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187COET

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IP- BASED NETWORKS

A Case Study of the University of Dar es Salaam Local Area Network

Cuthbert Ed’Benny Msuya Amos

Master of Science (EIT), July 2006

Performance is a key criterion in the design, procurement, and use of computer and communication sys-tems such as IP networks, and as such, the goal of both network operators and end users is to get thehighest performance for a given cost.

In order to address problems associated with performance degradation of operational communicationssystems, over the last decade, traffic engineering techniques have emerged in an attempt to optimize com-munication systems’ performance and ensure more efficient use of their resources. One of these techniquesis analytical modeling.

Analytic performance models are an excellent tool for quickly evaluating the performance of opera-tional or new systems. They are also well suited to comparing the performance of several alternativedesigns.

This thesis explores different techniques used for performance evaluation studies. Performance analysisand modeling of the University of Dar es Salaam IP network is then carried out. By matching theautocovariance function and the marginal distribution of the counting process of traffic traces measuredfrom the University of Dar es Salaam network, the use of Markov Modulated Poisson Process trafficModels (MMPP) for traffic traces exhibiting the Long Range Dependence and Self-Similar characteristicswithin limited time scales is validated. Finally, the use of the MMPP models for further performance studies(queuing analysis) of the University of Dar es Salaam IP network is recommended.

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STUDY ON ISSUES THAT DETERMINE ATTAINMENT OF ROBUST AND HIGHQUALITY OF SERVICE ON VoIP SYSTEM

John Ben Ngatunga

Master of Science (EIT), October2008

Voice over IP (VoIP) also known as IP Telephony (IPT) has been in existence for many years. It has onlyrecently begun to take off as a viable alternative to Traditional Public Switched Telephone Networks(PSTN). Interest and acceptance has been driven by the attractive cost efficiencies, innovation supportand improved access to communications services that organizations can achieve by leveraging a single IPnetwork to support both data and voice over their Internet or intranet.

However, these new technologies pose challenges for regulators, because they do not fit neatly withinthe regulatory model of the recent past, which in many countries have traditionally treated voice and dataservices differently.

188 University of Dar es Salaam

Nevertheless, there seems to be a growing recognition in national and international bodies that these issuesneed to be resolved in ways that permit IP technologies to be used for voice communications, this willadvance the goal of affordable services, support the deployment of the broadband networks and servicesthat represent the future of communications in the era of digital convergence.

This dissertation explores VoIP implementation fundamentals, focusing on VoIP infrastructure consid-erations for an organization or a company to deploy VoIP: VoIP bandwidth consideration (network ca-pacity), quality of service (QoS) consideration, voice quality consideration, network devices, SessionInitiation Protocol (SIP) and network assessment. The study would challenge the VoIP Service Providersto tackle more complex issues in the Internet protocol in order to deploy a secure, reliable and highperformance VoIP network.

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CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMSIMPLEMENTATION: A Case Study of Local Contractors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Anna Jeremiah Maluila

MEM (Project Management) Dissertation November, 2008

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are now being hailed as a foundation for integration of orga-nization-wide information systems. This study examines the applicability of Enterprise Resource Planningsystems implementations as a tool for planning and managing resources in execution of projects in order toimprove efficiency and increase profitability in Tanzanian construction industry and the constraint thathinder implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning systems.

The literature review, participant’s observations, research interviews research questionnaires and casestudy methodology was used to examine the contractors’ perceptions in implementations of ERPs in con-struction industry. Data are collected from Government and non- Government officials/firms involved inconstruction industry sector which includes professionals’ engineers, project managers and technical stafffrom different contractors.

The study identifies that 55% of local contractor in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were planning to imple-ment Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, 42% had no plan completely, but very few (2%) localcontractors have so far implemented such systems, the reason is that implementation of any ERP systemneeds a huge investment in terms of time, money and resources. However, when implemented to solve theright problems, Enterprise Resource Planning systems can be a powerful tool for business improvement.

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189COET

INVESTIGATION OF DEFLUORIDATION OF DRINKING WATER BY USING TITA-NIUM DIOXIDE LOADED MONTMORILLONITE

A Case Study of Tanzania

Barnabas Konga

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering), August, 2007

Titanium dioxide loaded Montmorillonite was investigated as a media for fluoride removal from drinkingwater. The objective was to investigate the loading required for the defluoridation process of drinkingwater. Media preparation involved mixing Titanium dioxide with different Montmorillonite masses whilekeeping the mass of Titanium dioxide constant at 5g and varying the mass of Montmorillonite, and then theresulting mixture was dried in an oven at 300oC so as to obtain the media which was used to removefluoride at different initial concentrations.

Batch and column experiment studies were investigated in the laboratory and the results showed that50% Titanium dioxide loaded Montmorillonite performed better the removal process by removal efficien-cies of 55.8% and 86.76% for the initial concentrations of 10mg/l and 4mg/l respectively with absorptioncapacity of 4.105mg/g for the adsorption equilibrium time of 5hours.

At initial concentration of 10mg/l, pH of 3 and 4 gave the higher efficiencies of 57.9% 57.05% meaningthat optimum pH range occurs in acidic condition. The experimental results shows that fluoride adsorptiondata of 50% Titanium dioxide loading fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich model of adsorption isothermswith R squared values of 0.9697 and 0.9472 respectively.

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STUDY ON EFFECTS OF INNOVATION TO BUSINESS PERFORMANCE

The Case of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprise

Baraka Mdima

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management) November 2008

Although research has been done on innovation, none of the review had tried to relate effects of innovationon business performance .There are limited literature sources both practical and academic that link innova-tion with business performance. Also, there are a few studies that address knowledge gap of integratinginnovation in business performance. Thus, the study aimed at studying effects of innovation on businessperformance with focus on SME manufacturing sector. The main objective of this research was to studythe effects of innovation on business performance amongst Tanzanian SME manufacturing firms.

The objectives of this research were achieved through survey of 40 randomly selected owner and ormanagers of manufacturing enterprises by using structured survey questionnaire and embedded interview.


The study was limited to Dar es Salaam as the Tanzania industrial and commercial city.The research revealed that innovation capacity level in terms of technology; research and development andmanagerial capacity are very low to support significant industrial performance. Also the study indicatedthat there was very close relationship between innovation and business performance.

The researcher recommended that more effort should be used to build innovation capacity policymakers, managers and / or owners as well as employees in innovation practices. Furthermore, the govern-ment, businesses and training as well as research and development institutions should jointly developintegrated national innovation system to make innovation practices sustainable.

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A STUDY ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CASHEW NUTS FORDEVELOPMENT OF HARVESTING AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Rashid Bakari Nankokonumbi

Master of Science (Production Engineering) November, 2007

This study investigated physical and mechanical properties of cashew nuts grown in Tanzania, importantfor equipment development. The dimensions of three principal axes (width, length, thickness) and mass ofcashew nuts were measured. Coefficient of friction on plywood, hardwood, canvas, mild steel, plastic andgalvanized steel and bulk density together with the angle of repose were determined. The coefficients offriction on various surfaces were found to be between 0.23 and 0.46 and the static repose angle was23º.The cashew nut sizes ranged from 24 to 41mm in length, 13 to18mm in thickness and 18 to 27mmwide.

Raw and steamed nuts were subjected to compression loads in three different directions using flatsurfaces. The breaking forces for raw nuts ranged from 500 to 700N. While for steamed (boiled) cashewnuts were from 100 to 142N.The obtained parameters will be very valuable in the design and developmentof future cashew nut harvesting, handling and processing systems. On the other hand, it was found thatloading orientation, size of sample and sample pre treatment affect the values of force required to break thenut and its failure pattern.

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MODELLING OF HEAVY METALS TRANSPORT IN RIVER USING A MATHEMATI-CAL MODEL DUFLOW - GEITA WETLAND

Sambwe P. Sijabaje

Master of Science in Engineering (Water Resources) July, 2007

Lake Victoria is extensively covered with natural wetlands, which play an important role in functioning ofthe Lake. Geita wetlands are the most affected by human activities. In particular the industrial miningactivities and the small scale mining activities have affected the swamps of Geita.

191COET

This study involved modelling of wetland processes using the DUFLOW within the wetland system. Thestudy uses the existing data such as Copper, Mercury, Nickel, organic and inorganic suspended solids anddissolved organic matter.

Under the discussion of results in this research study heavy metals concentrations were recorded andanalysed as time series at both inlet and outlet points of the wetlands. The increase efficiency for Nickelranging between 1.36% and 34.27% but for case Copper the efficiency is high i.e. 58. 82%.

The model performed a little bit better in simulating the Organic and Inorganic Suspended Solids con-centrations in the wetlands. But this is not the case for Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) andDissolved Organic Matter (DOM). The space variation of simulation results shows that the simulatedvalues of all quality variables decrease as you go far away from a point source.

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TOWARDS A SYSTEMIC POLICY FOR ENHANCING VOLUNTARY OCCUPATIONAL,HEALTH AND SAFETY COMPLIANCE IN TANZANIA

Gift Rugalemula Ishemwabula

Master of Engineering Management (MEM) November 2008

Occupational Health and Safety is crucial and relevant goal for business and employers who wish to havea safe and productive workforce, for reasons of business continuity and from the need to create goodreputation to the general public and other stakeholders.

Safe work enhances firm’s competitiveness and financial success.In Tanzania, Occupational Health and Safety is a main concern, the activities are not given their due

weight and non-compliance is becoming more or less a common practice. The industry is lacking occupa-tional health and safety policy to guide the activities. It is the objective of this study is to recommend keyissues that such a policy should take into account. In order to realise this objective the study was inspiredby the philosophy and theory of system thinking and Total quality management. The two philosophies wereheavily used to draw up key elements of the policy for enhancing a voluntary occupational health andsafety compliance.

The study has revealed that, there is a serious Occupational Health and Safety non-compliance amongstakeholders, and has proposed key issues to be considered in the formulation of a systemic based policyfor enhancing voluntary occupational health and Safety in Tanzania.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITYBASED CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN TANZANIA: A Case of PEDP and SEDP

Sambo George Mahona

Master of Engineering Management, November, 2008

This dissertation assessed and identified factors which contribute towards improper implementation ofcommunity based construction projects, particularly construction projects under PEDP and SEDP inBiharamulo and Chato districts in Kagera region.


Qualitative and Quantitative data were gathered from 112 out of 151 respondents . Data were collected atMinistry level (MoEVT), district level, school level and community level, using structured interviews, mainlythrough questionnaire.

The study revealed that the technical capacity at district level in terms of project management at lowerlevels does not suffice, the funds allocated by Central Government as counterpart funds are not adequateand delayed, and political interference, have been identified as obstacles

The study concludes that Community Construction projects will always be successful only when thecommunity is well empowered in terms of capacity building, the projects are commenced on time, pro-gressed smoothly, completed in time, within budget, to the planned quality and with community willingness.

The research recommends Capacity building at lower levels, timely disbursement of adequate counter-part funds, and consideration of geographical locations during funds allocation and sensitization to politicalleaders with regard to Community Based Project

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IMPACT OF LAND USE/COVER CHANGE ON STORM RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH:

A Scenario Study at Ngomberi Catchment

Theobald Temba

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management July, 2007

This study was carried out to assess the impact of land use/cover change on the storm runoff hydrographin the Ngomberi catchment. Three sets of land use data were developed in raster format from satelliteimages for 1976, 1987 and 2000 by using ILWIS 3.0 and ArcView GIS 3.2 software. The simulationswere done using the geographical information system-based hydrological model for Ngomberi catchmentdeveloped by Kimaro and Mbando 2006. The modeling is based on division of the catchment into a gridmesh of 200m spatial resolution. Each cell has a unique response function independent of the functioning ofother cells. Summation of the flow responses from the cells results in the storm runoff contribution from thecatchment. The results of this study revealed that the land use/cover change between 1976 and 2000 are15.81% and 21.72% increase for Dense bush land and Mixed Cropping respectively and 42.07%, 16.17%,0.86% decrease of Ice Cap, Natural Forest and Cultivation with Tree Crops respectively. The change inthe land use/covers resulted into a significant impact to the storm runoff hydrographs. The simulationresults from the year 1976 to 2000 and 1987 to 2000 revealed that the peak flow was reduced by4.221% and 14.959% respectively while between the years 1976 and 1987 the flow was increased by12.627%. Also the scenario of possible changes for 2000 land use were simulated and showed significantchanges in the hydrograph of shortening of the response time from the catchment and raising the earlypeaks of the hydrograph. The use of remote sensing, GIS and the Ngomberi model as tools for waterresources management is recommended in the catchment and the further areas of study were suggested.

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193COET

INVESTIGATION OF THE MTERA – KIDATU RESERVOIR SYSTEM

Jany George

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering) September, 2007

The Mtera - Kidatu reservoir system comprises two reservoirs Mtera and Kidatu located within the Rufijibasin. The main objective of this study was to investigate the possible causes of the system failure in theyear 2006 by analysing its functioning for the last 25 years and to develop a new operating policy thatwould prevent the system from failure in the future.

The inflows into the reservoirs were estimated by Multiple Input Simple Linear model which gave anefficiency (R2) of 92%. It was revealed that there has been a serious reduction in flow in the main riversfeeding the Mtera and Kidatu reservoirs which affected the inflow into the reservoirs. No significant changein annual rainfall was observed for the Mtera region during the study period. Hence it was concluded thatit is not the rainfall but the abstraction or loss of water from the rivers that caused the reduction in inflowinto the reservoirs. The water balance calculations of the reservoirs revealed loss of water from both thereservoirs indicating that the operating policy should be modified. Another reason for the descrepancybetween the estimated and observed water levels in the water balance calculations comes out of theaccuracy of the rating curves for the reservoirs.

Part of this dissertation comprises the simulation of the reservoir system adopting six different operationpolicies to improve the water levels at Mtera reservoir with the limited inflow data. In Simulation 6, Kidatureservoir levels were maintained at 449 m and the out flow from Mtera reservoir was adjusted. Thuscomparatively very high water levels were obtained for the Mtera reservoir at all time

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TOWARDS IMPROVED PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICECASE OF LAND SURVEYING PROJECTS IN TANZANIA

Ngowi, G.J

Jacqueline Alphonce Amate Mtana

Masters of Engineering Management (Project Management) November, 2007

The purpose of this study is to explore nature and extent of community participation through analysis andreview of the concept of “Participatory Approach” and its applicability in Manzese Upgrading project.

The research used case study strategy with quantitative and qualitative methods and conducted in Dares Salaam City, Kinondoni Municipality at Manzese ward. Data were collected through interviews, ques-tionnaires and observations. A total of 108 respondents were interviewed. Analysis was done using toolssuch as Microsoft Excel and Microsoft word.

The research established that participation of the community is at minimal level due to the fact thatpeople were not attending meetings so they failed to acquire project knowledge which resulted into lower


level of community participation in the planning, implementation and decision making processes. It wasalso observed that local community representatives, who were supposed to disseminate information to thecommunity had low level of understanding, which resulted into inability to disseminate the project knowl-edge.

The research established that local community participation was minimal in Manzese informal settle-ment upgrading project also the study explored problems associated with application of participatoryapproach and the challenges encountered during its applications. It is concluded that participatory ap-proach was not fully utilized.

The purpose of this study is to explore nature and extent of community participation through analysisand review of the concept of “Participatory Approach” and its applicability in Manzese Upgrading project.

The research used case study strategy with quantitative and qualitative methods and conducted in Dares Salaam City, Kinondoni Municipality at Manzese ward. Data were collected through interviews, ques-tionnaires and observations. A total of 108 respondents were interviewed. Analysis was done using toolssuch as Microsoft Excel and Microsoft word.

The research established that participation of the community is at minimal level due to the fact thatpeople were not attending meetings so they failed to acquire project knowledge which resulted into lowerlevel of community participation in the planning, implementation and decision making processes. It wasalso observed that local community representatives, who were supposed to disseminate information to thecommunity had low level of understanding, which resulted into inability to disseminate the project knowl-edge.

The research established that local community participation was minimal in Manzese informal settle-ment upgrading project also the study explored problems associated with application of participatoryapproach and the challenges encountered during its applications. It is concluded that participatory ap-proach was not fully utilized.

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TANESCO’S CUSTOMER INFORMATION DATA-BASE

Juliana Zawadi Machuve

Master of Engineering Management- November, 2007

This research work describes problems facing TANESCO on the data management aspects and thereaf-ter integrates the organization, management and technical dimensions/literacy in solving them. The problemis such that the TANESCO’s existing information management system for its customers is based on thetraditional file processing environment. This hinders intensive access and utilization of information acrossthe organisation, that further results into other problems of facilities management, planning and decisionsmaking.

The methodological direction is based on the Literature review of the Management of Informationsystems; data collection and recording; system analysis; database design and data analysis.

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The results were such that the process of accessibility, retrieval and update of relevant Customers’ infor-mation improved, together with the increase in awareness to the management and employees on databasemanagement system.

In conclusion, for effective and efficient management of information systems’ point of view and from theachievements of the developed and designed database system, then the administration is recommended toreview their current customers’ data organisation towards database approach.

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A STUDY ON NOISE AND DUST POLLUTION IN WOOD WORKSHOPS

Tutakebuka Zebedayo Itebuka

Master of Science in Production Engineering November 2007

The present work was prompted by general observation and complaints among people staying aroundSmall and Medium Wood Working Enterprises about the pollution annoyance of noise and wood dustproduced by the wood processing machines. The objective of the study was to assess the level of dust andnoise produced by wood processing SMEs and their effects to the people as well as to the environment inDar es Salaam region. Methodologies used in achieving the objectives were physical survey and observa-tion of the study areas, questionnaires and interviews, and taking measurements of dust and noise levels inselected wood workshops using scientific equipment.

Findings from the study revealed that noise level ranged between 86 dBA to 106 dBA in the work-shops that were investigated, which exceeded the recommended limit of 85 dBA. The emitted wood dustconcentration ranged from 13.4 mg/m3 to 88.5 mg/m3, which also exceeded OSHA recommended limitof 5 mg/m3. The said pollution levels led to various effects to the health of workers and neighbouringpopulation and contaminated the environment in general.

It is concluded that noise and dust produced by wood workshops are serious pollutants to people andthe environment. Recommended solutions to minimize this problem include awareness creation in occupa-tional health and safety among workers, and the use of more efficient technical systems in plant operations.

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INVOLVEMENT OF COMMUNITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY IN RURAL WATERSUPPLY PRIVATIZATION

A Case Study of North Mwika Ward, Kilimanjaro

Damian Casmiri.

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management, July 2007

The government has transformed itself from social service provider to a regulator. Alternatively, people aresupposed to pay either the full or share cost in accessing the then free social services. Water is among theservices entitled for cost sharing. For a long time rural water supply projects have failed. Failures areassociated with the approach used of not involving communities in planning, design, implementation andmanagement of “community intended projects”.


Privatization of rural water supply in North Mwika met a strong opposition from local people who werenot willing to pay for water services claiming exclusion in the whole exercise. This antagonism ended up invandalizing water meters and creating enmity between the service provider and consumers, hence threat-ening the sustainability of water services.

Data was collected from selected areas both in Mwika and Rombo district. In the later water users arewilling to pay for water unlike their neighbours in Mwika. Questionnaires were used to collect data fromrespondents in the field and supplemented by secondary data from various literature. Data was analyzedusing Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences to generate charts and graphs.

The study recommends educating water users why they should pay for water and the new Tanzania(2002) Water Policy which advocates cost sharing in water services. Also community must be involvedright from the planning, design, implementation and operation of any water related projects. Lastly, com-munity should be assisted in forming Water Users Associations to manage water provision.

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WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND WAY FORWARDPROPOSAL FOR KIGALI CITY, RWANDA

Espérance Kabalisa


The purpose of this work is to have a more comprehensive understanding of the water sector, from theinstitutional set up of water supply and sanitation sector to the human behaviors toward the services;impact of the separate water supply and sanitation management system and as a result of all, what are themeasures in order to alleviate the situation and what would be the output if there is no change toward thecurrent situation.

Desk studies were reviewed as methodology, field survey and water managers’ consultation; interviewswere conducted especially with private and government institutions leaders and local leaders and commu-nities and lastly target group meeting and discussions within the sector especially in the WATSAN confer-ence.

The study found out that, with current 22 litres per capita per day Kigali city water supply is at 69% and29% at 90 litres per capita per day. This study also found out that, only 0.4% of Kigali population and50% uses soak pits and 43.5% use latrines which are either rarely emptied hence the situation results intodischarging waste into the rainwater channels, and contaminating the groundwater together with the rivers.Consequently, 89.3% of the population experiences Water borne diseases (WBD) and 69.5% of morbid-ity cases are due to WBD.

