cognitive development - piaget schemas – action plans based on past experience assimilation –...
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Cognitive Development - Piaget Schemas – action plans based on past experience
Assimilation – new experiences/objects/events are incorporated into existing schemas
Accommodation – existing schemas are modified, new schemas created
Cognitive Development - Piaget
Stage Age
Range
Characteristics and Achievements
Sensorimotor 0–2 years Differentiates self from objects and other people, seeks interesting sights, develops object permanence, and basic understanding of causality; begins to imitate and engage in imaginative play
Preoperational 2–7 years Begins to use symbols and language; problem solving is intuitive, and thinking is egocentric, irreversible, centered
Concrete operations 7–12 years Can reason logically about present objects, grasps concept of conservation, can take the perspective of another person, can organize objects into classes and series
Formal operations > 12 years Thinking is flexible and complex; can think about abstract ideas and hypotheses
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Cognitive Development - Piaget
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Sensorimotor – Object permanence
Preoperational – egocentrism,
incapable of conservation, compensation
Concrete Operations – conservation, reversibility
Formal Operations – hypothetico-deductive thinking, imaginary audience, personal fable
Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory
Strengths Links between cognition and social reactions
Object permanence, Egocentrism
Weaknesses Not enough acknowledgement of how children’s interactions
with others (vs. objects in the environment) contributes to development
Neglect of social, emotional, and cultural influences on development
Stage theory criticized
Consider Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory Nature, Nurture, or Both?
Active or Passive?
Continuous or Discontinuous?
Situation, Personality, or Both?
Universal, Cultural, or Both?Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie
Yarwood
Cognitive Developmental –Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Development emerges from interactions with
more skilled people and the institutions and tools provided by the culture
Principles of cultural influence
Zone of Proximal Development
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Evaluation of Vygotsky’s Theory Strengths
Focused on assessing child potential via the ZPD Offered new perspective on ways to teach children Increased focus on cultural variation and historical
influence Weaknesses
Not clear how interactions between partners shift over the course of development
Not clear how other areas of development contribute to the types of contexts that are made available to children
Measurement of ZPD is difficult
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Consider Vygotsky
Nature, Nurture, or Both?
Active or Passive?
Continuous or Discontinuous?
Situation, Personality, or Both?
Universal, Cultural, or Both?Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie
Yarwood
Systems Theory Perspective Systems approach - describes how children’s
development is affected by the interacting components that form one of these systems as well as by single factors within the system
Recall Levels of Analyses Dyadic → triadic → long-term → social groups → social
networks → society/culture
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Ecological Contexts
Microsystem - the context in which children live and interact with the people and institutions closest to them
Mesosystem - interrelations among the components of the microsystem
Exosystem - the collection of settings that influence a child’s development but in which the child does not play a direct role
Ecological Contexts
Macrosystem - the system representing the values, ideologies, and laws of the society or culture
Chronosystem - the time-based dimension
What is the system?
Prenatal exposure to alcohol is associated with ADHD in children
13
What is the system?
Parents and teachers punish children diagnosed with ADHD, leading these children to develop academic problems and poor peer relationships
14
What is the system?
Low-weight children are less likely to develop ADHD when their mother express warmth toward them.
What is the system? 70% of children with ADHD who took a
stimulant showed improvement in academic performance and peer relationships.
What is the system?
The prevalence of ADHD is increasing. Some suggest that this rise in ADHD is due to the compulsory schooling requirement set forth by the government.
What is the system?
Section 504 of the American Disabilities Act was passed in 1973. This act provides reasonable accommodations for students and employees diagnosed with ADHD.
Evaluation of Bronfenbrenner’s Theory Strengths
Attention to broad range of influential contexts Provides a bridge to other disciplines
Weaknesses Useful descriptive guide but does not explain
processes Does not explain how different contexts have
different influences across development Can be difficult to categorize variables within one
systemCopyright © 2015 M. Guthrie
Yarwood
Consider Bronfenbrenner
Nature, Nurture, or Both?
Active or Passive?
Continuous or Discontinuous?
Situation, Personality, or Both?
Universal, Cultural, or Both?Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie
Yarwood
Biological Perspectives Ethological theory - theory that behavior must
be viewed in a particular context and as having adaptive or survival value
Critical Period vs. Sensitive Period
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Critical vs. Sensitive PeriodsCritical
Begins/ends abruptly
Period beyond which a phenomenon will not appear
Lorenz = viewed as completely fixed
Sensitive Begins/ends
gradually Period of maximal
sensitivity Greater flexibility in
boundaries of time
Evidence for Critical Period Konrad Lorenz goslings
Case Studies of children living in deprived environments (e.g., Victor the Wild Child, Genie)
The earlier children learn a second (or ALS) language, the better their performance on a language test as adults Somewhere around age 7 or earlier
Evidence against a critical period Previously, time b/w birth and age 3 was
most important critical period
Poor diet before 3 years can be corrected after age 3
If most important period was before age 3, we would solved many problems within developmental psychology!
Evaluation of Ethological Theory Strengths
Discoveries regarding social development based on animal research
Combo of Biology and Environ: Instincts need the right environment to develop properly
Weaknesses Largely descriptive Narrowly defined “critical” period with regard to
human development
Biological Perspectives – Evolutionary Developmental Thy Focus on behaviors that ensured past
survival of the species
Central principle: parents give their children attention and resources to ensure the passage of their genes through the next generation
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Evaluation of Evolutionary Developmental Theory Strengths
Brings attention to adaptive value of several behaviors observed in childhood
Weaknesses Limited relevance for addressing issues
associated with rapid changes, such as new technological advances or sudden social shifts
Post hoc explanations
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Biological Perspectives – Human Behavior Genetics Focuses on the relative contributions of
heredity and environment to individual differences
Strengths Emphasis on environmental causes of behavior
Weaknesses Need more specific measure of environment
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
A Variety of Theoretical Perspectives No single theory adequately addresses social
development Contemporary theories focus on specified
domains Some theories are better at explaining some
aspects of social behavior than others All theories are needed to address the broad
nature of social development
Copyright © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood