cohesion in barack obama’s second victory speech …

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COHESION IN BARACK OBAMA’S SECOND VICTORY

SPEECH

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Letters, Hasanuddin University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Degree

In English Department

SITI NURJANNAH

F211 06 123

FACULTY OF LETTERS

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2013

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim, in the name of Allah SWT the beneficent, the

merciful praise belongs to Allah, The lord of the lord, Who has given bless and

inspiration to the writer so that she can finish this thesis. Peace and Salam are

always blessed and poured down upon our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW.

This thesis would not have been completed without some supports from many

people

The writer offers deepest gratitude to Dr. H. Sudarmin Harun, M.Hum as

the first consultant and Drs. Husain Hasyim, M.Hum as the second consultant

who have given their correction, guidance, suggestion, and time during the

process of completing this thesis. With all of their help, the writer could complete

this thesis.

High appreciation is extended to Prof. Drs. Burhanuddin Arafah

M.Hum, Ph.D, the Dean of Faculty of Letters. Sincere gratitude also addressed

to Drs. Husain Hasyim, M.Hum as the Head of English Department and Drs.

Simon Sitoto M.A as the Secretary of English Department.

The writer would also like to say thanks to all of lecturers who have been

guiding any kinds of subjects since the beginning to the end of her study at

Faculty of Letters; to all of administrative staff and library staff of Faculty of

Letters who have given their good service to the writer;

She also desires to express her deepest gratitude to her beloved family,

especially to her parents Hasman Huzain and Maria who always pray for her

and gives her great motivation both spiritual and financial supports. (You are

excellent father and strongest Mother)

Thanks to my mine that already passed away, grandpa and Uncle I love

you and miss you so much. (Thanks for your biggest love, affection and support

to do the best).

She thanks to her lovely sisters and brother (a2 anti, a2 meong, a2 cu, a2

eha) who always given affection and great motivation. (If there is no calling from

me its mean I am fine :)

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Deepest thanks to my best friend I ever had Fitriani, Rest In Peace my dear.

(thanks for our togetherness and happiness day) and my advisor Upi Laila

Hanum (Thanks for your advice and for your time to discuss and share with me)

Thanks also to all Commune Roeang Poetree, occupant of D5 and all

great family in SAR UNHAS (SEARCH AND RESCUE) for supporting,

understanding, praying and giving her many great experiences and unforgettable

memories. I just say “keep on rocking, always Slow And Relax”

I would also like to say thanks to all friends in English Department

‘Anglophile 06’ for the help, corrections, information, prayer, and support.

The writer also addressed thanks to everyone who has taken a part that

cannot be able to list the name one by one.

The last but not least, the writer dedicates this thesis to the Faculty of Letters

and hope it is useful. The writer realizes that this thesis is still far away from

perfection. That is why, criticism and suggestion are expected. The writer wishes

all the best and may Allah SWT always bless us.

Makassar, July 20, 2013

Writer

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ABSTRAK

Siti Nurjannah. “Kohesi dalam Pidato Kemenangan Barrack Obama yang Kedua” (Dibimbing oleh Sudarmin Harun dan Husain Hasyim).

Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi, jenis-jenis dan penanda kohesi yang dominan dalam pidato ini. Metode yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka dengan menerapkan teknik identifikasi dan klasifikasi. Penulis menganalisis data secara deskriptif.

Dari hasil analisis, penulis menemukan penanda kohesi seperti: referensi sebanyak 434 item (38.7%), konjungsi sebanyak 155 item (13.3%), repetisi 337 item (33.1%), sinonim sebanyak 54 item (4.8%), antonym sebanyak 28 item (2.5%), superordinate sebanyak 50 item (4.4%), general word sebanyak 13 item (1.1%), kolokasi sebanyak 49 item (4.3%). Adapun piranti kohesi yang paling dominan digunakan adalah referensi sedangkan yang paling sedikit digunakan adalah general word.

Kemudian disimpulkan bahwa, penggunaan penanda kohesi dalam Pidato Kemenangan Barack Obama yang kedua befungsi untuk mengikat hubungan antar teks dan meyakinkan audiensnya karena wacana yang disampaikan memiliki makna yang jelas dan mudah dipahami oleh pendengarnya

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ABSTRACT

Siti Nurjannah. “Cohesion in Barack Obama’s second victory speech” (Supervised by Sudarmin Harun and Husain Hasyim).

The aims of this research were to describe the functions, the types and the dominant of cohesive devices in this speech. The method that was used in this research is a study of the literature by applying techniques of identification and classification. The data analysed by using descriptive method.

Based on the analysis, the writer found cohesive devices such as: reference 434 items (34%), 155 items conjunction (13,3 %), 337 items repetition (20,6%), 54 items synonymy (4.8%), 28 items antonymy (1.6%), 50 items superordinate (4.4%), 13 items general word (1.1%), 49 items collocation (4.3%). The most dominant cohesive device is reference, while the least is a general word

As result of analysis, the use of cohesive devices in Barack Obama’s Second victory speech functioned to binding relationships between texts and to convince the audience of his speech because the discourse which presented has clear meaning and easily understood by the audience.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ............................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................... ii

AGREEMENT PAGE ........................................................................................ iii

LEGITIMACY PAGE ......................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................................... v

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ vii

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background.............................. ....................................... 1

B. Identification of the Problem ........................................... 2

C. Scope of the Problem .................................................... 2

D. Research Questions ....................................................... 3

E. Objectives of the Writing ................................................. 3

F. Significance of the Study ................................................ 4

CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW

A. Previous Studies ............................................................. 5

B. Theory of Discourse and Discourse Analysis ........... 6

C. Kind of Discourse ........................................................... 7

D. Cohesion ........................................................................ 8

E. Types of Grammatical Cohesion ..................................... 9

1. Reference ................................................................ 9

2. Conjunction .............................................................. 11

F. Types of Lexical Cohesion ............................................... 16

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1. Reiteration ............................................................... 17

2. Collocation ............................................................... 18

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Primary Data ..................................................................... 20

B. Library Research ............................................................. 20

C. Methods of Collecting Data .............................................. 20

D. Population and Sample .................................................... 21

1. Population ............................................................... 21

2. Sample .................................................................. 21

E. Method of Analysing Data ................................................. 21

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Presentation of Data ...................................................... 23

Data Analysis .................................................................. 30

1. Analysis of Reference ............................................ 31

2. Analysis of Conjunction ......................................... 52

3. Analysis of Reiteration ........................................... 53

4. Analysis of Collocation ........................................... 66

B. Table of Number Cohesive device ................................. 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions .................................................................... 73

B. Suggestion ..................................................................... 73

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 75

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 77

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Language as communication tools which is used by human to interaction

with other. Languages as window of world, human can get many experience that

never think or imagine before with knowing many language.

Language has important position to share ideas, either spoken language or

written language. When someone gave piece of mind, they have to make

attention on linguistic factor and comprehension also. With the comprehension

purpose and objectives will send clearly. If someone has a good language skill,

he/she will be easier to improve their talent, and one of talents is capable to

speech. It is part of spoken discourse. So, orator has to keep attention in using

cohesion and coherence.

Halliday and Hassan(1976) says that “a good discourse has to take attention

in relation between sentences and keep relevance and harmony between

sentences. Discourse is linguistic unit that more big than sentence. A context in

discourse divided into two types; first is cohesion (grammatical context) and

second is coherence (lexical context)”.

According to Halliday and Hassan (1976) Discourse as a biggest part in

hierarchy of linguistic in plot of sentence which related each other so that will be a

whole unity. There are two kind of discourse; it is spoken discourse and written

discourse.

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The writer concluded that discourse is the highest grammatical units in

hierarchy of language in sentences that related each other, cohesion and

coherence. both orally and in writing.

The writer chooses cohesive devices as the title of this thesis because it is

really interesting to see how sentences and clauses can link together and create

good understanding and particular meaning in the discourse. The writer will try to

identify and to analyze the functions and the types of cohesive devices because

by the existence of cohesive devices, the text becomes cohesive and coherent

and it will lead us understanding whether the text can be clear or not.

The writer chooses Barack Obama’s Victory Speech transcript because it

interested and famous speech not only make inspiration for American people but

also for other people around the world. Especially for the writer this speech

interested because Obama has the ability to deliver his speech authoritatively,

convey the message that inspires sympathy and create an emotional connection.

Obama is the first African American president at USA. In the 2012 general

election, Mc Romney from Republican Party was defeated by him. He wins the

election for the second time and made him being the 45th president of America.

Then the writer tries to analyze the types of grammatical and lexical cohesion

used in each sentence of speech transcript and describe the function of them.

B. Identification of The Problem

After reading the transcript of Barack Obama’s Second Victory Speech, the

writer find out there are some problem as follow:

1. Cohesion has function which are used in analyzing this speech

2. Grammatical and lexical cohesions have types that used in analyzing

this speech

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C. Scope of The Problem

Based on the previous explanation, the writer would like to limit the

discussion in order to avoid an overlapping explanation that may occur.

Therefore, the writer limits her analysis on cohesive devices, especially about the

types of grammatical cohesion (reference and conjunction) and lexical cohesion

(reiteration and collocation) which are found in the text of the Barack Obama’s

Second Victory Speech.

D. Research Questions

Based on the previous explanation, the writer limits her discussion to the

following points:

1. What are the functions of cohesive devices used in Barack Obama’s

Second Victory Speech?

2. What are the types of cohesive devices found in text of Barack Obama’s


3. What are the dominant cohesive devices found in text of Barack Obama’s


E. Objectives of The Writing

The writer has some purposes in writing this research, they are:

1. To disclose the functions of cohesive devices used in Barack Obama’s


2. To analyze the type of cohesive devices used in text of Barack Obama’s


3. To describe the dominant cohesive devices used in text of Barack

Obama’s Second Victory Speech?

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F. Significance of The Study

In this writing, the writer hopes that the readers of this thesis can identify

the function and the types of cohesive devices. Hopefully this thesis also can be

used as the reference to the other research in the future.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Previous Studies

Some researchers carry out an object of discourse analysis about

cohesive device that can made as previous studies in this research. Some of

them are studies have done by Kalilang(2009), Ali(2009), Yurni(2012) and

Nusu(2013)

Kalilang(2009) on her thesis Formal Links (Cohesive Devices) of The

Article of Korea English magazine “Korea’s stance n the face of global warming”.

She concluded the types of cohesive devices which cover all the sentences in the

article consist of parallelism, reference, substitution, conjunction and lexical

cohesion

Ali, (2009) on her thesis “The Analysis of Cohesive Devices n Fairy Tales

of Grimm’s brother: ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’” describes about the

percentages of cohesive devices used are (1) grammatical cohesion reference

(32, 4%), ellipsis (4, 5%), conjunction (12, 6%) and substitution (1, 2%); (2)

lexical cohesion: repetition (26, 4%), general words (1, 5%), super ordinate(1,

8%), collocation (11,4%), synonymy (4, 5%), hyponymy(2, 4%) and antonym (1,

2%). She concluded that the most dominant cohesive devices used in that short

story is reference.

Yurni(2012) on her thesis The Analysis of Cohesive Devices in The

Jakarta Post Newspaper ‘Indonesian Bureaucratic Reform in The Making.” She

limits her writing into four types of cohesion that are mostly used in the speech.

The researcher find four types of cohesive devices and those cohesive devices

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are reference, substitution, conjuction, and concluded that the most dominant

cohesive devices used in the article of jakarta post newspaper is lexical cohesion.

Nusu(2013) on her thesis Gramatical and lexical cohesion in speech. The

writer found some kinds of cohesive devices: reference 56,9%, conjunction

24,6%, reiteration 18,5%, collocation 6%. The cohesions in the second inagural

speech of barack obama is used to estabilish the coherence of the text in order to

make the reader understanding the text easily.

In the writings above show that the same research have done before but

the researchers just focus on some grammatical or lexical cohesion in written

discourse. While the writer focuses on the use of grammatical and lexical

cohesion in spoken discourse as object to make analyze. This study carried on

the existing studies and this study expected can completing the studied before.

B. Theory of Discourse and Discourse Analysis

According to Cook (1980:6) discourse is stretches of language perceived to

be meaningful, unified, and purposive. The same meaning, language in use for

communication is called discourse.

Discourse is the organization of language above sentence or above

clauses; and therefore it studies larger linguistic units such as conversational

exchanges or written text. Discourse analysis is also concerned with language n

social context, and in particular with interaction or dialogue between speakers.

