cognitive psychology. overview what is cognitive psychology? study of how the mind works, not why we...
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Cognitive Psychology
Overview
• What is Cognitive Psychology?• Study of HOW the mind works, not WHY we
do what we do• Focuses on the day-to-day functions of the
human mind• When you read and think about the question
“What is Cognitive Psychology? “ you are engaging in cognition
What is Mind?
• “He was able to call to mind what he was doing on the day of the accident.”
• “If you put your mind to it, you can do anything!”
• “I haven’t made up my mind yet.”• “I’m of two minds about it.”• “Dude is out of his mind.”• “She has a brilliant mind.”
What is Mind?
• Definition: A system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals
• The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning
What do Cognitive Researchers Study?
• Sensation/Perception• Cognitive Neuroscience• Pattern Recognition and Attention• Consciousness• Memory• Representation of Knowledge• Mental Imagery• Language• Thinking and Concept Formation• Artificial Intelligence
Cognitive Theory Involves an Information Processing Analogy
• Acquisition• Storage• Retrieval• Use
Cognitive Approach to Psychology
• Focuses on Mental Processes and Mental Structures• This translates to structural models and process
models
Why Study Cognitive Psychology?
• Cognitive theory affects every area of Psychology
• Theory and Application
Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science
• Cognitive Psychology is a subdivision of Cognitive Science
• Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary study of the nature of knowledge and its use
Some Fields Related to Cognitive Science
LinguisticsPhilosophyNeuroscienceAnthropologySpeech and Hearing ScienceMathematicsComputer sciencePhysicsSociologyEconomics
Historical Roots of Cognitive Psychology
• Greek Philosophers• Nativist (nature) vs.
Empiricist (nurture) views of mind
• The Enlightenment
Late 1800s
• Wilhelm Wundt + Edward Titchener– Introspection– Mental chronometry
• Hermann Ebbinghaus– Sinnlose silben
• William James “Principles of Psychology” 1890
Early 1900s
• Gestalt Psychology– “Whole is greater than
the sum of the individual parts”
• Tolman – cognitive maps
• Bartlett (1932) “Remembering”
The Birth of Cognitive Psychology
• Sept. 11, 1956 MIT symposium on Information Science
• Miller (1956) "The Magical number seven, plus or minus two......."
• Chomsky (1957) “Syntactic Structures”
• Neisser (1967) "Cognitive Psychology"
Other Early Influences
• Post WW II Human Engineering• Cybernetic Systems Theory• Communications Engineering • Early Computer Science
– Newell & Simon - 1950's – programs that play chess, solve problems
• Turing (1950) - "Computing machinery and intelligence“
• Can machines think? The Turing Test or "imitation game“
Current Influences on the Field
• Neuroscience• Genetics• Evolutionary
Psychology• Computer Science
– Information processing– Neural net algorithms– Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Goal is to develop machines/programs as intelligent as humans• Cybernetic Organisms vs. Robotics
Computational Machine
• 3 components of a computational machine:– Representations– Algorithms– Physical device
Issues in AI
• Does equivalent performance = intelligence?• Can machines demonstrate independent
thought? Creativity? Reproduction?• Sentience and consciousness?• Will robots be treated like people?
Computing Power and Intelligence
• Kurzweil (1999) - "The Age of Spiritual Machines"
• Machine computing power– 1910-1950 - doubled in power every 3 years– 1950-1966 - doubled every 2 years– 1966-now - doubled every year
• Human brain computing power - 20 million billion calculations/sec
• 2020 – typical PC will have this power
• 2030 - small city of human brains
• 2050 - all human brains on earth
Applications: Human Factors
• Human-Machine interfaces• Automotive technology• Communications technology
Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
• Psychophysical methods• Single-cell studies• Reaction time (mental chronometry)• Eye-tracking• Lateralization studies• Case studies• Brain imaging