cotton

degrades totally in 6 weeks, and jute in 8 weeks, coir has retained 2 % strength even after

one year, and it takes 15 times longer than cotton and 7 times longer than jute to degrade. It

is reported that under the conditions of flooding water, it was found that coir was undamaged

even after 4000 hours while jute and cotton expanded in diameter like floating paper and then

broke apart. The above results showed that the coir has got a very stable physical structure

in comparison to other natural fibres. The life expectancy of the natural geo textiles depends

on the soil structure & composition; climate conditions, UV radiation aspects, rainfall at site,

temperatures and type of applications.

10. Qualities of Good Coir Bhoovastra

It should possess high modulus of elasticity, low elongation, satisfactory punching strength,

high absorption qualities, resistance to ultra violet, surface compatible with the needs and it

should be economical.

11. Major Application Areas of Coir Bhoovastra

Coir Bhoovastra is an excellent medium for bio engineering applications in many parts of the

world in the form of meshes, netting, needle felt and pads, erosion control blankets, geo rolls,

vegetation fascines, geo cushions, geo beds, anti weeds blankets and so on. Coir Bhoovastra

is the answer to many of the environmental problems that man faces today

i) Shoreline stabilisation.

ii) Beautification of lakes and ponds.

iii) Plant and tree protection systems.

iv) Landscaping and Golf courses.

v) Sand dune stabilization.

vi) Ski slope and high altitude vegetation.

vii) Protection and re vegetation of waste dumps.

viii) Wasteland development.

ix) Reinforced soil retaining structures.

x) Road / Railway / River embankment.

xi) Mine site reclamation.

xii) Dams.

xiii) Bearing capacity improvement for high capacity traffic areas.

xiv) Cuttings and hill slide slopes.

xv) Irrigation works.

xvi) Dam wicks / Table drain outlets.


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xvii) Farm and Forestry application.

xviii) Watercourse protection including stream bank protection.

xix) Storm water channels.

xx) Roof top greening.

xxi) Agricultural and horticultural application like mulching, anti weed, vegetative seeding

etc.

xxii) Protection from wind erosion.

xxiii) Mud wall reinforcement.

xxiv) Separation application in rural roads, railways, parking and storage areas.

xxv) Reinforcement of rural unpaved roads, temporary walls.

xxvi) Providing sub base layer in road pavement.

xxvii) Filtration in road drains and land reclamation.

xxviii) Containment of soil and concrete as temporary shuttering.

xxix) Concrete column curing

xxx) Fly ash dump waste protection

and greening

xxxi) Control of shallow mass waste

and gully erosion..

xxxii) Wetland environments.

xxxiii) Plant and tree protective

systems.

xxxiv) Agri and Horti engineering

industry.

xxxv) Soil stabilisation

12. Choice & Selection of Coir Bhoovastra Depends on

i) Type and degree of improvement required.

ii) Type of soil, geological structure and seepage conditions.

iii) Cost.

iv) Availability of material and quality of work required.

v) Construction time available.

vi) Possible damage during construction.

vii) Durability of material in the environment as related to the expected life of the structure for

the given environmental and stress conditions.

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13. Advantages of Coir Bhoovastra

a. The high tensile strength of coir fibre protects steep surfaces from heavy flows and debris

movement. It can withstand considerable pedestrian movement and vehicular traffic

without deterioration.

b. Easy to install and hugs contour of the soil surface due to its heavy weight and ability to

absorb water.

c. Totally bio degradable, 100% natural and provided nutrients.

d. Water absorbent, thus acts as mulch on the surface and as a wick in the soil mantle.

e. Environmentally friendly and aesthetically pleasing and non polluting.

f. Provides excellent microclimate for plant establishment and healthy growth.

g. The thick and protruding fibres from the yarn render an extra protection against soil

erosion and provide roughness to the surface floor and hold the soil particles in place.

h. The intersecting strands move independently of one another in the coir geo textiles

thereby allaying fear of wild life entrapment.

i. The coir geo textiles give the grass plenty of room to grow and at the same time provides

large number of “Check Dams” per square meter of soil media. Due to high resistance to

salt water action, the coir geo textiles remain virtually unaffected when used against wave

lap erosion.

j. During the manufacturing process of coir yarn, no chemicals are used.

k. Presence of pesticide residue in Coir Bhoovastra is below the toxicity limits of food

items.

l. Holds the seeds and saplings in place.

m. Allows sunlight to pass through.

14. Demerits of Geo textiles from synthetic materials

1. Recalcitrant, i.e., not bio-degradable.

2. Synthetics originate from hydrocarbons, which are obtained from non-renewable sources

such as petroleum and natural gas. These are fast depleting and need to be used

sparingly.

3. Synthetics need 100% shielding from the ultra violet rays to prevent release of toxic

gases into the environment leading to environmental pollution. The chemicals applied for

shielding are toxic and pollute the environment.

4. Application of synthetics prevents the percolation of water into the underground water

table.


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5. Non hygroscopic, they alter the microclimate around the plants thus discouraging healthy

vegetation.

6. Undergo slow attack of acid rain and UV light to produce poisonous chemicals.

7. Being a non-conductor of heat, increase the temperature of soil creating unfriendly

atmosphere for the vegetation to grow.

8. Incineration or recycling also creates pollution due to release of harmful chemicals and

gases.

15. Looms for Manufacturing Coir geo textiles

15.1. Coir Wooden Handloom

With the aid of loom, the process of weaving manufactures coir products. A coir handloom

consists of different parts such as chain beam, chain rest beam, heddle frame, pulley, sley,

reed, waist beam (front rest), tension beam (cloth beam), treadles, lamprod, shuttle, etc.

The chain beam is a wooden roller

upon which the warp yarns are

wound. Chain rest beam guide the

warp yarn from the chain beam in

a parallel sheet form to the heddle,

reed etc of the loom. Separate

chain beams are provided for tight

and slack chains. Heddle frame is a

wooden rectangular frame in which

the heddles are arranged by two

iron rods (heddle staves) at top

and bottom. The number of heddle

frames for a loom depends upon

the design and type of the fabric to be woven. The heddles are made from 18 gauge G.I wire

twisted to form a heddle eye at the centre, having two holes, one each at the top and bottom

for the insertion of heddles through the heddle staves.

Pulley is meant for up and down movement of the heddle frames. The sley is used to bring the

weft to the fell of the cloth. The process of bringing the weft to the fell of cloth is called beating.

The reed determines the width of the fabric woven in the loom. Reed helps the uniform

distribution of warp yarns from heddles and positioning of the weft at appropriate places

during weaving. The space between the two iron strips is known as dent and the number of

dents determines the quality and density of the woven fabric. The dents should be uniform in

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a reed. Two dents will be taken in excess for getting proper selvedge in the course of weaving.

For matting, 100’s reed means that 100 dents per yard (3 feet) and mats, 30’s reed denotes 30

dents per foot. Waist beam is a support for woven fabric and guides the fabric to the tension

beam. Tension beam is used for maintaining the tension of the tight warp. The warp ends are

tied to apron rod, which is connected to the tension beam by means of pieces of rope.

Treadles are meant for lowering and raising the heddle frames according to the design to be

woven. The process of tying the heddle frames to the treadle is known as “tie-up”. The shuttle

is the carrier of the weft. It is a boat shaped device made of wood having arrangement to hold

the quill inside it.

For perfect working of the heddle frames, the heddle frames are first tied to the lamprod and

then to the treadle.

15.2. Anugraha

Central Coir Research Institute, the research centre of Coir Board has developed a metallic

handloom named “ANUGRAHA” for weaving all varieties of coir geo textiles.

The operation of wooden coir handlooms requires exertion of a large force and therefore can

be operated mainly by males having sound physique. Anugraha loom has been so designed

that it can weave a coir fabric with a close weave of 6 mm to a fabric having a mesh size of 25

mm. A layman can operate and produce standard quality products without any drudgery. As

there is no power required to operate this loom, it can be installed in the remote village where

women can easily operate it as it has a simple pedal for treadling. The treadling and beating

is very easy in Anugraha loom and is operated by a 3 mm wire rope (motor cycle cable) and

beating simplified providing a bush bearing.

Anugraha is light weight, easy to shift from one place to another as it needs no foundation.

It needs less maintenance and occupies less space. It is easy to operate compared to


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wooden handloom. Anugraha loom is a

big success in the coir industry and there

is a tremendous scope for the generation

of women employment. It is a boon to the

industry and hence named “Anugraha” which

means blessing especially to the rural poor

women folk.

Fabrication of wooden handloom requires

one cubic meter of wood such as Sal, Thembavu, Maruth etc. A tree of height 15 meters

and diameter 0.5 meter can produce 2.25 cubic meters of planks. Therefore two wooden

handlooms necessitate cutting of a tree. The metallic Anugraha handloom could save trees,

which are very essential for maintenance of ecology.

Sl.No. Wooden handloom Mild steel Anugraha handloom

1 Fabrication cost is ` 45,000 Fabrication cost ` 30,000

2 One handloom requires one cubic meter of special quality wood viz., sal, maruthi, thembavu etc. A pair of handloom requires cutting of a tree of 15 meter height and 0.5 meter diametre.

Requires around 120 kg mild steel

3 Produces irregular number of wefts per unit length as the gap is controlled manually

Produces fixed number of wefts per unit length which can be predetermined by a ratchet mechanism provided in the machine

4 Winding is to be done by stopping the weaving operation, as it is done manually

Winding is carried out without stopping the weaving operation by the ratchet mechanism

5 The release of yarn from the chain beam is done manually, stopping the weaving operation

The yarn is released automatically due to providing of a brake mechanism which releases warp yarn continuously from the chain beam

6 Requires operation by two healthy persons It can be operated by only one woman worker

7 For changing the heddle frame, a force of minimum 30 kg is required to treadle by foot

For changing the heddle frame the force required is only 1kg to treadle by foot, which is easily done by women workers

8 Space required is 2metre x 3metre The space required is 1metre x 2metre

9 It cannot be shifted without dismantling, due to its enormously heavy structure

Due to its light weight, it can be easily shifted from one place to another

10 Production is 60 meters/day per 8 hours by two persons

Production is 80 meters/day per 8 hours by one woman

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The Anugraha loom is designed with a cover to protect the women during weaving. Women

get expertise to operate Anugraha Loom in 4 hours training. Panama matting, Ribbed Matting,

rod mat, rod inlaid mat and carpet mat can also be manufactured using Anugraha Loom with

minor arrangements.

Comparison of wooden handloom and Anugraha handloom

15.3. Jacquard Loom

It is the most improved type of mechanism that exists in the weaving. The mechanism facilitates

control of warp threads individually and provides a very large scope for producing complicated

designs. In ordinary and dobby looms, only a group of warp threads drawn through the heddle

frames depending upon the number of heddle frames used can be either raised or lowered

for every picks, whereas in Jacquard shedding mechanism each and every warp threads can

be individually controlled according to the will and pleasure of the weaver as per the design.

The design making capacity of the Jacquard machine is expressed in terms of the number

of hooks in the machine. In coir industry, the machine having 100-400 hooks is in practice. A

single treadle operates the machine.

The design to be woven is first drawn on a graph paper and is punched on pattern cards. The

size of the card depends upon the capacity of the Jacquard machine. In the Jacquard design,

draw the design in the ratio 2:1 for warp and weft for getting a square design and take a ratio

of 1:1 for producing a rectangle in the matting.

16. Application of Geo textiles

16.1. Present Status

� Lack of knowledge or know-how for adopting the new materials and techniques.

� Absence of scientific literature with regard to the long term performance of pavements

constructed with coir geo textiles.

� Fear of possible pre-mature failures.

� Non-availability of experienced or skilled workers familiar with such alternate methods.

� Non-availability of contractors who are willing to take up such works.

� Lack of self-confidence in trying new techniques.

16.2. Separation

� Prevent the intermixing of two adjacent soils


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�� Eg. separating fine sub grade soil from the aggregates of the base course, the geo textiles

preserves the drainage and the strength characteristics of the aggregate material

16.3. Filtration

�� Defined as “the equilibrium geo textile-to-soil system that allows for adequate liquid flow

with limited soil loss

�� To perform this function the geo textile needs to satisfy two conflicting requirements: the

filter’s pore size must be small enough to retain fine soil particles while the geo textile

should permit relatively unimpeded flow of water into the drainage media.

16.4. Drainage (Transmissivity)

�� This refers to the ability of thick nonwoven geo textile whose three-dimensional

structure provides an avenue for flow of water through the plane of the geo textile.

�� Here the geo textile promotes a lateral flow thereby dissipating the kinetic energy of

the capillary rise of ground water.

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16.5. Reinforcement

This is the synergistic improvement in the total system strength created by the introduction

of a geo textile into a soil and developed primarily through the following three mechanisms:

1. Lateral restraint through interfacial friction between geo textile and soil/aggregate.

2. Forcing the potential bearing surface failure plane to develop at alternate higher shear

strength surface.

3. Membrane type of support of the wheel loads.

17. Guidelines for Installation and Laying of Coir Geo textiles

17.1. For Soil Erosion Control

17.1.1. Site Assessment

The first step in the application of Coir Bhoovastra

is to make a detailed study of the site like: Slope

assessment, nature and consistency of the soil

cover, the extent of damage, rainfall patterns etc.,

and thereby choose the right kind of Coir Bhoovastra

as well as the seed or saplings for the vegetation

cover.

17.1.2. Site Preparation

The slope area is demarcated. The surface is leveled.

The slope is prepared and the soil is tamped to the

desired shape by rounding of the tips ensuring

uniform contact of the coir geo textiles with soil over

the entire area to guide the run off to flow over the

net. The ground has to be made free of protruding

stones, earth masses etc, but natural budges can

be left as it is. Before applying any seedling, the

prepared slope needs to be relatively free of weeds,

stones, root stumps, rivulets, and gullies, crusting and caking, etc.

Slope application: Soil type assessment/slope assessment /slope blanket selection/slope

vegetation selection/slope stabilization procedure.

Channel application: Channel assessment/channel liner selection/channel vegetation

selection/proposed vegetation assessment/ channel stabilization procedure.


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Shoreline application: Shoreline assessment/Shoreline blanket selection/Shoreline

vegetation selection/Shoreline stabilization.

17.1.3. Vegetation & Seeding.

The plant species are selected on the basis of suitability

to the climatic conditions of the site. If the slopes are

entirely raw and infertile and if the soil happens to be

slightly acidic, calcium ammonium nitrate is applied

@50 kg per 1000 sq.metre in solution.

Quick germinating, sod forming/ grass species to be

used whenever possible. The seeds after germination

should take up deep rooting system. After preparing the soil surface, the seeds have to be

applied on the surface by hand broadcasting or by hydraulic means and the Coir Bhoovastra

to be laid over the seeds almost immediately.

First seeding of grass is done at 10g per sq.metre or alternative planting such as root slips

may also be done. For quick coverage, rooted slips of grasses and cuttings of shrubs and

trees may be planted through the open spaces between the strands of coir geo textiles after

laying. Surface is leveled again by compacting the loose soil.

17.1.4. Fixation

The open mesh coir geo textiles are laid side by side

by overlapping of 15 cm while end to end overlapping

of two coir geo textiles is 20cm. The overlapping

edges are fixed on the ground with the help of either

15 cm long U-shaped nails or 22 cm long J shaped

hooks made of 3 mm iron or steel wire.

The sides, top and bottom of coir geo textiles are

anchored into the trenches of 30 cm deep and 15

cm width, free from mud / soil slurry at the sides and

the bottom. The U shaped nails or J shaped hooks

should be driven at intervals of 50 – 75 cm; along sides and overlapping sections at a distance

of 30-50 cm. Wooden bamboo pegs may also be used for fixing the coir geo textiles. The

hooks must be at the same level with the ground for smooth water flow over the joint to the

next fabric.

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17.1.5. Laying

The erosion control blanket is to be laid in a

direction of the water flow starting from the top

to the bottom. The rolls are to be rolled down the

slope and are cut at the end .The Coir Bhoovastra

should be laid loosely and evenly without stitch.

Adjoining coir geo textiles should overlap 15cm or

be stitched together.

The top and bottom ends of the Coir Bhoovastra are fixed into slots about 30cm deep, dug

into the slope. The slots are filled with soil and tamped to pick up even with the soil surface.

The Coir Bhoovastra is pegged using U/J shaped or wooden pegs driven at intervals of 50-

75cm, along sides and overlapping sections at a distance of 30-50 cm.

Second seeding of grass is done 10g per sq.metre after the Coir Bhoovastra is in place.

Finally, the Coir Bhoovastra is flushed with the soil surface. Care should be taken to ensure

that no aggregate stays between Coir Bhoovastra and the base soil either at the bottom sides.

Once or twice sprinkling of water is recommended if the weather is hot and dry. During the first

few days, the moisture levels are to be properly monitored to facilitate easy germination of the

seeds. The treated slope is irrigated as required to promote the growth of vegetation. When

fully laid, the Coir Bhoovastra will protect the slope against soil erosion and create permanent

greenery on the surface.

Care must be taken to protect the treated site from trampling by human and cattle till vegetation

comes up fully.

17.1.6. Monitoring

Close monitoring should be carried out for at

least two-season cycle. Displacement of Coir

Bhoovastra, if any, is to be noted and watched

without disturbing it initially. Fresh Coir Bhoovastra

pieces duly stapled on all sides should be applied

to overlap torn portions.

