coevolution. between plants and animals a relationship develops between two organisms such that, as...
TRANSCRIPT
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Coevolution
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Coevolution
• Between plants and animals
• A relationship develops between two organisms such that, as they interact with each other over time, each exerts a selection pressure on the other.
• Evolution of each becomes interdependent on that interaction
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Coevolution
• “a reciprocally induced evolutionary change over time between two organisms”
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Types of relationships...
A B
Neutral 0 0 Neither population
exerts influence on the
other
Mutualism + + Both populations
benefit
Commensalism + 0 One population
benefits, other neutral
Predation + - Predator benefits, prey
does not
Parasitism + - One benefits, host is
affected negatively
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Symbiotic relationshipAnts and Acacia tress
Beltian bodiesthorns
nectaries
Ants, caterpillars and acacia
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How is it a mutual relationship?
• Ants provide tree services too! Attack herbivores, chew up nearby trees so Acacias aren’t in shadows.
• Tree provides ants- nectar for food, thorns for nest, protein rich Beltian bodies (on leaf tips)
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Example #2- Figs and Wasps
synconium
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Why is it mutually beneficial?
• Reproductive system of both are tied together.
• Fig benefits from pollination
• Wasps benefit by having a food source for larva
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Some primate examples
• Mutualism– Seed dispersal– Pollination
• Predation– Seed predation
• Parasitism– Strangling fig– Polyspecific associations
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Plants and Seed Dispersal
•Processing techniques•Dispersal location•Seeds’ Mechanical properties •Shape- Oval seeds•Size- large seeds•Color?
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Processing technique
Damage seedMolars used
Undamaged seedIncisor used
brown lemur Sifaka
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Dispersal location
• Not under the tree- tree shadow (why?)
• Lemurs have short gut passage rate (less than 30 minutes)
• So there must be some travel away from parent tree.
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Seeds fate?
• Not get eaten by secondary predator (rats)
• Buried or in enough feces to germinate
• Seedling survival (limited- 1 out of 4000 seeds)
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Seed properties
• Should be resistent to chewing
• Oval shape facilitates swallowing whole
• Color attractive to primate (bright?)
• Large to prevent damage
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Pollination
• Morphological adaptations
• Flower size, color, smell
• Number of plants visited
• Flower handling
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Morphology
• Muzzle length• Tongue (lemur
picture)
Ruffed lemur
Mouse lemur
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Flower morphology
• Large flowers• Tough petals• Produce copious
nectar• Brightly colored• Smell strongly
Traveler’s palm
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Visits and handling
• Must visit more than one tree with flowers to transfer pollen
• Need to handle flowers carefully so don’t destroy reproductive parts.
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Seed PredationSeed Predation
Fruit and seeds
Eats seeds
protects seeds
Fruits simultaneously
Still eats seeds but not all seeds
Thwarts protection
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Parasitism
Strangling fig Polyspecific associations- not trueCoevolved relationships
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Summary tableSummary tablePollination Seed-Disp Seed- Pred.
Target Nectar Fruit, Seeds Seeds
Cues smell, color size, color,smell
size, color,smell
Adv. to plant
pollentransfer
Move seedsaway
None
Adv. to primate
Food Foodalthoughseeds notuseful(heavy)
Food
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Are these really examples of Coevolution?
??
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Seed Dispersal: Not a tight relationship
• Seeds fate once on the ground?
• Seedling survival?• Not dependent on
one organism for dispersal- secondary dispersers
Dung beetle
Agouti
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Pollination: not a tight relationship
• Flowers can rely on many different pollinators (insects, bats, birds, mammals)
• BUT- Madagascar- limited pollinators (few bats, birds)
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Once upon a time...
• In general, a hard relationship to document- a bit of “story” telling
• Evolutionary Story Telling- the Angiosperm hypothesis (Handout in coursepack)