From the above results, the study concluded that the management system of water sector is weakhence NIWSM free from political influence, is proposed. The powers of institutions of policy formulation,regulation, ownership, management oversight, and service provision should be separated in order to avoidthe poacher-gamekee.

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197COET

STREAM FLOW VARIABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL WATER REQUIREMENTSOF THE LOWER KIHANSI HYDROPOWER PROJECT

Raphael M. Tshimanga

Master of Integrated Water resources Management, August 2007

The present study was carried out to assess the adequacy of the Environmental Water Allocation down-stream of the Kihansi Dam necessary to maintain riverine ecosystem and livelihood of the local people.

The indicative parameters of Environmental Water Allocations were assessed using a holistic approachbased on Hydrological, Hydraulic and Habitat analysis.

The analysis of research outputs shows that: The index of flow variability for the LKHP appears to berepresentative of frequency and magnitude of flood flow and low flow events respectively at Q5 (42.6m3/s for 1KB28 and 34.6 m3/s for NC3) and Q70 (11.8 m3/s for 1KB28 and 9.9 m3/s for NC3). Theaverage hydraulic parameters are function of discharge and vary as the discharge increases from low tohigh values, with an inflection point for the wetted perimeter and wetted width beyond which the increasein stream discharge results in minor increase for the hydraulic parameter being considered. The WettedUsable Area is much dependent on flow availability and will increase as function of the discharge to a pointbeyond which beyond which additional flow results in only minor increases. Therefore, all factors tendingto reduce flow availability will significantly impact on the availability of habitat. The range of flow betweenQ70 and Q5 represents the optimum Wetted Usable Area for the species under consideration.

The Quantity components of Environmental Flow requirements for maintaining the ecosystem in ecostatusrepresenting a transition between class C and D requires 25.14percent of Mean Annual Runo.

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RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELLING OF LAKE TANA BASIN[A CASE STUDY OF GUMARA AND RIBB

RIVER CATCHMENTS]

Daniel Assefa Habtemariam

Master of Science in Water Resources Engineering, August, 2007

System type (LPM), Lumped conceptual (SMAR & NAM) and Semi-distributed (HEC-HMS) rainfall-runoff models were applied to model the rainfall-runoff relation on the selected catchments of the LakeTana basin. The selected catchments were Gumara and Ribb River catchments situated in the Eastern partof the Lake Basin having the catchment area of 1394 and 1592 km2 respectively. Twelve year data (1992to 2003) were used to run the models, 9 years for calibration and 3 years for verification. Missing rainfalldata was filled using normal ratio method. Missing data of river flow was filled using recession curve


method and seasonal mean. Spatial inputs for HEC-HMS model was processed by ArcViewGIS usingHEC-GeoHMS extension and time series data also converted in to model readable DSS file format usingHEC-DSSVue program. The model performance obtained in terms of Nash-Sutcliff efficiency index, R2(%) for Gumara and Ribb catchments were 76.46 & 84.19 by LPM, 72.42 & 82.77 by SMAR, 64.45 &17.03 by NAM and 65.79 & 72.08 by HEC-HMS models respectively during calibration period and79.54 & 80.56 by LPM, 79.54 & 80.83 by SMAR, 82.22 & 2.06 by NAM and 78.43 & 64.14 byHEC-HMS models respectively during verification period. The two catchments are neighbours and mostof their physiographic characteristics are “similar”, therefore, comparing the performance of the models,system model (LPM) and conceptual model (SMAR) can be used as forecasting models for both catchments.Having its own advantage in the study of a watershed, HEC-HMS model can also be used as a tool in thestudy of the two catchments.

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FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE: GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN RURAL WATERSUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT IN MZIMBA, MALAWI

Oswald Kabalilo Kulabuka Mwamsamali

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management, August, 2007

One of the key principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM) is gender. This key IWRMprinciple has been domesticated in the national policies. For instance, the Malawi national water andgender policies, inter alia, argue for the consideration of gender issues in the design, planning, implementa-tion and management of rural water supply and sanitation projects to ensure project efficiency andsustainability. Based on these policy instruments, this research critically analyzes gender mainstreaming inthe water sector in Malawi using the Mzimba IRWSS project as a case in point. This study has shown thatwomen in decision-making positions at head office of the Ministry responsible for water affairs constituteabout 11.1% only and that education has a role to play for this to change. Assessment of the budgetallocations has revealed that previously no budgetary allocations were made for gender issues and thatsince 2006/07 fiscal year about US$ 14,285.71 was allocated for gender mainstreaming. Women’s in-volvement in local governance institutions and project activities in Mzimba is generally high. Most localwater committees have 60% women and 40% men whereas participation in projects activities is highlyrated at 97.2%. In conclusion, the Ministry responsible for water has to work with stakeholders in theeducation sector in order to improve on its male/female staff ratio. Besides, great disparities still existbetween men’s and women’s participation in water projects at a local level [97.2% for women] and that aperson’s socioeconomic position greatly affects their inclusion in the local governance structures. Address-ing these issues would, therefore, result in better gender integration in the water sector.

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199COET

AN INVESTIGATION OF STATIONARITY AND TREND OF RAINFALL ANDSTREAMFLOW IN LAKE VICTORIA BASIN (TANZANIA)

Joyce Benedict

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management August 2007

The changing precipitation pattern, and its impact on surface water resources, is an important climaticproblem facing society today. Associated with global warming, there are strong indications that rainfallchanges are already taking place on both the global and regional scales. Many studies have been carriedout to investigate the possible trends in the streamflow processes as well as other hydrological processesin other parts of the world. This study used 12 statistical methods both parametric and non-parametric todetect trends from 28 rainfall and 16 flow stations considering whole series and period of 1970-2000 inTanzanian part of Lake Victoria basin. Statistically significant positive and negative trends at the 95%confidence level were also detected. For total annual rainfall of the whole series, the study shows that thereis trend in 11 (39%) stations, (7 negative and 4 positive). For long rain period there is trend in 14 (50%)stations (11 negative and 3 positive) while for short rain period, 8 (29%) stations, (4 negative and 4positive) had trends. On other hand annual streamflow analysis showed 4 (25%) stations with trends.Long rain period of streamflow analysis showed 3 (19%) stations with trends while only 4 (25%) stationsin short rain period (all were negative trend). Period 1970-2000 analysis showed 9 (47%) stations (3positive, 4 negative) with trends in annual rainfall. Long rain and short rain periods showed trends in 6(32%), (1 positive, 5 negative) and 5 (26%), (2 positive, 3 negative) respectively. Annual streamflowsanalysis had 2 (67% out of 3) stations with trends while long rain and short rain periods detected only 1station. The study concludes that design of water resources systems should take into consideration pres-ence of trends in rainfall and streamflow records.

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ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT USING LONG-TERM SIMULATEDSOIL MOISTURE IN SIMIYU RIVER CATCHMENT

Frederick Malembeka

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering -August 2007

Earlier studies in Simiyu river catchment using physics based distributed hydrological model SWAT, sug-gested that rainfall was not catchment representative, hence attempt was made to interpolate rainfall usingrainfall predictive variables of altitude and distance from Lake Victoria. The rainfall interpolation was alsointended to acquire a long-term dry year which would be used in the assessment of agricultural droughtusing maize as a reference crop. Missing values prevented classification of rainfall years into dry, normaland wet years. Model efficiency criteria were reduced from annual to seasonal models; and as a resultmodels for smaller time scales of monthly, weekly and daily models were not anticipated. SWAT was used


to predict soil moisture based on rainfall-runoff transformation in which two outlets were used. Ndagaluoutlet gave model efficiency criterion of 0.58 and 0.41 in calibration (1976/77) and validation periods(1980/81) respectively. Sayaga outlet gave model efficiency criterion of 0.01 and -0.48 in calibration(1973/74) and validation (1976/77) periods respectively; and as a result, Sayaga outlet was not used inthe sequent assessment of agricultural drought due to poor agreement between observed and simulatedhydrographs. Assessment of agricultural drought revealed only 3 out of 13 SWAT based sub-basins (of40.5% by area) could marginally survive rainfed agriculture with maize as reference crop. The value of thestudy is that it can be extended for other crops using different input data in food security and managementof water in agricultural sector. Furthermore, upon modifications it could also be used to compute spatialdrought indices and may be used to draw estimated irrigation scheduling margins for different crops inother catchments.

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ECO-HYDROLOGY OF THE PANGANI RIVER, TANZANIA

The Case of Downstream of Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir, the Kirua Swamps

Tulinave B. Mwamila

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering), August 2007

This study aimed at assessing the sufficiency and the amount of flow reaching the downstream area of thePangani River for maintenance of ecosystem. It involved collecting hydrological, hydraulic and ecologicaldata from the field, databases and from literatures. Historical daily flow data were used to assess the flowvariation before and after the dam construction by flow duration curve development. The data collectedwere utilized in the physical habitat simulation model called PHABSIM, which by using continuity andenergy equation predicts physical microhabitat changes associated with flow alterations such as streamflow reduction. Fish species were regarded as the indicators for ecosystem health.

From the developed FDC and hydrographs it can be observed that natural flow variability i.e. fromseason to season, year to year no longer occurs which is necessary for maintenance of biodiversity, insteadfor most part of the year flow is within 20 – 40 m3/s, and higher flows are hardly there. From comparisonof FDC before and after dam construction there is 42.7% decrease in Q5, 2.1% decrease in Q95, 38.9%increase in Q75, 23.4% increase in Q50 and decrease of % exceedence of 50 m3/s by 61.5%. From themodel water surface profiles, velocities and average hydraulic parameters such as wetted perimeter weresimulated at different discharges. The higher the flows the higher the hydraulic parameters and vice versa,whereby maximizing wetted perimeter ensures availability of fish food and habitat hence support healthyaquatic community in river. Hence from the simulations minimum flow for habitat protection is about 15m3/s and for flood formation flows should be greater than 50 m3/s and thus the proposed reservoiroutflow for sustainable water resources management should follow the above specifications.

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USING STRATEGIC MARKETING TO IMPROVE WATER SERVICES DELIVERY INNAIROBI

The Case of Kibera, Kasarani, and Karen areas

Richard R. Muita

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management, August 2007

Marketing can be defined as an activity that’s directed at satisfying customer needs and wants through anexchange transaction process. This study aimed at using strategic marketing to improve water servicesdelivery in Nairobi, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: to establish factors responsible for watershortfall in 3 areas of Nairobi, value for water and development of strategic marketing approach forimproving water service delivery. Sample of 59, 56 and 59 households from low, medium and high densityareas respectively provided the study data through questionnaires. Levels of service quality, customerorientation, WTP, service time and customer satisfaction were some of the profiles analyzed in the study.The analysis for each area was summarized in tables and figures. The study revealed that shortfall in waterservices was mainly due to poor infrastructure, financial constraints and poor management practices.

NCWSCO was the main water provider delivering to 79% of the total sample population, boreholescontributed to 12% and other sources 1%. In Kibera vendors contributed to 17% of the water deliveredin the area. Kasarani had the best service time (93% of the days of the month) overall. 19%, 54% and42% of households from Kibera, Kasarani and Karen respectively were satisfied with the service provi-sion. WTP was analyzed from household’s responses to how much they wished to pay for water andranged between 0.7$ in high density areas to 71$ per month in low density areas. A strategic marketingapproach based on the findings was developed using value-chain concepts. Options for households in-cluded, service options, customer care and orientation, promotional methods, management and marketinganalysis approaches that can be adapted to improve water service delivery in the study areas.

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WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND WAY FORWARDPROPOSAL FOR KIGALI CITY, RWANDA

Espérance Kabalisa

Master in Integrated Water Resources Management, July 2007

The purpose of this work is to have a more comprehensive understanding of the water sector, from theinstitutional set up of water supply and sanitation sector to the human behaviors toward the services;impact of the separate water supply and sanitation management system and as a result of all, what are themeasures in order to alleviate the situation and what would be the output if there is no change toward thecurrent situation.


Desk studies were reviewed as methodology, field survey and water managers’ consultation; interviewswere conducted especially with private and government institutions leaders and local leaders and commu-nities and lastly target group meeting and discussions within the sector especially in the WATSAN confer-ence.

The study found out that, with current 22 litres per capita per day Kigali city water supply is at 69% and29% at 90 litres per capita per day. This study also found out that, only 0.4% of Kigali population and50% uses soak pits and 43.5% use latrines which are either rarely emptied hence the situation results intodischarging waste into the rainwater channels, and contaminating the groundwater together with the rivers.Consequently, 89.3% of the population experiences Water borne diseases (WBD) and 69.5% of morbid-ity cases are due to WBD.

From the above results, the study concluded that the management system of water sector is weakhence NIWSM free from political influence, is proposed. The powers of institutions of policy formulation,regulation, ownership, management oversight, and service provision should be separated in order to avoidthe poacher-gamekeepe.

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STRATEGIES FOR COST PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN ROAD CONSTRUC-TION PROJECTS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES

Harold Wilneviline Sawaki

Master of Integrated Environmental Management, November, 2009

The problem of cost performance, especially in the road construction project in Local Government Au-thorities is paramount. Previous studies have been conducted to identify the factors causing cost overrun inprojects. This dissertation aims at identifying, and prioritizing success factors and strategies for cost per-formance improvement in road construction projects for Local Government Authorities in Tanzania. Threeprinciple methods of data collection were used in the data collection. These were documentation reviews,questionnaires and interviews. Eighty six stakeholders of LGAs were requested to provide information outof which sixty responded or about 70% of the total number of questionnaires sent out.

The study identified five critical success factors and two strategies for cost performance improvementin road projects. The factors are Project Manager’s competence; Adequate project planning and design;Proper project planning and control; Accurate initial cost estimates and Good project cost management.Similarly, the strategies were Estimate quality strategy, which means use qualified personnel and uniformapproaches to achieve improved estimate consistency and accuracy and Management strategy, whichmeans managing the estimation process and costs through all stages of project development. Basing onthese findings, implementation matrix for the factors and strategies has been developed. However, in orderto facilitate the implementation due to the existing situation in LGAs recommended establishing an inde-pendent roads agency to be known as Local Government Authority Roads Agency (LGARA) responsiblefor roads maintenance. The organization structure for LGARA has been proposed.

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INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE/COVERCHANGE ONTHE HYDROLOGY OF UPPER RUVU RIVER BASIN

Mwalimu Ramadhani

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering) August 2008

This research endeavored to determine the effect of land use /cover changebetween 1991 and 2000 andits impacts on the water resources particularly river flows by using hydrological model (SWAT) . A casestudy is upper Ruvu subcatchment, upstream of gauging station 1H10 at Kidunda, which occupies an areaof 5,780 km2. Remote sensing data (Land sat images) of 1991 and 2000 and DEM of 90mx90m resolu-tion were used. ILWIS and Arc View GIS software were used to process the remote sensing data. Flowand climatic data were collected and processed. The SWAT model was at first calibrated and validatedusing the 1995 land use/cover map from IRA. The value of R2 during calibration was 48%. Findings showthat there is decrease of forest land by 0.2%, decrease of range bushes land by 0.8%, a 3.6% increase incultivation land and increased in range grasses by 1.5 % from 1991 to 2000. The results from SWATsimulations using different land uses showed an increase in the average annual surface runoff or quick flowfrom 58.5 mm (34.8%), 60.2mm (36.8%) to 64.1mm (38.3%) in 1991, 1995 and 2000 respectively. Thebase flow decreased from 110.4mm (65.3%), 107.2mm (63.2%) to 102.8mm (61.8%) in 1991, 1995and 2000 respectively. However average annual river flow change from 168.9mm to 16 6.8mm in 1991 to2000 respectively is insignificant. This entails that the increase of surface runoff (overland flow) and de-crease of base flows are associated with land use change. These results show that the land use conditionfor 2000 which was used to simulate the flows has shown negative impact on water resources.

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IMPACT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON SUSTAINABILITY OFWATER SUPPLY PROJECTS

The Case study of Uchira Water Users’ Association (UWUA) in Kilimanjaro region

Innocent Samuel Mushi

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management October, 2009

One of the problems in developing countries is poor water supply and sanitation services. Majority ofpeople have little or no access to clean and safe water. Efforts have been made by governments to combatthis problem. In the case of Tanzania, the government had to install, run, operate and manage the watersupply and sanitation services without involving the water beneficiaries. This led to lack of commitment bythe beneficiaries to safeguard the facilities, unwillingness to contribute to the cost of operation and mainte-nance which altogether compromised the sustainability of schemes. The new Tanzania water policy (2002)addressing issues of private sector NGO’s and community participation intervened to rescue the situation.Thereafter, communities have owned, run and managed their own water supply services.


This research aims at assessing the performance of such schemes under the new waterpolicy as far as sustainability is concerned. A case study of Uchira water user’s Association (UWUA) inMoshi rural Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania has been cited to study the practical implication of the policy insustainability of water supply services. The methodology entails sample questionnaires and qualitativeanalysis. It has been found that generally the Uchira Village community do participate, in management ofthe water supply services and on average, the performance in terms of service delivery and cost recoveryis satisfactory. However, participation is in question. Lastly, recommendations have been pointed out forreinforcing the new water policy or better performance on sustainability of water supply services undercommunity participation.

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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) DEPLOYMENT ANDEXPLOITATION IN RURAL HEALTH CENTRES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The Case Study of the Rural Health Centres of Tanzania

Apolot Mary

Master of Science (Telecommunications Engineering) August 2009

Access to information holds the key to the empowerment of everybody despite where they are living. Thisresearch was carried out in respect of the people living in the rural areas who form 80% of the populationin developing countries, considering their plight and complex geographical, demographic, social-economicconditions surrounding the areas they live, which hinder access to information for the support of profes-sionals providing services such as medical workers, which has led to high death rates and backwardness.The research “ICT deployment and exploitation in rural health centres of developing countries” comes into create a solution of bridging the digital canyon among the disadvantaged communities. The aim was todevelop an infrastructure able to convey tele-medical audio, data and video services to assist physicians/health workers situated in remote areas access information which will help in improving on the servicesthey provide.

The essence of the project is to equip the health workers of the rural areas with more support on-line,introduce telemedicine and E-Health services, community Medicine Nurse (CMN) performing home vis-its, physical examinations and monitoring of patients, where during the examinations the CMN is in contactwith the supervising family doctor. The work involved, creating a network that is flexible to deliver high-speed data, voice, video-on demand (VOD) and other bandwidth intensive services to health centres,residential and business subscribers to the most remote areas at reasonable cost. The system is designedto allow services to be provided rapidly and cost-effectively bridging the last mile by overcoming thebottleneck resulting from insufficient bandwidth existing in legacy last mile infrastructures. This thesisdescribes a hybrid of Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Satellite communica-tion technologies specially designed for wide-area telemedicine platform and for homecare services thatallows patients to be monitored no matter their location, even in geographically dispersed and isolatedareas, where normally there is no infrastructure capable of supporting similar services.

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APPLICATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Joseph Maskaraa Ngowi

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management) October, 2009

This study focuses how generic project management tools are used in projects carried in manufacturingindustries.The study was both exploratory and descriptive in nature; therefore, it utilized both quantitativeand qualitative research approaches. A survey conducted used purposive sampling with informants beingworkers in manufacturing industries dealing with projects. Data were collected through a survey of 11industries, with a total of 34 respondents. Data collected include level of awareness of PMTs in manufac-turing industries, extent of using PMTs in manufacturing industries and problems hindering effective use ofPMTs in manufacturing industries.

Results showed that projects carried in manufacturing industries are not well controlled as the level ofawareness, extent of usage of PMTs seemed to be low. Project practitioners lack adequate knowledgethat can assist them in using PMTs. No in-service training provided by industries’ management to projectpractitioners.The study recommended to Tanzanian industrial organizations to motivate the industries’ topmanagement to make effective use of PMTs in carrying projects. Lastly curriculum for engineering studiesin higher learning institutions in Tanzania should be reviewed to accommodate project management studiesto all engineering disciplines. The study recommended further studies on seen how application of PMTscan affect industries productivity and to study project management tools that are suitable to manufacturingindustries.

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ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS OF PETROL STATIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HU-MAN HEALTH

The Case of Kinondoni District in Dar es Salaam Region

Tumaini Jason Kyando

Master of Integrated Environmental Management, March 2009

This study was intended to investigate the nature and level of awareness, among stakeholders, on theimpact of petroleum products in petrol stations on environment and human health in Tanzania with focus onfifteen (15) wards in Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam Region. The data was collected through question-naire, focus group discussions, interviews and field observations. The data was analyzed using StatisticalPackage for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Findings revealed that petroleum products in petrol stations affect the environment through air pollution,distortion of sensitive habitat as well as killing of vegetation and micro-organism. Also affect human health


through skin aches, dizziness, body fatigue, chest pain, and throat and lung irritation. Moreover, the studyrevealed that more than half of managers and workers interviewed are aware of the effects of the petro-leum products in petrol stations on environment and human health.