17.2. Reinforcement of Paved Roads

The other application is the paved road that also encompasses the unpaved application since

during construction of a paved road relatively few repetitions of trucks heavily loaded with

construction materials traverse the partially completed (unpaved) highway grade. This often


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leads the road to critical stage. Then, construction is completed with placement of an asphalt

surface course, thus the highway is paved and open to the public. The opened highway is

exposed to many repetitions from loaded truck traffic; however the intensity of sub grade

load is considerably less due to the greater stiffness of the surface course. Benefits of an

underlying geo synthetic during construction are apparent, but as time and greater numbers

of load cycles pass, the benefits are not as clear for the paved road (Barksdale et al. 1989).

Geo grids and geo textiles are the two types of geo synthetics most widely used in pavement

systems at aggregate sub grade interface to reinforce or stabilize pavements. Field evidences

suggest that both geo grid and geo textile could improve the performance of pavement

sections constructed on weak soil.

Several investigators have reported significant effects of pavement stabilization using geo

textiles reinforcement to improve the bearing capacity of sub grade soil. Steve et al. (2005)

conducted a field demonstration to study how the performance of highway pavements is

improved with geo textiles. In his research a field demonstration was conducted using a

21-m section along a Wisconsin highway (USH 45) near Antigo, Wisconsin, that incorporated

three test sub-sections. Three different geo synthetics including woven geo textiles and two

different types of geo grids had been used for stabilization. Observations made during and

after construction indicate that all sections provided adequate support for the construction

equipment and that no distress seems to be evident in any part of the highway. Large-scale

experiments conducted on working platforms of crushed rock (breaker run stone or Grade 2

gravel) overlying a simulated soft sub grade. The tests were intended to simulate conditions

during highway construction on soft sub grades where the working platform is used to limit

total deflections due to repetitive loads applied by construction traffic. Tests were conducted

with and without geo synthetics reinforcement to evaluate how the required thickness of the

working platform is affected by the presence of reinforcement. Working platforms reinforced

by geo synthetics accumulated deformation at a slower rate than unreinforced working

platforms, and in most cases deformation of the geo synthetics reinforced working platforms

nearly ceased after 200 loading cycles. As a result, total deflections were always smaller (about

a factor of two) for reinforced working platforms relative to unreinforced working platforms.

Hans and Andrew (2001) investigated the reinforcement function of geo synthetics for a

typical Minnesota low volume roadways. From the study it was observed that the addition of

a geo synthetics does provide reinforcement to the roadway as long as the geo synthetics

is stiffer than the sub grade material. The service life of a roadway may also be increased

with the addition of geo synthetics reinforcement. It was also observed that the deflection

response of roadway is governed by the Young’s modulus of the geo synthetics used. Since

the deflections were controlled by the Young’s modulus of the geo synthetics; the largest

modulus geo synthetics produced the largest increase in service life.

-30-

Schriver et al. (2002) conducted experimental study on geo grid reinforced lightweight

aggregate beds to determine their sub grade modulus and increase in the bearing capacity

ratio. From the study it was observed that the geo grid reinforcement placed at sub base/

aggregate interface effectively increases the service life of paved roads. Geo grid reinforcement

provides a more uniform load distribution and a deduction in maximum settlement more at the

asphalt aggregate and aggregate sub grade interface.

Ranadive (2003) investigated the performance of geo textiles reinforcement in soil other than

sand. In this study, model strip footing load tests were conducted on soil with and without

single and multi-layers of geo textiles at different depths below the footing. Testing was carried

out on Universal Testing Machine. From the study it was observed that bearing capacity

improved considerably for reinforced soil over unreinforced soil. It was observed that for a

single layer system, BCR (Bearing Capacity Ratio) for depth of layer below footing equal to

0.25B is maximum where B is the width of the footing and BCR decreases as the depth of

layer increases and for multilayer system, BCR for a constant d/B ratio and S/B ratio, (where

d is the depth of single reinforcing layer below footing and S is spacing between subsequent

geo textiles reinforcing layers when depth of top layer below footing was kept constant equal

to 0.25B). The BCR is maximum for N=4 but the percentage increase in BCR for N=4 over

BCR for N=3 is very low. Thus N=3 is recommended as optimum value.

Gitty and Ajitha (2008) conducted plate load test to study the variation of load carrying capacity

for both reinforced and unreinforced pavements. It was observed that the bearing capacity

improved by providing coir geo textiles as reinforcement and reported an increase in bearing

capacity by 1.83 times for reinforced pavement compared to unreinforced pavement.

Venkatappa and Dutta (2005) conducted monotonic and cyclic load test on Kaolinite with

geo textiles placed at the interface of the two soils. It was found bearing pressure of the soil

improved by about 33% when reinforced with coir geo textiles.

Indian Roads Congress also suggested in its Rural Road Manual (IRC: SP: 59-2002) the

use of coir geo textiles but no design methodology, construction guidelines and product

specifications are mentioned.

Open weave CBV is an ideal fabric for reinforcement of paved roads.

The surfaces of the roads are made dust free,

hot bitumen is sprayed on the cleaned surface

before laying the chipping carpet. Open

Weave CBV of ½ inch mesh is spread on the

carpet over which hot bitumen is applied.

The roller is moved over the surface. The seal

coat (bitumen carpet chips) is applied with 6


-31-

mm metal to 1 inch thickness over the bitumen coated Open Weave CBV and the surface

rolled for consolidation.

The condition of Coir Bhoovastra should be assessed for any constructional / installation

damages before covering. Torn / damaged portions may be covered by pieces of coir geo

textiles and the extent of overlap will be such as to cover the damaged / torn portion fully plus

at least 75 mm beyond, on all sides.

Selection of PMGSY road

Stacking of coir geo textile

Before laying coir geo textiles Finished Sub base Ready for Coir Geo textiles

laying

Collection of coir geo textiles

-32-

Field density testing

Keep the rolls adjacent and find out the overlap

that can be given

Roll out second& third rolls while maintaining required overlap

Laying of coir geo textiles

Stiffness &modulus of elasticity determination

using Geogauge

Roll out first roll with one of edges as reference


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Fix the roll to the subgrade by using clamps with one metre spacing

Fixing of coir geo textiles

Coir geo textile ready for sub base

-34-

Laying of sub base over coir geo textiles

Compacting sub base with Road Roller

LAYING OF GSB

Placing of soil above geo textiles


-35-

COMPACTION OF GSB

LAYING AND ROLLING OF AGGREGATE

-36-

LAYING AND ROLLING OF AGGREGATE

SPREADING, WATERING AND ROLLING OF GRAVEL, LAYING OF PMC

Surfacing of road


-37-

17.3. Cost Estimate for Reinforcement of Paved Roads 1 Km Long and 4 M Wide

with Coir Geo textiles

Sl.No. Particulars Cost (in Rs.)

1. Earthwork filling with conveners own gravelly earth cut and conveyed

with all leads and lifts including consolidation of 20 cm thick 1000x4x.2x

12322/10 cum

9,85,760

2. Cost of geo textiles(H2M6) for 4 m wide 1 km long road (considering

overlapping in both directions and side wrapping)- 1100x5@ Rs 33 per

sq meter

1,81,500

3. Cost of Bamboo holding-5x6x1000

(Rs 5 per piece, 6 Numbers per meter length)

30,000

4. Labour charges for preparation and laying- Rs 500x50 25,000

5. Supplying and stacking 60mm graded metal (proportion of 7:3 of

60mm and 36mm by volume) in standard heaps for measurement

1000x4x0.1x1654/cum

6,61,600

6. Supplying and stacking 36mm hard granite broken in standard heaps for

measurement 1000x4x0.1x1748/cum

6,99,200

7. Supplying and stacking of gravely earth for subbase in standard heaps

140 cum@ 1073/cum

1, 50,220

8. Metalling the roadway 100 mm thickness compacted to 75 mm using

metal and gravel, dry to compaction from sides to centre until the fines

creams up and fill the voids of the stone, then take off the roller and allow

to set to harden for 24 hours and rerolling the next day, and maintaining

the surface free of ruts for 15 days 1000x4x@ 736/10 sq mt

2,94,400

9. Metalling the roadway 100 mm thickness compacted to 75 mm as second

subbase wbm layer 1000x4x@ 736/10 sq mt(2nd layer)

2,94,400

10. Supplying and stacking 12 mm hard blue granite broken stone in standard

heaps for measurement 1000x4x.02@2170/cum

1,73,600

11. Supplying and stacking 6 mm hard blue granite broken stone in standard

heaps for measurement

1000x4x.01@1874/cum

74,960

12. Providing 20 mm chipping carpet over the wbm surface with broken stone

after thoroughly cleaning the base , applying a priming coat of 7.5kg of

bitumen/10 Sq.mt and spreading the hot premix ,rolling to dense surface

spreading the seal coat (0.09cum of 6mm metal and bitumen ,again

rolling including the cost of bitumen, oils, and hire of brass brooms, etc

complete applying priming coat 1000x4 @1760/10 sq mt

3,04,000

Total 38,74,640

-38-

17.4. As Sub -base layer (Under lays) in Village / Rural Unpaved Roads.

An unpaved road haul loads across undeveloped terrain. Typically, such grades are

crossed with a minimum amount of preparation that allows for an efficient movement

of relatively few, but heavy, load repetitions. Rutting in the wheel paths is allowed but

typically desired to be four inches or less in depth. Regrading or leveling of the ruts can be

performed but is not typically, considered for an initial design of a layer of select granular

material, which is placed upon the sub grade as a surface course. The purpose of this

surface course is to transfer the surface load to the sub grade while spreading out the

load to the sub grade, which effectively reduces the intensity of pressure on the sub grade

(Steward et al. 1977).

A geo synthetic placed properly does improve an unpaved road. The most effective

location of the geo synthetic is below the select granular material and on the sub grade

surface (Das et al. 1998). In this location the geo synthetic provides separation, lateral

restraint of the upper granular course and a tensioned membrane effect when strained

extensively. Geo textiles separate a granular course from a fine-grained sub grade, due

to its relatively small apertures or apparent opening size (AOS). However, a geo grid also

provides separation due to its less than 100 percent open area and better lateral restraint

of upper granular particles. Due to interface friction and interlock with many individual ribs,


-39-

a geo grid provides superior lateral restraint of the upper granular course, whereas the

geo textiles rely exclusively on interface friction for lateral restraint (Steward et al. 1977).

The tensioned membrane effect requires that the geo synthetic be extensively strained

(i.e., deeply rutted) for this mechanism to contribute a significant benefit.

The Coir Bhoovastra of low mesh can effectively be used for soil stabilization techniques

in road construction. The use of coir geo textiles varieties of 700g (H2M5, H2M2 & H2M8)

and 900g (H2M9) with 1/2 inch mesh as an interface between the sub grade and the sub

base increases the strength of the pavement and prevents intermingling of the soil and the

granular sub base which improves drainage.

The rural unpaved roads are leveled, clearing of all foreign materials including uprooting

of any vegetation if present. The area is leveled with earth and rolled for compaction to

set the optimum moisture content. To facilitate easy unrolling on the surface of the sub-

grade to be treated, the Coir Bhoovastra, in rolls of 1 to 2m width, is spread directly over

the leveled sub grade, ensuring that it should touch the sub grade surface at all points.

The edge of the Coir Bhoovastra should be folded back. The Coir Bhoovastra should be

folded back or cut and overlapped in the direction of the turn on application in curve.

The granular material is spread over Coir Bhoovastra (15 cm thick) to prevent puncture /

damage due to rolling of the upper sub base/ base layer and rolled with a light or medium

roller. The second layer of Coir Bhoovastra is laid again and sand is applied up to a

thickness of 15cm thick and rolled. In the case of clay sub-grades, a cushion layer of 10

cm thick sand is laid before spreading the Coir Bhoovastra or Coir Bhoovastra layers can

be increased to 3 or 4 depending on condition of the soil.

Under the weight of the base layer and the compactive effect, the sub-grade loses water

draining through the Coir Bhoovastra and gains in strength. Due to the inherent tensile

strength, the Coir Bhoovastra acts as a support membrane and reduces localized distress

on the road surface by redistributing traffic loads over a wider area of the road surface.

-40-

Once the Coir Bhoovastra is placed on the weak sub grade, the sub grade stiffens and

becomes stronger on consolidation within in a year or so under the action of the granular

sub base surcharge, self-weight of pavement, construction rolling and traffic loads.

The Coir Bhoovastra immensely helps in this rapid sub grade strengthening process in

combination with the drainage layer above it. With time, the sub grade becomes less and

less dependent on the fabric for its stability and therefore, the long-term durability aspect

of coir should not deter its use as geo textiles for various applications in road construction.

The condition of Coir Bhoovastra should be assessed for any constructional / installation


textiles and the extent of overlap will be such as to cover the damaged / torn portion fully

plus at least 75 mm beyond, on all sides.

Selection of PMGSY road

Stacking of coir geo textiles

Collection of coir geo textiles


-41-

Before laying coir geo textiles

Field Density Testing

Keep the rolls adjacent and find out the overlap

that can be given

Roll out second& third rolls while maintaining required overlap

Finished sub base ready for coir geo textiles

laying

Stiffness & Modulus of Elasticity Determination

using Geogauge

Roll out first roll with one of edges as reference

-42-



Fix the roll to the subgrade by using clamps with one metre spacing

Fixing of coir geo textiles


-43-

Coir geo textile ready for sub base

Laying of Sub base over coir geo textiles Placing of soil above geo textiles

Compacting sub base with Road Roller

-44-

17.5.Reinforcement of Village Roads using Coir Geo textiles under PMGSY

The Coir Board entered in to collaboration with the College of Engineering,

Thiruvanathapuram, NIT, Trichy, NIT Calicut and MANIT,Bhopal as part of achieving

Indian Roads Congress accreditation permanently for application of coir geo textiles,

a rural product generated from rural waste providing employment to the rural people, as

a new material/ technique for road construction. The National Rural Roads Development

Agency (NRRDA), Govt of India advised 9 states in the country to make use of coir

geotextiles in the construction of 50 km rural roads. With a view to popularize the use of

innovative techniques by the use of coir geotextiles for strengthening soft soil sub grade

of low volume roads through demonstration projects, the NRRDA advised that the NIT’S

in various states are State Level Technical Agencies who got the mandate of carrying out

research and post construction monitoring of the roads to be constructed under Pradhan

Mantri Grama Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) of Bharat Nirman Scheme of Govt of India. Being

Central Govt funded institutes, the Coir Board contacted NIT’S who undertook research

projects to carry out studies not only for construction of roads rather than to carry out a

systematic lab and field level studies to establish the use of coir geotextiles for the first

time in their states to generate concrete data.

The Coir Board supplied and met the cost of coir geo textiles. The collaborating institutes

conducted lab studies on application of coir geo textiles on particular type of soils

available in their respective states, field applications of coir geo textiles in the soil and

over those construction of rural roads by selecting and using the particular variety of coir

geo textile most suitable for the soil thus generating research data which will be ultimately

incorporated in the PWD manuals by the respective states.

The NIT, Trichy constructed 40.931 km(18 roads) of rural roads in 7 districts of Tamil Nadu,

a length of 13.80 km roads (6 roads) in 5 districts of Madhya Pradesh by MANIT, Bhopal,

a distance of 5 km roads(5 roads) in 2 districts by NIT, Calicut and a distance of 6.30 km

roads (6 roads) in 5 districts by College of Engineering, Thiruvanathapuram in the road

projects at a cost of Rs.354 lakhs using 1,79,200 m2 H2M5 , 1,05 ,500 m2 H2M6 and 61,300

m2 H2M9 coir geo textiles for a total length of 59.941km roads.

The cost of laying coir geo textiles(H2M6) for 4 meter wide road as per the IRC Guidelines

IRC SP 72:2007 was Rs 1.815 lakhs in the year 2009 as per the details furnished in the

table below.


-45-


1. Cost of coir geo textiles, H2M6 26m/2

2. Cost of H2M6 for 8m wide 1 km long road(Considering overlapping in both directionsand side wrapping)- 1100x10x26

2,86,000

3. Cost of bamboo holding-3.5x12x1000 (Rs 3.5 per piece, 12 Numbers per meter length)

42,000

4. Labour charges for preparation and laying-Rs 350x100 35,000

Total 3,63,000

Table: Cost of construction of rural roads of 1km length

Table: Visual Evaluation

Cost of laying of coir geo textiles geo textiles for 4m wide road would come to Rs

1.815 lakh

18. Performance Evaluation

Performance evaluation of pavement can be classified as functional performance and

structural performance.

18.1. Functional Performance

Functional performance can be evaluated by visual examination, Merlin test and bump

indicator.

Visual examination is done for Alligator Cracking, Block Cracking, Transverse Cracking,

Joint Reflection Cracking, Patching, Potholes, Corrugation and Shoving, Depression,

Rutting/ Permanent deformation, Stripping, Raveling and raveling. The details of visual

examination are explained in table below.

Sl. No. Distress Type Identification and Problems

1. Alligator Cracking Series of interconnected cracks caused by fatigue failure of the surface under repeated traffic loading. Indicator of structural failure, cracks allow moisture infiltration, roughness, may further deteriorate to a pothole.

2. Block Cracking Interconnected rectangular cracks. Larger blocks are generally classified as longitudinal and transverse cracking. Block cracking normally occurs over a large portion of pavement area but sometimes will occur only in non-traffic areas.

3. Transverse Cracking

Cracks occur in perpendicular to the pavement’s centerline or lay down direction. It allows moisture infiltration.

-46-

4. Joint Reflection Cracking

Cracks in a flexible overlay of a rigid pavement. Allows moisture infiltration.