(Stubbs, 1978; 8).

Discourse analysis is one way to engage in a very important human task.

The task is this: to think more deeply about the meanings we give people's words

so as to make ourselves better, more humane people and the world a better,

more humane place (Gee: 2005).

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Discourse analysis is not only about method; it is also a perspective on the

nature of language and its relationship to the central issues of the social

sciences. More specifically, we see discourse analysis as a related collection of

approaches to discourse, approaches that entail not only practices of data

collection and analysis, but also a set of metatheoretical and theoretical

assumptions and a body of research claims and studies (Wood and Kroger:

2000).

Alba and Juez (2009:9) quoted from (Brown & Yule, 1983: 1) says that the

analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. As such, it

cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the

purposes or functions which these forms are designed to serve in human affairs.

C. Kind of discourse

Discourse is divided into two types; they are spoken discourse and written

discourse (Cook 1990:50).

1. Spoken discourse

Cook (1990:50) say that spoken discourse is often considered to be less

planned and orderly more open to intervention by the receiver.

2. Written discourse

Cook (1990:60) says written discourse is non-reciprocal discourse, sender

and receiver may have no opportunity for interaction. According to Edmondson

(1981:200) that written discourse is commonly edited, revised, and generally

polished before being exposed to a reader.

Text is also the part of written discourse. Halliday and Hasan (1976:1)

defines that “the word text is used in linguistics to refer any passage, spoken or

written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole”. It may be either

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spoken and written, or indeed in any other medium of expression that people like

to think of. Although it was made of words and sentences it is really made of

meanings. It means that text can be various, for instances as shown conversation

between doctor and patient, speech interaction between orator and the

audiences, dialogue between parents and children, speech interaction between

lecturer and student.

D. Cohesion

The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relation of meaning

that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. (Halliday and Hasan 1976:4).

Cohesion is a semantic relation between an element in the text and other

element that is crucial to the interpretation of it (Halliday and Hasan 1976:8).

According to Cook (1990: 156) Cohesion is the formal link between sentences

and between clauses.

Halliday and Hasan (1976) distinguished two types of cohesion that is

grammatical and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion can be divided into four

kinds. They are reference, substitution ellipsis and conjunction. Lexical cohesion

can be divided into repetition, synonym or near synonym (hyponym), super

ordinate, general word and collocation.

Combining from the definition writer can conclude the formal aspects of

language in discourse both the grammatical and lexical that has semantic relation

to make sentences arranged in compact and dense to produce speech. In the

other hand the concept of cohesion refers to the relationship between the

elements of a form of discourse that has a solid connection. Given that cohesive

relationships, an element in the discourse can be interpreted according to its

relation to other elements.

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E. Types of the grammatical cohesion

1. Reference

Referring expressions are words whose meaning can only be discovered

by referring to other words or to elements of the context which are clear to both

sender and receiver (Cook 1990:16). Reference is a relationship between text

and something else to make reference for their interpretation.

Characteristic of reference is the specific nature of the information that is

signaled for retrieval said Halliday and Hassan (1976:31)

Reference distinguish into two type; exophora or exoporic (situational) and

endophora or endophoric (textual). Endophoric reference devided into anaphora

(to preceding text) and cataphora (to following text) (Haliday and Hasan

1976:33).

References to assumed, shared worlds outside of the text are exophoric .

references be confirmed by looking back in the text is called anaphoric.

Cataphora is Classic device for engaging the reader’s attention (McCharty

1991:35)

According to Haliday and Hasan (1976) there are three types of reference:

personal, demonstrative and comparative.

1. Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech

situation, through the category of person.

Table 2.1 Personal refererence

Semantic category Existensial Possesive

Grammatical function Head Modifier

Class Noun (pronoun) Determiner

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Person:

Speaker (only)

adressee(s), with/without

other person (s)

other person, male

other person, female

other person; objects

objects; passage of text

generalized person

I me

You

We us

He him

She her

They them

It

One

Mine

Your

Ours

His

Hers

Theirs

[its]

My

Your

Our

His

Her

Their

Its

One’s

2. Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location on scale of

proximity

Table 2.2 Demonstrative reference

Semantic

category

Selective Non-selective

Grammatical

function

Modifier/head Adjunct Modifier

Class Determiner Adverb Determiner

Proximity:

Near

Far

Neutral

This these

That those

Here [now]

There then

The

3. Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity.

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Table 2.3 Comparative reference

Grammatical

function

Modifier:

Deictic/Epithet

( see below)

Submodifier/adjunct

Class Adjective Adverb

General

comparison: identity

general similarity

Difference (ie non-

identity or similarity)

Same identical equal

similar additional

Other different else

Identically similarly

likewise so such

Differently otherwise

Particular

comparison :

Better, more etc

[comparative

adjectives and

quantifiers]

So more less equally

2. Conjunction

Conjunction is provided by words and phrases that explicitly draw attention to

the type of relationship which is exist between one sentence or clause and

another (Cook 1991:21).

Conjunctions (conjunction) is a form or linguistic unit that serves as a

connector, coupling or connector between words by word, phrase by phrase,

clause by clause, sentence by sentence, and so on. Conjunction is called

coupling means discourse elements. Conjunction is easily recognizable because

of its presence was seen as a formal marker

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The logical relations are embodied in linguistic structure, in the form of

coordination, apposition, modification, Halliday and Hasan divided conjunction

into three types:

1. Additive

Additive relation is somewhat different from coordination proper, although it

is no doubt derivable from it. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:249-250)

the summary of the conjunctive relation of additive type with each example:

Simple additive relation (external and internal)

Additive : and; and also, and…too

Negative : nor; and…not, not...either, neither

Alternative : or; or else

Complex additive relative (internal) : empathic

Additive : further (more), moreover, additionally, besides that, ad

to this, and another thing.

Alternative : alternatively (internal)

Complex additive relations (internal) : de-emphatic

After though : incidentally, by the way

Comparative relation (internal)

Similar : likewise, similarly, in the same way, in (just) this way

Dissimilar : on the other hand, by contrast, conversely

Appositive relation (internal)

Expository : that is, I mean, in other words, to put it another way

Examplificatory : for instance, for example, this

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2. Adversative

Adversative relation is contrary to expectation. The expectation may be

derived from the content of what is being said, or from the communication

process, the speaker-hearer situation.

Here is summary of adversative conjunction type:

Adversative relation “proper” (in spite of) (external and internal)

Simple: : yet, though, only

Contained ‘and’: : But

Emphatic: : however, nevertheless, despite this, all the same

Contrastive relation (as againts) (external)

Simple: : but, and

Emphatic: : however, on the other hand, at the same time,

against that

Contrastive relation (“ as against”) (internal)

Avowal: : in fact, as matter of fact, to tell the truth, actually, in

the point of the fact

Correlative relation (“not…but”) (internal)

Correlation of meaning : instead, rather, on the contrary

Correlation of wording : at least, rather, I mean

Dismissive (general adversative) relation (no matter…still) (external and

internal)

Dismissal closed : in any/ether case/event, any/either way, whichever

Dismissal open-ended : anyhow, at any rate, in any case, however that may

be

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3. Causal

Causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently,

accordingly, and a number of expression like as a result (of that), in consequence

(of that), because of that.

Here is summary of causal conjunction type according to Halliday and Hasan

(1976: 242):

Causal relation, general (because…so) (internal and external)

Simple : so, thus, hence, therefore

Emphatic : consequently, accordingly, because of this

Causal relation, specific

Reason : (mainly external) as a result (of this), in consequence

(of this)

Result : (mainly external) for this purpose, with this in mind/view,

with this intention. (internal) to end this

Purpose : (mainly external) for this purpose, with this in mind/view,

with this intention

Reversed clausal relation, general

Simple : for, because

Conditional relation (‘if…, then’) (internal and external)

Simple : Then

Emphatic : in that case, that being the case, in such an event,

under those circumstance

Generalized : under the circumstance

Reserved polarity : Otherwise, under the circumstance

Respective relations (with respect to) (internal)

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Direct : in this respect/connection, with regard to this; here

Reserved polarity : otherwise, in other respect; a side part from this

4. Temporal

Temporal relation is relation between two successive sentences, their

relation in external terms, as content may be simply one of sequence in time: the

one is subsequent to the other

Here are example of temporal conjunctive type :

Simple temporal relation (external)

Sequential (and) then, next, afterwards, subsequently

Simultaneous (just) then, at the same time, simultaneously

Preceding earlier, before then/that, previously

Complex temporal relation (external)

Immediate at once, thereupon, on which; just before

Interrupted soon, presently, later, after a time; some me earlier,

formerly

Repetitive next time, on another occasion; this time, on this

occasion, the last time, on the previous occasion

Specific Next day, five minutes later, five minutes earlier

Durative Meanwhile, all this time

Terminal By this time; up till that time, until then

Punctiliar Next moment; at this point/moment; the previous

moment

Conclusive relations (external)

Simple Finally, at last, in the end, eventually,

Sequential and conclusive relation (external): correlative forms

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Sequential First… then, first…next,first…second…

Conclusive At first… finally, at first… in the end

Temporal relation (internal)

Sequential Then, next, secondly

Conclusive Finally,

Temporal relation (internal): correlative forms

Sequential First…next, first…then,first…secondly…;in the first

place…;to begin with

Conclusive …finally; …to conclude with

here and now’ relation(internal)

Past Up to now, up to this point, hitherto, heretofore

Present ‘at this point, here

Future From now, henceforward

Summary relation (internal)

Culminative To sum up, in short, briefly

Resumptive To resume, to get back to the point, anyway

F. Types of the Lexical Cohesion

Lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of

vocabulary (Halliday and Hasan 1976:274). McCharty (1991:65) stated that the

relations between vocabulary items in texts described by the Halliday and Hasan

model are two principle kinds: reiteration and collocation. Lexical cohesion can

also form relational patterns in text in a way that links sentences to create an

overall feature of coherence with the audience, sometimes overlapping with other

cohesion features. The understanding of how the content of sentences is linked

help to identify the central information in texts by means of a possible summary.

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Lexical cohesion is lexical relationship between the parts of the discourse

structure for a cohesive harmony. The purpose use lexical aspects of which are

to get the effect of the intensity of the meaning of language, clarity of information,

and the beauty of the language

1. Reiteration

Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves thee repetition of a

lexical item, at one end of scale; the use of a general word to refer back to a

lexical item, at the other end of the scale; and a number things between - the use

of synonym, near-synonym, or superordinat (Halliday and Hasan 1976:278).

a. Repetition

The most common form of lexical cohesion devices is repetition. It repeats

words or word phrases threading through the text.

The ascent The climb I turned to the ascent of the peak. The task is perfectly easy The thing It

Here ascent is lexical item whose interpretation in this distance shown to be

identical with that of an earlier lexical item to which they are related either by

repetition (ascent) (Halliday and Hasan 1976:279).

b. Synonymy

Cutting (2002:14) says that synonym is repeating the exact same word a

speaker or writer can use another word that means the same or almost the same.


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Here climb is lexical item whose interpretation in this distance shown to be

identical with that of an earlier lexical item to which they are related either by

synonym (climb) (Halliday and Hasan 1976:279)

c. Superordinate

Superordinate is a ordinate that may be replaced in the next sentence by

another, which is semantically superordinate to it. For example:

She’ll win a trophy. The prize won’t mean as much to her as a new PR.

The Word prize refers back to trophy and prize is superordinate of trophy (Hatch

1992:226).

d. General words

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:281) General word is cohesive only

when in the context of reference-that is, when it has the same referent as

whatever it is presupposing, and when it is accompanied by a reference item. For

example:


The word thing is an even more general term which is being used in exactly

the same way (Halliday and Hasan 1976: 279).

2. Collocation

A word that is in some way associated with another word in the preceding

text, because it is a direct repetition of it, or is in some sense synonymous with it,

or tends to occur in the same lexical environment, coheres with that word and so

contributes to the texture. In the other hand collocation is known as co-

occurrence tendency. Halliday and Hasan (1976:286) Give example of chains of

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collocation cohesion are; candle. . . flame . . . flicker, hair . . . comb . . . curl . . .

wave, poetry . . . literature . . . reader . . . writer . . . style, sky . . . sunshine . . .

cloud . . . rain.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Primary Data

The writer took the data from Barack Obama’s Second Victory Speech.

After that, the sentences were determined as primary data.