It is suggested that, more effort are needed to raise awareness among stakeholders on better manage-ment of petrol stations, proper handling and storage of petroleum products as well as to ensure effectivemonitoring and enforcement of the regulations and legislations governing the petroleum industry in thecountry. This will help to reduce the effects of petroleum products on environment and human health,improve compliance, enhance management capacity and improve welfare of the society.

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ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOADING AND RETENTION ALONG NSOOBASTREAM AND LUBIGI WETLAND, KAMPALA UGANDA

Ezrah Natumanya


Nutrient loading and retention along the Nsooba stream and the Lubigi Wetland was assessed during theperiod of February and March 2009. For this study, ammonia, total nitrogen, orthophosphate and totalphosphate following procedures as described in Standard Methods for Examinations of Water and WasteWater (APHA, 1992). A surface water quality model, QUAL2K, was calibrated and validated for as-sessment of its suitability for modeling nutrients in this stream. From the results of nutrient load assessmentby sub-stream inflows, the lowest TN load was measured for S6 (30.240Kg/day) and the highest TN loadfor S3 (276.258Kg/day); the lowest TP load was estimated for S8 (1.827Kg/day) and the highest TP loadfor S3 (7.956Kg/day). Along the main stream, TN concentrations at Hoima Road were found to haveincreased to 29.05±1.7mg/l from 28.12±0.35mg/l at Gulu Road while TP concentrations at Hoima Roadwere found to have increased to 7.64±0.60mg/l from 4.76±0.84mg/l at Gulu Road. However the studyindicates phosphorous release by the wetland. Results of this study indicated 51.8% total nitrogen reten-tion and 38.5% total phosphorous release, respectively along the Lubigi wetland. The release of phospho-rous (TP) is an indication of a phosphorous “super-saturated” system. QUAL2K nutrient simulation wasmoderately successful due to data limitation. The study recommends an in-depth study on nutrient dynam-ics and transformations especially to explain phosphorous release by the wetland, and adequate policypractices to prevent further deterioration of the water quality of the sub-streams flowing into the Nsoobastream.

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DESIGN OF PROJECT MANAGER’S PERFORMANCE AND COMPETENCE ASSESS-MENT FRAMEWORK

The Case study of Tanzania Construction Industry

John Mwamba Mwakifuna

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), October 2009The problem of project failures caused by management incapability is crucial in our country, and has beenrevealed by several researchers. Despite of positive efforts of Tanzania government to enhance Construc-

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tion industry capacity building by establishing professional regulatory boards, such as ERB, QRB andCRB; the project management as a profession was omitted. This situation became a source of projectfailures in the country due to management incapability of project managers and their teams. The aim of thisstudy was to solve that problem by establishing the project managers’ competence and performanceassessment framework, which will be used to assess and classify project managers with their perceivedresponsibilities. The adopted methodology in this research was a case study, with construction stakehold-ers as the targeted population. Data collection was done in Dar es Salaam and

Coast regions, involving 55 respondents. From data analysis, 17 areas of competence for projectmanagers have been revealed; which have been used to establish a competence framework intended toassess project managers in their daily activities. The main conclusion drawn in this study is that up to nowthere is neither a project managers’ competence assessment framework nor a regulatory board respon-sible to asses, develop and control the project management profession in our country. So a project man-agement regulatory board is urgently needed, and use the assessment framework established in this studyto assess, control and classify project managers.

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INVESTIGATION OF HARMONIC DISTORTION ON DAR ES SALAAM 132KVNETWORK

Afitwa Peter Nanyaro

Master of Science (Power Systems & Higher Voltages), August 2009

In this study, investigation and assessment of measured voltage and current waveforms in the regard ofharmonic distortion on 132 kV TANESCO network in Dar es salaam Region is presented. Measurementswere performed by a power quality monitoring equipment (Impedograph) having 16 bit resolution andsampling rate of 128 samples per cycle. Assessments were performed using a power quality analysispackage – Power Quality Recorder Manager (PQRM).

The results show that while individual total harmonics distortion were within the limit of compatibilitylevel, fifth and fifteenth harmonics were above the compatibility level set by IEC. The maximum THD valueobtained from the network also exceed the value recommended by IEC and IEEE standards for electro-magnetic compatibility.

The voltage unbalance trend varied from minimum of 1% up to the maximum 10%. The study reveals asignificant unbalance in non linear load connected to the downstream of the network. Also, the currentunbalance was noted varying from 46.4% to 50.3%, the situation which predict significant load imbalancesto the down stream of the network. The impact of harmonics on the connected equipment (i.e. Powertransformers) was also investigated and the extent of de-rating the equipment capacity was established tobe 92% of the nameplate rating.

It is therefore recommended for the new power transformers to be connected to the network to be k-rated transformers so that copper losses and iron losses are optimized and efficiency increased. In orderfor existing transformers to handle additional harmonic currents resulting from non linear loads, their ca-pacity must be de-rated by 92% of the nameplate rating to avoid overheating or pre-mature failure.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMS FOR MARMO GRANITO MINES (T) LIMITED TOMANAGE POLLUTION.

The Case of Songwe River

Vivian Chambo

Master of Integrated Water Resource Management, July 2009

Songwe quarry is located on the cliff with Songwe river lies downstream making quarry operations one ofthe major source of pollution to the river. EMP’s implementation has been a problem due to poor flow ofinformation between the management and workers. The aim of the study is to establish an EMS for thecompany, to improve environmental management efficiency. Methodologies used were through laboratoryanalysis, review of existing data, interviews, Focused Group Discussions, consultation and site visits. Thecurrent environment status (water and land) is not good. Water quality in the river is polluted. Someparameters exceed standards (TBS) e.g. Turbidity (from 92.6 to 175), Iron (from 0.3 to 1.1), Manganese(from 0.1 to 0.8), e, Ammonical Nitrogen (from 1.51 to 2.13), and Permanganate Value (from 0 to 7.6),all measurements are in mg/L. Other parameters are within the set standards, but have increased valuefrom upstream to downstream. Land degradation has also been found, no rehabilitation of the disturbedenvironment is done. Socio-economic status is also not good. Nearby villagers keep cows within themining area and there is poor medical care for workers. The organisational structure has been proposed toimprove information flow. There are acts which do not comply and other few do comply with the setrequirements. The proposed EMS utmost has considered all components for its adequacy which are;Environmental Policy, Planning, Implementation and Operation, Checking and EMS Review. This willenable reduction of impacts and improve environmental efficiency.

Application of environmental monitoring tools, rock quality study prior mining and for the quarryingactivities reaction test to control pollution in the river, are recommended.

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STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN AGROPASTORAL DISTRICTS

A Case of Kwimba District, Mwanza

Deogratias Makungu John

Master of Integrated Environmental Management, December 2008

This study was designed to develop strategic environmental assessment in Agropastoral Kwimba districtlocated in Mwanza region. Questionnaires, field survey, literature, consultations, interview and profes-sional judgments were used as sources of data. The environmental situation in the district is not satisfactoryas only 16% of the respondents were satisfied. Sources of environmental degradation and their magnitudewere identified as follows; charcoal burning 26.8%, improper grazing 21.6%, fire wood collection 21.6%,

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improper farming methods 12.4%, redbrick burning 11.4% and timber harvesting 6.2%. Agriculture tech-nologies that are used for farming are still poor, as the majority of respondents still use a combination ofhand hoe and oxen plough (72.3%). Furthermore this study found that there is inadequacy of allocatedareas for grazing. The major environmental impacts identified, that are associated with agropastoral activi-ties were soil erosion (23.7%), loss of soil fertility (16.5%), desertification (15.5%), deforestation (14.4%),degradation of water point sources (12.4%) and degradation of vegetation resources (6.2%). This studyidentified few positive impacts associated with implementation of the District Agriculture DevelopmentPlan. However, there are many physical, biological and socio-economic environmental negative impactsidentified which are likely to affect the plan objectives. This study concluded that environmental situation ofthe district is not satisfactory. The majority of agropastoralists is still using poor farming methods andtechnologies and lack specific areas for grazing. There are many environmental impacts that are associatedwith agro pastoral activities. The plan has positive and negative impacts, which can be mitigated andenhanced respectively.

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SANITATION MANAGEMENT IN SQUATTER AREAS

A Case Study of Manzese – Uzuri

Rose F. Kavishe

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management, October 2009

The absence of sustainable sanitation systems in Low-income peri-urban areas in developing countries isone of the causes that can lead to a high level of water-borne diseases in these areas, especially during therainy season. Manzese - Uzuri area located in Dar es Salaam is a low-income residential area facing rapidgrowth with an increasing demand for basic public infrastructure services mostly the sanitation system.

The major objective of the study is to develop a sustainable sanitation and human waste managementsystem that is appropriate to be applied in Manzese-Uzuri.

Questionnaire and field Survey were conducted, probe on the acceptability of communal sewerage treat-ment septic tank were also conducted. The study quantified the amount of waste water produced in thearea also wastewater samples were analyzed for a range of parameters which include BOD5, COD, PH,TKN, TSS These parameters were determined using standard procedures.

Results show that majority of people were willing to share the communal septic tanks but no one wasready to give his/her land for wastewater disposal either for free or sell. The total water used based on theanalysis estimated to be 200l/c/d per household and amount of wastewater produced per household as160 l/c/day. The wastewater BOD5 to COD found to be ratio of 0.74. Therefore Communal Septic tanksystems to cater for 1000 people is designed, view to improving the sanitary conditions of Manzese -Uzuri as an initial stage.

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AN APPRAISAL OF PERFORMANCE ON TIME AND COST OVERRUNS IN PUBLICROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN TANZANIA FOLLOWING ESTABLISHMENT

OF THE NATIONAL ROADS AGENCY

A Case Study of TANROADS

Kent Donat Albert

Master of Engineering Management, October 2009

This research presents a study on performance on time and cost overruns on public road constructionprojects following establishment of Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS). Major problemsduring project implementation are inability to complete projects on time and within the original budget. Inefforts to address the problem, Tanzania National Roads Agency was established to face such challenges.This study, aimed at revealing achievements reached so far in public road construction projects.

Four research questions were set in order to identify significance of each in contributing to time and costoverruns on projects undertaken by TANROADS. The study was conducted at three TANROADSregional offices in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions.

Research findings revealed that there have been significant improvements on project completion withinplanned time and budgeted cost for projects undertaken after establishment of TANROADS compared toprojects implemented by then under the Ministry of Works.

The study also revealed important factors contributing to projects time and cost overruns such asfluctuations in materials in terms of quality and cost; fluctuations in labor including plant costs; constructiondelays (associated with time overruns); inadequate planning; inadequate design of projects; unforeseencircumstances due to third parties and variation orders issued by clients.

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WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE MALAWIAN CITIES AND IMPACTS ONDOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIES

A Case of Blantyre City Assembly

Gloria Vingula Mhango Chaonamwene


This study assessed the impact of wastewater management in Blantyre City on the downstream livelihoodsof Mudi, Limbe and Naperi rivers as receiving bodies. The physico-chemical characteristics of effluentsfrom main wastewater treatment plants and river waters at community abstraction points in Blantyre citywere assessed. Samples from selected points were analysed for Total Solids, Sulphates, Nitrates, Chlo-rides, Lead, Iron, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Fecalcoliform. Main treatment plants (Soche, Blantyre and Limbe) were assessed. Focus groups and Key

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Informant Interviews with relevant personnel from City Assembly, Health centres and communities usingthe waters for domestic use were conducted respectively. Health data was obtained from Blantyre DistrictHealth Office on prevalence of waterborne related diseases. Survey conducted in all four City Assembliesin Malawi revealed that there is generally poor wastewater management in the Malawian Cities. Assess-ment of the three main wastewater treatment plants in Blantyre City revealed that aging infrastructure andlack of maintenance together with poor operational and management issues contributes highly to poorwastewater management. Concentrations as high as Biological Oxygen Demand (242mg/?), ChemicalOxygen Demand (299mg/?), Lead (0.665mg/?), Chlorides (299mg/?), Sulphates (391.33mg/?), and Fe-cal coliform (3126 FC/100m?) were observed at abstraction points and were all above Malawi Nationaland WHO Standards for drinking waters. Health and community data reveals that Wastewater Manage-ment in the city and lack of safe water for domestic use has adverse impacts on the health of the down-stream communities. It has been revealed from the assessment that river waters, at the present conditionare not fit for any domestic use including irrigation. There is need for swift intervention by the Governmentand other stakeholders on awareness campaigns to the communities downstream on the use of riverwaters and for the provision of safe water for domestic use. It has been recommended that Water Re-sources Plan which constitutes Long-term wastewater Management Plan should be developed for BlantyreCity rivers.

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DEVELOPMENT OF DATA AUTHORIZATION AND MONITORING MECHANISM FORAN E – LEARNING SYSTEM FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TANZANIA

Khadija Mkocha

Master of Science in Telecommunications Engineering, September 2009

An e–Learning system is a multiuser system that spans over a wide geographical area. It is thus necessaryto have in place a mechanism to assure users of the privacy and confidentiality of their sensitive informa-tion. Furthermore, there is a need to have a watchful eye on the system operation to be sure that everyoneis behaving as required by the system. In addition, a mechanism that anticipates trouble and deals with itbefore it happens would greatly reduce system downtime and maintenance costs.

Developing the authorization and monitoring mechanisms involved, firstly, the determination of usergroups and their requirements in the e–system in comparison to the traditional educational system. Sec-ondly, the data groups were established and the relationships between users and data mapped out. Then,user roles and role permissions on interaction with data were established. Implementation the design wasdone into Moodle, a web based e-Learning platform built on open source software packages. Uponiterative testing, five roles with mutually exclusive tasks among them were established. Finally, document-ing followed.

In summary, a mechanism that emulates the user roles in the traditional education system will ease theadoption of technology in education. Moreover, it is a way to ensure educational information disseminationwithout compromise to assurance of authenticity and integrity while keeping privacy and confidentiality ofsensitive user information.

From here, the way to take should observe continued end user education and involvement with respectto system development and usage to improve the system. On the other hand, better organization of de-velopment tools will allow for easier system development.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED INNOVATION LINKAGE MODEL FOR AS-SESSING INNOVATION SYSTEMS USING

REGRESSION-MATRIX TECHNIQUES

The Case of SIDO-SMEs’ Network in Tanzania

Dugushilu Mafunda

Ph.D. (Engineering Management), November 2008

Literature on innovation systems shows that innovation activities are costly and risky. Literature furthershows that cost and risks of innovation activities are high between product design and prototype develop-ment. Without taking account of peculiarities of SMEs innovation activities, SMEs are bound to stagnate,reverse or fail to grow. Attempts have been done to mitigate such problems by encouraging SMEs to forminnovation systems. However, assessment of such systems in developing countries has been limited byadoption of various western models which most of them are dependent on input-output value data.

The innovation linkage attributes could be one of the multifaceted efforts to assess innovation linkagesas they are costly and time effective and risk free. However, various methods of assessing innovationsystems using innovation linkages are done without alienating innovation activities from innovation linkageattributes. They are also unable to tell precisely how the effects of innovation activities influence the inno-vation system performance. The study identifies and accounts for the type and nature of system linkageattributes and their contribution to technology changes in the system using An Integrated Innovation Link-age Model. The Model combines the interaction of innovation system components whose linkage at-tributes to the system are interpreted using regression-matrix techniques.

Using a sample of 104 SMEs from SIDO Network, the study establishes that SIDO Network ischaracterized by innovation linkages which are attributed by education, knowledge and skills and training.The study further establishes that innovation linkage attributes contribute to improving the SIDO innova-tion system performance, though with weak predictive technology factor (Tf) of 1.28, 1.42 and 1.58 (in ascale of between 0-9) for education, knowledge and skills and training respectively. The measure oftechnology change in form of the technology factor (Tf) which is predictive can be used as a tool forassessing technological innovation systems.

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SUITABILITY OF LIME-POZZOLAN IN STABILISING LATERITE SOILS FOR RURALROADS CONSTRUCTION IN TANZANIA

Robert Ngalu

Master of Science (Engineering)

Discovery of large quantity of locally available pozzolan in Arusha, Mbeya and Kilimanjaro regions, whichpossess good amount of reactive silica led to further study on their suitability in stabilising laterite soil whichis one of the marginal and problem soil materials used in road construction in Tanzania. Three types of

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laterite soils categorised by origin, location and particle size were investigated. These soils were in therange of sandy to clayey. Strength tests were conducted for these soils with varying amounts of lime andpozzolan, in different curing age from zero days to 28 days. Standard tests on physical properties formaterials before and after stabilization of mixes were conducted mostly based on standards, specificationsand test methodology of the Ministry of Works (Tanzania). Further, specialized chemical and mineralogyanalyses using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were carried out on soilsto study minerals present and their contribution to lime-pozzolan reactions. Results show that, for thetested range, density and moisture content for Kifaru soil (sandy) were increasing with pozzolan while forNgangu soil (mostly clay) the opposite was the case. There was an increase in strength for all soils with theincrease of pozzolan and lime contents. Pozzolan contents were increased in ratios to lime content, i.e. 1:1,2:3, 1:2, 2:5 and 1:3. Lime-pozzolan ratio of 1:3 was found to have the highest strength for all soils thanother tested ratios; this implies that pozzolan from Oldonyo Sambu is very reactive. Chemical and Miner-alogical tests on Ngangu soil revealed high content of hematite (Fe2O3) and kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)with significant amount of quartz (SiO2) and almost absence of base minerals.

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EVALUATION OF CONSTRAINTS TO SUSTAINABLE HANDPUMP USE IN RURALWATER SUPPLY

The Case of Lilongwe – Dedza Groundwater Development Project Area in Malawi

Oliver Cromwell Phiri

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management, September 2006

Majority of Malawi’s rural handpump projects in the past have been implemented from perspectives ofsupply driven. Hitherto, sustainability was largely compromised and has culminated into high levels ofbreakdowns and eventual dependence on the government for support. This study examined key technicalproblems of Afridev handpumps. It then analyses the constraints to management of the institutionalizedhandpump. The study’s goal was therefore to find ways on how best to improve sustainability levels ofrural institutionalized water supply systems in future projects. Evaluation of handpumps in the Lilongwe-Dedza Groundwater Project area in Malawi provided an objective platform for the current discussion.The following methodologies were used: water point mapping, field survey, and detailed mechanical as-sessment. A pre-survey handpump assessment mapped 999 mechanically drilled boreholes fitted withhandpumps. A sample size of 130 Afridev pumps was then targeted for detailed assessment. The studyfound that: poor quality of components and faulty installations are key technical problems. Likewise, lackof clear sense of pump ownership, absence of water tariffs, lack of organized spare parts supply distribu-tion, and post implementation monitoring are barriers to long term sustainability. A desirable correctivemaintenance would cost US$334,886 while preventive maintenance over a 10 year design period wouldcost user community about US$130 a year. The study proposes wearing factor, leakage and dischargetests, maintenance policy, and robust spareparts supply and distribution system as important tools formanagement. Similarly, best practices such as establishing and training of WPC in O and M, and servicingof HMF are suggested safeguards to long term handpump sustainability in rural water supply.

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SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND AUTOCALIBRATION USING SWAT MODEL

A Case Study of 1dd1 Catchment

Kashinde Abdalla Juma

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering), September 2006

A complex hydrologic model is generally characterized by a multitude of parameters. The success of amanual calibration essentially depends on the experience of the modeler and their knowledge of the basicapproaches and interactions in the model. A manual calibration therefore always is subjective to someextent. Moreover, it can be extremely time consuming.

Parameters identifiability was conducted using Sensitivity analysis based on sampling strategy that is acombination of Latin-Hypercube and one-factor-at a-time sampling which built-in a physically based modelSWAT. An automatic calibration based on SCE-UA which is incorporated into SWAT model, was usedfor parameter optimization. Available daily streamflow data for six years (i.e. 1977-1982) and four years(i.e. 1970-1973) were used for model calibration and validation respectively.