5. Patching An area of pavement that has been replaced with new material to repair the existing pavement.

6. Potholes Small, bowl shaped depressions in the pavement surface. It causes serious vehicular damage and moisture infiltration

7. Corrugation and Shoving

A form of plastic movement typified by ripples or an abrupt wave across the pavement surface.

8. Depression Depressions are small localized areas. Noticeable after a rain. It cause vehicle hydroplaning.

9. Rutting/ Permanent deformation

Surface depression along the wheel path. Ruts filled with water can cause vehicle hydroplaning, can be hazardous because ruts tend to pull a vehicle towards the rut path as it is steered across the rut.

10. Stripping The loss of bond between aggregates & asphalt binder. It causes decrease in structural support, rutting, shoving/corrugations raveling or cracking.

11. Raveling The progressive disintegration of an layer from the surface downward as a result of the dislodgement of aggregate particles. It causes loose debris on the pavement, roughness, water collecting in the raveled locations resulting in vehicle hydroplaning, loss of skid resistance.

18.2. Pavement Performance Evaluations

Pavement performance evaluation consists of collection of road data related to surface

distress (crack area, raveled area, and pothole area), rut depth, roughness, deflection,

bearing strength etc.


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The type and extent of distress developed at the surface were observed, based on visual

condition survey. The following parameters were taken for the study.

18.2.1. Rutting

Rutting is the longitudinal depression of the pavement along the wheel paths of the traffic.

Rut depth was measured in middle portion of each 25m subsection by placing 1.5m

straight edge across the rut.

18.2.2. Raveling

Raveling is the loss of aggregate particles from the surface. Percentage of raveled surface

was assessed visually.

18.2.3. Pothole

A pothole is a bowl-shaped hole through one or more layers of the flexible pavement

structure. The severity levels of potholes are given in the table below.

Table: Severity Levels of Potholes

Table: Severity Levels of Cracks

Severity Levels Depth of pothole

Low Less than 25mm deep

Medium 25mm to 50mm deep

High More than 50mm deep

18.2.4. Cracking

The following table gives the severity levels of cracking based on their width and nature.

Severity Levels Description

Low Individual cracks not interconnected. Small crack width(< 10mm)

Medium Interconnected cracks with small crack width <10mm OR individual cracks with larger crack width(> 10mm)

High Interconnected wide(> 10mm) cracks

18.2.5. Edge Drop

Edge drop is the difference between the levels of pavement surface at edge and the

shoulder. This was measured by using a scale held vertically and a bar held horizontally

along the pavement surface.

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18.2.6. Merlin Test for Roughness Measurement

Road surface roughness is an important measure of road condition. The Merlin road

roughness measurement machine was developed by the Transport Research Laboratory

for use in developing countries. Schematic sketch and photograph of Merlin are shown in

figures (a) and (b) below.

Fig. (a) Schematic sketch of Merlin test apparatus

Fig. (b) Photograph of Merlin test apparatus

The Merlin consists of a metal frame with a wheel at front and handles and a foot at the

rear. The distance between the rear foot and the bottom of the wheel is 1.8 m. Attached

to the frame is a pivoted moveable arm which has a probe at one end which rests on the

road surface half way between the wheel and the rear foot. At the other end of the arm is a

pointer which moves over a prepared chart. The arm is pivoted close to the probe so that


-49-

Fig. (c) Allowable IRI Values for different types of pavements

a vertical displacement of the probe of 1 mm will produce a displacement of the pointer

of 1 cm.

The Merlin is used to measure the roughness of a stretch of road by taking repeated

measurements at the intervals along the road. For each measurement the machine is

made to rest on the road with the wheel, the rear foot and probe in contact with the road

surface. The position of the pointer on the chart is recorded with a cross. Each new

measurement is taken by moving the Merlin forward to a new position on the road and

recording the corresponding new position of the pointer on the chart so that a histogram

distribution of crosses is gradually built up. Once two hundred measurements have been

made the position between the tenth and eleventh crosses, counting in from one end of

the distribution, is marked. The procedure is repeated for the other end of the distribution

and the spacing between the two marks, D is measured in millimeters.

For most road surface the road roughness can be determined using the equation,

IRI = 0.593 + 0.0471D

(2.4 < IRI < 15.9)

Where IRI is the roughness in terms of the International Roughness Index (in m/km) and D

is measured from the Merlin chart (in mm).

Allowable IRI values for different types of pavements as per Sayers et al., 1986 are

presented in Fig. (c) below.

-50-

ROUGHNESS BY MERLIN

Fig. Merlin test in progress

Fig (d) The British Pendulum Tester

18.2.7. Skid Resistance

Skid resistance is the frictional force developed at the tyre pavement interface when a tyre

on being prevented from rotating skid along the pavement surface. Adequate skidding

resistance is essential for safe operation of vehicles from the point of acceleration,

deceleration, cornering and abrupt stopping. Functional performance/quality of any

pavement is affected in two ways. Reduction in surface evenness (roughness), Reduction

in skid resistance of the pavement with the passage of time and traffic (dependent on

climatic and environmental factors).

Skid resistance found out using British Portable Skid Resistance Tester (Portable Pendulum

Tester is shown in Fig. (d). This apparatus gives the frictional resistance between a rubber

slider (mounted on the end of a pendulum arm) and the road surface.


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Allowable Skid Resistance values of different conditions as per (IRC: SP: 83–2008) are

1. Values between 45 to 55 indicates satisfactory surface in only favorable weather and

vehicle condition.

2. Value of 55 or greater indicates generally acceptable skid resistance in all conditions.

3Value of 65 and above indicates good to excellent skid resistance in all conditions.

18.3. Structural Performance

18.3.1. Benkelman Beam Test

Structural performances were determined using Benkelman Beam. Benkelman beam is a

device which can be conveniently used to measure the rebound deflection of a pavement

due to a dual wheel load assembly or the design wheel load. The equipment consists

of a slender beam of length 3.66m which is pivoted to a datum frame at a distance of

2.44m from the probe end. The datum frame rests on a pair of front levelling legs and

a rear leg with adjustable height. The probe end of the beam is inserted between the

dual rear wheels of truck and rests on the pavement surface at the centre of the loaded

area of the dual wheel load assembly. A dial gauge is fixed on the datum frame with its

spindle in contact with the other end of the beam in such a way that the distance between

the probe end and the fulcrum of the beam is twice the distance between the fulcrum

and the dial gauge spindle. Thus the rebound deflection reading measured at the dial

gauge is to be multiplied by two to get the actual movement of the probe end due to the

rebound deflection of the pavement surface when the dual wheel load is moved forward.

-52-

Schematic sketch of Benkelman Beam is shown in fig.

Truck loaded with 12 tonne such that the rear axle load is 8170 kg equally distributed over

the two sets of dual wheels; the spacing between the tyre walls should be 30-40 mm; the

tyres is 10x20 ply inflated to a pressure of 5.60 kg/sq. cm. Schematic sketch of Benkelman

beam is shown in fig.

The rebound deflection value D at any point is given by D = 2(Do-Df) + 2K (Di-Df) . Where

Do is the Initial Dial gauge reading under and in between the gap of the back dual wheel

of Truck normally it is adjusted to zero. Di = Intermediate Dial gauge reading at a distance

2.7m after running of Truck. Df = Final Dial gauge reading at a distance 9m after running

of Truck. Moisture correction, Temperature correction and Leg correction are to be made

to the deflection.

The allowable limit of deflection having no need of any improvement works in the pavement

as per IRC 81 – 1997 is 0.45mm. There is no need of any upgradation when the deflection

is below 0.45mm as per overlay thickness design curve. Allowable limit of deflection

without any improvement works for different cumulative numbers of standard axial loads

is presented table below.


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cumulative numbers of standard axial loads is presented

Deflection in mm

3 2 1.65 1.4 1.05 1 0.8 0.45

Million standard axial load

0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 100

The bearing capacity of soil improves when reinforced with geo textiles and better

improvement is seen when two layers of geo textiles are provided at top and half the depth

from top of the sub grade

18.3.2. Dynamic Penetration Test

The strength of in situ (sub grade) soil was measured by using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer.

The DCP test is intended to measure the resistance offered by compacted granular/soil

layer due to penetration of a standard 20mm diameter cone driven by a 8kg hammer

dropped freely from a height of 575mm.The average penetration of the cone per blow is

reported as an index value and can be represented in many ways viz., DCP, DCP index

(DCPI), penetration index (PI), penetration rate (PR) etc. The DCP test was conducted on

each subsection of the roads.

The Laboratory studies and field studies indicated the followings.

Laboratory study

1. The CBR value of soil is found to increase with the inclusion of geo textiles.

2. The CBR value for reinforced soil under soaked condition is found to be lower than the

unreinforced soil for very soft soil.

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3. There is considerable increase in the CBR value when the geo textiles is anchored to

the soil. There is an increase of more than 100% for geo textiles placed at the surface

and more than 25% increase when the geo textiles is placed at the mid height of the

sub grade to that of unreinforced soil.

4. The CBR value of soil with anchored geo textiles is observed to vary from 17% to

100% for unsoaked condition and 4% to 75% for soaked condition with respect to that

without anchorage.

Field Study

1. By visual examination the coir geo textiles reinforced roads are better in performance

compared to unreinforced roads.

2. Potholes as well as cracking seem to be more in unreinforced road sections.

3. IRI values as well as skid resistance seem to reduce with time but they are all within

the allowable limits.

4. Benkelman deflection of reinforced roads is less compared to unreinforced roads.

5. Initially the variation in Benkelman Beam deflection between reinforced and

unreinforced road is high and with time the variation reduces in both the roads.

It was reported that the coir geo textiles reinforced roads are structurally strong compared

to unreinforced roads and it remains stable.

� reduce the intensity of stress on the sub grade

� prevent the base aggregate from penetrating into the sub grade, prevent sub grade

fines from pumping or otherwise migrating up into the base

� prevent contamination of the base

� reduce the depth of excavation required for the removal of unsuitable sub grade

materials

� reduce the thickness of aggregate required to stabilize the subgrade

� reduce disturbance of the sub grade during construction

� allow an increase in sub grade strength over time

� reduce the differential settlement of the roadway

� maintain pavement integrity and uniformity

� reduce maintenance extend the service life of the pavement


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19.1. Cost of Laying with Single Layer of Coir Geo textiles for 1 Km Long and 8 M

Wide Unpaved Road


A. H2M6

1. Cost of H2M6 coir geo textiles 33/ m2

2. Cost of H2M6 for 8 m wide 1 km long road (Considering overlapping in

both directions and side wrapping)- 1100x10x33

3,63,000



60,000


Total 4,73,000

Cost of laying 1km road and 4 m width with H2M6 2,36,500

B.H2M5/H2M2

1. Cost of H2M5/H2M2 coir geo textiles 52/ m2

2. Cost of H2M5 for 8m wide 1 km long road(Considering overlapping in


5,72,000



60,000


Total 6,82,000

Cost of laying 1km road and 4 m width with H2M5/H2M2 3,41,000

C. H2M8

1. Cost of coir geo textiles 55/m2

2. Cost of H2M8 for 8m wide 1 km long road(Considering overlapping in


6,05,000



60,000


Total 7,15,000

Cost of laying 1km road and 4 m width with H2M8 3, 57,500

-56-

19.2. Cost Estimate for Reinforcement of Unpaved Roads 1 Km Long and 4 M Wide

with Single Layer of Coir Geo textiles and Two Layer of Earthwork Filling

20. Standards for Testing Quality Parameters of Geo textiles


1. Earthwork filling with conveners own gravelly earth cut and conveyed with all leads and lifts including consolidation of 20 cm thick 1000x4x0.2x 12322/10 cum

9,85,760

2. Cost of geo textiles (H2M6) for 4 m wide 1 km long road (considering overlapping in both directions and side wrapping)- 1100x5@ Rs 33 per sq meter

1,81,500

3. Cost of Bamboo holding-5x6x1000 (Rs 5 per piece, 6 Numbers per meter length)

30,000

4. Labour charges for preparation and laying- Rs 500x50 25,000

5.. Second layer of earthwork filling with conveners own gravelly earth cut and conveyed with all leads and lifts including consolidation of 10 cm thick 1000x4x0.1x 12322/10 cum

4,92,880

Total 17,15,140

Sl.No. Parameter Standards

1. Thickness IS: 13162 Part 3 1992 / ASTM D 1717: 96

2. Mass per unit area ASTM D 3776-85 / IS 14716: 1999

3. Apparent opening size ASTM D 4751 99 / IS: 14294 – 1995 / IS 14294: 1995

4. Wide width tensile strength in dry / wet conditions & Tensile elongation

ASTM D 4595 86 / IS: 13162 (Part 5) 1992

5. Grab test ASTM D 4632 – 91

6. Trapezoid tearing strength ASTM D 4553-91 / IS: 14293-1995

7. Puncture resistance by falling cone method

IS: 13162 (Part 4) 1992

8. Tensile strength after keeping in xenotest for 0 hrs – 500 hrs

ASTM D 4355 – 99 / IS: 13162 (Part 2) 1991

9. Permeability (Permittivity) ASTM D 4491-99 / IS: 14324 – 1995

10. Pore size IS: 14294 – 1995 / ASTM D 6767 – 02

11. Index puncture resistance IS: 13162/ASTM D4833-00e

12. CBR Puncture resistance ASTM D 1883

13. Abrasion resistance IS: 14714-1999/ASTM D 4158-01 (Abrasion resistance of Textile Fabrics)


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21.Indian Standards for Coir Bhoovastra

1. IS 158 68 2008- Natural fibre Geo textiles (Jute Geo textile and Coir Bhoovastra) -

Methods

Part I-Determination of Mass per unit Area

Part 2- Determination of Thickness

Part 3- Determination of percentage of Swell

Part 4- Determination of water Absorption Capacity

Part 5-Determination of Smoldering Resistance

Part 6- Determination of Mesh size of Coir Geo textile by Overhead Projector Method

2. IS 15869:2008 Textiles-Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra -Specifications

3. IS 15871:2009 Use of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Bhoovastra) in Unpaved Roads-

Guidelines

4. IS 15872:2009: Guidelines for Application of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Woven Bhoovastra)

for Rain Water Erosion Control in Roads, Railway Embankments and Hill Slopes

5. IS 12503(Part 2) 1988 Coir Matting, Mourzarks and Carpets

21.1. IS 15868 (Part 1 to 6): 2008: Methods of Test for Natural Fiber Geo textiles (Jute

Geo textiles & Coir Bhoovastra)

The use of natural fiber geo textiles has been recognized in erosion control in embankment

construction for roads and railways, dam engineering, canals etc and in road pavements.

Their increasing importance is due to their versatility based on their specific properties.

For applications, it is desired that the geo textiles maintain integrity during the course of

its life and do not tear, split and deteriorate under constructional or post- constructional

stresses.

21.1.1. Part 1 Determination of Mass per unit area

Scope

This standard (Part 1) explains a method to determine the mass per unit area of all natural

fiber geo textiles for identification purposes and for use in technical data sheets.

Principle

The mass per unit area is calculated by weighing small square or circular specimens

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of known dimensions. The mass per unit area of an ECB is determined by weighing test

specimens of known dimensions cut from various locations over the full width of the

laboratory sample.

The measured weight is then used to calculate the mass per unit area of the specimen,

and these values are averaged to obtain the mean mass per unit area of the laboratory

sample

21.1.2. Part 2 Determination of Thickness

Scope

This standard (Part 2) prescribes a method for the determination of the thickness of geo

textiles at specified pressures and defines at which pressure the normal thickness is

determined.

Thickness (of geo textiles)

The distance between a reference plate on which the specimen rests and a parallel

presser-foot applying the given pressure to the specimen is defined as the thickness of

the geo textiles.

Nominal Thickness (of geo textiles)

The thickness determined when applying a pressure of 2±0.01 kPa to the specimen

Principle

The thickness of a number of specimens of geo textiles are measured as the distance

between the reference plate on which the specimen rests and a parallel circular presser-

foot exerting pressure on an area of defined size within a larger area of geo textiles. The

result of the test is given as the average of the results obtained at each specified pressure.

21.1.3. Part 3 Determination of Percentage of swell

Scope

This standard (part 3) prescribes method for determination of the percentage of swell in

water of geo textiles.

Principle

This test is used to calculate the percentage of swell of all natural fiber geo textiles in

water. This method determines the percentage swell in thickness of the sample after it has

been immersed in water for 24 hours.


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21.1.4. Part 4 Determination of Water Absorption Capacity

Scope

This standard (part 4) prescribes the method for determination of the water absorption

capacity of geo textiles

Principle

This test is used to calculate the water absorption capacity of all natural fiber geo textiles.

21.1.5. Part 5 Determination of Smoldering Resistance

Scope

This standard (part 5) details a procedure for the determination of the smouldering

resistance of degradable rolled erosion control products.

Principle

The distance between an extinguished cigarette and maximum smoulder travel is

measured to determine the smoldering resistance of the specimen.

This is of great concern since degradable erosion control materials are susceptible to

flammability caused by cigarettes. This test method serves to provide an index reading of

relative smoulder resistance.

21.1.6. Part 6 Determination of Mesh size of coir geo textiles by overhead projector

method.

Scope

This standard (Part 6) specifies method to determine the mesh size by projecting the geo

textiles through an overhead projector (OHP).This method is suitable for mesh having

large opening sizes.

Principle

A sample of known dimension (20cmx 20cm) is placed on the OHP. The dimension of the

projected meshes in both directions is also noted. The projected mesh size is measured

in both directions .By the ratio proportion method the mesh size of the sample can be

determined.