B. Library research

To get the accurate data which support her writing, the writer used library

research. The writer obtained and selected the information which concerned with

theory of her topic. In this case, the writer read some books, theses, literatures

and also used several data from internet as additional resources to complete the

writing.

C. Methods of collecting data

In this study, the writer used some technique of collecting data. The writer

used this method in order to show how the data were collected before they were

analyzed. The following methods were used by the writer to complete her writing.

By this purpose, the writer used some techniques of collecting data, as follows:

a. Reading

In this step, the writer read the speech and then identified the data which

are relevant to this writing.

b. Classification

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The writer classified the data which have been identified and then chose

some of them as primary data. The writer classified the primary data into the

types of sentences and the types of cohesion device

c. Note taking

The writer noted the data which have been classified and then gave

identity to the data by numbering them.

D. Population and Sample

In collecting data, the writer took population and sample as follows:

1. Population

Population of this research was taken from the sentences in “Barack

Obama’s second victory speech”.

2. Sample

From the population, the writer took sentences that related with

reference, conjunction, reiteration and collocation in the speech as the sample of

this writing by using purposive sampling system. A purposive sampling technique

is a sampling technique based on certain aim in order to fulfill the purpose of

study. The technique is done by choosing sentences that contain types of

cohesive devices.

E. Method of analyzing data

In analyzing data, the writer used the descriptive method. The writer has

done some steps, such as:

22

1. The writer Read and observed the relation among the sentences in the

transcript of Barack Obama’s victory speech. Then took samples were

read on the whole as the first step before identified the relation among the

sentences

2. The writer identified all cohesive devices in the transcript of Barack

Obama’s victory speech and listed them. The writer identified all cohesive

devices of taken sample in sentences of the article according the types.

After that, the writer removes them into specific notes.

3. The writer analyzed the types of cohesive devices. The writer analyzed

the types and finds out the forms of cohesive devices from the specific

notes.

4. The writer Analyzed data qualitatively and presenting it descriptively. The

writer analyzes the data according to the occurrences in the sentences

and the result will be presented descriptively. The writer presented the

result of the data by using descriptive method that is concerned with

some explanations about the finding or result in this research.

5. The writer made conclusion based on the result of the analysis. After

analyzed the data systematically, then the writer makes the conclusion

about the functions of the types of cohesive devices.

23

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer analyzes cohesion in the transcript of Barrack

Obama Second Victory speech. The data was taken from internet site by

downloading on http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/07/barack-obama-

speech-full-text. The writer analyzes reference, conjunction, reiteration and

collocation. Halliday and Hasan’s theory from their book Cohesion in English

(1976) is used as main guide to support the writer in analyzing the data.

A. Presentation of Data

The data are encoded into sentence by sentence as follows:

Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the1 right to

determine its own destiny, the2 task of perfecting our union moves forward.(1)

It moves forward because of you.(2) It moves forward because you

reaffirmed the1 spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the2 spirit

that has lifted this country from the3 depths of despair to the4 great heights of

hope, the5 belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams,

we1 are an American family, and2 we2 rise or fall together as1 one nation

and3 as2 one people.(3)

Tonight, in this election, you, the1 American people, reminded us that

while our1 road has been hard, while our2 journey has been long, we1 have

picked ourselves3 up, we2 have fought our way back, and we3 know in our4

hearts that for the2 United States of America, the3 best is yet to come.(4)

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/nov/07/barack-obama-victory-speech-video

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/usa

24

I want to thank every American who participated in this election.(5)

Whether you1 voted for the1 very first time .or waited in line for a very long

time – by the way, we have to fix that – whether you2 pounded the2 pavement

or picked up the3 phone, whether you3 held an Obama sign or a Romney sign,

you4 made your voice heard and you5 made a difference.(6)

I1 just spoke with Governor Romney and I2 congratulated him and Paul

Ryan on a hard-fought campaign.(7) We1 may have battled fiercely, but it's

only because we2 love this country deeply and we3 care so strongly about its

future.(8) From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has

chosen to give back to America through public service.(9) And that is a legacy

that we honour and applaud tonight.(10)

In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Governor

Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country

forward.(11)

I want to thank my friend and partner of the1 last four years, America's

happy warrior, the2 best vice-president anybody could ever hope for, Joe

Biden.(12)

And I1 wouldn't be the1 man I2 am today without the2 woman who agreed to

marry me 20 years ago.(13) Let me say this publicly.(14) Michelle, I have never

loved you more.(15) I have never been prouder to watch the rest of America

fall in love with you too as our nation's first lady.(16) Sasha and Malia – before

our very eyes, you're growing up to become two strong, smart, beautiful young

women, just like your mom.(17) And I am so proud of you guys.(18) But I will

say that, for now, one dog's probably enough.(19)

25

To the1 best campaign team and volunteers in the2 history of politics –

the3 best – the best4 ever – some of you were new this time around, and some

of you have been at my side since the5 very beginning.(20) But all of you are

family.(21) No matter what you1 do or where you2 go from here, you3 will carry

the1 memory of the2 history we made together.(22) And you will have the

lifelong appreciation of a grateful president.(23) Thank you for believing all the

way – to every hill, to every valley.(24) You lifted me up the1 whole day, and I

will always be grateful for everything that you've done and all the2 incredible

work that you've put in.(25)

I know that political campaigns can sometimes seem small, even silly.(26)

And that provides plenty of fodder for the1 cynics who tell us that politics is

nothing more than a contest of egos or the2 domain of special interests.(27) But

if you ever get the3 chance to talk to folks who turned out at our rallies and

crowded along a rope line in a high school gym or – or saw folks working late

at a campaign office in some tiny country far away From home, you'll discover

something else.(28)

You'll hear the1 determination in the2 voice of a young field organiser who's

working his way through college and wants to make sure every child has that

same opportunity.(29) You'll hear the1 pride in the2 voice of a volunteer who's

going door to door because her brother was finally hired when the3 local auto

plant added another shift.(30) You'll hear the1 deep patriotism in the2 voice of a

military spouse who's working the3 phones late at night to make sure that no

one who fights for this country ever has to fight for a job or a roof over their

head when they come home.(31)

26

That's why we do this.(32) That's what politics can be.(33) That's why

elections matter.(34) It1's not small, it2's big.(35) It’s important.(36)

Democracy in a nation of 300 million can be noisy and messy and

complicated.(37) We have our own opinions.(38) Each of us has deeply held

beliefs.(39) And when we1 go through tough times, when we2 make big

decisions as a country, it necessarily stirs2 passions, stirs2 up controversy.(40)

That won't change after tonight.(41) And it shouldn't.(42) These arguments we1

have are a mark of our liberty, and we2 can never forget that as we3 speak,

people in distant nations are risking their lives right now just for a chance to

argue about the1 issues that matter – the2 chance to cast their ballots like we4

did today.(43)

But despite all our differences, most of us share certain hopes for

America's future.(44) We want our kids to grow up in a country where they

have access to the1 best schools and the2 best teachers – a country that lives

up to its legacy as the3 global leader in technology and discovery and

innovation – with all of the4 good jobs and new businesses that follow.(45)

We want our children to live in an America that isn't burdened by debt, that

isn't weakened up by inequality, that isn't threatened by the destructive power of

a warming planet. (46)

We want to pass on a country that's safe and respected and admired

around the1 world, a nation that is defended by the2 strongest military on earth

and the3 best troops this – this world has ever known – but also a country

that moves with confidence beyond this time of war to shape a peace that is

built on the4 promise of freedom and dignity for every human being. (47)

27

We believe in a generous America, in a compassionate America, in a

tolerant America open to the1 dreams of an immigrant's daughter who studies

in our1 schools and pledges to our2 flag – to the2 young boy on the3 south side

of Chicago who sees a life beyond the4 nearest street corner – to the5 furniture

worker's child in North Carolina who wants to become a doctor or a scientist,

an engineer or an entrepreneur, a diplomat or even a president.(48) That's

the – that's the future we hope for.(49) That's the vision we share.(50) That's

where we need to go – forward.(51) That's where we need to go.(52)

Now, we will disagree, sometimes fiercely, about how to get there.(53) As it

has for more than two centuries, progress will come in fits and starts.(54) It's

not always a straight line.(55) It's not always a smooth path.(56) By itself, the1

recognition that we have common hopes and dreams won't end all the2

gridlock, resolve all our problems or substitute for the23 painstaking work of

building consensus and making the3 difficult compromises needed to move this

country forward.(57) But that common bond is where we must begin.(58)

Our economy is recovering.(59) A decade of war is ending.(60) A long

campaign is now over.(61) And whether I1 earned your vote or not, I2 have

listened to you.(62) I have learned from you.(63) And you've made me a better

president.(64) And with your1 stories and your2 struggles, I return to the1 White

House more determined and more inspired than ever about the2 work there is

to do and the3 future that lies ahead.(65)

Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual.(66) You elected us to

focus on your jobs, not ours.(67) And in the1 coming weeks and months, I am

looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties to

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/chicago

28

meet the2 challenges we can only solve together – reducing our deficit,

reforming our tax code, fixing our immigration system, freeing ourselves From

foreign oil.(68) We've got more work to do.(69)

But that doesn't mean your work is done.(70) The role of citizens in our

democracy does not end with your vote.(71) America's never been about what

can be done for us; it's about what can be done by us together, through the

hard and frustrating but necessary work of self-government.(72) That's the

principle we were founded on.(73)

This country has more wealth than any nation, but that's not what makes

us rich.(74) We have the most powerful military in history, but that's not what

makes us strong.(75) Our university, our culture are all the envy of the1 world,

but that's not what keeps the2 world coming to our shores.(76)

What makes America exceptional are the1 bonds that hold together the2

most diverse nation on Earth, the3 belief that our destiny is shared – (cheers,

applause) – that this country only works when we accept certain obligations to

one another and to future generations, so that the4 freedom which so many

Americans have fought for and died for come with responsibilities as well as

rights, and among those are love and charity and duty and patriotism.(77)

That's what makes America great.(78)

I1 am hopeful tonight because I2 have seen this spirit at work in

America.(79) I've seen it in the1 family business whose owners would rather

cut their own pay than lay off their neighbours and in the2 workers who would

rather cut back their hours than see a friend lose a job.(80)

29

I've seen it in the soldiers who re-enlist after losing a limb and in those

Seals who charged up the stairs into darkness and danger because they knew

there was a buddy behind them watching their back.(81)

I've seen it on the1 shores of New Jersey and New York, where leaders

From every party and level of government have swept aside their differences

to help a community rebuild From the2 wreckage of a terrible storm.(82)

And I saw it just the1 other day in Mentor, Ohio, where a father told the2

story of his eight-year-old daughter whose long battle with leukaemia nearly

cost their family everything had it not been for healthcare reform passing just a

few months before the3 insurance company was about to stop paying for her

care.(83) I had an opportunity to not just talk to the father but meet this

incredible daughter of his.(84) And when he spoke to the crowd, listening to

that father's story, every parent in that room had tears in their eyes because

we knew that little girl could be our own.(85) And I know that every American

wants her future to be just as bright.(86)

That's who we are.(87) That's the country I'm so proud to lead as your

president.(88) And tonight, despite all the1 hardship we've been through,

despite all the2 frustrations of Washington, I've never been more hopeful about

our future.(89) I have never been more hopeful about America.(90) And I ask

you to sustain that hope.(91)

I'm not talking about blind optimism, the1 kind of hope that just ignores the2

enormity of the3 tasks ahead or the4 road blocks that stand in our path.(92) I'm

not talking about the1 wishful idealism that allows us to just sit on the2 sidelines

or shirk From a fight.(93) I have always believed that hope is that stubborn thing

30

inside us that insists, despite all the1 evidence to the2 contrary, that something

better awaits us so long as we have the3 courage to keep reaching, to keep

working, to keep fighting.(94)

America, I believe we1 can build on the progress we2've made and

continue to fight for new jobs and new opportunities and new security for the3

middle class.(95) I believe we can keep the1 promise of our founding, the2 idea

that if you're willing to work hard, it doesn't matter who you are or where you

come From or what you look like or where you love.(96) It doesn't matter

whether you're black or white or Hispanic or Asian or Native American or

young or old or rich or poor, abled, disabled, gay or straight.(97) You1 can

make it here in America if you2're willing to try.(98)

I believe we1 can seize this future together because we2 are not as divided

as our politics suggests.(99) We're not as cynical as the pundits believe.(100)

We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions and we remain more

than a collection of red states and blue states.(101) We are, and forever will be,

the United States of America.(102) And together, with your help and God's

grace, we will continue our journey forward and remind the1 world just why it

is that we live in the2 greatest nation on earth.(103)

Thank you, America.(104) God bless you.(105) God bless these United

States.(106)

B. Data Analysis

The writer analyses two types of grammatical cohesion, and two types of

lexical cohesion. Types of grammatical cohesion include: (1) reference, and (2)

conjuction. While types of lexical cohesion include: (1) reiteration, and (2)

31

collocation. Below are presented result of analysis types of grammatical cohesion

and types of lexical cohesion.

1. Analysis of Reference

Below are presented result of analysis types of reference.

1. I

Analysis:

The word “I” is used 29 times in this speech. “I” appears once in

sentences 5, 7(2x), 11, 12, 13(2x), 15, 16, 18, 19, 25, 62(2x), 63, 65, 68,

79(2x), 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95. The use of “I” is

called as exophoric reference in all sentences above because “I” refers to

speaker (Obama) that is not mentioned in the text. I is categorized as head,

existential, personal reference.

2. You

Analysis:

The word “you” is used 27 times in this speech which appeared in

sentences 2, 3, 4, 6(5x), 15, 16, 17, 18, 20(2x), 21, 22(3x), 23, 25(3x),

28(2x), 29, 30, 31, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 87, 97, 96(5x), 98(2x), 105. The use of

“you” in sentences 2, 3, 4, 28, 29, 30, 31, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 87, 97, 98, 105,

and 96 are called as exophoric reference because “you” refers to audiences.

So, it refers to the context of situation. The use of “you” is called anaphoric

reference in other sentences. This is because “you” refers to every

American (S.5) in sentence 6, “you” refers to Michelle (S.15) in sentence 15

and 16, “you” refers to Sasha and Malia (S.17) in sentence 17 and 18,

“you” refers to campaign team and volunteers (S.20) in sentence 20, 21, 22,

23, 24 and 25. “You” is categorized as head, existential, personal reference.

32

3. We

Analysis:

The word “we” is used 38 times in this speech which appeared in

sentences 3(2x), 4(3x), 6, 8(3x), 10, 11, 22, 32, 38, 40(2x), 43(4x), 45, 46,

47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 68, 69, 73, 75, 77, 85, 87, 89, 94, 95(2x),

96, 99(2x), 100, 101(2x), 102, 103(2x). The use of “we” is called as

exophoric reference in sentences 8, 22 and 85. This is because “we” refers

to Romney and Obama who is not mentioned in sentence 8, “we” refers to

the best campaign team and volunteers and Obama who is not mentioned

again in sentence 22, “we” refers to every parent in sentence 85, they had

included Obama. “We” is called exophoric reference in sentence 3, 4, 6, 10,

11, 32, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 68, 69, 73, 75,

77, 84, 87, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99. This is because “we” refers to

Obama and his audiences. So, it refers to the context of situation. “We” is

categorized as head, existential, personal reference.

4. “They”

Analysis:

The word “They” is used in this speech 3 times. It appears in sentence

31, 45 and 81. The use of “they” is called as anaphoric reference because

“they” refers back to a military spouse in sentence 31, “they” refers back to

kids in sentence 45 and “they” refers back to the soldiers in sentence 81.

“They” is categorized as head, existential, personal reference.

5. “He”

Analysis:

33

The word “He” is used once in this speech. It appears in sentence 84.

The use of “He“ Is called as anaphoric reference. This is because it refers

back to the father. “He” is categorized as head, existential, personal

reference.

6. It

Analysis

The word “It” is used in this speech 20 times. It appears in sentence 2,

3, 8, 35(2x), 36, 40, 42, 54, 55, 56, 57, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83(2x), 98, 103. The

use of “It” is called exophoric reference because the referent is not

mentioned in sentence 98. The use of “it” is called anaphoric reference

because “it” refers back to our union (S.1) in sentence 2 and 3, “it” refers to

Battled fiercely in sentence 8, “it” refers to Political campaign (S.26) in

sentence 35 and 36, “it” refers to Democracy(S.37) in sentence 40 and 42,

“it” refers to progress in sentence 55, 56, 57, “it” refers to America’s(S.72)

in sentence 72, “it” refers to spirit in sentence 80, 81, 82, 83. “It2” is refers

to cost in sentence 83. “It” refers to journey forward in sentence 103. “It” is

categorized as singular existential, personal (pronominal) reference.

7. “Me”

Analysis:

The word “me” is used 4 times in this speech. It appears in sentences

13, 14, 25, and 64. The use of “me” is called exophoric reference in all

sentences above because “me” refers to speaker (Obama) that is not

mentioned in the text. “Me” is categorized as Head, Singular, Existential,

personal reference.

34

8. “Us”

Analysis:

The word “Us” is used 11 times in this speech. It appears once in

sentence 3, 4, 27, 39, 44, 67, 71, 72(2x), 74, 75, 93, 94(2x). The use of “us”

is called exophoric reference because it refers to Obama and his audiences

in the sentences 3, 4, 27, 39, 44, 72, 74, 75, 93, 94. The use of “us” is called

exophoric reference because it refers to Obama and Romney as situational

context in sentence 67. “Us” is categorized as head, existential, personal

reference.

9. “Him”

Analysis:

The word “him” is used once in this speech which appeared in sentence

7. The use of “him” is called anaphoric reference because it refers back to

Governor Romney. “Him” is categorized as existential, personal reference.

10. “Them”

Analysis:

The word “them” is used once which appears in sentence 81. The use

of “them” is called as anaphoric reference because it refers back to seals.

“Them” is categorized as head, existential, personal reference.

11. “Her”

Analysis:

The word “her” is used three times in this speech which appear in

sentence 30, 36, 83. The use of “her” is called as anaphoric reference. This

is because “her” refers back to a volunteer who’s going door to door in

sentence 30, “her” refers back to eight-year-old daughter in sentence 83 and

35

86. “Her” in sentence 30 is categorized as possessive, personal reverence

and “Her” in sentence 83, 86 are categorized as existential, personal

reference.

12. “Ours”

Analysis:

The word “ours” is used once in sentence 67. The use of “ours” in this

sentence is called exophoric reference because its referent is not mentioned

in the text. “Ours” is categorized as head, determiner, possessive reference.

13. “My”

Analysis:

The word “my” is used twice in this speech. It appeared in sentence 12

and sentence 20. The use of “my” is called as exophoric reference because

it refers to orator who’s not mentioned in the text. “My” is categorized as

possessive, personal reference.

14. “Your”

Analysis:

The word “your” is used in this speech appears 10 times. It appears

once in sentence 6, 17, 62, 65(2x), 67, 70, 71, 72. The use of “your” is

called as exophoric reference in sentence 62, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72 and 103.

This is because “your” refers to audiences. The use of “your” is called

anaphoric reference in sentence 6 and 17. This is because “your” refers

back to American (S.5) in sentence 6, “your” refers back to Sasha and Malia

in sentence 17.” Your” is categorized as modifier, deictic, possessive,

personal reference.

36

15. “Our”

Analysis:

The word of “our” is used 25 times in this speech. It appears in

sentences 1, 3, 4(5x), 16, 17, 28, 38, 43(3x), 44, 45, 46, 48(2x), 57, 59,

68(4x), 71, 76(3x), 77, 85, 89, 92, 96, 99, 101. The use of “our” is called as

exophoric reference in sentences 17, 28 and 85. This is because “our”

refers to Obama and Michelle in sentence 17, “our” refers to Obama and the

best campaign team and volunteers in sentence 28, “our” refers to every

parent in that room included Obama in sentence 85, “our” refers to Obama

and his audiences in sentence 1, 3, 4, 16, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 57, 59, 68,

71, 76, 77, 89, 92, 96, 99, 101, and 103. “Our” is categorized as modifier,

deictic, possessive, personal reference.

16. “His”

Analysis:

The word “his” is used three times in this speech. It apperars in

sentences 29, 83, 84. The use of “his” called as anaphoric reference. this is

because “his” refers back to the young fields organise in sentence 29, “his”

refers back to a father in sentence 83, “his” refers back to the father in

sentence 84. “His” is categorized as possessive, determiner, personal

reference.

17. “Their”

Analysis:

The word “their” is used 8 times in this speech. It appears in sentence

9, 31, 43, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. The use of “their” is called as anaphoric

37

reference. This is because ‘’their” refers back to from George to Lenore in

sentence 9, ‘’their” refers back to no one who fights for this country in

sentence 31 is, ‘’their” refers back to people in distant nations in sentence

43, their1 is refers back to owners in sentence 80, their2 refers back to

workers in sentence 80, ‘’their” refers back to seals in sentence 81, ‘’their”

refers back to leaders from every party and level of government in sentence

82, ‘’their” refers back to father and his eight year old daughter in sentence

83, ‘’their” refers back to every parent in that room in sentence 84. “Their”

is categorized as determiner, possessive, pronominal reference

18. “Its”

Analysis:

The word “its” is used three times in this speech which appears in

sentence 1, 8, 45. The use of its is called as anaphoric reference. this is

because “its” refers back to a former colony in sentence 1, “its” refers back

to this country in sentence 8, “its” refers back to a country in sentence 45.

“Its” is categorized as determiner, possessive, pronominal reference

19. “These”

Analysis:

The word of “these” is used in this speech which appears 43 and 106.

“These” is called cataphoric reference. This is because “these” refers

forward to arguments in sentence 43, “these” refers forward to United

States. “These” is categorized as determiner, modifier, selective,

demonstrative reference.

20. “There”

Analysis:

38

The word of “there” is used 2 times in this speech. It appears in

sentence 53 and 65. The use of “there” is called exophoric reference in

sentence 53. The use of “there” is called anaphoric reference in sentence

65. This is because it refers forward to the white house. “There” is

categorized as adverb, adjunct, selective, demonstrative reference

21. “Those”

Analysis:

The word of “those” is used two times in this speech. It appears in

sentence 77 and 81. The use of “those” is called as anaphoric reference.

This is because “those” refers back to responsibilities as well as right in

sentence 77. The use of “those” is called as cataphoric in sentence 81.

This is because it refers forward to seals. “Those” is categorized as

determiner, modifier/head, selective, demonstrative reference.

22. “This”

Analysis:

The word of “this” is used 18 times in this speech. It appears in

sentences 3, 4, 5,8, 11, 14, 20, 31, 32, 47(2x), 57, 74, 77, 79, 84, 99. The

use of “this” is called as cataphoric reference in sentence 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14,

20, 31, 47, 57, 74, 77, 79, 84, 99. This is because they refer forward to text

after. The use of “this” is called as anaphoric reference in sentence 32. This

is because it refers back to political campaigns (S.26). “This” is categorized

as determiner, modifier/head, selective, demonstrative reference.

23. “That”

Analysis:

39

The word of “that” is used 23 times in this speech. It appears in

sentences 6, 10, 27, 32, 33, 34, 41, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78,

87, 88, 91. The use of “that” is called as exophoric reference in sentences 6

and 88. This is because there isn’t specific information in the text. The use of

“that” is called as anaphoric reference in sentences 10, 27, 32, 33, 34, 41,

49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78 87, 91. This is because they refer

back to preceding sentences. “That” is categorized as determiner,

modifier/head, selective, demonstrative reference

24. “Here”

Analysis:

The word “here” is used twice in this speech. It appears in sentences 22

and 98. The use of “here” is called as exophoric reference in sentences 22.

This is because there isn’t specific information in the text. The use of “here”

is called as cataphoric reference. This is because it refers forward to America

In sentence 98. “Here” is categorized as adverb, adjunct, selective,

demonstrative reference.