The sensitivity analysis has identified six (6) most sensitive parameters. Such parameters are CurveNumber(CN2), Surface Runoff lag time(Surlag), minimum threshold depth of water for ground flow tooccur(GWQMN), Recharge to deep aquifer (RCHRG_DP), Overland Slope (SLOPE), and Soil depth(SOL_Z). Besides, it was found that surface runoff parameters are mostly influencing rainfall-runoff trans-formation in the catchment. Calibration and validation on a daily basis gave satisfactory results with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency R2 = 54% and R2=64% respectively. The model performance on monthlybasis during one hydrological year gave up to R2= 77%.The modelling exercise has suggested that usingprocessed or adequate and reliable spatial rainfall data and setting-up a distributed watershed model couldimprove the results of this study.

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EFFECTS OF RICE HUSKS MODIFICATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OFPARTICLEBOARDS

Bwire Ndazi

Doctor of Philosophy, November 2006

Rice husks are fibrous lignocellulosic materials having the potential for manufacture of particleboards iftheir chemical and physical interaction with resins is improved by chemical and physical modifications oftheir surfaces. Effects of mechanical modification, and steam and alkali treatments of rice husks on theperformance of particleboards were studied in this research. Mechanical modification involved reductionof particle sizes of rice husks by a hammer-miller. Steam treatment entailed curing of rice husks between

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110 and 140°C for 1 hour in an improvised steam reactor. Alkali treatment included soaking the rice husksin 1 to 8% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions. The treated and untreated rice husks were mixed withphenol formaldehyde (PF) or tannin-based resins and then pressed by a hot-hydraulic press between 150and 200°C for 9 to 12 minutes to produce particleboards of various densities and resin contents. Effectsof these modifications on the properties of the rice husks and particleboards were investigated usinganalytical and non-analytical methods.

The properties of the particleboards were found to depend on the modification method, treatmentcondition, as well as type and content of resin used. Crushing of rice husks improved slightly the mechani-cal properties but not the thickness swelling (TS) resistance of particleboards.

However, after alkali treatment of rice husks with up to 2% NaOH, the internal bond (I.B.) strength ofPF-bonded particleboards improved by 271% of the I.B. strength of untreated rice husks particleboards(0.07 MPa) at 13% resin content. Steam treatment resulted in an improvement of the mechanical proper-ties and TS resistance of particleboards up to 340% with increase of resin content or board density. Themodulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of steam treated rice husks particleboardswere comparable to those of wood chipboards and exceeded the minimum requirements of EN 312-3.Improvement of mechanical properties of particleboards after steam treatment of rice husks at 140°C wasattributed to partial removal of surface extractives without affecting the primary properties of cell wallcomponents. However, the mechanical properties of rice husks particleboards deteriorated after treatingrice husks with more than 4% NaOH concentrations. For example, the MOE decreased by 26% from2702 MPa while the I.B. strength dropped by 65%. This was associated with significant degradation oflignin and hemicellulose as revealed by proximate analysis. The I.B. strength, flexural properties and TSresistance of all particleboards bonded with tannin-based resins were inferior to those of PF, which impliesthat tannin-based resins are inapt for binding rice husks. It can be concluded that, of the three modificationmethods used in this study, treatment with steam seems to be the most appropriate technique for surfacemodification of rice husks so far. It may be possible to improve further the particleboards’ properties bytreating rice husks above 140°C. However, further research on treatment schemes that remove silica fromthe surface of rice husks without significantly deteriorating their properties is required.

***************INVESTIGATION OF BROADBAND ACCESS OVER POWER-LINE NETWORK FOR

COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES PROVISION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Justinian Anatory

Doctor of Philosophy, October 2007

The provision of the various broadband communications services in developed countries is usually not avery big problem since a number of options are available ranging from wireless technology, wire linenetworks. Recently many authors have studied the technology viable for communication in developingcountries environment such as nonurban areas, municipality and low density in different environment, byreflecting the already available wireless technology adopted in some of urban areas and developed coun-tries.

Technologies, which have realized to be the candidates for communications in such areas, are VSAT/Satellite systems which at least can provide broadband services in different remote areas and municipality.


But the indications in various developing countries like Tanzania show that the implementation of suchtechnologies for a true broadband accessibility and at affordable price is still a problem. It has beenproposed that to be able to have connections different initiatives are needed.

There is one technology which could be applicable to developing countries due to its penetrations andmight provide the affordability for broadband services in most of developing countries. The technology ispower-line networks. The applicability of Broadband Power-line Communication (BPLC) for communi-cation has been reported in different areas of developed countries. Moreover, a lot of problems stillimpede the utilization of such infrastructure. This thesis is attempted to solve various problems wherebynew Transfer function (TF) channel model and new model for current/voltage distribution are developed.In addition, by using the developed TF the channel capacity, the effects of channel load impedances, linelength and branches, including ground to the stochastic channel attenuation for indoor, medium voltage,and low voltage are investigated. It has been observed that the channel capacity of broadband power-linenetwork is minimum when the channel is terminated in characteristics impedances. In addition the positionof notches are branched line lengths and load impedances dependant. Finally the ground return causes thehigh attenuation in the BPLC systems.

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NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION IN A COUPLEDHIGH RATE –WATER HYACINTHPONDS

Emmanuel Ephraim Hanai

Master of Science (Environmental Engineering), June 2006

The role of plant biofilm and the effect of high rate pond (HRP) on nitrogen transformations and removalwas studied in a water hyacinth wetland (WHW) unit. The study was done in two phases, Phase I (WHWunit) and Phase II (coupled HRP-WHW units). A conceptual model was then developed to model variousprocesses in the system using STELLA 6.0.1 software.

The study demonstrated the significance of the plant biofilm on nitrogen removal in WHW. Modelresults in phase I showed that 1.26 gN/m2.d of nitrogen was removed in presence of biofilm, but inabsence of biofilm only 0.89 gN/m2.d was removed. In Phase II, 1.22 gN/m2.d and 0.37 gN/m2.d ofnitrogen was removed in presence and absence of biofilm, respectively. The decrease in nitrogen removalin absence of biofilm, demonstrates the importance of biofilm attached onto plants. There was a highernitrate removal through denitrification in WHW in phase II than in phase I. In Phase II WHW denitrifica-tion rate was 1.00 gN/m2.d, but decreased slightly to 0.93 gN/m2.d in phase I WHW, probably becauseof introduction of HRP in phase II WHW, which favored nitrification and consequently denitrification inWHW unit due to anoxic conditions.

From the model results it was recommended that HRP should be incorporated in wetland design forefficient nitrogen removal. To improve the performance, residence time for HRP should be increased topromote nitrification.

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PERFORMANCE OF HOLIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND(HSSFCW) IN THE TREATMENT OF TANNINS WASTEWATER

Renalda Mukandala

Master of Science (Environmental Engineering), August 2006

The performance of a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) system in the treat-ment of tannins wastewater (TWW) was studied. Two HSSFCW cells one planted with Phragmitesmauritianus and the other unplanted were used. In order to increase the possibility of biodegradation oftannins in the HSSFCW, seeding was necessary. Primary facultative pond sludge was found to performbetter than the rumen fluid, thus the former was used in this study.

Two experiments were done. In the first run 1g/l tannin wastewater made from spray-dried mimosaextract was mixed with primary facultative pond wastewater (FPWW), and the resultant tannins wastewa-ter was passed through the HSSFCW. In the second run, the pre-treated tannins wastewater from theThree Phase Fluidised Bed bioreactor (TPFBB) was used.

The results obtained indicated that HSSFCW was capable of treating tannins wastewater. Tannins andCOD removal efficiency of 95.9% and 90.6% with outlet concentration of 27mg/l and 86mg/l, respec-tively was obtained in the planted cell for nonpre-treated TWW; while the tannins and COD removalefficiency of 91.1% and 89.5% with outlet concentration of 57mg/L and 96mg/L, respectively was ob-tained in the control cell. For pre-treated TWW, the tannins and COD removal efficiency of 92.9% and91.3% with outlet concentration of 50mg/l and 90mg/l, respectively was obtained in the planted cell.Results from the model indicated that biodegradation was the dominant process of tannins removal in theHSSFCW. The model results also indicated that the developed model was able to simulate the tanninsremoval processes in the CW and thus can be used to predict the removal efficiency of tannins in theHSSFCW.

***************CHALLENGES OF COMMUNITY MANAGED WATER PROJECTS IN TANZANIA

The Case of Mbuo Water Project, Mtwara District

Francis Mtitu

Master of Engineering Management, November 2009

Nowadays community management is a profound model for implementing rural water supply systems inTanzania. The model makes community responsible for the operation of water services after the imple-menting agency has left. Often times communities struggle with planning, developing and maintaining theirwater supply services due to various challenges.

The aim of this study was to examine challenges and suggest ways to overcome them. The study wasconducted in Mbuo water project, Mtwara district. That was possible through literature review and inter-views with users and the management team. The field data collection covered 240 households from the


four ward of Mtwara district. The current estimate households of four wards is about 3461, meaning thatthe sample size is about 7% of the household population of the area benefiting from this water project.

It is concluded that, to minimize challenges, local communities should be highly involved in all aspects ofwater scheme development. Creation of Village Water Committees with powers of mobilizing local people,planning, and financing is seen to be one of the most promising ways of increasing community participationand sustaining water projects. In addition, operation and maintenance should be put in place with availablefunds for routine maintenance as well as project cost recovery. The study recommends for improvementon private sector participation (PPP), multiple uses of water to address food and nutritional security,introduce incentives to volunteers, install bulk meters, improve financial management, enhance economicviability of the water tariff and connect more private customers to subside for the poor including vulnerablepeople in the project area.

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PERFORMANCE REVIEW AND APPRAISAL SYSTEM TOWARDS REALIZATION OFTHE BEST STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE IN ENGINEERING ORIENTED INSTI-

TUTIONS IN TANZANIA

A Case Study of Engineering Oriented Ministries Departments and Agencies (MDAs)

Fabian Damacen Baeka

Master of Engineering Management, October 2009

The Tanzania Government’s decision to introduce public service reforms has the potential for enhancingboth efficiency and effectiveness in delivery of public services. One of the components of these reforms isthe “Open Performance Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS)” which is mandatory for implementationin all Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). The system is a formal and systematic procedure forplanning, managing and evaluating performance of each individual employee in MDAs. Despite all its goodattributes, OPRAS is yet to show expected impact as experienced in engineering oriented MDAs. As aresult of this, apathy and skepticism on the system have set in, among staff in such establishments. A studywas undertaken to establish reasons for noted anomaly. Research design involved classification of OPRASstakeholders in four groups namely, MDAs which are practicing OPRAS, those yet to practice, wellestablished organizations with alternative systems to OPRAS and experts in performance appraisal. Indi-viduals were selected randomly to form the sample and data collection involved a combination of observa-tions, interviews and questionnaires. Results were that among indicated reasons include lack of manage-ment commitment among managers in MDAs and that, even in private companies in Tanzania, issues ofperformance appraisal are still in their infancy. Finally, the dissertation recommends on how to arrest thesituation. Among the recommendations are, institution of supervisory and enforcement role by PO-PSM,fostering for cultural change among staff in MDAs and putting visible as well as straight linkage betweenOPRAS and remuneration.

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ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING AVAILABILITY OF SURVEYED PLOTS AMONGURBAN CENTERS IN TANZANIA

The Case of Kibaha Town Council

Mayige Saatatu Ntambi


A surveyed plot is an important factor in urban development due to the fact that they are used to controlsquatters. Once allocated to plot seekers, they contribute revenue to the government through land rentcollection. Also used as collateral to secure loan from banks. The main objective of this research was toestablish factors causing inadequate surveyed plots among urban centers. To achieve the research objec-tives, 85 questionnaires were distributed to land administrators and external stakeholders, whereby 69questionnaires responded to. These form basis for the outcome of this research.

The research revealed that most problems mainly exist due to lack of funds for compensation of prop-erties and surveying plots, lack of education to community, corruption among staff of land sector and highcost of surveyed plots to be major cause of lack of surveyed plots. Other observed significant factorsincluded deficiency of motivated staff, complexity, cumbersome as well as bureaucratic procedures of landsector, poor land law enforcement institutions, poor enforcement of planning a building well as regulations,application of inappropriate including outdated standards and no regular training for staff. The study rec-ommends that the government should educate external stakeholders to enable them know the importanceof owning surveyed plots, it should increase budget in land sector in order to build up capacity in terms oftraining staff, providing modern equipments and compensate as well as surveying plots.

***************ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS TOWARDS IMPROVED PER-

FORMANCE OF BUILDING PROJECTS SUPERVISED BY ARCHITECTS IN TANZANIA

Benjamin Christopher Maula

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management) June, 2009

The building industry in Tanzania is growing very rapidly but has a bad track record characterized by costoverruns, time overruns and poor quality. There is an increase of clients’ demands for value for money totheir projects. The study on project success and critical success factors (CSFs) are considered to bemeans for improving efficiency in project implementation. This research was conducted in order to identifyvariables that influence success of project implementation.

The study was based on information gathered from questionnaires. This study chose seventy sevenfactors categorized in seven groups that respondents were asked to rank and score. A criticality index wasused to identify the CSFs. A sample of fifty architectural firms and contractors based in Dar es Salaam wasselected through random sampling. Microsoft Excel was used to analyze the collected data in this re-search.


The following were Critical Success Factors established; Supervision, Project manager’s commitmentto meet quality, cost and time; Project Managers organization skills; speed of information flow, ProjectManagers’ leadership skills; Project manager’s authority to take financial decision; selection of key teammembers; and Project Managers’ early as well as continued involvement in project; others included trouble-shooting, project delivery system, adequacy of plan and specifications; and overall managerial actions. Afurther study should be directed to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) of success when a relation-ship between CSFs and KPIs would be established so as to facilitate further project success/ achieve-ments.

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INTEGRATING NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS DATAACQUISITION DEVICE (NI USB-6009) HARDWARE PLATFORM INTO ILAB FRAMEWORK

Josiah Patrick Nombo

Master of Science (Electronics Engineering and Information Technology), November 2009

iLabs are remote online laboratories that allow users to perform experiments through the Internet. As aneducational tool the iLab platform enables students and educators, who do not have access to laborato-ries, to complement their theoretical knowledge by carrying out experiments remotely on equipment lo-cated anywhere in the world and at any time of the day. Students perform experiments on actual instru-ments allowing them to get real data, instead of relying on simulations. The iLab project has been deployedin three African universities (UDSM, MUK and OAU) in collaboration with MIT, using the NationalInstruments Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrument Suite (NI ELVIS) platform, as a cost effectivesolution to developing iLabs in developing countries.In this research, a new hardware platform based on National Instruments Data Acquisition Device, hasbeen integrated into the iLab Shared Architecture (ISA).The device is relatively simple and cheap thanELVIS platform, it allows simple experiments not requiring the complexity of ELVIS to be run in the ISA.

Two experiments; diode characteristics and TTL characteristics experiments, have been implementedto demonstrate the application of the new platform. The two mentioned experiments were first performedusing conventional lab and then using iLabs. It was found that the iLab results were similar to theoreticalresults, despite the signal loss problem encountered in the Data Acquisition Device.

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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AS APPLIED IN VARIOUSROAD PROJECTS IN TANZANIA

A Case of TANROADS Dar es Salaam

Eng. Isaack Aloyce Kamwelwe

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), November 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the financial management system as applied in various roadprojects in Tanzania.

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The research used case study strategy with quantitative and qualitative methods and conducted in Dares Salaam TANROADS Head office. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, observa-tions and focus group discussion. A total of 28 respondents were interviewed.

The research established that, the financial management skills among or within the road sector industryis not well practiced. Majority of the interviewed indicated that they have just basic skills in financialmanagement, implying the existing illiteracy as regard to financial management in road projects.

The overall conclusion is that financial management system in Tanzania had a number of weaknessesincluding lack of enough knowledge/skills to manage and control the finance in road projects. As for theTANROADS the major problems included insufficient number of staff of different cadres such as Accoun-tants and Project Engineers.

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SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL TOWNS’ WATER SUPPLY IN TANZANIA

The Case of Kibaigwa in Dodoma

Charles Zacharia

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), October 2009

Water provision in rapidly urbanization small towns in developing countries is contentious especially themanagement structure. In Tanzania, water supply interventions have been concentrated in rural areas andregional headquarters, leaving small towns with minimum interventions and without service managementmodel. This research sought to reflect on the Kibaigwa water management model and assess its suitabilityand recommend possible amendments for replication to other small towns. In undertaking the study, crosssectional research design was adopted involving semi-structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions(FGDs) and interviews with both primary and secondary stakeholders. Statistical Packages for SocialSciences (SPSS) soft ware was used in data analysis. The study revealed that the sustainability of Kibaigwawater supply facilities and services hinges upon high community participation level at all stages of projectcycle, availability of funds for operation and maintenance, single water source, use of water revenue tosupport extension of services, accountability to community members and customer satisfaction with provi-sion of water services. It was also found that Kibaigwa management model of Board of Trustees wasinstrumental for sustainability because it is rooted within the community.

The study proposed that the Board of Trustees Model should be modified to accommodate peoplewith technical expertise who can not be elected under the normal process to give advice. The parentministry through local council should periodically facilitate review of the management structure, providefeedback and document success that can be replicated to other small towns.

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THE IMPACT OF THE RESURGENCE OF HAPLOCHROMINE SPECIES ONRASTRINEOBOLA ARGENTEA POPULATION IN MWANZA GULF, LAKE VICTORIA-

TANZANIA

Symphorian Joseph Ngaiza

Master of Science (Integrated Environmental Management), November 2009

The current ecological changes in Lake Victoria ecosystem, particularly, the interaction of two sympatricspecies (Rastrineobola argentea and the resurgent zooplanktivorous haplochromines) which share foodand ecological niche prompted the present study on the impact of resurgence of haplochromines on R.argentea population. This study was conducted through experimental fishing using a bottom trawl netduring the period November - December 2008 and January 2009 in Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria. Thehauls of fish were used to determine population densities and structure. Physico-chemical variables werealso assessed. The results revealed a significant difference between the relative abundance of R. argenteaand haplochromines (t = 2.248; DF = 46; P = 0.0294) and isometric growth of R. argentea despite theresurgence of haplochromines, that was assumed to affect its growth negatively (One sample t-test, t =1.241; DF =11; P = 0.2403). Fecundity increased with length (AF = 0.00079 SL5.6871, r2 = 0.5567),with the highest (535) and lowest (8) numbers of eggs recorded in specimens measuring 51 and 35 mmSL, respectively. The study revealed a decrease in water clarity but oxygen was above 5mgl-1, tempera-ture ranged from 24.35-27.49 ºC and conductivity 99.9-107 ?Scm-1–conditions considered suitable forgrowth and reproduction. It is difficult to specify the effect of interaction between haplochromines and R.argentea in a complex ecosystem of Lake Victoria without considering other factors such as predation andoverfishing.

***************MULTIPURPOSE DIGITAL CONTROLLER (MDC) FOR MOTOR DRIVES

Nicodemu Gregory

Master of Science (Power Electronics and Electrical Drives) November, 2009

The presence of sequential processes in industry which requires motor drives of different characteristicsintroduce unnecessary cost, space and time if installed. In this research thesis, software controlled Multi-purpose Digital Controller (MDC) was designed and implemented to control DC Motor, Single-Phaseand Three-Phase Induction Motor drives sequentially. Vector control technique was used to verify MDCon Three-Phase Induction Motor, Single-Phase motor by constant Volt/Hertz principal and DC Motorcontrol by varying armature voltage at constant excitation. Tools used for MDC implementation areMATLAB_Simulink, MATLAB-C2000 Toolbox, RTW and CCStudio V3.1 for Software; and Hard-ware employed were Intelligent Power Module (PM50RSK060) and F2812eZdsp. YOKOGAWADL1540L Oscilloscope was used for measurements. MDC performance analysis was conducted in detailfor a Three-Phase Induction Motor. Results show that, MDC concept has proven its control applicability.In case of Three-Phase Induction Motor and its control techniques, it was found to have flexibility in

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control to both, torque and speed because current and torque are decoupled in vector control. Parametersensitivity towards the speed and flux behaviour of the Induction Motor was found to have great influenceon the controller performance when the rotor time constant was made to deviate from its nominal value.Current controller and speed controller was implemented using PI controller in first order system to matchthe controlled Induction Motor.

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COMPARISON OF INCOME GAIN ACTIVITIES IN INFORMAL AND FORMALSETTLEMENTS

A Case of Buguruni and Tabata Wards in Ilala MunicipalityDar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Aloyce Subira

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management) November, 2009

Insecurity of land tenure and property are common attributes of urban informal settlements in the develop-ing country.

The study aims to compare income gain in informal and formal settlements of Dar es Salaam City, assess-ing different forms of land tenure and IGA in urban informal as well as formal settlement and also analyzingthe spatial pattern of income gain activities in urban settlements. The sample area of the study is Buguruniand Tabata suburbsThe methodology adopted in carrying out this research includes literature review, data collection throughdiscussion and interview with land department’s offices in the city of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.

The study has indicated most of plot owners have used land for Income Generational Activities (IGA)while using any spaces for residential purpose even without formal property rights. Furthermore the studyreveals that socio-economics status of plot owners and spatial qualities of plots are major factors, whichdetermine scale and type of IGA, or partner plots.

Finally the study concludes that upgrading of land tenure alone cannot address the needs of the urbanpoor and it must be accompanied with provision of basic infrastructure facilities.

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ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES IN RUVUFOREST RESERVE

Lilian Ibengwe

Master in Integrated Environmental Management November, 2009

This study examined the use of Remote Sensing data (Landsat TM5&7) p167r65, in assessing the LandCover Change in Ruvu forest reserve (RFR) between 1991 and 2002, subsequently an attempt was made


to evaluate the effect of Ruby mining in the forest. ILWIS 3.0, Arc View GIS and Microsoft Excel softwareswere used to process the data. In achieving this, ground truthing was conducted to aid the assessment. Thestudy findings revealed that there were seven land covers classes in the year 1991, and these are; DenseBushland (Bd) 39.83%, Open Woodland (Wo) 36.35%, Wooded Grassland (Gw) 12.67%, Mixed Crop-land (Cm) 3.68%, Bushed Grassland (Gb) 3.12%, Bush with Cultivation (Cb) 2.53% and Open Bushland(Bo) 1.81%. In the year 2002, ten land cover classes were distinctly revealed namely Dense Bushland(Bd) 35.06%,Wooded Grassland (Gw) 18.52%, Bare soil (Bs) 10.84%, Thicket with Dense Bushland(Tbg) 8.64%, Mixed Cropland (Cm) 7.06%, Bushed Grassland (Gb) 6.10%, Open Grassland (Go)4.65%, Open Bushland (Bo) 4.44%, Bush with Cultivation(Cb) 3.22% and Open Woodland(Wo) 1.48%.

The outcome of image analysis indicated that ruby mining has a negative effect on land covers in RFR,accordingly bare soil with coverage area of 10.84 % was the new land cover formed in 2002 as the endresult of ruby mining. It was revealed that villagers are actively participating in mining activities both femaleand male, out of 60 respondents interviewed (i.e. 30 females and 30 males), 12 female and 19 malerespondents are involving in mining activities.

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ASSESSING CONTRACT MANAGEMENT RISKS OF MAJOR CAPITAL PROJECTS INPUBLIC SECTOR

The Case Study of Ministry of Infrastructure Development(Tanzania Building Agency)

George Chabby Haule

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management) December, 2009This study presents experience of implementing contract management risks of Major Capital Projects(MCP) in Public Sector in Tanzania (Tanzania Building Agency).

It aimed to assess the way government institutions use contract management risks plan and treatmentsto avoid the worst impact of those risks so as to encourage a focus on outcomes and results of MajorCapital Projects (MCP) in Public Sector.

The study used multiple methodologies including survey questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and docu-mentation analysis so as to increase richness of the research findings.

It was found that most of the TBA staff know the importance of Contract Management Risk manage-ment system but they acknowledged that there is no formal existence of this system. It was also observedthat, the agency is facing four categories of Contract Management risks in its MCP which are on theContract Management Capability, Contractors’ performance, changes of circumstance and requirementsand stakeholders’ relationship. Similarly, their treatments were not done in a formal manner and in thatsense very little has been done to address them.

An overall conclusion is that the Tanzania Building Agency lacks an effective, integrated risk-manage-ment approach to manage Major Capital Projects. The study identified significant problems in the Agency’srisk-mitigation activities and processes.

A Major Capital Project needs to have an action plan for implementing integrated risk management thatindicates to the senior management how it will proceed—who is responsible for doing what, the sequenceand timing of key activities, the nature and extent of the resources required.

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ASSESSMENT OF STRATEGIES FOR COMPETITIVENESS IN TELECOMMUNICA-TIONS SECTOR

The Case of Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited

Esther Kemilembe Mutasa


This study focused on assessment of strategies for enhancing competitiveness in Tanzania Telecommunica-tions Company Limited (TTCL). The purpose of this study was mainly to assess the existing strategies,identify factors/problems that hindering competitiveness in TTCL and come out with suggestion(s) forenhancing TTCL’s positive business outcome in Telecommunication sector.

The study adapted a qualitative research approach in order to pinpoint TTCL’s problems. Data werecollected through structured questionnaires. Findings revealed that Tanzania Telecommunications Com-pany Limited has strategic plans that are not accomplished as planned. Also there are other factors/prob-lems in TTCL that hinder competitiveness such as inadequate funds that lead to failure to implement somedevelopment projects.

Some recommendations have been presented in order to help TTCL succeed in providing properservices in the Telecommunications sector such as finding financial assistance for new developments in-stead of relying on revenue collections only, reconsider its marketing strategy as well as consider revisingits management positions.

THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORRUPTION TENDENCIES ANDLAND DISPUTE INCIDENCES IN TANZANIAN URBAN COUNCILS

Makala Paschal Mfunga

Efforts of having good land administration in Tanzania urban councils have been weighted down by in-crease of land disputes and land corrupt tendencies since independence to date. Many land disputes arereported at all lands offices in the urban councils despite of increasing the number of land professionals.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between corruption tendencies and landdisputes incidences in Tanzanian urban councils. The empirical data were obtained from a survey of 201land owners in 20 Tanzanian urban councils. The findings suggest that corruption tendencies significantlyand positively relate to land disputes incidents in Tanzanian urban councils. The causes included insufficientbudget released by the central and local governments to Urban Councils on land development, insufficientstaff, insufficient working tools and lack of free land. Corrupt tendencies were money bribery, favoritismand land speculations. Efforts should be made to build capacity for plots delivery to meet demands of plotapplicants in Urban Councils. Also the government should promote the carrot and stick concept to all landstakeholders who are involved in corrupt tendencies.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE FACTORS BETWEEN LOCAL ANDFOREIGN ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTING COMPANIES IN TANZANIA

A Case of Dar es Salaam

Hillary George Mashoko

Master of Engineering Management (MEM), November 2009

The research sought to establish comparative performance factors affecting local and foreign architecturalconsulting companies operating in Tanzania, a case of Dar es Salaam. The focus of the study was toidentify and propose strategies that can be adapted to strengthen local architectural firms in Tanzania.Specifically, the study investigated firms’ performance indicators: managerial capability, financial capability,technological capacity and competitive advantage of architectural companies and gauge desired outputs:number and size of projects handled, market share and finally, firm’s profit margins attained over the lastthree years.

Findings show that, local architectural consulting firms had amassed comparative managerial capabilities tohandle both local and international oriented jobs/projects but, the technical resource base of local archi-tectural consulting firms had been narrower compared to the foreign firms. It was revealed further that,local companies face various financial constraints.Most local firms successfully handled more than 15 projects of different scales, generating profits rangingfrom 50 to 150 mil in TShs, over the last three years. Despite the fact that the local firms obtained aconsiderable greater number of projects compared to foreign firms, projects’ worthiness and profit mar-gins attained over the same period were outcompeted by foreign firms’ fewer number of projects.

The study findings disclosed further that, ways such as interaction with clients, partnering/networking,innovation/learning, conferences/seminars participation and strategic management are the key processfactors to performance, of any architectural companies.

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INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY PROBLEMS, RISKS,AND RISK ASSESSMENT IN TANZANIAN GSM INDUSTRY

Anthony Pastory Bizulu


The purpose of this investigation was to investigate environmental problems, risks and risk assessment soas to evaluate the potential risk of use of mobile phones, noise and radiations from telecommunicationmasts. On the other hand, the research, sought to investigate application of risk assessment models formeasuring company compliances to international standards (ISO) for Health, safety and environment. The

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need to investigate risk on Global System Mobile (GSM) industry and recommend mitigation measures toensure people is safe from GSM radiation and use of mobile phones resulted from my personal observa-tion and community complaints. The questions and data collection were done using surface mails andinterview. The research method used was questionnaires and interview of GSM stakeholders. The maintechniques used in Evaluation are Excel Calculator, PivotTable and statistical degree of freedom.

The results of the study will help service provider, suppliers, contractors, local government, governmentregulatory bodies such Occupational Health and Safety (OHSAS) and National Environmental Manage-ment Council (NEMC) to review operation strategies to avoid financial loss risks in future. The researchconcludes that, there is now a considerable body of evidence proving that microwave radiation frommobile cause’s brain tumors to some extent disturbs brain function and other health disturbances. It is aswell noted that, GSM stakeholder do not emphasize on risk assessments rather than Quality of theirservices and products.

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PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES FOR LOWER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES(LLGAs) IN TANZANIA

The Case of Selected LLGAs in Kilimanjaro Region

Meleck Yeroboam Eliashisa Silaa


This research addressed the problem of Procurement Management in the Lower Local Government Au-thorities (LLGAs) in Tanzania and attempted to establish whether this is caused by lack of appropriateprocurement guidelines coupled with inadequate capacity of the LLGAs.

The research methodology used was case study method. The case study covered seventy one (71)selected LLGAs from Kilimanjaro region. The Selected LLGAs included six Primary Health Care Facili-ties eleven PADEP Sub Projects, sixteen Primary Schools, fifteen Secondary schools, fourteen TASAF IISub Projects and nine WDC/WEO projects.

The study established that eighty four percent (84%) of respondents from the citede that LLGAs lackknowledge and access of Procurement Act, 2004 and its regulations; and 94.7% of the cited that LLGAslack Standard Tendering Documents and Guidelines issued by PPRA. It was also established that LLGAslack appropriate procurement guidelines and adequate capacity to effectively and efficiently plan procure-ment of goods, works and non-consultancy services for their projects. Further, 56.3% of selected LLGAsrecommended the establishment of Procurement Guidelines of the Sub Council PEs under coordination ofWDC. The study recommends that awareness campaign on PPA 2004 and its regulations on LLGAsLeadership and management should be done; translating the Act and its regulations in to Kiswahili andimmediate disseminations is also necessary. Further research on Local Government Staff establishment forLLGAs is recommended to establish whether with appropriate procurement guidelines the staff capacityat LLGAs are capable to manage procurements which are administered by GoT and LGAs.

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THE IMPACT OF PROCUREMENT PROCESS IN OUTSOURCING SERVICES TO-WARDS IMPROVING PERFORMANCE AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

The case study of Tanzania Electric Company Limited (TANESCO)

Francis Rushuki Henry Kiangio


The study aimed at investigating the impact of the procurement process in outsourcing services towardsimproving performance of TANESCO and Its customer satisfaction, a case study of Tanzania ElectricSupply Company Limited (TANESCO). To solidify information, the study used the views and opinions ofTANESCO employees and providers for the outsourced services.

The study examined political influence and superior authority if they really influence procurement pro-cess of selecting service providers for outsourced services in TANESCO. Also scrutiny was made touncover their impact towards improvement of performance and customer satisfaction.

The research findings have shown that for greater extent, political influence and superior authorityaffects procurement process for selecting service providers for outsourced services which in turn hindersachievement of outsourcing objectives. However, if factors like ensuring Procurement Management Unit(PMU) execute its responsibilities independently and imparted the needful knowledge on procurementprocess, the prevailing situation can be reversed.For the outsourcing companies to benefit from outsourcing concept through appropriate procurementprocess, it is recommended that, the procuring entities like TANESCO have to ensure the procuringprocess for selection of service providers for the outsourced services is done without being interfered withpolitical influence and people with high authorities. Also, the entities should see to it that, the evaluationresults are treated as per requirements of the PPA regulation (2005) which leads towards selection ofservice providers that are financial and technical capable.

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LAKE VICTORIA WATER LEVEL CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT ON WATER SUPPLY INLAKE RIPARIAN ZONE; TANZANIA

Edmund Mutayoba

The impacts of Lake Victoria level variations on water supply for selected towns in Tanzania were inves-tigated. A survey was conducted to establish location of intakes and their levels were determined using agraduated stick. The data for intake levels were used to establish reliability of water supply in the selectedtowns with three different water release policies. The results indicate that; if the lake is maintained at 1132m.a.s.l as it was measured for Jinja gauge, initially and the reliability is more than 90% for Musoma whenpolicy 212 is applied ,the reliability is more than 90% for Mwanza when policy 282 is applied and thereliability is more than 93% for Musoma when policy 253 is applied. Water supply in the zone will be most

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stable if the policy 253 is applied. The study has been confined to analysis of the effects of decline in Lakewater level by considering the provision of the water supply services of the selected three intakes. Theresults were as follows, Musoma town affected by the variation in lake levels of Lake Victoria; most of theintakes for Musoma are in shallow depth. Basing on the current water production of the Mwanza waterintakes the extreme deficit of about 31% has been noted. For Musoma the deficit of around 61% wasobserved. Bukoba town water services were not so much affected, although the reduction in water pro-duction during low lake water level was also eminent.

The analysis on water supply delivery status with regard with the fluctuations of Lake water level for thetowns earmarked shows that the decline in lake level is of an average of 2.5m “vertical – drop” andaggravates the water supply authority capacity to meet their customers water demand.

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SAFETY OF MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES IN THE RIGHT OF WAY

A Case Study of Tanzam Highway (Kibaha - Chalinze Section)

Salome Kundi Kitinya


The main objective of this study was to identify the critical factors that affect safety of movement in the rightof way, establish the relationship between the road infrastructure and safety of movement in the right ofway and propose strategies in order to enhance safety.

The study used literature review and qualitative research methodology that concerned extensive narra-tive data collection, statistical data analysis and quantitative presentation of results. The choice of usingquestionnaire was opted for its efficient and ability to capture more information from the source.

The factors revealed to be cause of accidents under human error are: over speeding, Violation of trafficrules, reckless driving/pedestrian, alcoholism. Under road defects factors and errors in the design of roadwhich resulted to long straight sections, narrow shoulders, absence of reflectors, deep ruts, undulation ofroad surface, absence of road furniture and under equipment the causes of accident were identified asdefective vehicles caused by poor maintenance, older vehicles which constitute majority of vehicles inTanzania and availability of fake spares in the market, attitude, ignorant of road users to safety measures,Lack of knowledge on how to use the road, their rights in the right of way and their role to preventaccidents are the major problems.

The overall conclusion is that emphasis should be done on educating road users; by taking initiative toinclude into the syllabus from kindergarten to secondary school the road safety studies to create aware-ness right from the beginning of each road user. Revision of traffic laws to raise high fines and penalties andaccommodate other stern laws like jailing, cancellation/suspension of driving licences for violators, andequip law enforcers with Information systems for data keeping, surveillance, and monitoring and easeenforcement. Road designs and maintenance interventions should accommodate non motorised traffic tosegregate motorised and none motorised on our roads. Policy on vehicles importation especially for publictransport vehicles should be revised to regulate on importing older vehicles.

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POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF MESOGYNE INSIGNIS ENGLER IN THE AMANI NA-TURE RESERVE, EAST USAMBARA MOUNTAIN FORESTS TANZANIA

Moses Iwatasia Olotu

Master of Integrated Environmental Management, November 2009

Fig pollination is a well-known scenario of obligate mutualism involving specialized fig wasp (Agaonidae)and Ficus species (Moraceae). However, pollination biology and possible pollinators are poorly under-stood in Mesogyne (Castilleae), the recently identified sister group to Ficus. Furthermore, little is knownabout the effects of forest fragmentation on reproductive success of M. insignis and diversity of pollinators.This study was carried out in East Usambara Mountain forests in 2008 and the major aim was to investi-gate on the pollination biology of Mesogyne insignis. The specific objectives were (i) to identify possiblepollinators of M. insignis, (ii) to compare the abundance of pollinators between forest fragments and intactforests and (iii) to evaluate the effect of pollinators on reproduction of M. insignis. Visual observation,insect trapping and pollinator exclusion experiments were the methods used. Diversity of Arthropod or-ders trapped from intact forest (10) was significantly higher than those from forest fragments (8) (P<0.001). Most of the morphotype in the genus Megachile and family Vespidae were observed activelyfeeding on M. insignis flower parts and are considered to be potential pollinators. Additionally, thrips, thesymbionts of M. insignis flowers seems to be responsible for pollination of this species as revealed fromfine mesh exclusion experiment. Overall, the total number of fruits set was significantly higher in intactforests (60) than in forest fragments (48) (P< 0.05), perhaps a reflection of the higher diversity and abun-dance of potential pollinators in an intact forest. A similar study should be conducted in other Eastern ArcMountains where M. insignis grows in order to find out if the potential pollinators are similar or not.

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)PROTOCOLS WITH APPLICATION TO BROADBAND POWERLINE

COMMUNICATION

The Case of Dar es Salaam Powerline Network

Abdi Talib Abdalla

Master of Science (Electronics Engineering and Information Technology), February 2010

The use of powerline networks in the access networks is the promising solution to the communicationindustries. In the powerline networks, the stations share a communication medium, which may causecommunication conflicts which results to poor network utilization if there is no efficient Media AccessControl Protocol. In this work, the applicability of different Media Access Control protocols including

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ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, Carrier Sence Multiple Access, Carrier Sence Multiple Access with CollisionDetection and Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance to the Broadband Powerline net-works are investigated and suggesting the appropriate techniques. Wireshark Network Protocol Ana-lyzer was used in this work to analyze the data traffic collected from the similar network to that of Kariakoonetwork which used as the case study, and the data simulated using Matlab. From the simulation results,the pure ALOHA protocol gives the maximum throughput of 15.99%, slotted-ALOHA protocol gives21.16% and CSMA/CA gives the maximum throughput of 30.6% under the same traffic load of 0.28Erlangkeeping arrival rates and packet lengths unchanged. But further reduction of the network size into twocollision domains the MAC throughput of CSMA/CA increases to 58.11% which is better performancecompared to all other investigated MAC protocols. From the results CSMA/CA was suggested to be theappropriate MAC protocol in the given network.

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COST PERFORMANCE PREDICTION MODEL FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIN TANZANIA

A Case Study of Water Projects

Esther Matemba

Master of Science in Construction Management, November 2009

Construction projects are very important in social economic development of any country. However con-struction projects in Tanzania have a poor track record of meeting costs; most of them are characterizedby significant cost overruns. The problem could be the lack of a systematic construction project costperformance management system. This dissertation, Cost Performance Prediction Model for Construc-tion Projects in Tanzania: A case study of water projects tries to solve the problem by developing a modelthat will help predict the cost performance of Construction projects using factors that affect cost perfor-mance of construction projects.

The top ten factors out of the 18 priority factors, identified from seven researches done previously,were selected as critical factors to be used in the model. The model required data on costs of criticalfactors as independent variables and cost overrun as a dependent variable which was collected from 31project documents of Water projects undertaken between 2002 and 2009. The cost overruns and theirrespective costs from factors of cost performance were analysed by a regression model using SPSSprogram and the Cost performance, model for construction projects was developed as: Co = 1.551 +0.989 Pc +0.952Vc +0.906Us + 0.975Ae + 2.013Pd + 4.61948

In conclusion, the dissertation was able to develop a model that predicts cost performance of construc-tion projects given certain factors inherent in the project delivery process or environment. It then recom-mends that the model developed be used in construction projects to plan and control costs.

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MEASURING BUILDING COSTRUCTION PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN TANZANIA:THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL HUMAN RESOURCES GAP

Ramo Matala Makani


Despite the enormous significance of the construction industry in every country, construction projects failat an alarming rate of more than 50% worldwide by some estimates. The poor performance is attributed toa number of varying factors. This study has looked at the performance of the building construction projectsin Tanzania and explored the effect of the technical human resources gap on the failures, with specialattention to the engineering personnel.The study made use of available information from a number of reports on the performance of the buildingconstruction projects in the country, conducted surveys in a total of 180 on-going building constructionsites in Dar es Salaam, conducted special surveys in 10 selected major on-going building constructionsites; also in Dar es Salaam and gathered information from major developers regarding the research topic.

Results from this study confirm that poor performance of the building construction projects in Tanzaniais about 55% attributed to lack of appropriate engineering personnel both in terms of number and in termsof professional competences. The major recommendations include the need to increase the number ofgraduates in engineering at the exit levels, improvement of remunerations to engineering personnel as aretention strategy to keep the qualified ones and putting in place of the building regulations and defining therules more clearly.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF PREFERRENTIAL TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMA-TION PREFERRED BY RURAL PEOPLE

The Case of Mkuranga Villages Coast Region, Tanzania

Ghati Horombe

Master of Science in Engineering Management, November 2009

Environmental information dissemination tools are the source of environmental information. These toolsplay an important role in creating information-rich societies and in improving the performance and trans-parency of environmental authorities and organisations. Among other factors lack of enough social ser-vices has made rural people illiterate and have low incomes, hence they can hardly access environmentalinformation. Access to environmental information is vital for formulation of policies, public participationand for designing measures conducive to sustainable development.

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To assess the methods of environmental information dissemination preferred by rural people, data wascollected by using questionnaires, interviews and observations. There were 100 questionnaires, 25 foreach of the four villages. Environmental information dissemination methods used in Mkuranga are radio,village meetings, posters, books, magazines and group discussions, where radio is the most preferredmethod. The major problem in environmental information dissemination in this District is untimely deliveryof environmental information. The study recommends that radio should be used as the major media forenvironmental information dissemination in rural areas, village leaders should be well equipped becausethey play important role in information dissemination in rural areas. Delivering environmental information inrural areas should be relevant to people’s level of education and economic activities. NGOs involvement iscrucial in dissemination of environmental information in rural areas and on improving infrastructure in ruralareas.

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RISK MANAGEMENT IN REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN TANZANIA

The Case of National Social Security Fund

Alexander Marco Ndibalema

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), October 2009

Risk management has substantial influence on real estate investment project achievements in Tanzania.Project failures result from time, cost and poor quality because of little attention given to management ofrisks involved during investments.

The study aimed at assessing risk management in real estate investment projects in Tanzania. It soughtto identify the extent of particular risks, knowledge and understanding in real estate investment projects.Also, it analyzed achievement levels of National Social Security Fund (NSSF) investment objectives aswell as tools available to manage risks in real estate investment. The methodology adopted in carrying outthis research included literature reviewed, data collection through discussions and interviews with NSSFOfficials.

The findings indicate that NSSF recognizes systematic and unsystematic risks inherent in investmentsundertaken by the Fund. Thus, it calls for total risks that NSSF takes in an appropriate manner. Further-more, the study indicates that the Fund manages risks through diversification strategies, use of specificbenchmarks and comprehensive monitoring of investment activities. Finally, lack of understanding andknowledge of risks associated with real estate investment projects is one of the problems faced by realestate investors in Tanzania.

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AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON EFFECTS OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS ON EMPLOYEEJOB SATISFACTION:

A case of Tanzania International Container Terminal Services Limited (TICTS)

Norman Enock Kingu


The main objective of this study was to find out job characteristics that influence employee job satisfactionand propose strategies that can be adopted by TICTS to improve employee job satisfaction. The studyused a closed-ended questionnaire for data collection from a sample of 105 respondents who were TICTSemployees at Dar es Salaam port, Tanzania. The study employed simple frequencies in data analysis fordescriptive parts of the research. Chi-squares were used in testing hypotheses developed from the Con-ceptual Framework.

The study results show that fifty five percent of the TICTS employee respondents were satisfied withtheir jobs. While thirty eight percent of the TICTS employee respondents, were dissatisfied with their jobsand seven percent were uncertain.The study revealed that from the conceptual framework developed, among the five job characteristicsconsidered, only two (Task identity and Feedback) job characteristics influences job satisfaction underTICTS employees. The other three (Skill variety, Task Significance and Autonomy) job characteristicswere revealed do not influences TICTS employee job satisfaction.

The study recommends that it is important for TICTS management and administrators to address issuesincluding; employees to perform a total job from start to finish, increase amount of recognition for a jobwell done and provide feedback on job performance to employees, carry out a study for implementationof scheme of service to improve employees’ job satisfaction.

This study has also found out areas for further research in the last sub-section of chapter five whichinclude the need to asses to what extent employees’ are satisfied with their job, especially in relation to jobperformance particularly in Tanzania Industries.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF IMPEDIMENTS TO SMALL AND MEDIUM LOCAL CONTRAC-TORS’ PERFORMANCE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA

Philemon Msomba


In this research, the main focus was the establishment of impediments to small and medium local contrac-tors’ performance to construction projects in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. Theprimary objective was the identification of factors caused by contractors and LGAs towards poor perfor-mance of construction projects in LGAs, the extent of effects of critical factors on the overall performanceof construction projects and suggesting measures for their mitigation.

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Various general causes of poor contractors’ performance were obtained from literature review. Poorperformance of construction projects in LGAs in Tanzania performed by small and medium local contrac-tors were obtained from interviews and questionnaires filled in by 79 LGAs’ engineers and 60 contractors.Opinion on the mitigation measures were as well obtained from interviews and questionnaires.

In this research, a number of factors of poor performance of construction projects in LGAs caused bycontractors and LGAs have been identified. These included inadequate experience and management skillsof technical personnel for both contractors and LGAs staff, lack of working capital to contractors, inad-equate equipments and plants to most of contractors, delay of payments to contractors from LGAs,corruption, political interference and community contribution not made on time. Most of these factorswere attributed to lack of proper application of project management principles, unfavourable economicenvironment and bureaucratic decision making process in LGAs. The contributing effect of each factorwas ranked in terms of a contributory percentage.

One of the key measures for mitigation of poor performance of construction projects in LGAs identi-fied in this study was to improve project management skill to technical personnel for both contractors’ sideand LGAs staff..

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND WATERPUMPING WIND ENERGY SYSTEM FOR RURAL AREA

Esebi Alois

MSc. (Production Engineering), November 2009

Wind energy is one of the renewable energy sources that are currently used in a commercial scale forvarious end-uses such as pumping water and electricity generation. These two applications are normallyaccomplished with separate windmill systems. Few attempts have been made to integrate them. In thiswork an attempt has been made to develop the wind energy system which will be used for both applica-tions (electricity generation and water pumping).

Development of the windmill system involves; analytical, experimental and design consideration ap-proaches. A survey was conducted in central Tanzania to identify potential windmill installation site. Thesurvey identified Kongwa district in Dodoma due to its favourable conditions. The survey also identifiedand estimated the power needs of a community of 200 people per day for water pumping and electricitygeneration as being 340 W and 370 W respectively.

Based on the analytical work and experimental investigation an appropriate windmill for water pumpingand electricity generation was designed. The design consists of 4 m rotor diameter with 8 blades with amaximum pumping head of 20 m. However, further study is recommended on integrating wind energysystems especially on selection of best suitable number of blades to be used in the integrated windmillsystem.

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AUTOMATIC METER READING SYSTEM FOR TANESCO

Edward Patrick Mwarabu

Master of Science (Electrical Power Systems and High Voltages , November 2009

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system is the latest advance in the telemetry field. It utilizes alreadyavailable fixed communication networks (e.g., the cellular network) for exchanging data to minimize costand human effort. The purpose of this dissertation is to introduce an Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)system for TANESCO that manages the reading of the electricity meters at the consumers’ side. Thissystem is intended to replace the exciting manual methods of meter reading.

The approach to the solution for this problem is made with the use of the GSM network and differenthardware modules are introduced to help transmitting of meter data between a central office and customer’sside.

The achieved results are encouragmg. The meter reading was gathered and certain wireless processeswere controlled. The GSM communication media were fully utilized by introducing GSM protocols. Com-puter software was developed to run the overall process. The results obtained stand as a proof of conceptfor the credibility of implementing such AMR system.

Yet, the results still need further analysis and improvements to be made. Using other chips and ad-vanced microcontrollers can help in gathering more data and control further process.

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A STUDY ON FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DELAYS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

The Case of Sam Nujoma Road in Dar es Salaam

Danford James Ndayeza

November, 2009

The study aimed at establishing factors that cause delays in construction projects in Tanzania perspective.Sam Nujoma Road upgrading project in Dar as salaam was taken as a case study.

Data collection included a combination of primary and secondary sources. The study used both quan-titative and qualitative techniques which played useful complementary roles. The quantitative methodswere used to obtain information of various aspects of the interest of the study, whereas the qualitativemethods provided a means of exploring perceptions and gaining deeper insights on specific issues. Ques-tionnaires and interviews were used as an opinion survey approach. Sample size included five groups fromvarious organizations among which 135 questionnaires were distributed and 91 responded.

The study found out that apart from formal construction project delay factors, cultural factors affectedplanned completion date. Although the contractor for Sam Nujoma Road was asked to accelerate someactivities, the project suffered about 190% delay time.

Pertinent causes of delays were found to be financial difficulties, lack of expertise, inclement weather,shortages of labour and shortage of materials, organizational deficiencies, delays in design work, frequent

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changes in orders and design. Cultural factors among others included language, rules of conduct, courtesy,patterns of handling emotions, celebrations, food, dressing and the like.Mitigation measures were discussed into two categories; mitigation measures for apparent project delaycausative factors and mitigation measures for cultural factors.

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OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING RESOURCE ORIENTEDSANITATION IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

The case of Peri urban areas in Arusha Municipality

Joseph Paulo

Master of Engineering Management, December 2009

The essence of this research was to explore opportunities and challenges of implementing resource ori-ented sanitation in informal settlements of Arusha Municipality. The study aimed at reviewing existingsanitation system and developing implementation options and management for resource oriented sanitationin informal settlements. The study employed various tools for data collection such as questionnaires, keyinformants interview and observations.Results from the study revealed that, lack of reuse areas was among challenges in implementing resourceoriented sanitation in these settlements. Other factors that contributed to the situation included limitedspace to the extent that it became difficult to construct another toilet or empty when one is full, lack ofawareness and adoption of a supply driven approach, which does not consider peoples demands.

Therefore, it was established that, the ongoing regularization process of settlements and improvingprovision of urban infrastructure under Town Planning Department should be taken as an opportunity toincorporate improving sanitation through re-use of resources.

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A-STUDY OF CAPACITY UTILIZATION OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE IN SERVICEORIENTED GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Renath Massunde William

Master of Science (Electronics Engineering and Information Technology), January 2010

Many service oriented government organizations have recently deployed Information and CommunicationTechnology (ICT) infrastructure of different kind and of different capacities. Despite of all these efforts toreflect the major shift in management practices as seen in the commercial world, it has only tended toinvolve the automation of the existing manual procedures based on the movement of paper.

The survey have been conducted in government ministries, departments and public organizations bymeans of interviews and questionnaires which have focus on collection of information to determine the type


and capacity of available ICT infrastructure and how to facilitate the improvement of efficiency and effec-tiveness in government organizations by sharing existing ICT infrastructure to provide better services to thecitizens of Tanzania.

The finding of the study shows that there is non-government organization with ICT infrastructure thatfully satisfies its demands and thus supports others! There are only few small ICT infrastructure imple-mented according to the vision and mission of their intended organization.

Despite the remarkable advances in ICT, many organizations in Tanzania especially those that arepurely service oriented have not fully utilized this technology. There are few ICT infrastructures availableapart from desktop computers, which are found in almost every government offices. Integration of processand implementation of networking (LAN, WAN) is in disarray, location of technical expertise is not known,and information sharing process is poor among government departments.

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ADDRESSING SECURITY PROBLEMS OF COMPUTER NETWORK SERVICES

The Case of University of Dar es Salaam Network

Danny Livingstone

Master of Science (Electronics Engineering and Information Technology), November 2009Use of information technology is essential to most enterprises today and information security is now criti-cal. User authentication, access control and the control of malicious logics is essential in service-orientedcomputer networks to identify and reject any unauthorized or suspicious network access.

This work has concentrated on improvement of computer network security posture of UDSM as acase study. It consists of a comprehensive literature review on network security, which serves as a founda-tion of the research. The current security measures have been analysed based on ISO 17799. The datagathering instruments used was questionnaire with multiple choice questions, open-ended questions, andinterviews to some selected respondents.

Findings show that malicious software (malware) is the severe problem which the UDSM networksuffers from. The study shows that users are aware of the danger imposed by malware; however, theweakness is on the control of their introduction into systems. Also Bad/Inadequate security practicesresulted mainly from lack of clarity over ICT security responsibilities to users, IT staff and management.Thus, results of this study suggest that most of the good-to-have security practices as suggested by ISO17799 are not part and parcel of day to day UDSM network security practices.

It is therefore necessary that ICT security policy, access control procedures and communications andoperations management be observed and where necessary be revisited and necessary amendments madeto minimize security risks to an acceptable level. Given the observed problems, measures have beenproposed in the dissertation to address the problems and improve the security posture of the UDSMnetwork.

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF WOODEN WATER COOLEDPLAIN BEARINGS

Yustin Joseph Fundi Msigala

Master of Science (Production Engineering), November 2009

The use of wood as plain bearing dates back to 3500 BC. Despite of being very old technology, woodenbearings are still used in many applications like hydroelectric turbines, ships, submarines, water pumps,wheelbarrows, carts and in some food and chemical processing industries. Wooden bearing material hasone main advantage over other bearing materials of protecting shafts from wear. Wooden bearings madefrom some woods can tolerate higher shaft speeds and loads than other materials.

In Tanzania there is very little documented research done on wooden bearings though Tanzania ishonoured with many species of wood, both soft and hard. Thus little information is available on the prop-erties of local hard woods as plain bearing materials.

This work is an experimental investigation looking into the suitability of local wooden material as plainbearing. Ten local woods were investigated. The experimental work involved five tests; wear hardness,density, moisture content and water absorption rates. A test rig of carrying capacity 260 kg and shaftspeed of 750 rpm was designed for the wear test. The results of tests will assist local industries to makeuse of the abundant hard woods for making plain bearings.The results showed woods with low wear rates were Balbergia Melanoxylon (mpingo), XeroderrisStuhlmannii (mnyenye) and Milletia Stuhlmannii (mpangapanga). From the experimental results it is con-cluded that Tanzania has woods good for making plain bearings.

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STUDY ON CAUSES OF POOR DISTRIBUTION SCHEME IN ZANZIBAR DISTRIBU-TION NETWORK

Hassan Ali Mbarouk

Master of Science (Power Systems and High Voltages), August 2009

Zanzibar Electricity Corporation (ZECO) is the only power utility in Zanzibar empowered to generate,transmit, distribute and sell electric energy. But the quality of electrical power supplied to majority of itsconsumers is very poor due to the existence of low voltages, power interruption and distribution powerloses. There are number of factors that can cause the above-mentioned problems. These include amongother things, poor distribution network design, undersized distribution substations, substandard connec-tions, haphazard line extension, undersized conductors etc. In this study a part of Zanzibar distributionnetwork has been chosen for the analysis. Data collection and measurements were taken from differentselected nodes and put the results to the computer program for the analysis. The distribution network hasbeen analyzed by using SIMPOW (Power system simulation software) developed by STRI AB, Sweden.


From the load flow simulation results of the existing distribution network, it was seen that there wereproblems of low voltages on most of load points, overloading of distribution transformers, and distributionpower loss. The distribution network condition was improved by changing the size of distribution lines(conductors) and overloaded distribution transformers to the required rating, and the results showed thatthe technical power loses in the distribution network were reduced by 70% from the existing value and thevoltage profile of the distribution network were improved. Lastly it was recommended that training shouldbe given to the technical staff, and a preventive maintenance should be adopted to reduce frequent powerinterruptions.

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THE POTENTIAL USE OF MANGROVE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DOMESTICWASTEWATER TREATMENT:

A Case of Nitrogen Removal

Siajali Pamba

Master of Science (Environmental Engineering) December, 2008

The potential use of Mangrove Constructed Wetlands (MCWs) as a cheaper and yet effective and appro-priate method for nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater of coastal zone in peri urbarn cities, wasinvestigated at different times from August 2006 to March 2007. The study was conducted to determinethe optimum inundation time and sewage loading for optimal performance of mangrove constructed wet-lands (MCWs).

The experimental plots were constructed at Jangwani beach in Dar es Salaam. The experimental setupconsisted of thirty six cells with specification of 3× 3×1m. For optimal inundation time, most of the nutri-ents removal (NH4+, TKN and PO4+) was high in four cells within 12 hours. The maximum removal rateof NH4-N, NO3-N and TKN in Avicennia marina cells was 27.13%, 95.75% and 82%, respectively. InRhizophora mucronata cells, the maximum removal rate of NH4-N, NO3-N and TKN was 50%, 93.20%and 82%, respectively.

A further study was conducted to develop an ecological model for predicting the efficiency of man-grove constructed wetland. The simulation was performed using STELLA® software and it was foundthat, the volatilization process was the major removal route of nitrogen in Avicennia marina cells accountingfor mean of 17.08% (0.7936 ± 0.5030 mg/m2.d-1) while in Rhizophora mucronata, nitrification was themajor removal route of Nitrogen accounting for mean of 24.10% (0.3915 ± 0.540 mg/m2.d-1).

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PERFORMANCE ADEQUACY OF INTERSECTIONS WITH REGARD TO NON-MO-TORIZED TRAFFIC (NMT) NEEDS IN DAR ES SALAAM

Elias Clement Mgelwa

Master of Science (Highway Engineering), January 2009

The provision of non-motorized transport (NMT) facilities has not been emphasized in Dar es Salaam cityroads, as is elsewhere in developing countries. Priority has been given to motorized traffic (MT) so com-promising the mobility and safety needs of NMT.

The most critical and complex elements in highway design and operation to be considered are theintersections. It is at the intersections where majority of MT and NMT conflicts occur and hence, delaysand all other negative roadway impacts are prevalent. In urban and suburban areas in particular, theperformance of intersections can effectively define the performance of the highway system.

This study investigated the performance adequacy of nine at-grade intersections in DSM on the NMTneeds. This included: ‘Four’-Signal Controlled; ‘Four’-Priority Controlled; and ‘One’ Roundabout Inter-sections. Literature review of the intersection design standards and performance requirements for NMThas been done. The study also involved field work in which data inherent to the intersections were col-lected. These include: traffic volume and composition, speed, geometric features, control & operationalfeatures, and other intersection deficiencies. Data analyses were conducted by employing state-of-the-artmodus operandi, by computing LOS using Multimodal ‘Point’ LOS methodology.

Results were compared with corresponding ‘Point’ LOS criteria, and reveal that all of the intersectionsinvestigated operate either in LOS E or F- NMT flow is under unacceptable or worst movement condi-tions in terms of comfort and safety. The study recommends how to improve this to a desirable conditionand also the way forward.

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WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN LAKE KIVU BASIN

A Case Study of Bukavu Sub-basin, DR Congo

Arthur Bisimwa Mubwebwe

Masterof Integrated Water Resources Management, September 2009

Water Quality Management in Lake Kivu, and its surroundings, in DR Congo is an issue of very highsignificance because of great socio-cultural, ecological and economic values. The study was conducted inDR Congo (Lake Kivu Basin/Bukavu sub-basin) to ascertain the major pollution inflow routes and toassess suitability of water for domestic, industrial, recreational and other uses in the lake littoral zones.

Samples were collected from rivers (Kahuwa, Wesha and Tshula) and canals (from the brewery andpharmaceutical factory) flowing into Lake Kivu, and in the littoral lake zones. Data analysed for nutrients


(in Kg/day) revealed that the rivers and the canals were inevitably polluted by PO4 (21.64), NH4 (489.12),NO2 (29.85), NO3 (456.38), TP (448.57) and TN (7046.10). For the physico-chemical properties,1125.5 ppm of TDS, 2248.1 µS/cm of EC and 1631.6 mg/L of TSS were detected in the stations. Atstations RK3, RW3 and RT3, more of the nutrient concentrations were above the standard values. For allparameters analysed, the highest concentration was obtained in River Kahuwa. In Lake Kivu, the concen-trations of nutrients decrease from the bank to the littoral zones on water surface level and the concentra-tion of chlorophyll-a is low in that zones.

Kahuwa has been identified as the principal source of the pollution load into Lake Kivu in Bukavu sub-basin. The high levels of nutrients in Bukavu sub-basin were attributed to wastewater discharges fromindustries, market and domestic wastes, runoff from city and anthropogenic activities like agriculture.Reduction of incoming nutrients, monitoring and prevention of future degradation can be the best manage-ment strategy to reduce pollution load in Lake Kivu. Appropriate monitoring systems need to be estab-lished to check the health of the aquatic environments and the effects of pollution on the biota and humanhealth.

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IMPACTS OF LAND-USE/COVER CHANGE ON NON POINT SOURCE POLLUTIONAROUND LAKE VICTORIA

A case study of Simiyu Catchment Tanzania

Bukirwa Faridah


Pollutant loading in Lake Victoria is resulting from a wide range of anthropogenic activities. Most attentionhas however been drawn to the pollution caused by point sources like industries and sewerage works.Other land-based activities which are generally referred to as diffuse or non-point sources of pollutionhave not received adequate attention.