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Quality parameters for Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra

Plants and Grass for Soil Conservation using Coir Geo textiles

Sl.No Characteristics Grade Method of test

1 Mass/unit area, g/m2 Min 400 700 900 IS 15868(Part 1 to 6)

2 Width, cm, Min 100 or as required

100 or as required

100 or as required

IS 12503(Part 1 to 6)

3 Length, m 50 or as required

50 or as required

50 or as required

IS 12503 (Part 1 to 6)

4 Thickness at 20 kPa, mm, Min

6.5 6.5 6.5 IS 15868 (Part 1 to 6)

5 Ends (warp),runnage 180 150 210 IS 12503 (Part 1 to 6)

6 Picks (weft),runnage 160 160 250

7 Break Load, Dry Condition(kN/m), Min a) Machine Directionb) Cross Machine Direction

7.04.0

8.58.0

15.08.0

IS 13162 (Part5)

8 Break Load, Wet Condition (kN/m), Min a) Machine Directionb) Cross Machine Direction

3.02.0

7.04.5

12.55.0

IS 13162 (Part5)

9 Peak Load, Dry Condition (kN/m), Min a) Machine Directionb) Cross Machine Direction

7.54.0

9.08.0

18.09.0

IS 13162 (Part5)

10 Peak Load, Wet Condition (kN/m), Min a) Machine Directionb) Cross Machine Direction

3.02.0

8.55.5

15.06.0

IS 13162 (Part5)

11 Trapezoidal tearing strength (kN) at 25 mm gauge length, Mina) Machine Directionb) Cross Machine Direction

0.180.15

0.350.30

0.500.35

12 Mesh size, mm, Min 20.0x16.75 7.50x7.30 4.2x5.1 IS 15868 (Part 1 to 6)

Sl.No Name Suited for

1. Avicennia Officinalis Shrub suitable for marshy places

2. Rhizophora Mucrunata Shrub suitable for marshy places

3. Cyperus Exaltatus Grass suitable for highway slopes


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4. Acrostichum Aureum Shrub suitable for dam sites

5. Adiantum spices Shrub suitable for dam sites

6. Cyanodon dactylon For light sandy soils

7. Cenehurs ciliaries For most types of soil

8. Eragrostis curuvla For protecting terraces and channels

9. Dianthum annulatum For light soil

10. Pennisetum pedicellatum Sandy loam soil

11. Both rochola glabra For red semi arid soil

12. Stylosanthis gracilis For light soils with low moisture

13. Stylosamthis gusineusis For light and medium soil with low moisture

14 Pucraria hirsuta Cover crop suited to alluvial soil

15. Pennisetum purpureum For hill slopes

16. Peuraria hirsta Cover crop suited to alluvial soil

17. Pennisetum purpureum For hill slopes

18. Peuraria hirsuta For hills in humid climate.

Marking

Unless otherwise agreed to between the buyer and the seller, the rolls shall be marked

with an indelible ink with the following information.

a) Roll No

b) Grade

c) Length, in m

d) Indication of the source of manufacture

e) Month and year of packing

f) Gross mass

g) No of pieces packed in the package; and

h) Any other information as required by the law in force

21.3. IS 15871: 2009: Guidelines for Use of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Bhoovastra) in

unpaved Roads)

Scope

This standard prescribes the guidelines of coir woven bhoovastra suitable for application in

unpaved roads including the selection of coir woven bhoovastra and installation methods.

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Coir Woven Bhoovastra

Open structure coir woven bhoovastra made out of coir threads in which each warp thread gets interlaced alternatively over and under by successive weft thread.

Application

In order to perform beneficially in road stabilisation applications the coir woven bhoovastra must not only be properly designed, it must be properly installed and must be cleared of sharp objects, which could puncture the geo textiles. Coir bhoovastra damaged during placement or installed in a highly wrinkled condition will not perform. Coir woven bhoovastra shall maintain integrity during the course of its life. The aggregate overlay must be placed to its full design depth and it must be applied in a manner that will not cause damage to the coir woven bhoovastra from the movement of construction equipment.

Functions

The main functions of the coir bhoovastra in unpaved road application are separation, filtration, drainage and reinforcement.

Separation

This is the principle function of coir woven bhoovastra when placed beneath the aggregate layer of an unpaved road. The coir woven bhoovastra prevents intermixing of aggregate and underlying sub grade soil. In the absence of geo textiles there is loss of aggregate thickness and intermixing of finer grained material reduces load bearing capacity. A stone is forced down by compaction or the passage of construction, the coir woven bhoovastra act to spread the load and tends to cause the whole layer to act together in the manner of a flexible beam. This separation and confinement plus additional strength gained by frictional interlock between the aggregate and coir woven bhoovastra, helps to maintain the reduced stress on the sub grade, thereby increasing load bearing capacity of structural section.

Filtration/ Drainage

The coir woven bhoovastra may also function as a filtration and drainage capacity in the presence of wet or saturated soils. Under dynamic high load pore pressure create soil slurry that pumps upward against the fabric. The coir woven bhoovastra acts as a filter, screens out fines from contaminating the aggregate layer, while allowing water to drain freely through the aggregate or through the plain of the coir woven bhoovastra.

Reinforcement

The two principal mechanisms of the coir woven bhoovastra is to confine and restrain


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movements of the granular, structural layer and the so called membrane effect whereby a fabric that develops high tensile strength under load can induce a vertical stress upward. This aids the granular layer to support vehicular loading while reducing the magnitude of stress imposed upon sub grade. Coir woven bhoovastra will ensure that no intermixing takes place at this level and the effective depth of the pavement remains intact. The coir woven bhoovastra is useful for soft sub grades with CBR<3.

Installation

The three basic steps involved in installation of coir woven bhoovastra are

a) Sub grade preparation

b) Geo textiles placement

c) Aggregate application and compaction.

The area over which the coir woven bhoovastra is to be placed must be cleared of sharp objects, tree stamps or large stones that could puncture the coir woven bhoovastra. The area should be excavated, stripping away soft soil or unsuitable base materials then compacted to design grade.

The coir woven bhoovastra is unrolled on to the prepared sub grade in the direction that aggregate will be placed. The coir woven bhoovastra sections must be overlapped side to side and end to end around 0.5 m. The edges of coir woven bhoovastra should slope towards drainage ditches or other drain systems that parallel the roadway. Granular material can now be back dumped on the coir woven bhoovastra beginning on firm ground just in front of the coir woven bhoovastra edge.

The aggregate is then spread to a thickness sufficient to allow subsequent compaction. Initial compaction can be accomplished and then fully compacted. Aggregate should not be graded down rather they should be filled with additional aggregate and compacted.

Selection of Coir Bhoovastra

The choice of the coir woven bhoovastra basically depends on the type of pavement to be protected.

21.4. IS 15872:2009 : Guidelines for Application of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Woven Bhoovastra) for Rain Water Erosion Control in Roads, Railway Embankments and Hill Slopes

Scope

This standard prescribes the code for the guidelines for woven coir bhoovastra suitable

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for application in slopes of road and railway embankments and also in hill slopes including the selection of woven coir bhoovastra and installation methods.

Materials

Coir Woven Bhoovastra

The open structure coir woven bhoovastra made out of coir threads in which each warp thread gets interlaced alternatively over and under by successive weft thread.

Mechanism of Soil erosion

The exposed soil surface road and railway embankments and hill slopes by impact of rain drops and surface wind which cause surface run off particles. These impacts detach the soil particles and carry away by the surface runoff. These articles carry seeds and soil nutrients. Natural growth of vegetation on slope is thus hindered.

Role of Coir woven bhoovastra in surface erosion control

Coir woven hoovastra are permeable coir fabrics made from coir fibre extracted from natural coir fibre. Coir woven bhoovastra control the soil erosion by acting as a ground cover. As a ground cover, it reduces the flow velocity of runoff water by forming check dams with the help of net structured strands of Coir woven bhoovastra in firm contact with the soil, which absorb the impact of water flow and resist washing down keeping the soil intact.

Selection of coir woven bhoovastra

The choices of coir woven bhoovastra basically depend on the type of soil to be protected. It requires to be ensured primarily that the slope to be protected from rain water erosion is geo technically stable. It also required considering the extreme rainfall in limited time span at that location as the intensity of rainfall is more important than the average rainfall. It is recommended that the choice of coir woven bhoovastra shall be 400/700 where intensity of rainfall is severe irrespective of type of soil and slope is <1:1.

Installation Method

The stages of laying of woven coir woven bhoovastra on slopes for rain water erosion control are as under.

The slope shall be made free from undulations, soil slurry, mud and sharp projections and compacted with additional earth where necessary.

Anchoring trenches shall be excavated at the top and toe of the slope along the slope

downward, caring to see that it touches the soil surface at all points.


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The selected coir woven bhoovastra shall be unrolled across the top trench and along the

slope downward caring to see that it touches the soil surface at all points.

Overlap shall be minimum 150 mm at sides and ends. The coir woven bhoovastra at

the higher level on the slope shall be placed over level. Side overlaps of a coir woven

bhoovastra piece shall be placed over its next piece on one side and under the next piece

on the other.

The coir bhoovastra shall be fixed in position with the help of steel staples of 220 mm

length (usually of 11gauges) or by split bamboo pegs. Stapling shall b e done normally

at an interval of 500-750 mm both in longitudinal and transverse directions. Special care

shall be taken to staple the coir woven bhoovastra within the anchoring trenches (300 mm

depth and 150 mm width) both at the bottom and at the sides.

The anchoring trenches shall b e filled up with brick/bats/ soil for preventing displacement

of the coir woven bhoovastra. Special care shall be taken that the overlaps are not

displaced during installation.

Care should be taken to prevent any damage of geo textiles due to puncture/tear and

other operational stresses.

Seeds of vegetations (grass/legumes etc) shall be spread or saplings are then planted

at suitable intervals through the opening of the coir woven bhoovastra.In special

circumstances, a second dose of seeds may be spread with dibbling of locally available

grass.

Installation shall be completed preferably before the monsoon to take advantage of the

rains for quick germination of seeds.

Monitoring

Close monitoring should be carried out for at least one season cycle.

The treated area shall be kept out of bounds for cattle and other grazing animals till the

time of maturity of vegetation.

The damage and displacement of coir woven bhoovastra shall be noted for corrective

action. Torn portions of the coir woven bhoovastra shall be covered with new pieces of coir

woven bhoovastra of identical specifications duly stapled at all sides.

Watering/ maintenance of identical specifications duly stapled at all sides.

Advice shall be sought from specialist to find out cause of unsatisfactory growth of

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vegetation. Withered plants shall be replaced. Species of vegetation needs to be selected

carefully considering the local soil and climatic conditions.

22. Equipments and Procedure for Measuring Quality Parameters of Geo textiles

22.1. Bursting strength test apparatus

�� Measure the resistance bursting strength of geo

textiles to bursting i.e. the bursting strength.

�� The geo textiles are subjected to a gradual up-

ward pressure using a hydraulic 48 mm dia-

phragm, moulded from synthetic rubber.

�� The load at rupture is measured as the bursting

strength.

�� It gives the geo textiles resistance to rupture by

applying load.

�� It simulates an in situ situation such as the load

applied in sub base while overlying geo textiles on soft ground.

22.2. Dry sieve test apparatus

�� Determine the AOS (Apparent Opening Size) of

geo textiles by sieving glass beads through it. .

�� AOS is a means of correlating geo textiles pore

structure to an equivalent screen mesh size.

�� It is the measure of the largest effective opening

available in geo textiles for soil to pass through

when placed in pavements, embankments etc.

�� The AOS is the diameter of the glass beads,

which is, retained 95 % by the geo textiles after

sieving and gives indication of the ability of the

geo textiles to retain the soil.

�� AOS data is important for filtering and drainage

applications.

�� This test is widely used for relative comparison

among the geo textiles and using geo textiles as a medium to retain soil particles

necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil.


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22.3. Cone drop test apparatus

�� To assess the impact stress or the puncture

penetration resistance of geo textiles.

�� Used to evaluate the resistance of geo textiles

to damage during installation due to dropping of

sharp edged/pointed stone on geo textiles direct-

ly.

�� It gives the ability of geo textiles to resist sudden

impact.

�� The amount of cone penetration indicates the re-

sistance.

�� The penetration or hole is measured with the help

of a graduated cone.

�� The smaller the hole, greater is the resistance of the geo textiles to damage.

�� To determine the coefficient of interface friction

between soil and geo textiles.

�� The shear stress is measured by subjecting the

geo textiles, which is placed between two soil

layers to a constant normal load and an increas-

ing horizontal force.

�� Soil reinforcement is used widely in earth retain-

ing structures, slope stability, landside protection

works, pavements, etc.

�� It gives a correct assessment of soil/ reinforcement frictional relationship while trans-

ferring load and forces via soil to the reinforcement.

�� It helps in designing of sub structure, in determining bearing capacity of soils and in

stability calculations of earth slopes

�� The force, which causes a shear failure along the junction, is the shear load. The

coefficient of internal friction is also calculated

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22.5. CBR push through test apparatus

�� To measure the force required to puncture geo

textiles.

�� CBR gives the resistance of the geo textiles to

withstand localised pressure, which is particular-

ly noticed in pavement systems.

�� The plunger is pushed centrally through the fab-

ric at a specified rate.

�� The load at failure read directly from the dial

gauge gives the resistance of the geo textiles to

withstand localised pressure.

22.6. Hydrodynamic sieve test apparatus

�� To determine the AOS in wet condition, sieving is

done in an aqueous medium.

�� The AOS is taken as the diameter of the glass

beads, which is, retained 95 % by the geo tex-

tiles after sieving.

22.7. Geo textiles permeometer

�� Specifically designed to calculate the permea-

bility of geo textiles.

�� Water is allowed to pass through the geo tex-

tiles over a specified head for a specified time

interval and the outlet water is collected and

measured.

�� It is related to filtration.

�� The water flows through the geo textiles into crushed stones, pipes or some other

drainage system.

�� It is important that the fabric allows for this flow to occur without any obstruction.

�� The hydraulic permittivity at constant head is calculated using the equation


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Permittivity, = (QRt)/ HAT

Q =Quantity of water passing through the geo textiles

Rt = Temp correction factor

H = head

A = area of cross section

T =Time of flow

22.8. Cross plane permeability test apparatus (hydraulic permittivitty test apparatus)

�� To determine the Permittivity of a geo textiles which is a measure of volumetric rate of flow per unit area of geotextile and unit hydraulic head?

�� Water is allowed to flow through the geo textiles under varying normal compressive stresses.


�� The water flows through the geotextile into crushed stones, pipes or some other drain-age system.


�� Covers determination of the water permittivity of geo textiles under varying normal compressive stresses.

The hydraulic permittivity at constant head is calculated as follows

where

=permittivity of the geo textiles

Q=rate of flow

= head loss

A = area of the geo textiles

The hydraulic permittivity for varying head is calculated as follows

10

(h /hf where

h = initial head

hf = final head

= time required for the head change

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A = cross sectional area of specimen

A = cross sectional area of standpipe above sample

22.9. In-plane permeability test apparatus (hydraulic transmissivitty test apparatus)

�� The ability of geo textiles to transmit water across a plane is termed as transmissivity.

�� It is defined as the volumetric rate of flow per unit width of geo textiles and unit hydraulic head in the radial direction.

�� It covers the determination of the water transmis-sivity behavior of geo textiles under varying nor-mal compressive stresses.


�� The water flows through the geo textiles into crushed stones, pipes or some other drainage system.


The hydraulic transmissivity is calculated as follows

where

= hydraulic transmissivity

Rt = Temperature correction factor

Q = Quantity of water in unit time

L = Length of the specimen

W = Width of the Specimen

H = Difference in head

22.10. Wide width tensile test by Universal Tensile Testing Machine

�� To determine tensile properties of geo textiles including tensile strength and elonga-tion.

�� Tensile strength of geo textiles is the maximum resistance to deformation when sub-

jected to tension by an external force.


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�� It provides design parameters for reinforcement

type applications like design of reinforced em-

bankments over soft sub grades, reinforced soil

retaining walls, reinforcements of slopes, etc.

�� Specimen size is 100 cm x 200 cm.

�� Tensile properties of geo textiles in machine

direction and cross machine direction in wet and

dry conditions are determined.

�� In this test the width is greater than the length of

the specimen.

�� In geo textiles applications there are a tenden-

cy to contract (neck down) under a force in the

gauge length area.

�� The greater width of the specimen specified in wide width test method minimizes

the contraction effect and provides a close relationship to expected geo textiles

behaviour in the field and a standard comparison can be arrived.

22.11. Trapezoidal tearing strength

To measure the tearing strength of geo textiles.

It is the value for estimating the relative tear resistance of different geo textiles or different directions of the same fabric.

�� Geo textiles can be cut or punctured during field installations, which can create a possible condition by which strength is controlled by tearing resistance.

22.12. Grab tensile strength

�� It measures the ability of the geotextiles to distribute concentrated loading.

�� Specimen size is 200 x 100 mm.

�� It is widely used by manufacturers as a quality control tool.

�� It can be used for relative comparison between geo textiles of the same type.

�� To evaluate the clogging resistance of geo textiles.

�� In addition to the opening size and permeability of the geo textiles, the hydraulic behaviour of combined soil-geo textiles influence the filtration ability of geo textiles in the long-term flow situation.