25. “The”

Analysis:

The word of “the” is used 23 times in this speech. It appears in

sentences 1 (the right, the task), sentence 3 (the spirit, the spirit , the

depths of despair, the great heights of hope, the belief) sentence 4 (the

American people, the United States of America, the best) sentence 6

(the very first time, the pavement, the phone), sentence 11 (the weeks

ahead), sentence 12 (the last four years, the best vice-president),

sentence 13 (the man, the woman), sentence 16 (the rest of America),


40

sentence 20 (the best campaign team and volunteers, the history of

politics, the best, the best ,the very beginning), sentence 22 (the

memory, the history), sentence 23 (the lifelong), sentence 24 (the way),

sentence 25 (the whole day), sentence 27 (the cynics, the domain of

special interests), sentence 28 (the chance), sentence 29 (the

determination, the voice of a young field organizer), sentence 30 (the

pride, the voice of a volunteer, the local auto plant), sentence 31 (the

deep patriotism, the voice of a military spouse), sentence 43 (the issues,

the chance), sentence 45 (the best schools, the best teachers, the global

leader), sentence 46 (the destructive power of a warming planet),

sentence 47 (the world, the strongest military the promise of freedom

and dignity), sentence 48 (the dreams of an immigrant's daughter, the

young boy, the furniture worker's child), sentence 49 (the future),

sentence 50 (the vision), sentence 57 (the recognition , the gridlock, the

painstaking work, the difficult), sentence 65 (the White House, the work,

the future), sentence 68 (the coming weeks and months, the

challenges), sentence 71 (The role of citizens), sentence 72 (the hard and

frustrating), sentence 73 (the principle), sentence 76 (the envy, the

world, the world), sentence 77 (the bonds, the most diverse nation, the

belief, the freedom), sentence 80 (the family business, the workers),

sentence 81 (the soldiers, the stairs), sentence 82 (the shores, the

wreckage of a terrible storm), sentence 83 (the other day, the story of

his eight-year-old daughter, the insurance), sentence 84 (the father, the

crowd), sentence 88 (the country), sentence 89 (the hardship, the

frustration of Washington), sentence 92 (the kind of hope, the enormity,

41

the tasks, the road blocks), sentence 93 (the wishful idealism, the

sidelines), sentence 94(the evidence, the contrary, the courage),

sentence 95 (the progress, the middle class), sentence 96 (the promise),

sentence 100 (the pundits), sentence 101 (the sum), sentence 102 (the

United States of America), sentence 103 (the world).

“The” is categorized as demonstrative reference, definite article, non

selective, deictic and neutral. The items that are modified by the can be seen

in the explanation below:

Sentence 1

“the1” and “the2” are called as cataphoric reference. This is because “The1”

is refers to right to determine its own destiny and “the2” is refers to task of

perfecting our union.

Sentence 3

The use of “The1” is called as cataphoric reference. This is because it refers

forward to spirit. The use of “The2” is called as cataphoric and anaphoric

reference. This is because it points forward to that has lifted this country, and

it also refers to earlier spirit. The use of “the3”, “the4”, ”the5” is called

cataphoric reference because “The3” is refers to depths of despair and

“the4” is refers to great heights of hope, ”The5” is refers to belief.

Sentence 4

“The1” is called cataphoric reference because it refers to American defines

people. “The2” is called as exophoric reference, because there is only one

member of the class of objects. It refers to United States of America. “The3”

is called as cataphoric reference, it points forward to is yet to come.

Sentence 6

42

“The1”, “the2” and “the3” is called as cataphoric reference because “the1”

refers to very first as modifying element. “the2” is refers forward to

pavement. “the3” is refers forward to phone.

Sentence 9

“The” is called as cataphoric reference. This is because “the” refers forward

to Romney family and it shows that Romney defines family.

Sentence 11

“The” is called as cataphoric reference, it refers forward to weeks ahead.

Sentence 12

“the1” is called as cataphoric reference. It refers to last. “The2” is called as

cataphoric reference, it shows best defines vice-president.

Sentence 13

“The1” and “the2” is called cataphoric reference. This is because “The1” is

refers to man and “the2” is refers to women

Sentence 16

“The” is called as cataphoric reference because It refers to rest of America.

Sentence 20

“The1”, “The2” is called as cataphoric reference, it shows best defines

campaign team and volunteers. “The2” shows that history defines politics.

“The3” is called as cataphoric and anaphoric reference. This is because it

refers forward to best and it refers back to earlier best. “The4” is called as

cataphoric and anaphoric reference, it points forward to ever and it refers to

earlier best. “The5” is exophoric reference because very beginning depends

on specific situation.

Sentence 22

43

“The1” is called as cataphoric reference, it shows that memory defines

history. “The2” is cataphoric and anaphoric reference, it points forward to

history we made together and it refers back to history in the preceding

sentence.

Sentence 23

“The” is called as cataphoric reference, this is because it shows that lifelong

appreciation defines a grateful president.

Sentence 24

“The” is called as cataphoric reference. this is because it refers to way.

Sentence 25

“The” is called as exophoric reference. This is because whole day depend

on specific situation

Sentence 27

“The1” is called as exophoric reference because its referent is the whole

class. “The2” is called as cataphoric reference. This is because it shows that

domain defines special interests.

Sentence 28

“The” is called as cataphoric reference, this is because “The” is used to

modifying elements. it shows that chance defines talk to folks.

Sentence 29

“The1” is called as cataphoric reference. This is because it shows that

criteria for identifies which determination. The defining element is in the

voice. “The2” is called as cataphoric reference. This is because it shows that

criteria for identifying whose voice. The defining element is of a young field

organizer.

44

sentence 30

“The1” is called as cataphoric reference because it shows the criteria for

identifying which pride. The defining element is in the voice. “The2” is called

as cataphoric reference it shows that criteria for identifying whose voice. The

defining element is of a volunteer. “The3” is called as cataphoric reference

because it refers to local auto plant.

Sentence 31

“The1” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to a modifying

element. The defining element is deep…in the voice. “The2” is called as

cataphoric reference because it shows that criteria for identifies whose voice.

The defining element is of a military spouse.

Sentence 43

“The1” is called as exophoric reference because the reference is the whole

class. It refers to issues. “The2” is called as cataphoric reference because it

shows that criteria for identifies which chance. The defining element is to

cast their ballots.

Sentence 45

“The1” is called as cataphoric and exophoric reference because it refers

forward to best, and its reference is the whole class. It refers to best schools.

“The2” is called as cataphoric and exophoric reference because it refers

forward to best and the reference is the whole class. It refers to best

teachers. “The3” is called as cataphoric reference because it is used to

modify element. The defining element is in technology and discovery and

innovation. “The4” is called as cataphoric and exophoric reference because it

refers to good and the reference is the whole class. It refers to good jobs.

45

Sentence 46

“The” is called as cataphoric reference because it is used to modifying

element. The defining element is destructive…of a warming planet

Sentence 47

“The1” is called as exophoric reference since there is only one world. “The2”

is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to a modifying element.

The defining element is strongest…on earth. “The3” is called as cataphoric

reference because it refers to a modifying element. The defining element is

of freedom and dignity.

Sentence 48

“The1” is called as cataphoric and exophoric reference because it refers to a

modifying element. The defining element is of an immigrant’s daughter and

its referent is a whole class. It refers to dreams “The2” is called as cataphoric

reference because it shows that young defines boy. “The3” is called as

cataphoric reference because it shows that furniture worker’s defines child.

Sentence 49

“The” is called as cataphoric reference beause it points forward to we hope

for and anaphoric reference because the information about which future is

recovered from the preceding text.

Sentence 50

“The” is called as cataphoric reference because it points forward to we

share. “The” called as anaphoric reference because the information about

which vision is recovered from the preceding text.

Sentence 57

46

“The” is called as cataphoric reference because it points forward to that we

have common hopes and dreams. “The2” is called as exophoric reference

because the subclass considered as a representative of the whole class.


element. The defining element is painstaking…of building consensus. “The4”

is called as cataphoric reference because it shows that difficult defines

compromises.

Sentence 65

“The1” is called as exophoric reference because there is one white house in

America. “The2” is called as cataphoric reference, points forward to there is

to do. “The3” is called as cataphoric reference, points forward to that lies

ahead.

Sentence 68

“the1” is called as exophoric reference because it depends on specific

situation and the reference is the whole class. “The2” is exophoric reference

because it reference is the whole class.

Sentence 71

“The” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to a modifying

element. The defining element is of citizens.

Sentence 72

“the” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to hard Sentence 73

“the” is anaphoric reference because the information about which principle

recovered from preceding sentence.

Sentence 76

47

“the1” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to a modifying

element. The defining element is of the world. “The2” is called as exophoric

reference because there is only one world. “The3” is called as exophoric

reference because its referent will be assumed in the absence of specific

indication.

sentence 77

“the1” is called as exophoric reference because its reference is the whole

class which does not depend on the specific situation. “The2” is called as

cataphoric reference because it refers to a modifying element. The defining

element is most diverse…on earth. “The2” is called as cataphoric reference

because it points forward to that our destiny is shared.

sentence 80

“the1” and “the2” is called as exophoric reference because the referent is

the whole class.

sentence 81


the whole class.

in sentence 82


element. The defining element is of New Jersey and New York. “the2” is


element is of a terrible storm

Sentence 83

“the1” is cataphoric reference because it refers to other. “the2” is called as


48

element is of his eight-year-old daughter. “The3” is called as cataphoric

reference because it refers to insurance company.

Sentence 84

“the1” is called as anaphoric reference because it refers to earlier father in

preceding sentence.

Sentence 85

“The” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to crowd.

Sentence 88

“the” is called as cataphoric reference because it points forward to I am so

proud to lead.

Sentence 89

“the1” is called as cataphoric reference because it points forward to we’ve

been through. “The2” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers to a

modifying element. The defining element is of washington

Sentence 92


element. The defining element is of hope. “The2” is called as cataphoric

reference because it refers to a modifying element. The defining element is

of the tasks. “The3” is called as exophoric reference because its referent is

the whole class. “The4” is called as exophoric reference because its referent

is the whole class.

Sentence 93

“The1” is called as cataphoric reference because it shows that wishful

defines idealism. “The2” is called as exophoric reference because its

referent is the whole class.

49

Sentence 94


element. The defining element is to the contrary. “The2” is called as

cataphoric reference because it refers to contrary. “The3” is called as

exophoric reference because its referent depends on situational.

Sentence 95


the whole class.

Sentence 96


element. The defining element is of our founding. “The2” is cataphoric

reference because it refers to idea.

Sentence 100

“the1” is called as exophoric reference because its referent is the whole

class.

Sentence 101


element. The defining element is of our individual ambitions.

Sentence 102

“the” is called as exophoric reference because there is only one United

State of America

Sentence 103

“the” is called as exophoric reference because there is only one world.

26. “Same”

Analysis:

50

The word “same” is used once in this speech. It appears in sentences

29. The use of “same” is called exophoric reference because the referent

being retrievable from the situation. “Same” is categorized as identity,

adjective, deictic, epithet, comparative reference

27. “Better”

Analysis:

The word “Better” is used twice in this speech. It appears in sentence

64 and sentence 94. The use of “better” is called as cataphoric reference

because it refers forward to president in sentence 64. The use of “better” is

called exophoric reference because it depends on situation. “Better” is

categorized as particular comparison, adjective, deictic, epithet, comparative

reference

28. “Prouder”

Analysis:

The word “prouder” is used once in sentence 16. The use of

“prouder” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers forward to

watch the rest of America fall in love with you too. “Prouder” is categorized

as particular comparison, adjective, deictic/epithet, comparative reference

29. “Greater”

Analysis:

The word “greater” is used once in this speech. It appears in sentence

101. The use of “greater” is called as cataphoric reference because it refers

forward to the sum of our individual ambitions. “Greater” is categorized as

particular comparison, adjective, deictic/epithet, comparative reference

30. “Other”

51

Analysis:

The word “other” is used once in this speech. It appears in sentence

83. The use of “other” is called exophoric reference because it depends on

situation. “Other” is categorized as general comparison, adjective,

deictic/epithet, comparative reference

31. “Else”

Analysis:

The word “else” is used once in this speech. It appears in sentence 28.