This research identified major sources of NPS pollution in the Simiyu catchment of Lake Victoria andusing land-uses of 1975 and 2006 and also compared the relative impact of land-use change on sedimentand nutrient load (P and N) into the Lake. Possible BMP were also identified for those sub-basins with thehighest pollution yield.

Remote sensing using the package ILIWIS 3.0 was used to identify and characterize the land-use andthe Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to quantify sediment and nutrient load from these twodifferent land-use scenarios. It was found out that there was an expansion of agricultural land from cover-ing 19.33% of the catchment to 73.43% at an annual change rate of 2.9%. Furthermore, the land-use of1975 yielded less sediment compared to that of 2006 however, average Nitrate load was higher for 1975than 2006. The P load of 1975 was less compared to that in 2006.

Concentrating on analysis of 2006 land-use showed that the sub-basins in the lower zones; holding thecotton farms and paddy cultivation produced most pollution. Phosphate yield in the whole catchment waslow and this was attributed to less consumption of phosphorus-containing pesticides and poor modelsimulation of sediment transport. Model simulation at the catchment outlet for N gave 77.2 Kg/Km2/yr

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while observed values were 146Kg/Km2/yr, simulated P was 47Kg/Km2/yr while observed was 164Kg/Km2/yr and for sediment, a total yield of 98467.35 tons/yr was simulated while sampling gave a value of2075114t/yr (Myanza et al 2006). Hence, the model underestimated sediment and nutrient yield in thecatchment. To reduce the NPS pollution problem, Best Management Practices like reduced manure appli-cation rate, tillage and contour yielded a decrease of 1.4% in N load and sediment a 1.57% when imple-mented only in the outlet sub-basin. It was concluded that if pollutant processes per sub-catchment couldbe understood, BMP could be devised depending on the sub-basin, which would have a big collectivereduction in NPS pollution in the whole catchment.

This research found that the applicability of the SWAT modelling tool in studying NPS pollution yieldspoor model performance due to the scantiness of data used for model calibration. It is recommended tosetup water quality sampling points along the two rivers of Duma and Simiyu for effective monitoring todevelop a proper database for model calibration. With good model performance, developing managementplans to control NPS pollution around Lake Victoria can be achieved using the SWAT model.

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SUSTAINABILITY OF PRE-PAID WATER SERVICES DELIVERY IN URBAN POORSETTLEMENTS OF KAMPALA- UGANDA

The Case Study of Ndeeba- Kisenyi Pilot Project

Margaret Aharikundira


Inadequate water service coverage and cost recovery in urban poor settlements is a big challenge to theurban water service providers. Climate change impacts seem set to affect the future availability and de-mand for water. The major aim for this study was to investigate the sustainability of water services deliveryto urban poor settlements by establishing the issues and challenges affecting the sustainability of urban propoor water projects, determining the Sustainability index of the pre-paid water services pilot project inKampala and developing community attribute trends in response to the prepaid meter water servicesproject. The study used the conceptual framework methodology developed by UNDP-World Bank pro-gram (1999). Transient nature of the urban settlements (26.2%), low and inconsistent nature of income(20%) were the major challenges for the urban poor water services delivery, the project sustainabilityindex was found to be (31.39), meaning that the project had low sustainability Household monthly income,willingness to pay and decision making had pearson chi square values under respective significance of.0.184, 0.793, and 0.746 compared with number of people in the household, showed independency of theattributes the number of people in the Household though the amount of water used per day with pearsonchi square value under respective significance value of. 0.003 less than 0.05 was highly dependent on thenumber of people within the household. Affordability and household monthly income with a correlationcoefficient of -0.529**(0.000) indicated a strong negative relationship between the two attributes. Thisreport recommends a community action framework in the water sector, including water user associationsand policy or water user bylaws.

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EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTEDWETLAND IN THE REMOVAL OF FECAL COLIFORM

The Case of Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland at Thuso Rehabilitation Centrein Maun, Botswana

Neelo Supply John

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management (MIWRM) July 2009

This research work is carried out so as to evaluate the performance of constructed wetland piloted atThuso Rehabilitation Centre in Maun, Botswana. This study therefore was conducted to evaluate its capa-bilities in the removal of fecal coliform bacteria and investigate the possibilities of optimising the FC Re-moval in Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) at TRC. STELLA programwas used to model the processes responsible for Fecal Coliform removal. The processes that were con-sidered in the model were inflow and outflow of FC, natural die-off of FC, growth of FC and inflow andoutflow of BOD. The study also determined the best removal mechanism and parameter which was verysensitive to total removal of FC. Samples were collected using the grab sampling method, and the sampleswere only collected from the inlet and the outlet. They were then analysed for FC (Counts per 100ml),BOD5 (mg/l), DO (mg/l) and pH. The temperature (0C) and flow rate (m3/d) were also determined.Other input data included solar radiation (cal per m2 per d) which was obtained from literature. All param-eters mentioned above were used in the modeling processes.

The mean observed results were; FC; 586.67x10^3 Counts/100ml at the inlet, and 37.17x10^3 Counts/100ml at the outlet. BOD was 1.1mg/l at the inlet, and 0.57mg/l at the outlet. DO; 0.06mg/l at the inlet and0.03mg/l at the outlet. pH; 7.48 at the inlet and 7.71 at the outlet. The temperature values were: 28.71°Cat the inlet and 26.33°C at the outlet and Flow rates: 200m3/d at the inlet and 170m3/d at the outlet. Themodel results were; removal efficiency of FC was 90%. From this result, it can be concluded that themodel had optimised the FC reduction in HSSFCW successfully. The study also established that, the dieoff process was the major removal mechanism of fecal Coliform bacteria; solar radiation was very sensi-tive to FC removal. Generally, the system was found to be performing well even though the effluent con-centration was much higher than the recommended standard as given by the Botswana Bureau of Stan-dards for water and wastewater discharge.

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POTENTIAL USE OF SEAWATER DESALINATION AS POTABLEWATER SUPPLY STRATEGY IN NAMIBIA

A Case of Coastal Towns of Swakopmund and Walvis Bay

Gideon Mbeumuna Hengari


The Erongo region has its share of uranium mining potential of uranium mining and there are numerous

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reconnaissance and prospecting licenses for uranium. In an arid country like Namibia with limited waterresources and growing uranium mining in the region will lead to water shortages in the coastal region. Withthe mean annual rainfall of about 270 mm, ranging from less than 20 mm in the Namib Desert to more than700mm in the Caprivi Strip, Namibia is one the driest country in Africa, of the total rainfall about 83%evaporates. This study is, therefore, proposed to assess whether seawater desalination is a viable andprominent water supply strategy in the region in the future. Methods used for the study included documen-tary review, household questionnaires, key informant interviews and field observations. The householdquestionnaires were used to study customer perceptions on the quality of the service in terms of reliabilityand affordability. Field observations were used to gather data to supplement the data gathered by inter-views. About 65% of the projected water demand in the study area stems from the uranium mine, while the35% stem from the four local authorities, the main water supply in the area is from Omdel and Kuisebaquifers. Water deficits of about 1.3 Mm³ will be experienced as from 2012, with a deficit exceeding 15Mm³ projected for the year 2016. Unit production cost of desalination was US$2.14/m3 four times morethan the current conventional groundwater supply, but with other augmentation options such as wastewa-ter reclamation, rainwater harvesting and water transport not being viable alternatives due to some, envi-ronmental, socio-economic and legal obligations, desalination was thought to be the best alternative.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF SATELLITE DERIVED RAINFALLESTIMATES

Case Study of Mara River Basin

Willis Owino Ochieng


Rainfall data is very important for the planning, development, operation and management of water re-sources schemes. Satellite derived rainfall estimates represents the best alternative to gauge data due to itsgood spatial coverage. However, the accuracy of these estimates over different temporal and spatialscales is unknown. The study aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of satellite derived rainfallestimates as a proxy for ground based rainfall measurements in the Mara River Basin. The study involvedprocessing of satellite derived rainfall estimates at various temporal scales and comparing with groundobserved rainfall data. The relationship between the two data sets was studied. Investigation was made onthe accuracy of rainfall estimation using satellite products at various time scales. The processing and analy-sis of the data was carried out using ArcView GIS, ArcGIS, Windisp and Microsoft excel spreadsheet.

The study has shown that satellite derived rainfall estimates are suitable for water resources assess-ments in the Mara River Basin. The findings from the analyses carried out show that though the correlationcoefficients between satellite derived rainfall estimates and observed rainfall vary temporally and spatiallythey do not depend on mean annual rainfall pattern in the Mara River Basin. Even though there is a drivetowards utilization of satellite derived rainfall estimates in water resources assessments, there is still need tomaintain some monitoring stations for validation of the satellite derived rainfall estimates.

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INVESTIGATION ON FACTORS INFLUENCING QUALITY OF BUILDINGS IN THECONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA

The Case Study of Dar es Salaam City

Dominic Resto Mosha

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), February 2009

This study sought to establish factors influencing quality of buildings in the construction industry. Qualityprocesses were investigated throughout the building construction process so as to reveal the sources ofpoor quality in the building construction.

Data collection methods included questionnaires and interviews conducted to consultants, contractors,clients/developers and regulating boards. Several factors affecting quality of buildings were exposed byrespondents. They included corruption, poor supervision, inadequacy of skilled personnel and poor briefs.It was revealed that inadequate supervision by local government authorities has contributed to poor qualityof buildings. Furthermore ISO 9000 certification is minimal to most organizations participating in the con-struction business.

It is recommended that war on corruption should never end, professional boards should insist onquality management issues during members registration. Stakeholders should abide by ethics in the prac-tice and adhere to standards in order to achieve better quality buildings.

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STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING MAINTENANCE OF RURAL ROADS CON-STRUCTED BY DONOR FUNDS

A case of Iringa and Ruvuma Regions

Emily Patrick Amon Mwakapango

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management)

The poor condition of some of recently upgraded rural roads using donor funds with the reason of limitedfunds for road maintenance necessitates the study to be done.

The study starts by investigating the existing arrangement of road maintenance. Also study analyses thepossible strategies to be adopted by the Government to solve the problem especially on this donor fundedroad due to huge capital investment. Also validation was done for alternative strategies on road mainte-nance problem using A TQM framework.

The study was carried out by collecting data from District staffs responsible for road maintenance inIringa rural, Kilolo, Mufindi, Njombe, Songea rural, Namtumbo and Mbinga with following findings: firstly,about 61% of road was maintained for past five years using 52% of funds from Government Budget andthe rest 48% accessed from donors.

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The study has recommended that the Government should look at the possibility of increasing the roadmaintenance fund, adapt a TQM framework to improve quality of road maintenance, involve the LGAsand the communities in road maintenance.

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GLOBALIZATION CHALLENGES ON LOCAL ENGINEERING CONSULTING FIRMSIN TANZANIA

The Case of Dar es Salaam City

Robert Damian

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), April 2009

This study focused on globalization challenges on local engineering consulting firms in Tanzania, the case ofDar es salaam City. It aimed at identifying factors that hinder local engineering consulting firms from enjoy-ing the globalization opportunities in the industry. The weaknesses that face local consulting firms in thisrespect were assessed in terms of their knowledge on globalization and its challenges; knowledge on theinternational trade agreements whether fair or unfair; financial capabilities and technological aptitudes con-trasted with capabilities of counterpart foreign consulting firms. The research was carried out in Dar esSalaam region and involved the local Engineering Consulting firms.

Data for the study was collected using questionnaire, semi structured interview and documentary re-view. The collected data was analysed using a computer package, SPSS.

The study findings revealed that foreign consulting firms are well placed in financial capabilities due totheir connection with foreign banks that provide finances. Technological capabilities of local consultingfirms do not differ significantly from those of foreign consulting firms, although technology transfer fromforeign to local firms has not happened as envisaged. Majority of local consulting firms have less knowl-edge on the international trade agreements, which guide the exchange of capital, goods and servicesacross international boundaries or territories. Transfer of technology to local firms has not happened at thesignificant extent and that local consulting firms are not aware of the globalization and its challenges.

It is recommended that the government (policy maker) create more room for local firms by increasingexclusive budget ceiling. Consultant’s (practitioner’s) performance should be monitored on a regular basisso that any undesirable shortfalls or failures could be identified and rectified without further delays.Local engineering training institutions are urged to recognize uncertainties within the engineering and tech-nology professions as they face the emerging global market.

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ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS OF OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES TO DE-VELOPMENT (O&OD) PLANNING APPROACH

The Case of Temeke Municipal Council (TMC)

Abdulla Omar Abbas


The event of Second World War and its aftermath have succeeded not only in making development anecessity objective but also in planning appropriate investments for implementing DPs. The advocacy fordecentralization measures as an all check against concentrating power in any one particular organizationfinds relevancy in LG machinery in planning and implementing DPs to address the issue of poverty, unem-ployment and inequality (Journal of Social Sciences-Volume 6, Number 4 (2008)).

The problem was lack of assessment of O&OD approach since its initiation and institutionalization inLGAs nationwide. The aim was to assess effectiveness of O&OD approach. A survey method was usedas research design and data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 13.0 for Windows and MicrosoftOffice Excel 2003 programs. Hypotheses were formulated and tested by using Chi - Square Test andAnalysis of Variance [ANOVA (F – Test)].

The research found that majority of community members were productive labour force, aged between21-64 who understands the concept of DP although undermined by low level of education. CDPs arefairly implemented although not necessarily through LGA machinery. The community is fairly involved informulation but not in implementation and M&E stages and that some effective ways are not used to informcommunity about O&OD activities. In general O&OD approach was concluded ineffective, and wasrecommended for community empowerment, provision of training, strengthening Ward’s roles and pro-moting community social preparedness.

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ASSESSING SERVICE QUALITY PERFORMANCE DIMENSIONS IN APOWER UTILITY

The Case of Tanzania Electric Supply Company

Aaron Frank Nanyaro


The main objective of the study was to identify quality dimensions most important to improve servicequality in TANESCO.

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Gathering of the sample was based on convenience sampling where respondents were selected in partof the large population on the advantage that services replicate each other at all areas. Sample size wasobtained from nine centres of the large population strategically chosen thus, ensured an accurate represen-tation of the larger population.

Data collection methods employed only close-ended and open-ended questionnaires which were ableto be sent to many people. This saved time and money for the research including use of its powerfulchecklist and ranking ability.

Results from the study indicate that there are certain key aspects of internal service quality (ISQ)important to customer satisfaction and employees’ motivation. These are; identification of organisationaldimensions for ISQ; measuring and benchmarking of ISQ; use of appropriate instruments and training tomanage ISQ; establish accountability at high management level for improvements of ISQ; and humanresource professionals partnering with operating and executive management to enhance ISQ. Furthermoreinternal service quality can be enhanced by partnering human resource professionals with both operatingand executive management.

The relationship between dimensions of internal service quality and quality of service experienced byexternal customers could be a valuable focus of further inquiry.

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THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ICT APPLICATION IN ZANZIBARTOURISM INDUSTRY

Salim Ali Makame

Master of Engineering Management January, 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of ICT application in Zanzibar tourism industry.Apparently, the tourism sector has emerged as one of the most important sectors for developing as well asdeveloped countries. Tourism incorporates many of the features of the information society such as global-ization, mobility and information richness. ICT is probably the strongest driving force for changes withinthe tourism industry. Industries are not only growing above average, but also will be among the mostimportant industries in the next century.

During this research activities, data was collected by using survey method technique and by usingquestionnaire as the instrument for gathering them. A total of 40 tourism organizations were surveyed. Themajor findings of the study revealed that there is quite good availability of ICT facilities (even if most ofthem are not specifically set for tourism purpose), and poor access to the use of the already available ICTfacilities in Zanzibar tourism industry. The study also revealed the absence of formalized ICT trainingprograms to the tourism organizations which undoubtedly accelerate to the poor access to use of ICTfacilities. The study recommended for the provision of adequate and sustainable ICT facilities. Sustainabilityof the facilities can, amongst other things be met if the ICT operators or providers would systematicallyintroduce ICT training programs, not only to the staff members but also to the tourists visiting the countryand to the community at large.

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INVESTIGATING COSTS CAUSED BY DELAYING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS:

A Case Study of Tanroads Projects

Thomas T. Mgendera Mhimbati

Master of Engineering Management February 2009

Delays in construction projects are becoming a major problem in Tanzania construction industry. Further.Causes and financial implications of these delays have not been fully understood. This research aimed atinvestigating factors that cause delays and the costs arising out of these for road projects undertaken byTANROADS. In this study, data were collected by interviewing forty–three (43) respondents, twentyseven (27) of whom were from TANROADS and the then Ministry of Works, while sixteen (16) respon-dents were from twelve (12) different construction projects. The study also examined selected TANROADSroad projects as case studies to supplement the interview data. The interviewees included senior manage-ment officials, projects engineers, projects managers, site engineers, supervisors, road users, and selectedprofessionals who have either previously worked with or have done business with TANROADS. Some ofthe key results from the interviews and observations were spotted out as lack of costs and time conscious-ness of the stakeholders to all stages of construction and also conflicts among stakeholders. From thesampling results, this study has established that between 80% to 95% of TANROADS constructionprojects costs due to variations are caused by delays where 93% of respondents agreed that lack of costand time consciousness of the key stakeholders in TANROADS, are the results of delays in constructionprojects. The study recommended that intensified actions including stakeholder involvement is necessary,fast and informed decision making, and reduction of conflicts among key stakeholders, would reduce thisproblem. These have to be done throughout the project lifecycle.

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IMPROVING LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MAN-AGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA:

A Case study of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve

Gerald Meliyo

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM) December 2008

This dissertation is about a study titled “Towards Improving Local Community Participation on Environ-mental Management for Sustainable Forest Management in Tanzania: A Case Study of KazimzumbwiForest Reserve (KFR)” The main objective of this study was to identify strategies for improving localcommunity participation in environmental management that leads to sustainable forest management and

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reduce environmental problems with a focus on KFR. The study examined constraints and challengesfacing communities living around KFR. The data presented in this dissertation were obtained from bothprimary and secondary sources. Secondary sources included mainly a review of published and unpub-lished materials available at the UDSM, WCST, Pwani region and the internet. Primary sources includeddata from a sample of 50 respondents using a variety of research instruments such as open ended struc-tured questionnaires, one to one interviews with key respondents and focus group discussions.

Overall, the study finding revealed that local communities are well informed on the benefits of sustain-able forest management. Second, communities (94.0%) have high positive perceptions towards sustain-able forest management. Third the findings also revealed that a Joint Forest Management approach (JFM)is a best solution needed to address the problems and challenges at KFR. The study recommended thatthere is a need to make deliberate policies that will empower local community to take roles at variousstages of conservation management.

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DRY METHOD PREPARATION OF INULIN BIOMASS AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR ETHA-NOL PRODUCTION

Veneranda Bernard Msemwa

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM) November, 2009

The sisal bole which constitutes part of the sisal plant stem is an agricultural waste that has a big potentialas feedstock for ethanol and citric acid production. The high inulin fraction 24 - 36% is of particularinterest in this context due to its chemical functionality and relative easy of fermentation. Efforts are gearedto develop industrially viable methods of extracting inulin from sisal bole in a readily utilizable form. Previ-ous workers (Consolata, 2007 and Masalla, 2003) investigated extraction of inulin using the wet methodby mechanical crushers and breaking down the inulin polysaccharide structure using steam, enzyme or acidhydrolysis. In this work inulin extraction using the dry method or ‘baking’ is presented. The method in-volved chopping the sisal bole into pre-determined sizes 1.25 – 10 cm cubes and drying them at differenttemperature 70 - 150 °C. The dried chips were then milled to aggregate powder of 90 - 2000 µm asdetermined by sieve analysis. Determination of total sugars for different particle sizes and temperature wasdone using dinitrosalicylic colorimetric method (DNS). The total sugar recovered 8 - 17% wt/wt was thenhydrolyzed using 1M H2SO4. The net simple sugars recovered after acid hydrolysis ranged from 5 - 16%wt/wt depending on the drying temperature, where high temperature gave low sugar recovery 10.3% wt/wt at 150 oC, and low temperature gave high sugar recovery 16.3% wt/wt at 70 oC. The hydrolyzedinulin was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 57 hrs giving consistent ethanol yields that de-pend on initial sugar levels.

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REUSE FOR CROP PRODUCTION: A case of Gaborone, Botswana

Saniso Sakuringwa

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management), July 2008

Wastewater reuse is one possible way in which food production and security can be achieved especially insemi-arid countries like Botswana which are in the rain shadow. However, there is a potential public healthrisk associated with wastewater use. Health concerns are centered on pathogens and other health relatedpollutants that normally occur in the effluent. This research was conducted in Gaborone, Botswana duringthe period February 2008 to May 2008. Gaborone is a semi-arid area with an average rainfall of between250 and 450 mm/annum. It is frequently hit by droughts and water scarcity problems. The study aimed atassessing the potential health impacts of effluent reuse for irrigating crops.