�� Measures long term flow rates

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�� Evaluates the long-term filtration behaviour and clogging potential of soil-geo tex-tiles system

�� This is to ensure long-term filtration process and the flow rate of soil geo textiles system is measured at a constant head.

�� The tests for permittivity and transmissivity help in comparing one-geo textiles to another.

�� The flow rate of the soil-geo textiles system decreases as the pores of the geo tex-tiles get clogged.

�� Soil-geo textiles permeability test is suggested to determine the long-term flow ca-pability of geo textiles.

�� The clogging is highly soil dependent for which two types of testing viz. filtration test and gradient ratio test are employed.

�� It gives a direct measure of geo textiles clogging potential.

�� The gradient ratio is defined as the ratio of hydraulic gradient through the geo tex-tiles plus 25.4 mm of the soil to that of the hydraulic gradient through the adjacent 50.8 mm of the soil.

�� It is determined after 24 hours of flow of water.

H2 - H1

Gradient Ratio = ----------

(H3 - H2) /2

Where H1, H2, H3 are the piezometric heads corresponding to piezometers1, 2 and 3

22.15. Thickness gauge

�� Measures the thickness of geo textiles.

�� Thickness is one of the basic physical prop-erties used to control the quality of many geo textiles.

�� It is an important parameter for the measure-

ment of permeability, tensile stress etc.


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23. Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Matting

Parameter

Types of Coir Matting

SaloonPanama

(2x2)2 Shaft (2x2)

Herring

Bone

Matting

Ribbed

Mass/unit area (gm/m2) 1797.3 1844.96 1583.5 1906.4 2312.66

Thickness at 2 kPa (mm) 11.03 11.93 9.88 10.98 13.70

Puncture Resistance (mm) 2 2.4 3.6 2 2.8

CBR Push Through Resistance

(kN)4.35 3.91 2.77 4.18 2.45

AOS (mm) 1.42 2.05 2.25 1.84 0.9

Wide Width Tensile

Test

Dry (kN/m)

Warp 34.16 35.33 43.44 52.77 11.61

Weft 25.72 23.50 17.11 21.27 22.50

Wide Width Tensile

Test

Wet (kN/m)

Warp 31.33 27.61 32.77 41.88 10.16

Weft 20.22 13.38 13.11 15.38 15.16

Shear Stress

(kg/cm2 )

0.5 0.485 0.654 0.475 0.644 0.579

1 0.803 0.981 0.710 1.177 1.009

1.5 1.224 1.298 1.009 1.504 1.260

2 1.607 1.523 1.298 1.803 1.560

Bursting Strength (kPa) 5480 4510 3843 5250 3453

Permeability (l/m3/min) 9484.41 9951.19 10184.5 8470.18 8004

Warp 27

(Aratory)

26

(Aratory)

28

(Anjengo)

28

(Anjengo)

Slack 20

(Anjengo)

Tight 10

(Anjengo)

Weft 16

(Vycome)

16

(Vycome)

10

(Vycome)

14

(Vycome)

24

(Vycome)

Scorage of matting 12.15 11.70 12.60 12.60 13.5

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24. Tested Quality Parameters of Latex coated Coir Needled Felt backed with

Parameters

Light weight Non-woven coir geo textiles

composite

Medium weight Non-woven coir geo textiles composite

Heavy weight Non-woven coir geo

textiles composite

Mass /unit area(gm/m2) 660 970 1240

Thickness at 2kPa(mm) 9.80 14.77 13.40

Puncture Resistance (mm) 8.8 2.33 2.66

AOS (mm) 0.75 0.57 0.46

Puncture Resistance (kgf) 54.4 87 81.6Shear Stress (kg/cm2 )

0.5 kg/cm2 0.476 0.420 0.336

1 kg/cm2 0.663 0.476 0.448

1.5 kg/cm2 0.822 0.803 0.596

2 kg/cm2 1.317 1.439 1.18

Wide Width Tensile Test(Dry)

Direction Break Load(kN/m)

Break Strain(%)

Break Load

(kN/m)

Break Strain(%)

Break Load

(kN/m)

Break Strain(%)

warp 1.61 15 2.13 22 2.27 38

weft 0.64 23.32 1.13 28 1.72 22.64

Wide Width Tensile Test(Wet)

warp 1.38 39.08 1.0 36 0.97 32

weft 0.917 19.32 1.22 22 0.86 18.67

Parameters

Light weight Non-woven coir geo textiles fabric

Medium weight Non-woven coir

geo textiles fabric

Heavy weight Non-woven coir geo textiles fabric

Mass/unit area(gm/m2) 480 630 950


Puncture Resistance (mm)

15.66 16 _

AOS (mm) 1.15 0.65 1.18

Puncture Resistance (kgf) 27 21.7 59.8

Shear stress,kg/cm2

0.5 kg/cm2 0.467 0.476 0.523

1 kg/cm2 0.644 0.775 0.766

1.5 kg/cm2 1.037 0.999 0.953

2 kg/cm2 1.36 1.22 1.261


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26. Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Bhoovastra (Coir geo textiles)

Wide width tensile test(Dry)

Direction Break Load

(kN/m)

Break Strain(%)

Break Load

(kN/m)

Break Strain(%)

Break Load(kN/m)

Break Strain(%)

warp 0.5 32 0.61 37.06 0.72 36.93

weft 0.38 14.6 0.416 14.26 0.50 21.86

Wide width tensile test(Wet)

warp 0.42 37 0.48 20 0.55 23.33

weft 0.30 8.2 0.33 14.6 0.44 13.33

Parameter Types of Coir Bhoovastra (Coir geo textiles)

H2M6(400 gm/

m2)

H2M2(700 gm/

m2)

H2M5(740

gm/m2)

H2M8(700 gm/

m2)

H2M8 (Green

Husk fibre)

H2M9(900 gm/m2)

Mass/unit area (gm/m2) 454.48 717.52 772 746.3 645.8 972

Thickness at 20 kPa (mm) 6.55 6.77 6.61 6.45 6.36 6.51

Puncture Resistance (mm) 0 26 23.60 23.22 16.88 11.93

CBR Push Through Resistance (kN)

0.71 1.47 1.90 1.14 1.58 1.84

AOS (mm) 20.07 x16.87

8.71 x 7.27

7.57 x 8.04

4.92 x 9.96

7.95x 9.04 5.00 x 8.05

Wide Width Tensile TestDry (kN/m)

Warp 8.00 8.76 10.70 15.65 11.50 17.74

Weft 5.62 9.84 10.24 10.24 8.40 10.42

Wide Width Tensile TestWet (kN/m)

Warp 4.23 7.66 8.52 12.90 9.00 16.56

Weft 3.36 8.18 8.74 4.94 4.94 7.29

Trapezoidal Tearing Strength (kN)

Warp 0.25 0.45 0.44 0.62 0.33 0.69

Weft 0.23 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.43 0.43

Shear Stress(kg/cm2 )

0.5 0.38 0.32 0.44 0.45 0.36 0.39

1 0.73 0.55 0.71 0.77 0.49 0.62

1.5 0.93 0.81 0.95 0.85 0.82 0.89

2 1.33 1.10 1.30 1.18 0.88 1.16

Bursting Strength (Kpa) 0 2146 2660 2373 1455 2532

Permeability (lit/m3/min) 12798 11940 11520 10440 10920 10384

Scorage Warp 10 10 9 11 13 11

Weft 9 10 8 12 12 12

Runnage(m/kg)

Warp 177 163 147 213 251 208

-76-

Runnage(m/kg)

Weft 166 156 163 326 306233

Ends/dm 4 8 9 10 9 13

Picks/dm 4 7 8 8 8 9

Peak load Dry (kN/m)

Warp 8.89 12.57 12.55 19.0 12.70 20.38

Weft 6.02 11.14 11.14 11.45 8.65 9.70

Peak load Wet (kN/m)

Warp 4.44 9.43 9.19 16.80 11.10 16.85

Weft 3.50 9.45 9.95 5.71 6.95 6.52

27. Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Loop

Parameters Coir Loop

Mass/unit area (gm/m2) 1096

Thickness (mm) 13.31

Puncture Resistance (mm) 18.40

CBR Push Through Resistance (kN) 1.36

Wide Width Tensile TestDry (kN/m)

Warp 11.75

Weft 7.2

Wide Width Tensile TestWet (kN/m)

Warp 9.66

Weft 4.81

Shear Stress(kg/cm2)

.5 0.32

1 0.49

1.5 0.97

2 1.32

Bursting Strength (kg/psi) 17.70

Permeability (litres/m3/min) 11060.00

Scorage Warp 11

Weft 12

Runnage(m/kg)

Warp 250

Weft 281

Ends/dm 9

Picks/dm 7


-77-

28. Tested Quality Parameters of Knotted Coir Net

29. Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Needled Felt With Hessian and HDPE

Backing

Parameters Coir Net

Mass/unit area (gms/m2) 1722.9

Thickness (mm) 17.28

Puncture Resistance (mm) -

CBR Push Through Resistance (kN) .3

Wide Width Tensile Test Dry (kN/m) 10

Wide Width Tensile Test Wet (kN/m) 9.06

Trapezoid Tearing Strength (kN) 0.76

Shear Stress(kg/cm2 )

.5 0.51

1 0.84

1.5 1.07

2 1.64

Bursting Strength (kg/psi) 21.52

Permeability (lit/m3/min) 12730

Parameters Coir Needled Felt

Coir Needled Felt-Hessian Backing

Coir Needled Felt-HDPE Backing

Mass /unit area (gm/m2) 850.0 1031.67 879.10

Thickness at 2kPa(mm) 11.54 12.28 11.49Puncture Resistance (mm) - 4.66 2.33AOS (mm) 2.35 0.78 0.43

Bursting Strength (kg/cm2) 26.08 28.74 26.36

Puncture Resistance (kgf) 10.80 76.10 65.20

Shear Stress (kg/cm2)

0.5 kg/cm2 0.31 0.20 0.20

1 kg/cm2 0.44 0.43 0.38

1.5 kg/cm2 0.77 1.04 0.68

2 kg/cm2 1.03 1.49 0.93

Permeability (lit/m3/min) 10388.28 9335.87 6670.90

Wide Width Tensile Test(Dry)-kN/m

Direction Peak Load

Break Load

Peak Load

Break Load

Peak Load

Break Load

Warp 0.52 0.25 4.96 4.82 1.95 0.25

Weft - - 3.23 2.84 2.53 0.26

Wide Width Tensile Test(Wet)-kN/m

Warp - - 4.74 4.37 3.13 0.26Weft - - 2.97 2.31 2.27 0.26

Trapezoidal Tearing Strength, kN

Warp 0.19 0.05 0.58 0.56 0.46 0.37Weft 0.13 0.05 0.30 0.30 0.36 0.28

-78-

30. Tested Quality Parameters of Coir Needled Felt

31. Patents Granted for Application and Manufacture of Coir Geo textiles

Parameters

Mass (gm/m2)

800 gm/m2 900 gm/m2 1000 gm/m2

Mass /unit area (gm/m2) 816 835 987


Puncture Resistance (mm) 0 0 0

AOS (mm) 3.70 - 1.65

Bursting Strength (kg/cm2) 18.60 20.86 21.43

Puncture Resistance (kgf) 8.10 3.0 5.0

Shear Stress (kg/cm2)

0.5 kg/cm2 0.29 0.47 0.50

1 kg/cm2 0.43 0.67 0.72

1.5 kg/cm2 0.66 0.85 0.94

2 kg/cm2 0.91 1.05 1.21

Permeability (lit/m3/min) 10080 9480 8640

Sl. No. Name of Technology for Patent Patent Application No. & Date Patent No.

1. An Erosion Control Blanket (Case A) by Christy Fernandez and U.S. Sarma

588/MAS/2000 dated 28th July 2000

208689

2. An Erosion Control Blanket from Coir Fibres (Case F) by Christy Fernandez and U. S. Sarma

842/MAS/2000 dated 5th October 2000

3. An Erosion Control Blanket (Case G) by Christy Fernandez and U. S. Sarma

843/MAS/2000 dated 5th October 2000

223500

4. A Readymade Lawn by Christy Fernandez, U. S. Sarma and K. P. Somanathan Nair

664/MAS/2001 dated 13th

August, 2001223515

5. An improved mild steel handloom, T. A. Rajendra Babu and U. S. Sarma

548/CHE/2003 dated 2nd July 2003

222486

The Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi granted accreditation to usage of coir geo textiles

in erosion control of soil from roads and highways embankments/railway embankment/

canal embankment/reinforcement of roads and mudwall under new materials and

techniques in the year 2011.


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32. EXPORT OF COIR GEO TEXTILES FROM INDIA

Note: The export of coir geo textiles before 1994-95 was included in the export of handloom mattings.

YEAR QUANTITY (in MT) VALUE (Rs.in Lakhs)

1994-95 442 151.35

1995-96 474 167.80

1996-97 361 149.46

1997-98 739 313.31

1998-99 1208 546.91

1999-2000 1711 808.41

2000-01 1402.29 625.38

2001-02 1752.05 780.13

2002-03 2140.69 985.23

2003-04 2599.54 1184.74

2004-05 2323.20 1049.75

2005-06 2512.32 1140.56

2006-07 3044.51 1335.22

2007-08 3364.72 1444.65

2008-09 3251.52 1591.05

2009-10 3754.44 2023.77

2010-11 3266.63 1823.05

2011-12 3680.91 2433.12

2012-13 3597.30 2628.74

2013-14 4468.27 3503.78

2014-15 4236.00 3270.28

2015-16

-80-

33. Protection of road embankment using coir geo textiles

Eroded embankment of road embankment of

road

Coir geo textiles laid road embankment

Leveling of eroded

Stabilised road embankment

Guidelines for installation of coir geo textiles

Site assessment

The first step in the application of coir

bhoovastra is to make a detailed study of

the site like: slope assessment, nature and

consistency of the soil cover, the extent of

damage, rainfall patterns etc., and thereby

choose the right kind of coir bhoovastra

as well as the seed or saplings for the

vegetation cover.

Site preparation:

The slope area is demarcated. The surface is leveled. The slope is prepared and the soil is

tamped to the desired shape by rounding of the tips ensuring uniform contact of the coir


-81-

geo textiles with soil over the entire area to

guide the run off to flow over the net. The

ground has to be made free of protruding

stones, earth masses etc, but natural

budges can be left as it is. Before applying

any seedling, the prepared slope needs

to be relatively free of weeds, stones, root

stumps and gullies.

Fixation

The open mesh coir geo textiles are laid

side by side by overlapping of 15 cm while

end to end overlapping of two coir geo

textiles is 20 cm. The overlapping edges

are fixed on the ground with the help of

either 15 cm long U-shaped nails or 22 cm

long J shaped hooks made of 3 mm iron or

steel wire.

The sides, top and bottom of coir geo

textiles are anchored into the trenches of 30

cm deep and 15 cm width, free from mud /

soil slurry at the sides and the bottom. The

U shaped nails or J shaped hooks should

be driven at intervals of 50 – 75 cm; along sides and overlapping sections at a distance of

30-50 cm. Wooden pegs may also be used for fixing the coir geo textiles. The hooks must

be at the same level with the ground for smooth water flow over the joint to the next fabric.

Laying

The erosion control blanket is to be laid in a

direction of the water flow starting from the

top to the bottom. The rolls are to be rolled

down the slope and are cut at the end .The

coir bhoovastra should be laid loosely and

evenly without stitch. Adjoining coir geo

textiles should overlap 15cm or be stitched

together.

Second seeding of grass is done 10g per

-82-

sq.metre after the coir Bhoovastra is in place. Finally, the coir bhoovastra is flushed with

the soil surface. Care should be taken to ensure that no aggregate stays between coir

bhoovastra and the base soil either at the bottom sides. Once or twice sprinkling of water

is recommended if the weather is hot and dry. During the first few days, the moisture

levels are to be properly monitored to facilitate easy germination of the seeds. The treated

slope is irrigated as required to promote the growth of vegetation. When fully laid, the coir

bhoovastra will protect the slope against soil erosion and create permanent greenery on

the surface.

Vegetation & seeding

The plant species are selected on the

basis of suitability to the climatic conditions

of the site. If the slopes are entirely raw

and infertile and if the soil happens to be

slightly acidic, calcium ammonium nitrate

is applied @50 kg per 1000 sq.metre in

solution.

The seeds after germination should take up

deep rooting system. After preparing the

soil surface, the seeds have to be applied

on the surface by hand broadcasting or by hydraulic means and the coir bhoovastra

to be laid over the seeds almost immediately. First seeding of grass is done at 10g per

sq.metre or alternative planting such as root slips may also be done. For quick coverage,

rooted slips of grasses and cuttings of shrubs and trees may be planted through the open

spaces between the strands of coir geo textiles after laying. Surface is leveled again by

compacting the loose soil.

Monitoring

Close monitoring should be carried out for at least two-season cycle. Displacement of

Coir Bhoovastra, if any, is to be noted and watched without disturbing it initially. Fresh Coir

Bhoovastra pieces duly stapled on all sides should be applied to overlap torn portions.

Care must be taken to protect the treated site from trampling by human and cattle till

vegetation comes up fully.

34. Reinforcement of rain water harvesting pond and stream embankment using coir

geo textiles

Coir geo textiles are permeable fabric capable to control soil erosion. It protects the earth


-83-

and promotes vegetation retaining precious topsoil. Coir boovastra is made from coir

fibre/yarn extracted from coconut husk either by natural retting or by mechanical process.

It is a woven fabric of two treadle in construction made from coir yarn in which the warp

and weft strands are positioned at a distance to get a mesh (net) effect of ¼”, ½” and 1”.