The use of “else” is called exophoric reference because it depends on

situation. “Else” is categorized as general comparison, adjective,

deictic/epithet, comparative reference

32. “More”

Analysis:

The word “more” is used 10 times in this speech. It appears in sentence

1, 15, 27, 54, 65, 69, 74, 89, 90, 101. The use of “more” is called as

cataphoric in sentence 1, 27, 54, 74, 101. This is because “more” refers

forward to 200 years in sentence 1, “more” refers forward to a contest of

egos or the domain of special interests in sentence 27, “more” refers

forward to two centuries in sentence 54, “more” refers forward to any

nations in sentence 74, “more” refers forward to a collection of red states

and blue states in sentence 101. The use of “more” is called as anaphoric

reference because it refers to tonight in sentence 89 and 90. The use of

“more” in sentence 15, 65 and 69 are called exophoric reference because it

depends on situation. “More” is categorized as particular comparison,

adverb, submodifier/adjunct, comparative reference

52

33. “As”

Analysis:

The word “as” is used 12 times in this speech. it appears in sentence 3,

16, 40, 43, 45, 54, 66, 77, 86, 88, 99, 100. The use of “as” is called as

cataphoric reference because “as1” refers forward to one nation and “as2” is

refers to one people in sentence 3, “as” refers forward to our nation’s first

lady in sentence 16, “as” refers forward to a country in sentence 40, “as”

refers forward to the global leader in sentence 45, “as” refers forward to it

has for more than two centuries In sentence 54, “as” refers forward to rights

in sentence 77, “as” refers forward to your president in sentence 88, “as”

refers forward to our politics suggests in sentence 99, “as” refers forward to

the pundits believe in sentence 100. The use of “as” is called as exophoric

reference because it depends on situation in sentence 43, 66 and 86. “As”

is categorized as particular comparison, adverb, submodifier/adjunct,

comparative reference

34. “So”

Analysis:

The word “so” is used 4 times in this speech. it appears in sentence 8,

18, 88 and 77. The The use of “so” is called cataphoric reference because it

refers to strongly in sentence 8. “so” refers forward to proud in sentence 18.

“so” refers forward to so proud to lead as your presiden In sentence 88.

“so” refers forward to many Americans in sentence 77. “So” is categorized

as general comparison, adverb, submodifier/adjunct, comparative reference

2. Analysis of conjunction

Below are presented result of analysis types of conjunction.

53

1. “And”

Analysis:

The conjunction “and” is used 75 times in this speech. it appears in

sentence 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 27, 28, 29, 40, 42, 43, 48, 54, 62, 64, 72, 80,

83, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 102. The function of conjunction “and” is used to

connect words, phrases, or clauses (independent clause) that has a position

of equal or the same grammatical structure in a sentence. Beside that “and”

is used to indicate additional facts about words, phrases, clauses, or

sentences before. “And” is additive conjunction in the category of simple

additive relation.

2. “By the way”

Analysis:

The conjunction “by the way” is used once in this speech which

appears in sentence 6. The function of conjunction “By the way” is to review

and give explanation. “By the way” is additive conjunction in the category of

complex additive, de-emphatic relation

1. “Yet”

Analysis:

The conjunction “yet” is used once in this speech which appears in

sentence 4. The function of conjunction “Yet” is used to express comparison

or contrast. “Yet” is adversative conjunction in the category of simple

adversative ‘proper’ relation.

2. “Only”

Analysis:

54

The conjunction “only” is used 4 times in this speech which appears in

sentence 5, 8, 68, 77. The function of conjunction “only” is used to express

comparison or contrast. “Only” is adversative conjunction in the category of

simple adversative ‘proper’ relation.

3. “But”

Analysis:

The conjunction “but” is used 13 times in this speech which appears in

sentence 8, 19, 21, 28, 44, 47, 58, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 84. The function of

conjunction “but” is used to express comparison or contrast. “But” is

adversative conjunction in the category of simple adversative ‘proper’

relation.

4. “Because”

Analysis:

The conjunction “because” is used 8 times in this speech which

appears in sentence 2, 3, 8, 30, 79, 81, 85, 99. The function of conjunction

“because” is to connect a dependent clause to independent clause to show

a cause. “Because” is causal conjunction in the category of simple reversed

causal relation.

5. “For”

Analysis:

The conjunction “for” is used 41 times in this speech which appears in

sentences 4, 6(2x), 12, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31(2x), 43(2x), 44, 47, 49, 54, 57, 66,

72, 77(2x), 83(2x), 95(2x). The function of conjunction “for” is to connect a

dependent clause to independent clause and to show effect. “For” is causal

conjunction in the category of simple reversed causal

55

6. “Or”

Analysis:

The conjunction “or” is used 28 times in this speech. It appears once in

sentence 3, 6(3x), 22, 27, 28, 31, 48(3x), 57, 62, 92, 93, 97(10x). The

function of conjunction “Or” is used to express comparison or contrast. “Or”

is causal conjunction in the category of simple reversed causal

7. “So that”

Analysis:

The conjunction “so that” is used once in this speech which appears in

sentence 77. The function of conjunction “So that” is to show meaning of

effect and result. “So that” is causal conjunction in the category of simple

causal relation.

8. “While”

Analysis:

The conjunction “While” is used 3 times in this speech. It appears in

sentence 3 and 4(2x). The function of conjunction “While” is to show

meaning of time. “While” is temporal conjunction in category

3. Analysis of reiteration

Below are presented result of analysis types of reference.

a. Repetition

The repetition occurs in this speech can be seen in the explanation below:

1. Noun repetition

Analysis:

The noun repetitions used in this speech can be seen in the words task,

moves, country, way, war, legacy, belief, opportunity, American,

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America, dreams, election, journey, United states of America, politics,

nation, history, military, matter, people, chance, hope, child, world,

school, job, leader, work, democracy, vote, opportunity, individual,

sign, family, president, love, campaign, folk, child, pride, battle, parties,

progress, father, bonds, freedom, story, difference.

First of all, the word “Moves” is appears four times and it repeats in

sentence 1, 2, 3, 47. It has same meaning is a change of state. This word is

called repetition because there is same word in successive sentence.

“Country” is repeated once in sentence 3, 8, 11, 31, 40, 57, 74, 77, 88 and

twice in sentence 45, 47. “Country” has same meaning in these eleven

sentences. Its meaning is a nation with its own government. “Belief” is used

four times which appears in sentence 3, 39, and 77. “Way” is used in

sentence 4, 24, 29. “Way” means road or path for traveling in these three

sentences. “War” appears in sentence 3, 47 and 60. It means is a state of

armed conflict between different nations or states. “Legacy” is used in

sentence 10 and 45. Its meaning is a thing handed down by a predecessor.

“Belief” is used in sentence 3, 39 and 77. “Belief” has same meaning in

these three sentences. Its meaning is an acceptance that something exist.

“Opportunity” is used in sentence 29, 84, and 85. Its meaning is a chance.

“American” is used in sentence 3, 4, 5, 77, 86, 97. Its meaning is citizen of

United States of America. “America” appears sixteen times. it repeats in

sentence 9, 11 16, 46, 48(3x), 72, 77, 78, 79, 90, 95, 98, 102, 104. Its

meaning is name of United States. The word “dreams” is used in sentences

3, 48, 57. Its meaning is ambition.

57

Next, the word “Election” is used three times which appears in

sentence 4, 5, 34. Its meaning is a process of electing or being elected.

“Journey” is used in sentence 4, 103. Its meaning is an act of travelling

from one place to another. “The United States of America” is used in

sentence 4 and 102. “Politics” is used in sentences 20, 27, 33, 66.

“Nation” is used in sentence 3, 16, 37, 43, 47, 74, 77, 103. Its meaning is a

large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture or

language inhabiting a particular country or territory. “History” is used in

sentence 20, 22 and 75. It means the whole series of past events connected

with someone or something. “Military” is used in sentence 31 47 and 75. Its

meaning is the armed forces of a country. “People” is used in sentence 3, 4,

43. Its meaning is human beings in general or considered collectively.

“Chance” is used once in sentence 28 and twice in sentence 43. Its

meaning is an opportunity. “Hope” is used in sentence 3, 12, 44, 49, 57, 91,

92, 94. Its meaning is a feeling of expectation and desire for a certain thing to

happen. “World” is used once in sentence 103 and twice in sentence 47,

76. It means the earth, together with all of its countries, peoples and natural

features. “School” is used in sentence 28, 45, 48. Its meaning is an

institution for educating. “Job” is used 31, 45, 67, 80 and 95. Its meaning is

a paid position of regular employment.

And then, the word “Leader” is used in sentence 45, 68, 88, 82. Its

meaning is the person who leads or commands. “Work” is used in sentence

11, 25, 28, 29, 31, 48, 57, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 77, 79, 80, 94, 96. Its meaning

is activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result.

“Democracy” is used in sentence 37, 71. Its meaning is system of

58

government by the whole population. “Vote” is used in sentence 62, 71. Its

meaning is a choice between two or more candidates. “Opportunity” is

used in sentence 2, 9, 84. Its meaning is a time that makes it possible to do

something. “Individual” is used in sentence 3, 101. Its meaning is one

person. “Sign” is used twice in sentence 6. Its meaning is a symbol to

represent an object. “Family” is used in sentence 3, 9, 21, 80, 83. Its

meaning is a group of people related by blood or marriage. “President” is

used in sentence 23, 64, 88. Its meaning is the head of a country. “Love” is

used in sentence 8, 15, 16. Its meaning is a strong feeling of affection.

“Campaign” is used in sentence 7, 20, 26, 28, 61. Its meaning is an

organized course of action to achieve a goal. “Folk” is used twice in

sentence 28. Its meaning is family. “Child” is used in sentence 29, 48 and

plural form children in sentence 46. Its meaning is a young boy or girl.

“Pride” is used in sentence 16, 18, 30. Its meaning is a feeling of deep

pleasure or satisfaction. “Battle” is used in sentence 8, 83. Its meaning is

resist something. “Parties” is used in sentence 68 and also party in

sentence 85. Its meaning is a political group to take part in a government.

“Progress” is used in sentence 54, 95. Its meaning is forward.

Last, “Task” is used in sentence 1, 92. Its meaning is a piece of work to

be done. “Father” is used in sentence 83, 85. Its meaning is a man in

relation of his child. “story” is used in sentence 83 and 85. Its meaning is an

account of past events in someone’s life. “Freedom” is used in sentence 47

and 77. It means the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants

without hindrance or restraint. “Bonds” is used in sentence 58, 65 and 77.

Its meaning is a force or feeling that unites people. “Difference” is used in

59

sentence 6, 44 and 82. It means a point or way in which people or things are

not the same. “Governor” is used in sentence 7 and 11. Its meaning is the

elected executive head of a state of the US. “Government” is used in

sentence 72 and 82. It means the governing body of a nation. “Years” is

used in sentence 1, 12, 13 and 83. Its meaning is a period of 365 days

starting from any date. “Month” is used in sentence 68 and 83. It means a

period of 28 days or four weeks. “Week” is used in sentence 11 and 68. Its

meaning is a period of seven days.

As we can see above the noun repetition has same meaning in this

speech.

2. Verbal repetition

Analysis:

The verbal repetition means the word that is repeated in the form of

verb. It can be seen in words look forward, hear, share, need, voted,

know, talk, listened, spoke, fight, do, go, and believe. These 13 verbs are

used any times in three forms simple present, to infinite, simple past.

The word “Look forward” is repeated in sentence 11 and 68. Its

meaning is want something to happen. “Hear” is used in sentence 6, 29, 30,

31. Its meaning is listening to the sound made by someone. Share is used in

sentence 44, 77 and 50. Its mean have a portion of something with others.

Need is used in sentence 5, 52, 57. Its meaning is require something. Voted

is used in sentence 6, 66. Its meaning is give or register a vote. Know is

used in sentence 4, 26, 86, and verb II knew in sentence 81, 85 also

irregular verb known in sentence 47. Its meaning is recognize something.

Talk is used in sentence 11, 28, 84, also in present tense talking in sentence

60

92, 93. It meaning is to give information. Listened is used in sentence 62

also in present tense talking in sentence 85. Its meaning is hear something.

Spoke is used in sentence 7, 85 and verb I in spoke in sentence 48. Its

meaning is to give information. Do is used in sentence 22, 25, 32, 65, 69, 70

and twice in sentence 72. It means perform (an action, the precise nature of

which is often unspecified). Go is used in sentence 22, 30, 40, 51 and 52. It

means move from one place or point to another. Fight is used twice in

sentence 31 and once in sentence 93, 94, 95 and fought in sentence 4, 7

and 77. It means take part in a violent struggle involving the exchange of

physical blows or the use of weapons. Keep is used once in sentence 76, 96

and three times in sentence 94. It means have or retain possession. Believe

is used in sentence 24, 487, 94, 95, 96, 99 and 100. It means feel sure of the

truth of something.

3. Adjective repetition

Analysis:

The adjective repetition means the word that is repeated in the form of

adjective. It can be seen in words spirit, future, small, stirs, hopeful, great,

proud, hard, grateful, incredible, over, back, hard, common, new,

individual.

The word Spirit is used once in sentence 79 and twice in sentence 3.

