cognitive modeling - lecture 3: basic features of cogent · the cogent environment modeling...
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Cognitive ModelingLecture 3: Basic Features of Cogent
Sharon Goldwater
School of InformaticsUniversity of [email protected]
January 18, 2010
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 1
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
1 The Cogent EnvironmentPrincipal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
2 Modeling LanguageOverviewSyntaxUnification
3 Example TaskFree RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Based on the Cogent tutorial held by Rick Cooper at the CognitiveScience Conference, Philadelphia, 2000.Reading: Cooper (2002: Ch. 2).
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Cogent: Principal Features
Cogent offers the following features:
a visual programming environment;
research program management tools;
a range of standard functional components;
an expressive rule-based modeling language andimplementation system;
automated data visualization tools;
a powerful model testing environment.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Visual Programming in Cogent
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 4
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Research Program Management
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 5
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Standard Functional Components
A library of components is supplied:
memory buffers;rule-based processes;simple connectionist networks;data input/output devices.
Components can be configured for different applications.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Data Visualization Tools: Tables
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 7
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Data Visualization Tools: Graphs
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
Data Visualization Tools: Pictures
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing
The Model Testing Environment
Visualization tools are dynamically updated;
facilities are included to trace inter-componentcommunication;
a flexible “scripting” environment allows:
models to be run over multiple blocks of trials;multiple “subjects” to be run over multiple blocks;automated parameter varying “meta-experiments”.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
OverviewSyntaxUnification
Rule-Based Modeling Language
Processes may contain rules such as:
IF minuend(X) is in Working Memorysubtrahend(X) is in Working Memory
THEN add equal(minuend, subtrahend) to Working Memorysend difference(0) to Write Answer
Cogent’s representation language is based on Prolog.
We will use teletype for terms and boldface for buffers.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
OverviewSyntaxUnification
Rule-Based Modeling Language
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 12
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
OverviewSyntaxUnification
Basic Syntax
Cogent’s representational unit is the term. Terms include
Numbers: reals or integers. Ex: 6, 6.0.
Atoms: any string of letters, digits, or ‘ ’ beginning with alower-case letter. Ex: apple, b0, myName, response count.
Variables: any string of letters, digits, or ‘ ’ beginning with anupper-case letter or ‘ ’. Ex: Apple, B0, MyName, count.
Lists: for representing sequences; consist of comma-separatedterms. Ex: [a, b, c], [X], [].
Compound terms: for representing structured information;consist of a functor and arguments. Ex: word(apple),date(6, jan).
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
OverviewSyntaxUnification
Unification
The power of Cogent’s representational system comes fromunifying terms, binding variables to values (or to other variables).
IF word(Word) is in Stimulithe current cycle is Cycle
THEN send memorize(Word) to Subjectdelete word(Word) from Stimuliadd presented(Word, Cycle) to Stimuli
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
OverviewSyntaxUnification
Rules of Unification
Variables match anything.
Compound terms must have matching functors and arity.
Lists must have matching lengths.
Terms Unifies as BindingsX, word(Word) word(Word) X → word(Word)f(a,B,c), f(X,Y,Z) f(a,B,c) X → a, Y → B, Z → cf(X), g(a) failsf([a,B],[]), f([B,B],B) fails
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Task: Free Recall
Classical experiment on word learning:
on each trial, the subject is presented with a list of 25 words;
the subject is told to try to memorize the words;
after an interval, the subject must recall as many words aspossible.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Free Recall: Empirical Findings
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Top Level
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Subject
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Task environment
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 20
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Stimuli
Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 21
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Editing stimuli
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Stimuli properties
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Task environment
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Presenting stimuli to subject
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
The Modal Model: Messages
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
Create propositional buffer by clicking on button:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
Double-click new buffer to name it and edit properties. STS hasLimited Capacity of 7:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
Open I/O Process and add an If...Then... rule:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
Double-click rule to edit:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
The rule to transfer words to STS:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
Add a read arrow from I/O Process to STS:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
The rule to recall words from STS (use Add Condition → match):
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
Recall graph now shows a recency effect (output is for 20 trials):
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Building the Short Term Store
What causes the recency effect? If we changed the propertiesof STS, could we change the shape of the graph?
Watch the Messages view of Input/Output. What happensthere now when you run (or single-step) through a trial?
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
The modal model also includes:
a long term store (LTS);
a rehearsal process to transfer information from STS to LTS;
the possibility to recall from either STS or LTS.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
The rehearsal rule:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
To recall from either STS or LTS, we define a new condition byclicking the f(X) :- g(X) button and editing the definition:
Read :- as ‘if’: recall(Word) is true if Word is in STS.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
What causes the Primacy Effect?
Monitor the Messages view of the I/O Process. Why does themodel sometimes recall the same word twice in the same trial?
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Adding the Long Term Store
The current output (left) still doesn’t match the output from theintro (right). What is different? Why?
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Decay, Time, and Rehearsal
Add decay to LTS. Explore different decay rates.
Change the rehearsal rate by adding another copy of therehearsal rule.
All memorized words are currently recalled in parallel. Makethe recall process serial.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Decay, Time, and Rehearsal
The serial recall rule:
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
Decay, Time, and Rehearsal
Explore the effect of the Access property of each buffer. Playwith these (and other) parameters to see how they affect themodel’s behavior.
The Experimenter system is written using standard Cogent.Try to discover how it works.
Go on to develop the model into something substantial.
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The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language
Example Task
Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal
References
Cooper, Richard P. 2002. Modelling High-Level Cognitive Processes. LawrenceErlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
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