The netting (mesh) gives the grass plenty of room to grow, at the same time it provides

large number of “Check Dams” per square meter of soil surface. The nettings are normally

produced on coir handlooms out of 2-ply coir yarn, with a width 1-2meter and 50-meter

length.

It is an ideal geo textile for situations where land is sloppy which may lead to rilling and

gulling. In such slopes, heavy rainfall causes loss of soil. In the areas of scanty rainfall

where soil is non cohesive and prone to wind blowing, open weave coir bhoovastra

provides adequate protection. There is no need for post installation work.

The open weave coir bhoovastra initially holds the ground for seeds and seedling and

provides a mechanical support against water erosion helps the germination of seeds for

better and growth of the plants conserving moisture and adds organic matter to the soil

after degradation. In areas where vegetation is poor or takes longer time for establishment,

open weave coir bhoovastra can hold the soil together for a longer period of time in

comparison to other natural fibres.

Reinforcement of rainwater harvesting pond at Thozhuthur, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu

Reinforcement of stream embankment, Vellamathara, Kuttanadu

-84-

35.Protection of hills slope embankment using coir geo textiles


Planting of grass sapling Hill slope protection

Laying of coir geo textiles in trench


and promotes vegetation retaining precious topsoil. Coir Bhoovastra is made from coir





large number of “Check Dams” per square meter of soil surface. The nettings are normally

produced on coir handlooms out of 2-ply coir yarn, with a width 1-2meter and 50-meter

length.


-85-

It is ideal geo textiles for situations where land is sloppy which may lead to rilling and gulling. In such slopes, heavy rainfall causes loss of soil. In the areas of scanty rainfall where soil is non cohesive and prone to wind blowing, open weave coir bhoovastra provides adequate protection. There is no need for post installation work.

The open weave coir bhoovastra initially holds the ground for seeds and seedling and provides a mechanical support against water erosion helps the germination of seeds for better and growth of the plants conserving moisture and adds organic matter to the soil after degradation. In areas where vegetation is poor or takes longer time for establishment, open weave coir bhoovastra can hold the soil together for a longer period of time in comparison to other natural fibres.


Site assessment

The first step in the application of coir bhoovastra is to make a detailed study of the site like: slope assessment, nature and consistency of the soil cover, the extent of damage, rainfall patterns etc., and thereby choose the right kind of coir bhoovastra as well as the seed or saplings for the vegetation cover.

Site preparation:

The slope area is demarcated. The surface is leveled. The slope is prepared and the soil is tamped to the desired shape by rounding of the tips ensuring uniform contact of the coir geo textiles with soil over the entire area to guide the run off to flow over the net. The ground has to be made free of protruding stones, earth masses etc, but natural budges can be left as it is. Before applying any seedling, the prepared slope needs to be relatively free of weeds, stones, root stumps and gullies.

Fixation

The open mesh coir geo textiles are laid side by side by overlapping of 15 cm while end to end overlapping of two coir geo textiles is 20 cm. The overlapping edges are fixed on the ground with the help of either 15 cm long U-shaped nails or 22 cm long J shaped hooks made of 3 mm iron or steel wire.

The sides, top and bottom of coir geo textiles are anchored into the trenches of 30 cm deep and 15 cm width, free from mud / soil slurry at the sides and the bottom. The U shaped nails or J shaped hooks should be driven at intervals of 50 – 75 cm; along sides and overlapping sections at a distance of 30-50 cm. Wooden pegs may also be used for fixing the coir geo textiles. The hooks must be at the same level with the ground for smooth water flow over the joint to the next fabric.

-86-

Laying

The erosion control blanket is to be laid in a direction of the water flow starting from the

top to the bottom. The rolls are to be rolled down the slope and are cut at the end .The

coir bhoovastra should be laid loosely and evenly without stitch. Adjoining coir geo textiles

should overlap 15cm or be stitched together.

Second seeding of grass is done 10g per sq.metre after the coir bhoovastra is in place.

Finally, the coir bhoovastra is flushed with the soil surface. Care should be taken to ensure

that no aggregate stays between coir bhoovastra and the base soil either at the bottom

sides.

Once or twice sprinkling of water is recommended if the weather is hot and dry. During

the first few days, the moisture levels are to be properly monitored to facilitate easy

germination of the seeds. The treated slope is irrigated as required to promote the growth

of vegetation. When fully laid, the coir bhoovastra will protect the slope against soil erosion

and create permanent greenery on the surface.


The plant species are selected on the basis of suitability to the climatic conditions of the

site. If the slopes are entirely raw and infertile and if the soil happens to be slightly acidic,

calcium ammonium nitrate is applied @50 kg per 1000 sq.metre in solution.

The seeds after germination should take up deep rooting system. After preparing the

soil surface, the seeds have to be applied on the surface by hand broadcasting or by

hydraulic means and the coir bhoovastra to be laid over the seeds almost immediately.



trees may be planted through the open spaces between the strands of coir geo textiles

after laying. Surface is leveled again by compacting the loose soil.

36. Protection of canal embankment using coir geo textiles


and promotes vegetation retaining precious topsoil. Coir bhoovastra is made from coir







-87-






Site assessment

The first step in the application of coir bhoovastra is to make a detailed study of the site

like: slope assessment, nature and consistency of the soil cover, the extent of damage,

rainfall patterns etc., and thereby choose the right kind of coir bhoovastra as well as the

seed or saplings for the vegetation cover.

Site preparation:

The slope area is demarcated. The surface is leveled. The slope is prepared and the soil

is tamped to the desired shape by rounding of the tips ensuring uniform contact of the

coir geo textiles with soil over the entire area to guide the run off to flow over the net. The

ground has to be made free of protruding stones, earth masses etc, but natural budges

can be left as it is. Before applying any seedling, the prepared slope needs to be relatively

free of weeds, stones, root stumps and gullies etc.

Fixation

The open mesh coir geo textiles are laid side by side by overlapping of 15 cm while end

to end overlapping of two coir geo textiles is 20 cm. The overlapping edges are fixed on

the ground with the help of 15cm wooden pegs.

The sides, top and bottom of coir geo textiles are anchored into the trenches of 30 cm

deep and 15 cm width, free from mud / soil slurry at the sides and the bottom. Wooden

pegs may be used for fixing the coir geo textiles driven at intervals of 50 – 75 cm; along

Protection of canal embankment,Arattupuzha

-88-

sides and overlapping sections at a distance of 30-50 cm. The hooks must be at the same

level with the ground for smooth water flow over the joint to the next fabric

Laying








sides.






Vegetation & seeding.

















-89-


large number of “Check Dams” per square meter of soil surface.







-90-


Site assessment

The first step in the application of coir bhoovastra is to make a detailed study

of the site like: slope assessment, nature and consistency of the soil cover, the extent of

damage, rainfall patterns etc., and thereby choose the right kind of coir bhoovastra as well

as the seed or saplings for the vegetation cover.

Site preparation:







Fixation









Laying








sides.



-91-
















38. Protection of irrigation canal embankment using coir geo textiles

Protection of irrigation canal embankment,Muvattupuzha and Kabini canal embankment, Mysore








-92-






comparison to other natural fibres


Site assessment





Site preparation:







Fixation









Laying






-93-




sides.

















39. Stabilization of landslide using coir geo textiles



Stabilization of landslide Khandikhal, Uttarkhand

-94-

fibre/yarn extracted from coconut husk either by natural retting or by mechanical process. It is a woven fabric of two treadle in construction made from coir yarn in which the warp and weft strands are positioned at a distance to get a mesh (net) effect of ¼”, ½” and 1”. The netting (mesh) gives the grass plenty of room to grow, at the same time it provides large number of “Check Dams” per square meter of soil surface.

The open weave coir bhoovastra initially holds the ground for seeds and seedling and provides a mechanical support against water erosion helps the germination of seeds for better and growth of the plants conserving moisture and adds organic matter to the soil after degradation. In areas where vegetation is poor or takes longer time for establishment, open weave coir bhoovastra can hold the soil together for a longer period of time in comparison to other natural fibres.


Site assessment


Site preparation:

The slope area is demarcated. The surface is leveled. The slope is prepared and the soil is tamped to the desired shape by rounding of the tips ensuring uniform contact of the coir geo textiles with soil over the entire area to guide the run off to flow over the net. The ground has to be made free of protruding stones, earth masses etc, but natural budges can be left as it is. Before applying any seedling, the prepared slope needs to be relatively free of weeds, stones, root stumps and gullies etc.

Fixation

The open mesh coir geo textiles are laid side by side by overlapping of 15 cm while end to end overlapping of two coir geo textiles is 20 cm. The overlapping edges are fixed on the ground with the help of 15cm wooden pegs.

The sides, top and bottom of coir geo textiles are anchored into the trenches of 30 cm deep and 15 cm width, free from mud / soil slurry at the sides and the bottom. Wooden pegs may be used for fixing the coir geo textiles driven at intervals of 50 – 75 cm; along sides and overlapping sections at a distance of 30-50 cm. The hooks must be at the same level with the ground for smooth water flow over the joint to the next fabric


-95-

Laying

The erosion control blanket is to be laid in a direction of the water flow starting from the top to the bottom. The rolls are to be rolled down the slope and are cut at the end .The coir bhoovastra should be laid loosely and evenly without stitch. Adjoining coir geo textiles should overlap 15cm or be stitched together.

Second seeding of grass is done 10g per sq.metre after the coir bhoovastra is in place. Finally, the coir bhoovastra is flushed with the soil surface. Care should be taken to ensure that no aggregate stays between coir bhoovastra and the base soil either at the bottom sides.

Once or twice sprinkling of water is recommended if the weather is hot and dry. During the first few days, the moisture levels are to be properly monitored to facilitate easy germination of the seeds. The treated slope is irrigated as required to promote the growth of vegetation. When fully laid, the coir bhoovastra will protect the slope against soil erosion and create permanent greenery on the surface.


The plant species are selected on the basis of suitability to the climatic conditions of the site. If the slopes are entirely raw and infertile and if the soil happens to be slightly acidic, calcium ammonium nitrate is applied @50 kg per 1000 sq.metre in solution.

The seeds after germination should take up deep rooting system. After preparing the soil surface, the seeds have to be applied on the surface by hand broadcasting or by hydraulic means and the coir bhoovastra to be laid over the seeds almost immediately.

Trees may be planted through the open spaces between the strands of coir geo First seeding of grass is done at 10g per sq.metre or alternative planting such as root slips may also be done. For quick coverage, rooted slips of grasses and cuttings of shrubs and textiles after laying. Surface is leveled again by compacting the loose soil.

40. Protection of clay embankment using coir needled felt

Laying of coir needled felt and Stabilized clay embankment, NH Byepass, Kozhikode

-96-

Coir needled felt

Coir needled felt is a non woven fabric

of various densities made from needle

punching of coir fibre. In the manufacturing

process, well cleaned coir fibres of good

staple length pass through the cleaning

machines by pneumatic suction and

punched by the needle loom on one side

to manufacture felts of different density

depending upon punching intensity, needle

penetration and thickness. The fibre is

mechanically bonded (interlocked) to form

a continuous length of sheet. No bonding

material is used in the manufacture. It

can be manufactured in thickness from

10 mm to 20 mm with a density varying

from 500 to 1500 g/sq.m. The felts have

excellent moisture absorption and retention

characteristics and form an ideal medium

for plant growth.

Coir needled felts are available in blanket forms backed with nets made of jute,

polypropylene and polythene also. The coir non woven blankets are composed of 100%

coir fibre randomly needle punched to the desired degree of compaction.

The coir bhoovastra of low mesh can effectively be used for soil stabilization techniques

in road construction. The use of coir geo textiles varieties of 700g (H2M5, H2M2 & H2M8)

and 900g (H2M9) with 1/2 inch mesh as an interface between the sub grade and the sub

base increases the strength of the pavement and prevents intermingling of the soil and

the granular sub base which improves drainage. The soil condition and its structure may

be assessed before laying of coir geo textiles for better result.

The rural unpaved roads are leveled, clearing of all foreign materials including uprooting

of any vegetation if present. The area is leveled with earth and rolled for compaction to

set the optimum moisture content. To facilitate easy unrolling on the surface of the sub

grade to be treated, the coir bhoovastra, in rolls of 1 to 2m width, is spread directly over

the leveled sub grade, ensuring that it should touch the sub grade surface at all points.

The edge of the coir bhoovastra should be folded back. The coir bhoovastra should be


-97-

folded back or cut and overlapped in the direction of the turn on application in curve. The

granular material is spread over coir bhoovastra (15 cm thick) to prevent puncture / damage

due to rolling of the upper sub base/ base layer and rolled with a light or medium roller.

The second layer of coir bhoovastra is layed again and sand is applied up to a thickness

of 15cm thick and rolled.Under the weight of the base layer and the compactive effect,

the sub grade loses water draining through the coir bhoovastra and gains in strength.

Due to the inherent tensile strength, the coir bhoovastra acts as a support membrane and

reduces localized distress on the road surface by redistributing traffic loads over a wider

area of the road surface.

Once the coir bhoovastra is placed on the weak sub grade, the sub grade stiffens and

becomes stronger on consolidation within in a year or so under the action of the granular

sub base surcharge, self-weight of pavement, construction rolling and traffic loads.

The Coir Bhoovastra immensely helps in this rapid sub grade strengthening process in

combination with the drainage layer above it. With time, the sub grade becomes less and

less dependent on the fabric for its stability and therefore, the long-term durability aspect

of coir should not deter its use as geo textiles for various applications in road construction.

The condition of coir bhoovastra should be assessed for any constructional / installation


textiles and the extent of overlap will be such as to cover the damaged / torn portion fully

plus at least 75 mm beyond, on all sides.

In the case of clay sub grades, a cushion layer of 10 cm thick sand is laid before spreading.

The coir bhoovastra or coir bhoovastra layers can be increased to 3 or 4 depending on

condition of the soil.

41. Stabilisation of eroded slopes of railway embankment by coir geo textiles


and promotes vegetation retaining precious topsoil. coir choovastra is made from coir










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Site assessment





Protection of railway embankment, Konkan railway


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Site preparation:


Fixation



Laying


The top and bottom ends of the coir bhoovastra are fixed into slots about 30cm deep, dug into the slope. The slots are filled with soil and tamped to pick up even with the soil surface. The Coir Bhoovastra is pegged using wooden pegs driven at intervals of 50-75cm, along sides and overlapping sections at a distance of 30-50 cm.

Second seeding of grass is done 10g per sq.metre after the coir bhoovastra is in place. Finally, the coir bhoovastra is flushed with the soil surface. Care should be taken to ensure that no aggregate stays between coir bhoovastra and the base soil either at the bottom sides.

Once or twice sprinkling of water is recommended if the weather is hot and dry. During the first few days, the moisture levels are to be properly monitored to facilitate easy germination of the seeds. The treated slope is irrigated as required to promote the growth



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42.Appliction of coir geotextiles for reinforcement of mudwall for protecting canals

Reinforcement of mudwall,Monkompu,Kuttanadu


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Site assessment





Site preparation:







Fixation






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Laying





The top and bottom ends of the coir bhoovastra are fixed into slots about 30cm deep,

dug into the slope. The slots are filled with soil and tamped to pick up even with the soil

surface. The coir bhoovastra is pegged using wooden pegs driven at intervals of 50-





sides.


















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43.Creation of greenery over rocky patches using coir geotextiles

Laying of CGT over exposed rocky patches

Regeneration of exposed of rocky patches

Spreading of coir pith over CGT












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Site assessment





Site preparation:







Fixation









Laying









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sides.

















44. Protection of dam against siltation using coir geotextiles





Eroded bank and Geo textiles laid on leveled bank of reservoir,

Kakkayam

Protection of Kakkayam

reservoir bank

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Site assessment





Site preparation:







Fixation










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Laying












sides.

















45. Protection of river embankment using coir geotextiles



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Laying of coir geo textiles and planting of grass on laid coir geo textiles on Periyar river bank

Protection of Periyar river bank


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Site assessment


Site preparation:


Fixation



Laying


The top and bottom ends of the coir bhoovastra are fixed into slots about 30cm deep, dug into the slope. The slots are filled with soil and tamped to pick up even with the soil surface. The Coir bhoovastra is pegged using wooden pegs driven at intervals of 50-75cm, along sides and overlapping sections at a distance of 30-50 cm.



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sides.

















46. Prevention of soil erosion due to runoff on the banks of river using cocolog

Cocolog laid on the banks of Pampa river for preventing soil erosion


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of knotted coir yarn. They are having a shape similar to a wooden log. They vary in diameter,

length and weight. The diameter varies from 30 cm to 50 cm, weight from 60 kg to 180 kg,

usually produced with a length of 6 metre. Charcoal is also used intermittently for filling

the logs as additional manure for faster growth of plants. Cocologs are mainly used for

vulnerable rivers to protect scour. The rolls are attached at the edges of the bank and

secured by wooden stakes/ pegs. The pegs may be used on alternate sides of the log.

For high embankment areas with variable water level, several cocolog can be applied

as a stack. Relatively steep stream banks can be covered with pre planted cocobeds.

Sediments will be collected and held in cocobeds, which helps in plant growth and purifies

water to a certain extent.

47. Erosion control of soil and water conservation for vegetable crop on steep slope

laid with coir geo textiles




Leveled steep slope

Leveled slope with brinjal at Konni

Leveled slope laid with coir geo textiles

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Site assessment





Site preparation:







Fixation









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Laying












sides.

