Future is used in sentence 8, 44, 49, 65, 77, 86, 89, 99. Small is used in

sentence 26 and 35. Stirs is used twice in sentence 40. Its meaning is an

initial sign of specific feeling. Hopeful is used in sentence 79, 89, 90. Its

meaning is feeling or inspiring optimism about a future event. Great is used

in sentence 3, 78, 101,103. Its meaning is above average. Proud is used in

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sentence 16, 18, 88. Its meaning is feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction.

Grateful is used in sentence 23, 25. Its meaning is feeling or showing an

appreciation. Incredible is used in sentence 23, 25. Its meaning is

extraordinary. Over is used in sentence 3, 31 and 61. Its meaning is end of a

process. Back is used in sentence 4, 9, 80 and 81. Its meaning is at the

back of something. Hard is used in sentence 4, 7, 72 and 96. It means

requiring a great deal of endurance or effort. Common is used in sentence

57 and 58. Its meaning is affecting the whole of a community or the public.

New is used once in sentence 20, 45 and three times in sentence 95. It

means not existing before. Individual is used in sentence 3 and 101. Its

meaning is single or separate.

4. Adverbial repetition

Analysis:

The adverbial repetition means the word that is repeated in the form of

adverb. It can be seen in words tonight, forward, best, together, deeply

and fiercely, also, ever, even, beyond, always.

The word tonight is used in sentence 1, 4, 10, 41, 67, 79, 89. Its meaning is

on this present night. Forward is used in sentence 1, 2, 3, 11, 51, 57, 103,

its meaning is toward the front. Best is used in once in sentence 4, 12, 47,

twice in sentence 45 and three times in sentence 20. Its meaning is

something that most excellently. Together is used in sentence 3, 11, 22, 68,

72, 77, 99, 103. Its meaning is with another person. Deeply is used in

sentence 8 and 39. It means far down. Fiercely is used in sentence 8, 53. Its

meaning is having aggressiveness. Also is used in sentence 11 and 47. Its

meaning is too. Ever is used in sentence 12, 20, 28, 31, 47 and 65. Its

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meaning is always. Even is used in sentence 26 and 48. It means to

emphasize something. Beyond is used in sentence 47 and 48. Its meaning

is at or to the further side of. Always is used in sentence 22, 55, 56 and 94.

It means at all times.

b. Antonymy

Analysis:

The antonym is used in this speech can be seen in the explanation

below:

The antonym appears in the words despair and hope, depth and

heights, raise and fall in sentence 3. These words are called as antonym

because they are contrary in the meaning. Hope is a feeling of expectation.

Conversely, the meaning of despair is lost of hope.

The antonym appears in the word “man” and “women” in sentence 13.

Man is the antonym of women. Man is used for male and women is used for

female, man and women have different sex type.

The word mom in sentence 17 and father in sentence 48. These words are

called as antonym because they are contrary to meaning. Mom and father

have different sex type.

The antonym appears in the word hill and valley in sentence 24. Hill is

antonym of valley. Hill is a raise area of land but valley is low are of land.

The antonym appears in the word son in sentence 9 and daughter in

sentence 48, 83 and 84. son is antonym of daughter. son is a boy or man in

relation to either or both of his parents and daughter is a girl or woman in

relation to either or both of his parents.

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The antonym appears in the words small and big in sentence 35. Small

is antonym of big. The word small mean less size and the word big mean

large size.

The antonym appears in the words black and white, young and old,

rich and poor, abled and disabled in sentence 97. Black is antonym of

white because it has different color. White is bright color and black is dark

color. Young is antonym of old because it has different age. Young means

having lived in only short time and old means having lived in long time. Rich

is antonym of poor because it has different wealth. Rich is people that

having much money and poor is people without sufficient money. Abled is

antonym of disabled because it has different ability. Able is having full range

of physical or mental abilities and disabled is having limit of physical or

mental abilities.

The antonym appears in the words many in sentence 77 and few in

sentence 83. Many means a large number of something or someone and

few means a small number of something or someone.

c. Synonymy

Synonymy that appears in this speech can be seen in the explanation

below:

Synonymy can be seen on the words won in sentence 1 and triumphed

in sentence 3. It is called synonymy because it has same basic meaning

which is successful achieve a victory. The synonymy appears in the words

union in the sentences 1 and America in the sentence 2, and United states

of America in sentence 4. It have same basic meaning and its meaning is

American country.

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In sentence 1, the words “200 years” is synonym with two centuries in

sentence 54. They have same basic meaning which equal with two hundred

years. Synonymy is appears in the words heard in the sentences 6 and the

word listened in the sentence 62. They have same basic meaning which is

listen or pay attention to a sound. The word look forward in sentence 6 is

near synonymy of the word hope in sentence 3, it has same basic meaning

and its meaning is want something to happen. The word far in sentence 28 is

synonym of the word distant in sentence 43. The word college in sentence

29 is near synonym of the word high school in sentence 28 and synonym

with schools in sentence 45 and 48. The word Liberty in sentence 43 is

synonym of the word freedom in sentence 47. The word Voted in sentence

66 is synonym with the word elected in sentence 67. It has same basic

meaning and its meaning is choosing to political election. The words Wealth

and rich in sentence 74 is synonymy because it has same basic meaning

and its meaning is prosperity. The word Powerful and strong in sentence

75 is near synonymy. It has same basic meaning and its meaning is exerting

great force. The word World in sentence 76 is near synonymy with earth in

sentence 77. It has same basic meaning; its meaning is this earth together

with the content. The words Lay off and lose a job in sentence 80 is

synonymy. It has same basic meaning; its meaning is discharge a worker.

The word Ignores in sentence 92 is synonym with the word shirk in

sentence 93. It has same basic meaning, its meaning is unwilling to do

something. The word watch in sentence 16 is synonym of the word see in

sentence 80. It has same basic meaing, its meaning is look at something or

someone. The word kids in sentence 45 is synonym of the word children

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46. It has same basic meaning, it means young person. The word Buddy in

sentence 81 is near synonymy of friend in sentence 12 and 80. It has same

basic meaning, its meaning is a person whom one knows and with whom

one has a bond of mutual affection.

d. Superordinat

The superordinat that appear in this speech can be seen in the

explanation below:

The superordinate found in the word America in sentence 9, 12, 44, 46,

48, 72, 78, 79, 90, 95, 98, 102,104 and the word nation in sentence 3, 16,

37, 43, 47, 74, 77, 103. nation is the superordinate of America.

Superordinate is one of lexical cohesions which can be defined as the

cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary. The superordinate

found in the word country in sentence 3, 8, 11, 31, 40, 57, 74, 77, 88 and

twice in sentence 45, 47 and United states of America in sentence 4, 102.

Country is the superordinate of United states of America. The word

President in sentence 23 is superordinate of vice-president in sentence 12.

The word child in sentence 48 is superordinate of young boy in sentence

48.

e. General word

The general words that appear in this speech can be seen in the

explanation below:

The general word which appears in the word women in the sentence 13

can be categorized as general word of Michelle in sentence 15. The word

Vice president is general word of Joe Bidden in sentence 12. The word

Nation’s first lady in sentence 16 is general word of Michele in sentence

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15. The word young women is general word of Sasha and Malia in

sentence 17. Guys in sentence 18 is general word of Sasha and Malia in

sentence 17. Little girl in sentence 85 is general word of eight year old

daughter in sentence 83. Parent in sentence 85 is general word of father in

sentence 83 and mom in sentence 17.

4. Analysis of Collocation

The Collocation that appears in this speech can be seen in the explanation

below:

These words are called collocation because they appear in similar context

and having similar pattern of collocation. Road and journey in sentence 4, Very

first time and very long time in sentence 6. Legacy and honor in sentence 10.

New and beginning in sentence 20. Roof and home in sentence 31. Schools

and teachers in sentence 45. Respected and Admired in sentence 47. Doctor,

scientist, engineer, entrepreneur, diplomat and president in sentence 48.

Straight line in sentence 55 and smooth path in sentence 56. Love, charity,

duty and patriotism in sentence 77. Darkness and danger in sentence 81.

Tears and eyes in sentence 85. Road and path in sentence 92. Friend and

partner in sentence 12. College, school, high school, university in sentence

29, 45, 28 and 76. Speak in sentence 43 and voice in sentence 6, 29, 30, 31.

C. Table of number cohesive devices

As result of analyzing the Barack Obama’s second victory speech the writer

found number of cohesive devices and presented them by using a table below:

Number of

sentences

Number of cohesive

Gramatical Lexical Cohesion

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Cohesion

Ref Conj Syn Ant So Gw Coll Rep

Sentence 1 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 5

Sentence 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 3 14 7 2 6 2 0 0 16

Sentence 4 14 4 0 0 1 0 2 12

Sentence 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 6 11 7 0 0 0 0 3 7

Sentence 7 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 4

Sentence 8 7 4 0 0 1 0 0 5

Sentence 9 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 3

Sentence 10 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 3

Sentence 11 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 9

Sentence 12 4 2 1 0 2 2 2 5

Sentence 13 5 1 0 2 0 1 0 2

Sentence 14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 15 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Sentence 16 6 0 1 0 1 1 0 2

Sentence 17 3 1 0 1 0 3 0 0

Sentence 18 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Sentence 19 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 20 8 2 0 0 0 0 2 8

Sentence 21 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 22 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 3

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Sentence 23 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 2

Sentence 24 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1

Sentence 25 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 5

Sentence 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

Sentence 27 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 28 4 5 4 0 0 0 1 5

Sentence 29 5 0 1 0 0 0 2 6

Sentence 30 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

Sentence 31 7 3 0 0 0 0 3 2

Sentence 32 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 33 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 34 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 35 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1

Sentence 36 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 37 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2

Sentence 38 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 39 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 40 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 3

Sentence 41 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 42 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 43 11 2 2 0 1 0 1 7

Sentence 44 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 4

Sentence 45 9 4 2 0 2 0 3 9

Sentence 46 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

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Sentence 47 7 6 1 0 3 0 2 12

Sentence 48 8 4 1 1 3 0 6 10

Sentence 49 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 50 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 51 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 52 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 53 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 54 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 55 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Sentence 56 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Sentence 57 7 2 1 0 1 0 2 7

Sentence 58 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2

Sentence 59 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 60 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Sentence 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 62 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 63 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 64 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Sentence 65 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 4

Sentence 66 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 3

Sentence 67 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 68 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 6

Sentence 69 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 70 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

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Sentence 71 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Sentence 72 4 3 0 0 1 0 0 1

Sentence 73 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 74 4 1 2 0 12 0 0 2

Sentence 75 4 1 2 0 0 0 1 2

Sentence 76 7 1 1 0 0 0 1 4

Sentence 77 11 6 1 1 2 0 4 14

Sentence 78 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Sentence 79 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 5

Sentence 80 7 1 4 0 0 0 0 11

Sentence 81 9 3 1 0 0 0 2 4

Sentence 82 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 4

Sentence 83 8 4 0 1 0 2 0 6

Sentence 84 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 5

Sentence 85 7 2 0 0 0 2 2 4

Sentence 86 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Sentence 87 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 88 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

Sentence 89 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 5

Sentence 90 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

Sentence 91 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 92 6 1 4 0 0 0 2 4

Sentence 93 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 94 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

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Sentence 95 5 5 0 0 1 0 0 8

Sentence 96 11 4 1 0 0 0 0 5

Sentence 97 2 8 1 8 0 0 0 1

Sentence 98 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Sentence 99 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 4

Sentence 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sentence 101 6 2 0 0 0 0 2 0

Sentence 102 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 1

Sentence 103 7 3 4 0 1 0 0 6

Sentence 104 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Sentence 105 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sentence 106 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

From the table above, the writer finds that there are 1120 cohesive devices

which consist of 434 items of references, 155 items of conjunctions, 337 items of

repetition, 54 items of synonymy, 28 items of antonym, 50 items of superordinate,

13 items of general word, 49 items of collocations

The percentage is calculated as follows:

Grammatical Cohesion:

Reference : 434 / 1120 x100% = 38.7%

Conjunction : 155/ 1120 x 100% = 13.3%

Lexical Cohesion:

Repetition : 337/ 1120 x 100% = 33.1%

Synonym : 54/ 1120 x 100% = 4.8%

Antonymy : 28/ 1120 x 100% = 2.5%

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Superordinat : 50/ 1120 x 100% = 4.4%

General Word : 13/ 1120 x 100% = 1.1%

Collocation : 49/ 1120 x 100% = 4.3%

Based on the percentage above, the dominant cohesion is reference while

the least is general word.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions

Based on the analysis on the previous chapter, the writer concludes that:

1. Barack Obama used Cohesive Device to make his audience easier to

understand his oration and he used all cohesive device to explain and

make convincing his listener to reach an American dream and bring

America moves forward. And also Barack Obama give appreciation to all

of American that supported him to be President of America for the second

times

2. In Barrack Obama Second Victory Speech, the writer has analyzed 106

data which it contains of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.

