cognitive \ behavioural core terminology cognitive event thoughts and images that occur seemingly of...

$: Cognitive \ Behavioural Core Terminology Cognitive Event Thoughts and images that occur seemingly of their own volition in our stream of consciousness$
Cognitive \ Behavioural

Core Terminology

Cognitive EventThoughts and images that occur seemingly of their own volition in our stream of consciousness

Cognitive ProcessesThe process we use to appraise and transform

external stimuli

Cognitive Structures

Beliefs, values and attitudes concerning ideas, people and personal experiences

Inner speech

Self talk, covert self instruction or inner dialogue


Three Focal Areas of Cognitive Behavioural Approach

Cognitive Structures

Inner Speech or Inner Dialogue

Behaviour


Three Major Theories

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Cognitive Behavioural Modification


Albert Ellis – Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy

Ellis

“It is not the events in our lives that directly influence our feelings and our behaviour, it is what we believe about these events that directly influences our feelings and subsequent behaviour”


The ABC’s

A Activating event

B Belief

C Consequence Affect


Activating EventsEvents in our lives that draw our attention or

involvementBeliefs

How we understand the activating events

Rational Beliefs

Ideas based on logic and factual information

Irrational Beliefs

Ideas that are illogical (defy reason) or untrue (not supported by evidence)

Cognitive \ Behavioural---------------

What you think(B) How you feel (C) What you do

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"She didn't bother Annoyed Chew her out, or to let me know she or angry act chilly, when was delayed." she does show up "It doesn't matter Indifferent Nothing in to me whether particular people are on time." "I needed the time Relieved Relax and enjoy to fix the house up yourself anyway."Dr. John Winston Bush - Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:New York Institute for Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies - www.cognitive-behavior-therapy.org

A


Learning Beliefs

We learn our beliefs about ideas and concepts through modeling, operant conditioning and conceptual development

Levels of Belief

1. The objective object, idea or event

2. Language that represents the object idea or event3. The concept that allows classification, differentiation and generalization

4. The value, feeling or judgment of quality of the object,event or idea


Source of Irrational Belief

1. Problem in assigning language

2. Problem in classification, generalization or discrimination

3. Problem in judgment


Process of Unlearning Beliefs: Cognitive Restructuring

Steps1. Client recognizes emotional and or behavioural signals that

something is wrong

2. Client identifies events (A) associated with signals

3. Client identifies beliefs (B) that mediate between A & C

4. Client attempts to dispute the beliefs

5. Client generates rational beliefs

6. Client develops plan to internalize rational beliefs


Identifying Rational Thoughts - AFROG

1. Does this thinking keep me Alive?

2. Does this thinking make me Feel better?

3. Is this thinking based on Reality?

4. Does this thinking help me get along with

Others?

5. Does this thinking help me reach my Goals


Advantages of Cognitive Restructuring Over B Mod

If the child’s behaviour is motivate by a strong belief modifying the behaviour will be difficult without addressing the belief

Client often has more control over their beliefs than they do over external events such as antecedents and consequences

If beliefs change there is a greater change of generalization

You are teaching the client a skill as well as changing the behaviour. A skill that can be applied to other situations


Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy - Summary

Basic Premise

Man’s problems are based on behaviours which are directed by irrational cognitive structures which produce false beliefs about life events and ideas

Treatment Approach

Cognitive Restructuring


Behavioural Change with REBT

Altered Cognitive Structures

Changes Internal Dialogue

Changes Behaviour


Aaron Beck – Cognitive Behavioural TherapyMaladaptive behaviours are a result of the

client’s particular thinking process

Faulty Thinking StylesArbitrary Inference – drawing conclusions without evidence

Magnification – exaggeration of the meaning of an event

Cognitive Deficiency – disregard for an important aspect of a life situation


Faulty Thinking Styles – cont.

Dichotomous Reasoning – oversimplification and rigid perception of an event

Overgeneralization – single instance generalized to universal significance


Steps in Behavioural Change

1. Client recognizes and monitors his cognitions and the relationship between these cognitions and behaviour

2. Client realizes that his interpretations of daily experience is unrealistic. Use of instance identification

3. Client generates alternative cognitions based on

appropriate thinking


Behavioural Change with Cognitive Behavioural

Altered Thinking Processes

Changes Internal Dialogue

Changes Behaviour


D. Meichenbaum – Cognitive Behaviour ModificationSelf statements or client’s self verbalizations affect a

person’s behaviour much the same as statements made by another person. For change to occur clients need to interrupt the scripted nature of their behaviour

Phases of Behaviour Change

Phase 1 – self observation

Phase 2 – Initiating new dialogue

Phase 3 – Learning new skills


Self Observation

Recognition of maladaptive behaviour

Initiation of New DialogueRecognition of maladaptive behaviour must

come to elicit inner speech that is different in content from that engaged in prior to change

Learning Skills

The altered speech must trigger coping behaviours


Cognitive Behavioural Modification

Cognitive Structure

The organizational aspect of thinking that seems to monitor and direct the strategy route and choice of thoughts

The source of the scripts from which all dialogue is borrowed


Steps in Self instruction

Cognitive Modeling

An external individual performs the task while talking to themselves out loud

Overt External Guidance

Client performs same task under supervision

Overt Self Guidance

Client performs the task while instructing themselves out loud

Faded overt Self Guidance

Client performs the task while whispering the instructions to themselvesCovert Self Instruction

Client performs the task while guiding their performance with inner speech


Value of Self Instruction

1. Increased distinctiveness of stimulus attribution2. Direct client’s attention to relevant dimensions of the situation

3. Assist in formulation of hypothesis

4. Structured way to maintain information in short term memory


Other Cognitive Techniques

Verbal Mediation

Problem Solving


Verbal Mediation

Overt or covert attempts to mediate between the antecedent situation and potentially maladaptive behaviour

Mediating Questions

What was I planning to do?

Why shouldn’t I do it?

What should I be doing instead?

Why should I do that?


Problem Solving Skills

A behavioural process which makes available a variety of potentially effective response alternatives for dealing with the problematic situation and increases the probability of selecting the most effective response from among these alternatives

Recognize a problem

Define the problem and goal

Generate alternative solutions

Evaluate the solutions

Design a plan

cognitive \ behavioural core terminology cognitive event thoughts and images that occur seemingly of...

Documents

behavioural signals

cognitive restructuring

idea slide

beliefs b

judgment slide

john winston bush cognitive

involvement beliefs

inner dialogue slide