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48. Coir geo-rolls for high velocity stream bank protection

Planting of grass on laid geo roll Stream bank protected with geo rolls


of knotted coir yarn. They are having a shape similar to a wooden log. They vary in

diameter, length and weight. The diameter varies from 30 cm to 50 cm, weight from 60 kg

to 180 kg, usually produced with a length of 6 metre. Charcoal is also used intermittently

for filling the logs as additional manure for faster growth of plants. Cocologs are mainly

used for vulnerable streams or lake bank to protect scour. The rolls are attached at the

edges of the bank and secured by wooden stakes/ pegs. The pegs may be used on

alternate sides of the log. Relatively steep stream banks can be covered with pre planted

cocobeds. Sediments will be collected and held in cocobeds, which helps in plant growth

and purifies water to a certain extent.


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49.Weed control & mulching using coir geo textiles

Template planting (pineapple) and as a mulch

Coir needled felt

Coir needled felt is a non woven fabric of various

densities made from needle punching of coir fibre. In

the manufacturing process, well cleaned coir fibres

of good staple length pass through the cleaning

machines by pneumatic suction and punched by

the needle loom on one side to manufacture felts

of different density depending upon punching

intensity, needle penetration and thickness. The

fibre is mechanically bonded (interlocked) to form a

continuous length of sheet. No bonding material is

used in the manufacture. It can be manufactured in

thickness from 10 mm to 20 mm with a density varying

from 500 to 1500 g/sq.m. The felts have excellent

moisture absorption and retention characteristics

and form an ideal medium for plant growth.

Coir needled felts are available in blanket forms backed with nets made of jute,

polypropylene and polythene also. The coir non-woven blankets are composed of 100%

coir fibre randomly needle punched to the desired degree of compaction.

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Coir netting

Coir geo textiles are permeable fabric capable to control soil erosion. It protects the earth and promotes vegetation retaining precious topsoil. Coir bhoovastra is made from coir fibre/yarn extracted from coconut husk either by natural retting or by mechanical process. It is a woven fabric of two treadle in construction made from coir yarn in which the warp and weft strands are positioned at a distance to get a mesh (net) effect of ¼”, ½” and 1”. The netting (mesh) gives the grass plenty of room to grow, at the same time it provides large number of “Check Dams” per square meter of soil surface.

The open weave coir bhoovastra initially holds the ground for seeds and seedling and provides a mechanical support against water erosion helps the germination of seeds for better and growth of the plants conserving moisture and adds organic matter to the soil after degradation. In areas where vegetation is poor or takes longer time for establishment, open weave coir bhoovastra can hold the soil together for a longer period of time in comparison to other natural fibres


Site assessment

The first step in the application of coir bhoovastra is to make a detailed study of the site like: nature and consistency of the soil cover, the extent of damage, rainfall patterns etc

The ground has to be made free of protruding stones, earth masses etc, but natural budges can be left as it is. Before applying any seedling, the site needs to be relatively free of weeds, stones, root stumps and gullies etc.

Fixation

The open mesh coir geo textiles are laid side by side by overlapping of 15 cm while end to end overlapping of two coir geo textiles is 20 cm. The overlapping edges are fixed on the ground with the help of 15cm wooden pegs driven at intervals of 50 – 75 cm. The hooks must be at the same level with the ground for smooth water flow over the joint to the next fabric

Laying

The coir bhoovastra should be laid loosely and evenly without stitch. Adjoining coir geo textiles should overlap 15cm or be stitched together. Care should be taken to ensure that no aggregate stays between coir bhoovastra and the base soil either at the bottom sides.

Once or twice sprinkling of water is recommended if the weather is hot and dry. During the first few days, the moisture levels are to be properly monitored to facilitate easy growth of the plants.


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References:

1. "Retted (white) Coir Fibre Nettings-the Ideal Choice as Geo textiles for Soil Erosion Control by K.George Joseph and U.S.Sarma, paper presented and published in the proceedings ofthe IECA’s 28th Annual Conference, Tennesee, USA held on 25-28,February ,1997 pg. 67-76.

2. “Application of Eco-friendly Coir Geo textiles for Canal/River Bank Protection”A.C.Jose, U.S.Sarma, K.R.Anil and M.Kumaraswamy Pillai, Poster presentation in the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Associations, 2006 at California, Feb 21- 24

3. “Versatile Coir Geo textiles”’ A.C.Jose and U.S.Sarma, Poster presentation in the Annual Conference of International E rosion Control Association, 2007 at Reno, Nevada.

4. “Application of a Coir Geo textile Reinforced Mud wall in an Area below Sea level at Kuttanad, Kerala”’U.S.Sarma and A.C.Jose, accepted for presentation in the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, 2008 at Orlando, Fluoridate 18-22.

5. “Coir Geo textiles and its Applications”, by U.S.Sarma, paper in the 2nd International Workshop on Geo textiles Organized by the Committee for International Geo textiles Society (India) held at New Delhi on 11-12 January, 1994.

6. “Manifold Potentials of Coir Geo textiles”’ by U.S.Sarma and M.Kumararaja, paper presented at the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles” held at Alleppey and published in the Coir News, Vol.26, No.4, April20, 1997, P.27-30.

7. “Eco-friendly & Versatile Coir Geo textiles”’ by U.S. Sarma, Geo syntheticAsia’97,Vol.I,26-29 Nov.1997 ,Bangalore,India,Eds,C.V.J.Varma,G.V.Rao and A.R.G.Rao,Publishers,Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt .Ltd,New Delhi, SessionVI,P.49,1997.

8. “Coir Bhoovastra for Soil Bio-engineering Applications”‘ by U.S.Sarma ,presented at the National Seminar on Coir Bhoovastra organized by Coir Board at New Delhi, on 21 March 2003.

9. “Versatile Coir Geo textiles”, paper presented at the International Seminar on “Geo synthetics in India-Present and future”’ by U.S.Sarma at New Delhi from 8th to 10th November 2006.

10. “Applications of Geo synthetics –Use on Roads Sub grades”’ by U.S.Sarma, paper presented at the Workshop on Applications of Geo synthetics-Present and Future “,at Ahmedabad from 20-21st September 2007.

11. “Use of Coir Bhoovastra in Civil Engineering Applications”, by G.V.Rao, paper presented at the National Seminar on Coir Bhoovastra organized by Coir Board at New Delhi, on


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21March 2003.

12. “Application of Coir Bhoovastra in Watershed Management”, by J.P.Juyal, paper presented at the National Seminar on Coir Bhoovastra organized by Coir Board at New Delhi, on 21March 2003.

13. “An Overview of Projects using Coir Bhoovastra undertaken by Coir Board”, by M.Kumaraswamy Pillai, paper presented at the National Seminar on Coir Bhoovastra organized by Coir Board at New Delhi, on 21March 2003.

14. “Erosion Control with Coir Geo textiles “by Dr.K.Balan, paper presented in the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles organized by Coir Board at Alleppey ,on 28 January 1997

15. “Potential Use of Indian Coir Geo textiles “ by Shri.C.R.Devarajan , paper presented in the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles organized by Coir Board at Alleppey ,on 28 January 1997

16. “Coir geo textiles for Twenty first Century “ by Shri.Manavalan , paper presented in the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles organized by Coir Board at Alleppey ,on 28 January 1997

17. “An Overview of the Prospects of Coir Geo textiles “ by M.Kumaraswamy Pillai, paper presented in the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles organized by Coir Board at Alleppey ,on 28 January 1997

18. “Application and Trends of Geo synthetics in Civil Engineering “ by Shri.J.N.Mandal, paper presented in the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles organized by Coir Board at Alleppey ,on 28 January 1997

19. “Strength of Coir Geo-textiles & its Potentials “ by Shri.S.K.Kuppuswamy, paper presented in the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles organized by Coir Board at Alleppey ,on 28 January 1997

20. “Coir Netting for Erosion Treatment and Sacrificial Landslide Correction” by Shri T.K.Natarajan,Shri.P.J.Rao and A.V.S.R.Murthy , paper presented in the Workshop on Geo grids and Geo fabrics in Civil Engineering Practice organized by Coir Board at Coimbatore ,on 21st September 1988.

21. “A Role for Coir fibre Geo fabrics in Soil Stabilization and Erosion Control” by Shri.Cammack, paper presented in the Workshop on Geo grids and Geo fabrics in Civil Engineering Practice organized by Coir Board at Coimbatore ,on 21st September 1988.

22. “Coir Netting Technique for Controlling Erosion of Soils in Hillside Slopes of Nilgiris” by A.Venkatarangaraju, R.Narayanan, N.Venkatarama and S.Ambethkar, paper presented in the Workshop on Geo grids and Geo fabrics in Civil Engineering Practice organized by Coir Board at Coimabtore, on 21st September 1988.

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23. “Utilization Potential for Coir Fabrics as Geo textile Material” by Shri.Henner Schurholz, paper presented in the Workshop on Geo grids and Geo fabrics in Civil Engineering Practice” organized by Coir Board at Coimbatore ,on 21st September 1988.

24. “Coir based Products in Civil and Soil Biotechnical Engineering –Development Imperatives” by G.Venkatappa Rao

25. “Testing and Application of Coir based Geo textiles” by G.V.Rao and R.K.Dutta

26. “Testing of Geo textiles for Weathering” by Dr.Mangala Joshi

27. “Coir Geo textiles: Emerging Trends”by G.Venkattappa Rao and K.Balan

28. ”Comprehnsive Reference Book on Coir Geo textiles “, Edited by.T.S.Ramanatha Iyer, C.G.Ramachandarn Nair and N.Balakrishnan Nair and published by Center for Development of Coir technology

29. IS 158 68 2008(Part 1-6) - Natural fibre Geo textiles (Jute Geo textile and Coir Bhoovastra) – Methods

30. IS 15869:2008 Textiles-Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra -Specifications

31. IS 15871:2009 Use of Coir Geo textiles (Coir Bhoovastra) in Unpaved Roads- Guidelines

32. IS 12503(Part 2) 1988 Coir Matting, Mourzarks and Carpets

33. ”Indian Coir a reference book”’ Edited by P.K.Ravi and published by Coir Board

34. Ajitha, B., Jayadeep, T., 1997. . “Interfacial frictional properties of geo textiles and biomats”,in: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Vadodara, India, Vol.1, pp. 287-290.

35. Anderson, P., Killeavy, M., 1989. “Geo textiles and geo grids-cost effective alternate materials for pavement design and construction” In: Geosynthetics’89, San Diego,USA, vol. 2, 353-364

36. Babu, K.K., Beena, K.S., Raji, A.K., 2008.”Design of Coir Geo textiles reinforced Road using IRC method”. Highway Research Journal, Special Issue

37. Cancelli, A., Montanelli, F., 1999. “In-ground test for geo synthetic reinforced flexible paved roads”. Proceedings of Geo synthetics ’99, Vol. 2, Boston, USA, pp. 863-879.

38. Chauhan, M.S., Mittal, S., Mohanty, B., 2008. Performance evaluation of silty sand sub grade reinforced with fly ash and fibre, Geo textiles and Geo membranes 26 (5), 429-435.


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39. Datye. K. R, Gore. V. N., (1994) “Application of natural geo textiles and related products”

Geo textiles and Geo membrane 13,371-388

40. Fannin, R.J., Sigurdsson, O., 1996 “Field observations on stabilization of unpaved roads

with geo textiles” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE. 26(7): 544-553.

41. Giroud, J.P, Noiray, L, 1981. “Geo textile reinforced unpaved road design” Journal of

Geotechnical Engineering ASCE 107 (9), 1233–1254.

42. IRC: 81-1997 Guidelines for Strengthening of Flexible Road Pavements using Benkelman

Beam Deflection technique.

43. IRC: SP 72 – 2007 Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements for Low volume Rural

Roads.

44. I S: 2720(Part 16) – 1979, Methods of Test for Soils: Determination of California Bearing

Ratio.

45. IS 2720 (Part 5)-1985, Methods of Test for Soils: Determination of Atterberg Limits.

46. IS 2720 (Part 8)- 1983, Methods of Test for Soils: Determination of Water Content – Dry

Density Relation using Heavy Compaction.

47. IS: 15868 (Parts 1 to 6) – 2010. Methods of test natural fibre geo textiles (Jute geo

textile and Coir bhoovastra)

48. Khanna,S.K, Justo. C.E.G, “Highway Engineering”, published by New Chand and

Bros., Roorkee, Eighth Edition, 2009.

49. M.V.L.R..Anjaneyulu, “Evaluation of Pavement Performance”

50. Perkins, S.W., 1999a. Geo synthetic reinforcement of flexible pavements: laboratory

based pavement test sections.Final Report FHWA/MT-99-001/8138, State of Montana

Department of Transportation, MT, USA, 140 p.

51. Perkins, S.W., 1999b. Mechanical response of geo synthetic-reinforced flexible

pavements, Geo synthetics International 6 (5), 347-382

52. Rao. G. V, Balan. K, (2000) “Coir Geo textiles Emerging trends”. The Kerala State Coir

Corporation LTD (publishers) Alappuzha, Kerala.

53. Rawal, A., Anandjiwala, R., 2007. Comparative study between needle punched

nonwoven geo textile structures made from flax and polyester fibres, Geo textiles and

Geo membranes 25 (1), 61-65.

54. Sankariah, B., Narahari, R., 1988.” Bearing capacity of reinforced sand beds” In:Proc.

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on First Indian Geo textiles Conference on Reinforced soil and geo textiles,Bombay,

India, pp. C11-C13.

55. Sarsby, R.W., 2007. Use of ’Limited Life Geo textiles’ (LLGs) for basal reinforcement of embankments built on soft clay. Geo textiles and Geo membranes 25 (4-5), 302-310.

56. Senthil, K.P., Pandiammal, D.S., 2011. Effect of needle punched nonwoven coir and jute geo textiles on CBR strength of soft sub grade, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, no. 11, November 2011.

57. Som, N., Sahu, R.B., 1999. Bearing capacity of a geo textile-reinforced unpaved road as a function of deformation - a model study. Geo synthetics International 6 (1), 1-17.

58. Subaida, E.A., Chandrakaran, S., Sankar, N., 2008.“Experimental investigations on tensile and pullout behaviour of woven coir geo textiles”. Geo textiles and Geomembranes27, pp.

59. Constructional Details of Coir and Coir Products, published by the Coir Board.

60. Souvenir published by the Coir Board as part of IICF 2001

61. Evaluation of coir matting as a barricade material for stowing in mines- a feasibility study, published by the Coir Board.

62. Papers of Intensive Training on Application of Coir Bhoovastra at CCRI on 12-18 Feb 2001

63. Proceedings of the Workshop on Coir Geo textiles and geo fabrics in Civil Engineering Practice.

64. Quality Year, Coir 1993-94 – Colloquium on quality for coir exports 4th January 1994

65. Proceeding of the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles at Dehradun on 22nd May 1996

66. Proceedings of the Seminar on Coir Geo textiles held at Alappuzha on 28th January 1997

67. Study on Coir Geo textiles, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam

68. Proceedings of Seminar on Coir Geo textiles held at Coimbatore.

69. Geo synthetics – An introduction by G.Venkettappa Rao.

70. Modern Geo technical engineering by Dr.Alamsingh

71. Designing with geo by Robert M Koerner

72. ASTM Standards by ASTM International.


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For more details,

“Coir House”, Kochi - 16, Ph : 0484 – 2351900, 2351807, 2351788 [email protected]

Kalavoor.P.O, Alappuzha, Ph: 0477 – 2258094, 2258933 Email- [email protected], [email protected] Website: ccriindia.org

Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore - 560 058 Ph: 080-28394875 e-mail : [email protected]

Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore - 560 058 Ph : 080 28375023. e-mail:[email protected]

Swaraj Nagar, AC Gardens, Doulesaram Road, Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh - 533101, Ph:08832420196. e-mail: [email protected]

Jagamara (Udyogpuri), P.O. Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar - 751 030 Ph: 0674 2350078. e-mail:[email protected]

No-30, Mariyammal Layout, Palladam Road, Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 642002 Ph : 04259-222450. e-mail: [email protected]

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Case Studies on application of Coir Bhoovastra in India by Coir Board

Sl.No Type of Application Coir Bhoovastra Applied Site YearType of Coir

Bhoovastra used & Area Laid

1. Erosion control on hill slides through revegetaion

Hill slide slopes of Hindustan-Tibet National Highway – down hill near Idgah grounds in Simla. (Coir Board & CRRI, New Delhi)

1972 ½ inch coir netting & 278.7 m2

2. Erosion control on railway embankments through revegetation

Railway embankment slopes near bridge No.154 Pathankot to Jammu Railway Link, 70 km from Pathankot. (Coir Board & CRRI, New Delhi)

1973 ½ inch coir netting & 1200m2

3 Erosion control of Road embankment through revegetation

Dolman - Nainital – Almora Road, U.P. (Coir Board & CRRI, New Delhi)

1987 1 inch coir netting & 500 m2

4 Erosion control of soil slopes of highways through revegetation

Coonoor – Kundha Road (Nilgiris Hills), Tamil Nadu. (Coir Board & Highways Research Station, Chennai)


5. Erosion control of soil slopes of highways through revegetation

Nagapatinam – Gudallore – Mysore Road, (Nilgiris), Tamil Nadu)


6. Erosion control of Road embankment through revegetation

Meerapur – Davel Road, Muzaffar Nagar UP (Coir Board & CRRI, New Delhi)



Lambidhar Mines, Dehradun Dist., U.P (Coir Board & CRRI, New Delhi)


8. Erosion control of Canal embankment through revegetation

Muvattupuzha Valley Irrigation Canal Project, Kerala. (Coir Board)

1994 H2M6 & 1000 m2

9. Erosion control of Canal embankment through revegetation

Kabani Canal, Mysore (Coir Board & Irrigation Department Karnataka)

1994 H2M6 & 22/90th mile to 23/90th mile

10. Stabilization of road NH-17 Byepass Coir Board & Sree Dhanya Construction Co.Thiruvananthapuram

1994 Non woven coir blanket (1000gsm ) & Ch. 20870 to 28127

11. Erosion control of Road slopes through re vegetation

Elite Gardenia, Muthuvara, Trichur, Kerala. (Coir Board)

1995 H2M5 & 640 m2


Muvattupuzha, Kerala (Coir Board)

1995 H2M5 & 800 m2


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13. Erosion control on Hill slides through revegetation

Upputhodu, Idukki, Kerala, (Coir Board)

1996 H2M6 & 500 m2

14. Erosion control of Eroded land slopes through revegetation

Cheruthoni, Idukki, Kerala (Coir Board)

1997 H2M5 & 1240 m2

15. Stabilisation of Mud wall of bunds

Rice Research Station, Moncompu, Kerala (Coir Board & KAU)

1998 M2BR3 & 150 m2

16. Erosion control on Hill slides through revegetaion

Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh (Coir Board & BRO)

1998 H2M5 & 4000 m2 & Cocolog (200 Nos.)

17. Erosion control in reservoir

Kakkayam Hydro – electric Project, KSEB, Kerala (Coir Board & KSEB)

1998 H2M5& 3000 m2

18. Erosion control of slope of road

Gangtok, Sikkim (Coir Board & BRO)

1998 H2M5 & 2000 m2

19. Erosion control on Railway embankments

Kudal, Konkan Railway, Maharastra (Coir Board & Konkan Railway)

1998 H2M8 & 1530 m2

20. Erosion control of River embankment of Periyar

Chowara, Aluva, Kerala.(Coir Board)

1999 H2M5 & 1200 m2

21. Stabilization of fish pond Mancompu (Coir Board and Kuttanadu Vikasana Samithi)

1999 MzBV3 & 200 m2

22. Erosion control of soil and water conservation at varying slopes

Soil Conservation Research Station, Konni, Kerala (Coir Board & KAU)

2000 H2M6 /H2M5 / H2M8& 7000 m2

23. Regeneration of exposed rocky patches


2000 H2M8 / Coco log & 200 m2

24. Template planting and as soil mulch for cultivation of different crops (Pineapple, Brinjal, Ladiesfinger)


2000 Rubberised coir & 250 m2

Coir needled felt & 1000 m2

25. Erosion control of Road embankments through revegetation

Bidadi Industrial Area, Karnataka (Coir Board & Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board(KIADB))

2000 H2M6 & 2350 m2

26. Erosion control of River Embankment of lake

Vellamathara, Kuttanad, Kerala (Coir Board)

2000 M2BR3 & 150 m2

27. Erosion control of Bridge embankment through revegetation

Railway overbridge, Nedumbasseri, Cochin International Airport, Kerala (Coir Board)

2001 H2 M5 & 1800 m2

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Kohima, Nagaland (Coir Board & BRO)

2001 H2M8 & 6000 m2


Campus of Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode, a stretch of 5 km road (Coir Board)

2002 H2M6/ H2M5

30. Stabilisation of River bank of Pampa

Soil Conservation Research Station, Tiruvalla (Coir Board & KAU)

2002 Cocolog & 180 running meter

31 Erosion control of Embankment through revegetation

Forest Research Institute, Tapovan, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (Coir Board)

2003 H2M6 & 800 m2

32 Erosion control of Road embankment through revegetation

NH 53 at 23.10 km from Silchar, Assam (Coir Board & BRO)

2003 H2M6 & 4000 m2 H2M8

& 2625 m2


NH – 39 Kohima – Maran Road at 180.30 km, Kohima, Nagaland (Coir Board & BRO)

2003 H2M8 & 2625 m2 & Cocolog (30 Nos.) of 30 cm diameter and 5 metre long.

34. Stabilization of landslide through revegetation

Khandikhal village near Kempty water falls ,Uttarachal(Coir Board and Central Soil And Water Conservation Research and Training Institute(CSWCRTI)

2004 H2M6& 2000 m2

35. Stabilisaiton of embankment of road

Bhubaneswer, Orissa 2004 H2M6 & 100 m2

36. Soil stabilisation of Rural unpaved Road

Thaneermukkam, Cherthala, Kerala. (Coir Board and CUSAT)

2005 H2M5 &1200 m2


2nd phase at IIM (K), (Coir Board)

2005 H2M6/ H2M5

38. Construction of pavement road

Kuttiyadi Augmentation Scheme, KSEB, Kozhilkode, Kerala (Coir Board & KSEB)

2005 Coir needled felt (1000 gm / m2) and 1000 m2

39. Stabilization of rain harvesting pond / Road side

Kurichi, Coimbatore (Coir Board and Govt. of Tamil Nadu)

2006 H2M5 & 250 m2

40 Erosion control of Road embankments through revegetation

3rd phase at IIM (K) (Coir Board)

2006 H2M6/ H2M5

41. Stabilization of rain harvesting pond

Tanjavoor (Coir Board and Tamil Nadu Co-Operative Coir Marketing Federation (TANCOFED)

2007 H2M5 & 900 m2


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Madurai, (Coir Board & TANCOFED

2007 H2M5 & 350 m2


Kanchipuram, (Coir Board and TANCOFED

2007 H2M5 & 1200 m2


Yanepoya Medical College, Mangalore

2007 H2M6 & 2000 m2

45. Stabilisaitn of Hill slope Shillong, Meghalaya (Coir Board & BRO)

2007 H2M6 & 50 m2


Thozhuthur, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu with Indian Waste Land Development Project, DRDA, Cuddallore

2008 H2M5 & 200 m2


Kohima, Nagaland (Coir Board & BRO)

2008 H2M8 & 5100 m2


Thozhuthur, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu with Indian Waste Land Development Project, DRDA, Cuddallore

2008 H2M5 & 1000 m2

49. Stabilization of the Embankment

Madhuvanan, Sree Sathya Sai Trust, Thiruvananthapuram(Coir Board)

2008 H2M5 & 1200 m2

50. Stabilization of slip prone embankment of clay

Padijarethara,Kerala(Coir board & Centre for Water Resources Development & Management(CWRDM))

Coir needle felt (1000gsm ,length 36Km and width 4.5m)

51. Stabilization of mining dump

Orissa Mining Corporation, Kaliapani (Coir Board and Aspinwall)

2008 H2M8& 6000 m2

52. Drainage medium for soft ground improvement and as random reinforcing material

Bangalore (Coir Board and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore)

2008 Coir Needled felt

53. Stabilization of embankment

Campus of College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram(Coir Board )

2008 H2M9& 100 m2

54

Stabilization of unpaved road

Mangalabharathy - SN Kadavu Road, Alappuzha, Kerala,Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2008 H2M8 &100 m length

55. Stabilization of unpaved road

Kannali Palam, Haripad(Coir Board )

2009 H2M5 & 150 m2

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Ramanatham Water Shed, Thozhuthoor, DRDA, Cuddallore(Coir Board )

2009 H2M5 & 1700 m2

57. Stabilization of unpaved road

Chammuruthy – Njakkad Road, Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2009 H2M5 & 150 m2

58. Stabilization of mud wall Rajagiri College of Engineering, Kalamassery (Coir Board )

2009 M2BR3 & 150 m2 & Cocolog 3 Nos.

59. Stabilization of mud wall Arattupppuzha, Haripad, Alappuzha, Kerala (Coir Board)

2009 H2M5 & 600 m2

60 Stabilization of stream and embankment protection

Arattupppuzha, Haripad, Alappuzha, Kerala(Coir Board )

2009 H2M5 & 250 m2

61 Stabilization of unpaved road

Chirakkad- Kumbakkad road(Varkala), Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2009 H2M6 &100 m length

62 Stabilization of water harvesting pond

Forest Research Institute, Gwalior

2009 H2M8 & 300m2

63 Stabilization of village road

Karuvatta,Alappuzha, Coir Board & College of Engineering ,Thiruvanathapuram

2009 H2M5 &150 m2

64 Stabilization of road embankment

27 th Mile, Kallar, Coir Board & College of Engineering ,Thiruvanathapuram

2010 H2M6 &150 m2

65 Slope Stabilization of river embankment

Mrs.Radha.S.Pillai, Moonukulangara House, Parappuram.P.O, Kanjoor, Ernakulam (dist).

2010 H2M5 & 600 m2

66 Stabilization of unpaved village road under PMGSY

Puthusserikadavu-Kakkatikara in Ernakulam Dist. ,Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2011H2M5 & 222m

67 Stabilization of unpaved road under PMGSY

Kozhinada-Murukkampuzha road, Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2011 Non woven (Coir needled felt) &100 m length


Karikuzhi- Chikidampara in Trivandrum Dist.,Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2011H2M5 & 470m


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69 Stabilization of unpaved village road

Attukal- Pamapadi Trivandrum Dist, Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2011 H2M5 & 150m


Kumbarivila-Kollante mukku in Kollam Dist., Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2011H2M5 & 1.168km


ANC Jn.-Mulamootilpadi in Pathanamtitta Dist. ,Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2011 H2M5 & 2.500km

72 Slope stabilization in a coffee drying yard

Hope Estate, Meppady.P.O., Wayanad.

2011 H2M5 & 800m2

73 Stabilization of road embankment

Slope stabilization at HPCL site Gaighat, Bihar (Premises of Petrol Bunk)

2012 H2M5

74 Stabilization of Mine Dump

Mine Site Reclamation Work Project ,Coir Board and NMDC Limited, Kirandol, Dantwada ,Chattisgarh

2012 H2M5


Manakodam Ration kada Road , Aleppey Dist. ,Coir Board & CoE ,Thiruvanathapuram

2013H2M5 & 750m


Keelaiyur-Mattankarai Road, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014 H2M5, H2M6 & H2M8 & 250 m


Thiruvilaiyattam-Neelaveli- Kodavilgam Road, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014 H2M5 & H2M6 & 200 m


Vellalar Theru Road, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014 H2M5 & H2M6 & 200 m


Aeirakanni Road, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014 H2M5, H2M6 & H2M8 & 250 m


Km 2/4 of Cheyur – Kuttagam- Salaipalayam, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014

1250 m H2M5, H2M6 &

81Stabilization of unpaved village road under PMGSY

Kandiyan Koil- Thayampalayam, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

20143400 mH2M5, H2M6 &

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Kolumam-Kallapuram Road- Navalodai Colony, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

20141000 mH2M5, H2M6 &


Sugar mill road- Kalliyapuram road, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

20141800 mH2M5, H2M6 &


Erisinampatty- Thirumurthi Settlement, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

20142850 mH2M5, H2M6 &


Udumalpet-Chinnar road- Etthikalmedu Attumalai Settlement , Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014

2800 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Elayamuthur-Poochimedu Road-Athithura, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014

960 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Elayamuthur- Poonikattuthurai road, Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

20142150 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Kamuthi – Sayalkudi road -Perumal Thalaivanendal, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2014

2210 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Kakkundu- Chavalappara, Kozhikodu District ,Kerala, Coir Board &NIT, Calicut

2014H2M5 & 250 m


Vazhikkadavau- Perumbuzha, Kozhikodu District ,Kerala, Coir Board &NIT, Calicut

2014H2M5 & 500 m

91

Stabilization of unpaved village road under PMGSY

Korothumukku- Vannathipoyil, Kozhikodu District ,Kerala, Coir Board &NIT, Calicut

2014

H2M5 & 400 m

92Stabilization of unpaved village road under PMGSY

Thanjavur – Sayalkudi road- Malatar road, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 915 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Chithirangudi- Ponthampuli road, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 1755 m H2M5, H2M6 &


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Mittareddihalli- Komathampat-tipudur, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 800 m H2M5, H2M6 &

95

Stabilization of unpaved village road under PMGSY

Chatrapatty - Mallapuram road- Seethapatty, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 1505 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Thallykothanur- B.B.Palayam, Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 600 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Maradi- Kattapalli, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 2850 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Sobanapuram –Gandhipuram, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2015 3500 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Kottamchantha- Chennankadu, Palakad District ,Kerala, Coir Board &NIT, Calicut

2015 H2M5 & 500 m


Narasipuram- Poondi, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2016 3786 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Narasipuram - Vaithegi Falls road- Javvukadu (Via) Panchanvayal, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, Coir Board &NIT, Trichy

2016 3750 m H2M5, H2M6 &


Bhoomivathukkal- Jathiyeri, Kozhikodu District ,Kerala, Coir Board &NIT, Calicut

2016 H2M5 & 850 m


Golkhedi- Sukhanipaniya Road to Barkhedi Hajjam

20162.1 km &H2M9


Bhopal- Raisen Road to Raipura Ramsiya

2016

3.6km&H2M9


Umraoganj- Siyakundal Road to Chiroliya 2016 2.3 km

&H2M9


Khamkheda to Salaikhedi 2016 3.2 km

&H2M9


Nayagola Road to Narkheda Khadya 2016 2.6km

&H2M9

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Case Studies for Stabilisation of Road, Hill and River Embankments using Coir Bhoovastra by Coir Board

LAKKUR, TAMIL NADU


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HOPE ESTATE, WYNAD

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Planting Template and as a Mulch

Pamba River Bank Protection

Stabilisation of Village Road, Thaneermukkam, Alappuzha

Protection of Irrigation Canal Embankment,

Muvattupuza

Regeneration of Exposed Rocky Patches


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Protection of Hills Slope Embankment, Gangtok

Protection of Canal Embankment, Arattupuzha

Protection of Chromites Fields, Kaliapani, Orissa

Protection of Canal Embankment, Bidadi, Karnataka

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Protection of Kabani Canal Embankment, Mysore

Stabilization of Landslide, Khandikhal, Uttarkhand

Protection of Clay Embankment, NH Byepass, Kozhikode

Stabilization of Road Embankment, Muvattupuzha


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Erosion Control of Soil and Water Conservation, Konni

Erosion Control of Road Embankment, IIM Kozhikode

Erosion Control of Embankment, Tapovan, Gwalior

Construction of Road Pavement, Kuttiyadi, Kozhikode

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Stabilization of Fish Pond, Mancompu

Stabilization of Embankment, College of Engineering, Trivandrum

Stabilization of Embankment, Madhuvanam

Reinforcement of unpaved road in paddy field Slope stabilisation


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REINFORCEMENT OF PAVED ROAD

SLOPE STABILISATION OF CANAL

STABILIZATION OF POND

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Stabilisation of river embankment

Before laying coir geo textiles

STABILISATION OF HILL SLOPES

KOZHINADA ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Leveled sub grade before laying coir geo textiles

at Kozhinada


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Laying of coir geo textile and Placing of soil above geo textile in Kozhinada

Placing of coir geo textile and surfacing of road Mangalabharathy SN Kadavu road in Haripad

Placing of coir geo textile and surfacing of Chirakkad- Kumbakkad road (Varkala)

Before Construction During Construction

Karikuzhy- Chekidampara Road

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During Construction

Before Construction

After Construction

After Construction

During Construction

Attukal- Pamapadi Road


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Kumbarivila-Kollantemukku Road

ANC Jn.-Mulamootilpadi Road

Before Construction

Before Construction

During Construction

After Construction

After Construction

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Puthusserikadavu-Kakkatikara Road

Keelaiyur-Mattankarai Road, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu

Thiruvilaiyattam-Neelaveli- Kodavilgam Road, Nagapattinam District

Before Construction

Finished Subgrade

H2M8 Coir Geo textile Ready for Sub base

Proposed PMGSY Road

After Construction

Fixing of Coir Geo textile

Finished Road

Finished Subbase Ready for Coir Geo textile laying


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Fixing of Coir Geo textile

Vellalar Theru Road, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu

Finished Sub grade

H2M6 Coir Geo textile Ready for Sub base textile

Laying of Coir Geo textile

Laying of Sub base over H2M6 Coir Geo textile

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Aeirakanni Road, Thiruvarur District, Tamil NaduCompacting Sub base with Road Roller

Proposed PMGSY Road

Laying of Sub base

Laying of Coir Geo textile

Finished Road

Finished Sub grade

Compacting Sub base with Road Roller

Finished Road


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Kakkundu – Chavalapara road , Kozhikode Dist

Vazhikkadavu - Perumboola road,Kozhikode Dist

Korothumukku - Vannathipoyil road, Kozhikode Dist

Slope Stabilisation and Growth of Vegetation, Nedumbassery Airport Approach Road

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Protection of Dam Against Siltation , Kakkayam Reservoir in Kerala

Protection of Road Embankment, Upputhodu

Protection of Periyar River Embankment, Chowra, Aluva

Protection of Road Embankment in the Campus of IIM Kozhikode


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Protection of Road Embankment, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Protection of Road Embankment, Kohima, Nagaland

Reinforcement of Mudwall, Mankompu, Kuttanad

Protection of Road Embankment, Silchar, Assam

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Reinforcement of Stream Embankment, Vellamathara, Kuttanadu

Reinforcement of Rain Water Harvesting Pond, Thozhuthur, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu

Protection of Railway Embankment , Konkan Railway


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Stabilisation Periyar River Embankment,Kanjoor,Kerala

coir bhoovasthra - an eco...

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