From all of them, the writer finds that there are 1120 cohesive devices

which consist of 434 items of references, 155 items of conjunctions, 337

items of repetition, 54 items of synonymy, 28 items of antonym, 50 items

of superordinate, 13 items of general word, 49 items of collocations

3. In Barrack Obama’s Second Victory Speech, the writer get a summary

that Obama used reference as dominant cohesive device in this speech.

B. Suggestion

The writer suggests the other students who want to do a research about

cohesion to learn and improve more their knowledge about it so that they can find

the new things beside of what the writer has researched. The writer also

suggests them who are interested to do research about cohesion in literary work

to use another literary work, such film, poetry, short story and etc as their object

research.

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The last, the writer hopes that the other students who are interested in

researching this topic for the next research to apply the concept of cohesion in

order to make a good writing.

75

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alba, Laura and Juez. 2009. Perspectives on Discourse Analysis: Theory and

Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing accessed on

December 20, 2012 at 01.00 p.m. http://www.c-s-p.org/flyers/978-1-

4438-0597-1-sample.pdf.

Ali, S.U. 2009. The analysis of cohesive devices in fairy tales of Grimm’s brother:

“Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”. Unpublish Thesis. Makassar:

Fakultas Sastra Universitas Hasanuddin.

Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cutting, Joan. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. London: Routledge.

Edmondson, Willis. 1981. Spoken Discourse, a model for analysis. London and

New York: Longman.

Gee. J.P. 2005. An introduction to Discourse Analysis. London, New York:

Routledge.

Guardian.co.uk. 2012. Obama Second Victory. Accessed on December 2, 2012.

at 10.00 a.m. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/07/barack-

obama-speech-full-text

Halliday, M.A.K and Hassan, Ruqaiya, 1976. Cohesion in English. Longman Inc:

New York.

Kalilang.D.R. 2009. Formal Links (cohesive devices) of the article of korea

English magazine “Korea’s stance n the face of global warming”.

Unpublish Thesis. Makassar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas

Hasanuddin.

McCharthy, Michael. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers.

Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/07/barack-obama-speech-full-text

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/07/barack-obama-speech-full-text

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Nusu.A.C. 2013. Gramatical and lexical cohesion in speech. Unpublish Thesis.

Makassar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Hasanuddin.

Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Discourse analysis. Oxofd: Brasil Blackwell.

Yurni. 2009. “The analysis of cohesive devices in the Jakarta post newspaper

‘Indonesian bureaucratic reform in the making”. Unpublish Thesis.

Makassar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Hasanuddin.

Wood, Linda A and Kroger, R. O. 2000. Doing Discourse analysis. California:

sage publication, Inc.

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APPENDIX

Barack Obama's victory speech

guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 7 November 2012 08.06 GMT

Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward. (Cheers, applause.)

It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family, and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people. (Cheers, applause.)

Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America, the best is yet to come.

(Cheers, applause.) I want to thank every American who participated in this election. (Cheers, applause.) Whether you voted for the very first time (cheers) or waited in line for a very long time (cheers) – by the way, we have to fix that – (cheers, applause) – whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone (cheers, applause), whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you made your voice heard and you made a difference. (Cheers, applause.)

I just spoke with Governor Romney and I congratulated him and Paul Ryan on a hard-fought campaign. (Cheers, applause.) We may have battled fiercely, but it's only because we love this country deeply and we care so strongly about its future. From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has chosen to give back to America through public service. And that is a legacy that we honour and applaud tonight. (Cheers, applause.) In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Governor Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country forward.

(Cheers, applause.)

I want to thank my friend and partner of the last four years, America's happy warrior, the best vice-president anybody could ever hope for, Joe Biden. (Cheers, applause.)

And I wouldn't be the man I am today without the woman who agreed to marry me 20 years ago. (Cheers, applause.) Let me say this publicly. Michelle, I have never loved you more. (Cheers, applause.) I have never been prouder to watch

http://www.guardian.co.uk/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/nov/07/barack-obama-victory-speech-video



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the rest of America fall in love with you too as our nation's first lady. (Cheers, applause.)

Sasha and Malia – (cheers, applause) – before our very eyes, you're growing up to become two strong, smart, beautiful young women, just like your mom. (Cheers, applause.) And I am so proud of you guys. But I will say that, for now, one dog's probably enough. (Laughter.)

To the best campaign team and volunteers in the history of politics – (cheers, applause) – the best – the best ever – (cheers, applause) – some of you were new this time around, and some of you have been at my side since the very beginning.

(Cheers, applause.) But all of you are family. No matter what you do or where you go from here, you will carry the memory of the history we made together. (Cheers, applause.) And you will have the lifelong appreciation of a grateful president. Thank you for believing all the way – (cheers, applause) – to every hill, to every valley. (Cheers, applause.) You lifted me up the whole day, and I will always be grateful for everything that you've done and all the incredible work that you've put in. (Cheers, applause.)

I know that political campaigns can sometimes seem small, even silly. And that provides plenty of fodder for the cynics who tell us that politics is nothing more than a contest of egos or the domain of special interests. But if you ever get the chance to talk to folks who turned out at our rallies and crowded along a rope line in a high school gym or – or saw folks working late at a campaign office in some tiny county far away from home, you'll discover something else.

You'll hear the determination in the voice of a young field organiser who's working his way through college and wants to make sure every child has that same opportunity. (Cheers, applause.) You'll hear the pride in the voice of a volunteer who's going door to door because her brother was finally hired when the local auto plant added another shift. (Cheers, applause.)

You'll hear the deep patriotism in the voice of a military spouse who's working the phones late at night to make sure that no one who fights for this country ever has to fight for a job or a roof over their head when they come home. (Cheers, applause.)

That's why we do this. That's what politics can be. That's why elections matter. It's not small, it's big. It's important. Democracy in a nation of 300 million can be noisy and messy and complicated. We have our own opinions. Each of us has deeply held beliefs. And when we go through tough times, when we make big decisions as a country, it necessarily stirs passions, stirs up controversy. That won't change after tonight. And it shouldn't. These arguments we have are a mark of our liberty, and we can never forget that as we speak, people in distant nations are risking their lives right now just for a chance to argue about the issues that matter – (cheers, applause) – the chance to cast their ballots like we did today.

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But despite all our differences, most of us share certain hopes for America's future.

We want our kids to grow up in a country where they have access to the best schools and the best teachers – (cheers, applause) – a country that lives up to its legacy as the global leader in technology and discovery and innovation – (scattered cheers, applause) – with all of the good jobs and new businesses that follow.

We want our children to live in an America that isn't burdened by debt, that isn't weakened up by inequality, that isn't threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet. (Cheers, applause.)

We want to pass on a country that's safe and respected and admired around the world, a nation that is defended by the strongest military on Earth and the best troops this – this world has ever known – (cheers, applause) – but also a country that moves with confidence beyond this time of war to shape a peace that is built on the promise of freedom and dignity for every human being.

We believe in a generous America, in a compassionate America, in a tolerant America open to the dreams of an immigrant's daughter who studies in our schools and pledges to our flag – (cheers, applause) – to the young boy on the south side of Chicago who sees a life beyond the nearest street corner – (cheers, applause) – to the furniture worker's child in North Carolina who wants to become a doctor or a scientist, an engineer or an entrepreneur, a diplomat or even a president.

That's the – (cheers, applause) – that's the future we hope for.

(Cheers, applause.) That's the vision we share. That's where we need to go – forward. (Cheers, applause.) That's where we need to go. (Cheers, applause.)

Now, we will disagree, sometimes fiercely, about how to get there. As it has for more than two centuries, progress will come in fits and starts. It's not always a straight line. It's not always a smooth path. By itself, the recognition that we have common hopes and dreams won't end all the gridlock, resolve all our problems or substitute for the painstaking work of building consensus and making the difficult compromises needed to move this country forward.

But that common bond is where we must begin. Our economy is recovering. A decade of war is ending. (Cheers, applause.) A long campaign is now over. (Cheers, applause.) And whether I earned your vote or not, I have listened to you. I have learned from you. And you've made me a better president. And with your stories and your struggles, I return to the White House more determined and more inspired than ever about the work there is to do and the future that lies ahead. (Cheers, applause.)

Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. (Cheers, applause.) You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours.

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And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties to meet the challenges we can only solve together – reducing our deficit, reforming our tax code, fixing our immigration system, freeing ourselves from foreign oil. We've got more work to do. (Cheers, applause.)

But that doesn't mean your work is done. The role of citizens in our democracy does not end with your vote. America's never been about what can be done for us; it's about what can be done by us together, through the hard and frustrating but necessary work of self-government. (Cheers, applause.) That's the principle we were founded on.

This country has more wealth than any nation, but that's not what makes us rich. We have the most powerful military in history, but that's not what makes us strong. Our university, our culture are all the envy of the world, but that's not what keeps the world coming to our shores. What makes America exceptional are the bonds that hold together the most diverse nation on Earth, the belief that our destiny is shared – (cheers, applause) – that this country only works when we accept certain obligations to one another and to future generations, so that the freedom which so many Americans have fought for and died for come with responsibilities as well as rights, and among those are love and charity and duty and patriotism. That's what makes America great. (Cheers, applause.)

I am hopeful tonight because I have seen this spirit at work in America. I've seen it in the family business whose owners would rather cut their own pay than lay off their neighbours and in the workers who would rather cut back their hours than see a friend lose a job. I've seen it in the soldiers who re-enlist after losing a limb and in those Seals who charged up the stairs into darkness and danger because they knew there was a buddy behind them watching their back. (Cheers, applause.) I've seen it on the shores of New Jersey and New York, where leaders from every party and level of government have swept aside their differences to help a community rebuild from the wreckage of a terrible storm. (Cheers, applause.)

And I saw it just the other day in Mentor, Ohio, where a father told the story of his eight-year-old daughter whose long battle with leukaemia nearly cost their family everything had it not been for healthcare reform passing just a few months before the insurance company was about to stop paying for her care. (Cheers, applause.) I had an opportunity to not just talk to the father but meet this incredible daughter of his. And when he spoke to the crowd, listening to that father's story, every parent in that room had tears in their eyes because we knew that little girl could be our own.

And I know that every American wants her future to be just as bright. That's who we are. That's the country I'm so proud to lead as your president. (Cheers, applause.)

And tonight, despite all the hardship we've been through, despite all the frustrations of Washington, I've never been more hopeful about our future.

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(Cheers, applause.) I have never been more hopeful about America. And I ask you to sustain that hope.

[Audience member: "We got your back, Mr President!"]

I'm not talking about blind optimism, the kind of hope that just ignores the enormity of the tasks ahead or the road blocks that stand in our path. I'm not talking about the wishful idealism that allows us to just sit on the sidelines or shirk from a fight. I have always believed that hope is that stubborn thing inside us that insists, despite all the evidence to the contrary, that something better awaits us so long as we have the courage to keep reaching, to keep working, to keep fighting. (Cheers, applause.)

America, I believe we can build on the progress we've made and continue to fight for new jobs and new opportunities and new security for the middle class. I believe we can keep the promise of our founding, the idea that if you're willing to work hard, it doesn't matter who you are or where you come from or what you look like or where you love. It doesn't matter whether you're black or white or Hispanic or Asian or Native American or young or old or rich or poor, abled, disabled, gay or straight. (Cheers, applause.) You can make it here in America if you're willing to try.

(Cheers, applause.)

I believe we can seize this future together because we are not as divided as our politics suggests. We're not as cynical as the pundits believe. We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions and we remain more than a collection of red states and blue states. We are, and forever will be, the United States of America. (Cheers, applause.)

And together, with your help and God's grace, we will continue our journey forward and remind the world just why it is that we live in the greatest nation on earth. (Cheers, applause.) Thank you, America. (Cheers, applause.) God bless you. God bless these United States. (Cheers, applause.)

cohesion in barack obama’s second victory speech …

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