Samples were collected from the effluent, the field soils and vegetables and analyzed for selected waterquality parameters of health significance. The methods used in this research included the statistical analysisof the effluent quality and questionnaire analysis of the collected data.The effluent quality was generally within the standard level in terms of the current BOS 93:2004 standard,FAO and WHO guidelines except for faecal coliforms, turbidity and COD. Lead was detected in thevegetable samples at both farms with an average Pb concentration that are very much lower than the FAOlimit. No cadmium was detected in the vegetables. Faecal coliforms detected in the vegetables were higherthan the FAO limit. Farmers’ knowledge on potential risks and practices were investigated through aquestionnaire. The results show that 50% of the respondents were aware of related

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VARIABILITY OF CONCRETE PRODUCTION IN KAMPALAAND DAR ES SALAAM

Dratre Anthony

Master of Science in Structural Engineering, September 2008

Quality control on structural concrete was studied in the light of samples taken from concretes prepared byvarious contractors based at different sites in Tanzania, the results suggested a conclusion that most con-tractors are unable to produce concrete of specified grade, and the test results could not stand a compli-ance strength test. Therefore, the engineers in Dar es Salaam-Tanzania use some approximate values ofstandard deviations table provided by BS 8110 (same as in CP110) in their mix design and there havebeen some cases of structural concrete failures in Tanzania and possibly in Uganda implying that, theassumptions of variability margin for concrete produced in East Africa might be too low. The objectives ofthe study were to make a comparison between the approximate standard deviations in BS 8110 (same asin CP 110) for quality control of concrete at sites with the variability of on going concrete constructions inDar es Salaam and Kampala, compare the quality of concrete production in Dar es Salaam and Kampala,establish variability margin of concrete produced in Dar es Salaam and Kampala and recommend mea-

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sures to improve quality of the concrete produced. Sites were ascertained and over 200 concrete cubeswere picked from 36 sites in Kampala and Dar es Salaam. The Cubes were then cured in water for 28days and their compressive strengths then tested. It was found out that for medium sites with poor unifor-mity of production the variability margin varies significantly from that which is currently being used for mixdesign. Sites in Kampala have a higher variability margin than sites in Dares Salaam. However, the strengthof concrete produced in Kampala is better than the strength of concrete produced in Dar es Salaam forboth medium and small sites. For example, for small sites with poor uniformity the average strengths are12N/mm2 and 16N/mm2 for Dar es Salaam and Kampala respectively for grade 20. 97% of the sites didnot meet compliance test requirements for compressive strength and small site compressive strengths wereworse than for medium sites. It was concluded and recommended that Engineers involved in mix design,for sites predicted to have poor and good uniformity of productions in Kampala and Dar es Salaam shouldnow use the actual standard deviations applicable in the region to avoid further collapse of structures.

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APPROACHES EMPLOYED BY COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ENHANCING EFFECTIVEPERFOMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDUM ENTERPRISES IN TANZANIA

A Case of NBC, Dar es Salaam

Gibson Issaya Mwaya


The purpose of this study was to examine the approaches employed by Commercial Banks in enhancingeffective Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanzania.

The research used case study strategy with quantitative and qualitative methods and conducted in Dares Salaam City, NBC branch. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, observations andfocus group discussion. A total of 87 respondents were interviewed.

The research established that, the business relationship between SMEs and commercial bank is scanty.The SMEs do not understand the role of the bank and MFIs in the development of their enterprises. It wasrevealed that only 13% of the surveyed SMEs accessed bank loan.

The overall conclusion is that SMEs in Tanzania had a number of weaknesses including lack of aware-ness and motivation in performance of their business. As for the banks the major problems included muchbureaucracy in loan provision.

For the SMEs to prosper and contribute to poverty eradication, it is important that policy and capitalconstraints are dealt with to enable SMEs move into lines of production in the longer run and grow fromsmall to even larger scale.

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RISK AND SECURITY CONTROL MANAGEMENT IN ICT: A STUDY OF KNOWLEDGEOF IMPLEMENTATION IN TANZANIA

Lyema Sawenge

Master of Engineering Management (MEM)

The purpose of this research was to study the extent of knowledge of implementation of most organiza-tions’ users in managing ICT risk and security controls for improved economic production, thus in turn tobe used for developing workable guidelines.

Data collected through interviews and questionnaires from organizations were analyzed. Results showthat, the surveyed organizations were facing insufficient knowledge and technical personnel for implemen-tation of necessary security controls as very few (27%) were doing only occasional trainings, leading tofew used and knew existing policies/guidelines, attacks of information and assets including protection anddetection. E.g. only 37% of them used licensed software for updates, only 22% were budgeting for secu-rity controls and no any Systems Administrator was involved in designing and formulating of organization’spolicies. This resulted into loss of: services, valuable data and assets, hence not meeting the set objectives.The developed workable guidelines will help most organizations’ users in managing ICT risk and securitycontrols.Therefore, research emphases the establishment of policy framework addressing classes of critical dataand assets, aiming at security controls. It also emphases the frequent trainings of all users for awarenessand knowledge on; policies, guidelines, threats and security controls. To support all this, all organisationshave to support financially the ICT security controls, and thus involvement of the Systems Administratorsin designing and formulating the policies have to be emphasised for improved economic production.

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GEO-INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: THE MULTI-PURPOSECADASTRE ROLE IN EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT

The Case of the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development

Tiluganilwa Alfred Mayunga

Master of Engineering Management November, 2008

The National Land Policy and the currently enacted land laws require every parcel of land to be registeredregardless of its tenure status. This brings much to bear on the Ministry of Lands, Housing and HumanSettlements Development which is the sole repository of cadastral data and registered titles; thus, usheringin a need for a better tool for data/information management. Required is an instrument that ensures theintegrity of recorded rights and interests in land and property so that transactions in land and property canoccur efficiently and effectively to enable resources to be managed proficiently and equitably.

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The study sought to identify capacity needs associated with employment of a Multi-Purpose Cadastrein the course of realising efficient, effective and sustainable land management. A questionnaire was admin-istered to senior officials in the ministry followed up by interviews, observation and going through docu-mentaries to unearth the gist of the problem. In the course of capacity assessment it was unveiled that agood job has been done on the component of infrastructure capacity, though much remains to be done atsocietal, organisation and entity level. In order to employ a Multi-Purpose Cadastre, the Ministry has toinstitute a NGIP, replace outdated laws, integrate the databases, and strengthen existing software skilllevels to its employees and stakeholders in regions and councils.

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EVALUATION OF SHARPS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE LOW-LEVELHEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN ILALA MUNICIPALITY

Churchill Muchumaishoke Mujuni

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM) November 2008

The study of sharps waste management practices and their implications to health and environment wascarried in Ilala municipality which is among three municipalities of Dar es Salaam. The study assed sharpswaste management praticises in 135 LLHCFs Empirical data was obtained through simple and objectivequestionnaire Healthcare managers, nurses, injection prescribers and sharps waste handlers within healthcareunits were among those interviewed on generation segregation storage collection transportation and dis-posal The observed sharps waste management practices indicates inappropriate protocol for handling ofsharps waste. The findings have revealed that, most of the LLHCFs in the municipality had impropersharps waste management systems, which was caused by inappropriate design of existing sharps contain-ers, unprotected disposal sites, high degree of unawareness of the risks associated with sharps wastemanagement among healthcare workers and the community. Others are overwhelmed with patients andunderstaffed with educated workers, poorly located/working condition of incinerators and transportationnetworks of sharps waste. These concluded that; most of the sharps waste management practices used inlow-level facilities have greater risks to healthcare workers as well as to environment. It is recommendedthat; municipality healthcare management team should revise existing sharps waste managements systems,requirements for good healthcare sharps waste management such as, use of Personal Protective Equip-ment (PPE), on job training, unbiased seminars to healthcare workers; sharps waste management plans,standards and locations/condition of

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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY FROM CATCHMENTS

The case of Kazimzumbwi Forest

Mzamilu Madian

Master of Integrated Environmental Management April 2007

The key problem addressed in this study is that, despite the existence of the national water policy and anumber of other policies like agriculture, forestry, livestock, Land policy and the national environmentalAct of 2005, there are still shortcoming in attaining sustainable use and management of renewable re-sources in catchments forests. The study also sought to identify and account for the differences in environ-mental perception between outsiders (those living outside a particular area) and insiders (those living inparticular area) in management of catchments areas. The study’s focus is basically related to how watercatchments are perceived by the inhabitants of these areas. A case study approach was used to collectinformation that reflected the perception of local people who lived in the area.The study results show some role of the traditional knowledge which suggests the need for integrated wayforward of management of renewable resources in catchments forests. The results also show there isinteraction between store of knowledge of both insiders and outsiders.It was concluded that there are many technical and non–technical aspects of resource management thatneed to be understood by both outsiders and insiders in order to realize sustainable water supply. Thatmeans, although the basic aspects of the outsiders and insiders concept in renewable resource utilizationfrom catchments area are similar, the details differ and this appears to influence the perception difference of“outsiders” and “insiders

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AIR POLLUTANTS IN/ FROM WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN TANZANIA

Nkuwi Imani Richard

Master of Integrated environmental Management November 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop inventory for the key air pollutants (CH4, NOX, SO2, PM10,N2O, CO and NH3) for Waste Management Sector in Tanzania from 1995 to 2005.Total emissions forgreenhouse gases and non greenhouse gases were calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change (IPCC) and Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) guidelines respectively.Municipal solid wastes and amount of wastewater were estimated using the population of the inventoryyear while the emission from clinical waste used primary data on amount of clinical waste collected atMuhimbili National hospital. Generally, the results showed that the quantity of emissions estimated fromthese key pollutants in this sector increased with time from 1995 to 2005. For example emission of meth-ane from solid waste disposal sites rose from 13.30Gg in 1995 to 18.18Gg in 2005 which 36%. Methanefrom municipal wastewater rose from 1.55Gg in 1995 to 2.00Gg in 2005 which is 29%. Nitrous oxide

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from human sewage increased from 1.18Gg in 1995 to 1.74 in 2005 which is 47% whereas NH3 fromdefecation/urination practices rose from 40.1Gg in 1995 to 56.09Gg in 2005 which is 39%.The emissionsfrom incineration of clinical waste was given only for 2005 since management method started in late 2004.The PM10 emitted was 286Gg followed by SO2 (266Gg), NOX (262Gg) and CO (24.9Gg). Thus,emissions from waste management sector contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere but not significantto cause alarm. This study may have uncertainty due to adoption of emission factor estimates from IPCCand APINA guidelines because (i) country-specific emission factors are not available. (ii) there is inad-equate data for quantities of solid wastes generated and disposed of (iii) there is inadequate information onamount of waste water treated/handled at disposal sites.

It is therefore recommended that air pollution inventory should be done for the waste managementsector in Tanzania annually so as to keep track of emission problems for various decisions making. Furtherstudies on country-specific emission factors, activity data and statistics of waste managed should be done.This can minimize the level of uncertainties and hence improve reliability in inventories.

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A CAPACITY MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION

The Case Study of Tanesco

Julius Stephen Chileshe

Master of Engineering Management (MEM) November, 2008

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) has in different times for several years now,been blamed by customers and the public at large for power interruptions, load shedding and sometimestotal black out. There are many reasons which may lead to these problems. It can be power generationproblems (source), transmission line problems, transformers, distribution problems, etc.The main objective of this research is to look for the capacity management model to forecast futuredemand of electricity in the country for the coming twelve years. In order to develop this, previous demandtrends have been used to predict future demand using three different methods. The first method employedby TANESCO (Econometric analysis), second using Markov decision process and the third by using HoltWinters forecasting technique. Then the comparative analysis is done to determine the most accurateforecasting method.

All these methods can be employed for future power demand prediction, but the study has recom-mended the Holt Winters method to be employed as a model in forecasting of power generation. The trendshown by this method is closer to the real data recorded by TANESCO after validation of the threemethods.

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PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN TANZANIA – FACTORS CON-TRIBUTION LEVEL

Chambiri Mwita

Master of Science (Construction Management) November, 2008

The identification of factors causing the poor performance in construction projects is crucial in order toimprove the construction project performance. Many construction projects experienced poor perfor-mance especially extensive delays and therefore exceeded the contract duration and cost. Factors ad-dressing project characteristics, project team players role, project resources, project procurement andexternal environment are identified as chief causes of overall project delay. These identified factors areused to formulate strategies as preventions to the project team players from repeating the same mistakesmade by the previous delayed project. Sub-factors that contribute to the poor performance of construc-tion projects for each main factor were identified so as to determine the severity of each factor. Sub factorscausative indicators and strategies to overcome them were analyzed so as to propose improvement onminimizing poor performance of construction project. Structured questionnaires were used as a main toolto collect data so as to identify the severity of these factors. Forty six (46) causes factors were identifiedand these factors were grouped into eight (8) main categories that is project characteristics, clients relatedfactors, contractor related factors, labour and material related factors, consultant related factors, contrac-tual related factors, project procurement related factors and external environment related factors. Fromthe analysis the highest ranked contributing factor was the project team leader working relationship withothers. The study also gives recommendations that can be used by the project participants to reduce thepoor performance of the construction projects in the local construction industry in Tanzania.

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MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF EXESSIVE FINES IN CRUSHED STONE BASE (CRS)

Ntije, Elly Nkolante

Master of Science in Highway Engineering, November, 2008

The improvement of road construction materials using Mechanical Treatment is not a common practice inTanzania. In tropical countries where the weathering is intense, like the coast regions of Tanzania includingTanga, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Lindi and Mtwara where coral and calcrete materials dominate, lack offresh rock in reasonable hauling distance is very common.

The excessive fines are normally resulted from the low quality of raw material prior to crushing, widerange of allowed raw materials which ranges from gravel to fresh rock make it difficult to control the finalproduct during crushing, pockets contained in coral and calcrete allows soil to pack in textures and whencrushed increases the fines in a mixture. The presence of excessive fines in base coarse materials results involumetric changes, low stability, draining inability and other undesirable effects that contribute to low

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strength and durability of the road. The preliminary results of the rejected CRS materials from MchingaQuarry revealed to have poor grading and high linear shrinkage and these were the basis of rejection. Thetwo non-conformity parameters caused the material to posses a CBR of 70% and hence categorized asG60 materials instead of CBR of 100% and above.

The Standard Specification for Road Works – 2000 which is also the guidance to this research, requirethe CRS to remain unbound, it is restricted to use any chemicals as a treatment measure whenever thematerial failed to comply with the specification. This condition automatically enforces the use of Mechani-cal Treatment as the only method to implement.

After Mechanical Treatment the quality of the material was improved, the Particle Size Distributioncomplied with specification; linear shrinkage reduced from 6% to specified 4%, CBR increased from 70%to 102% and TFV increased from 120 KN to 122 KN.The Mechanical Treatment proved successful, and it is recommended often be exercised in projects whereimprovement of materials is required.

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ASSESSMENT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR ARUSHA CITY

Ruth Shushu Koya

Master of Science in Water Resources Engineering July, 2008

This study investigated the water distribution system of Arusha City through hydraulic analysis and hydrau-lic simulation of the situation of the network. Various computerized simulation models can be used for thesystem optimization and the choices depend on available data. In this case EPANET2 software was usedin the study.The total network length included in the hydraulic model was about 39kilometers. The model utilizedsimple data input such as junction or nodes elevation and their demands, pipe length and their diameters,and pipe roughness. The simulation was done dynamically with time interval of 1hour for the duration of24hours. Then the model was run showing the maximum pressure of 78.93meters at 03:00 hours and theminimum as 5.83meters at 19:00hours. The pipes were designed to holds pressure of up to 100metersthat is why the system has break pressure tanks to maintain pressure below 100meters. Also The Ministryof Water Manual of 1983 recommend a minimum pressure of 5meters in the water distribution system,therefore the system performance is in tandem with the model.

The model run successfully showing that simple models can be used for networks similar to the studiednetwork provided the existing characteristics can be simulated. The model can predict the pressure at thenodes, and thus the flow velocity. It helps the operators to predict the system (network) performance if thesituation (inputs) are known.

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STUDIES ON FEEDING RATES OF THE SLUG Laevicaulis alte ON DIFFERENT AGRO-VEGETAL TYPES

The Case of University of Dar-es-salaam Area

Renalda Nyota Kyaruzi

Masters of Integrated Environmental Management, November, 2008

The present experiments aimed at determining the ingestion rates of the slug L. alte on different vegetaltypes. The feeding rate of L. alte on green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was the greatest in comparison withthose on collard green (Brassica oleracea), cabbage (Brassica aleracea), amaranth (Amaranthus viridis),cucumber (Cucurbita maxima) and chinese lettuce (Brassica rapa) in that order of decreasing feedingintensity.

The morphs however, did not indicate significant difference in feeding rates.L. alte cannot be considered to be an important agricultural pest, it’s ingestion rate is only 0.7996 gram

per slug per day, an amount that is too low in comparison with those of reknowned agropest gastropods,Achatina fulica, Agriolimax reticulatus, Arion hortensis and Helix pomatia.

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ASSESMENT OF INDEPENDENCE OF REGULATORY BODIES IN THE WATER ANDSANITATION SECTOR:

A Case of the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council of Zambia (NWASCO)

Mukalula Edwin Chipompo


The study was aimed at analyzing the independence of regulatory bodies in the Water and SanitationSector, which were formed to protect public interest owing to the market failures associated with thisSector with NWASCO of Zambia being the Case study. Independence indicators were identified in termsof financial, functionality and institutional and independence. The independence index of NWASCO wasestablished based on a derivative of the Oliveria et al, 2005 index. 70 independence indicators wereidentified and grouped into 8 variables. Based on these indicators, a variable-based questionnaire wasdesigned that also served as a framework to test the independence of NWASCO. Experts answered thequestionnaire and this was complemented by desk top study and interviews with stakeholders. The Over-all Independence index for NWASCO was later on established by the summation of all calculated aver-ages on all the 8 variables. Conclusions drawn from this study were that the overall independence ofNWASCO was high, index 6.51 (81%). Functional independence indices were also high (above 0.75)except for the sub-variable Appointments index (0.5).Financial independence was also high, index (1)while Structural independence recorded a medium index (0.75). The study recommended that someclauses in the legal framework of NWASCO be amended to enhance its independence, and that similarstudies be conducted on similar institutions in other countries. It was further recommended that the scopeof the study be widen to relate independence to performance of the regulated firms in the sector.

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PERFORMANCE OF MANGROVE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN REMOVING FE-CAL COLIFORMS AND ENTEROCOCCUS

Zenorina Prosper

Master of Integrated Environmental Management

Natural and especially constructed freshwater wetlands are a widely accepted and applied “ecotechnology”approach for wastewater treatment. However, it is unclear whether constructed mangrove wetlands pos-sess a similar capacity. In connection with the EU financed “PUMPSEA”-project, a mangrove mesocosmexperimental system was constructed in Tanzania, Jangwani Beach, to determine the efficiency of man-grove wetlands in wastewater treatment. The mesocosm system consists of 36 individual cells (3 m x 3 m)containing mangrove sediment. Twelve cells were planted with Rhizophora mucronata, 12 cells wereplanted with Avicennia marina and 12 cells were kept unplanted (bare). All cells were flooded daily byseawater (10 cm) for 12 h and kept air-exposed for 12 h. After 6 months, flood water was mixed withdomestic sewage in different doses. Three cells of each type received flood water containing 60% sewage,three cells received 40% sewage, three cells received 20% sewage, and three cells received seawater only(0%). The results show removal efficiencies of 99.14%, 98.44% and 97.89% for Fecal coliform (FC) and96.41%, 96.01% and 95.99% for Enterococci (ENT) in A. marina, R. mucronata and bare cells respec-tively. The removal exhibited a non-linear response to sewage dosing similar to that reported for “freshwa-ter” wetlands. Fecal coliform and Enterococci removal were not significantly different (p>0.05) in plantedcells and unplanted cells or with different species of mangrove. Despite the high removal efficiency, efflu-ents from 40% and 60% did not meet the recommended microbiological standards for recreational andshellfish harvesting. Increases on hydraulic retention time (HRT) as well as use of mature mangrove speciesare recommended.

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INVENTORY OF AIR POLLUTANTS FOR THE AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUS-BANDRY SECTORS IN TANZANIA

Honest John Kipasika

Master of Integrated Environmental Management September, 2008

This thesis is concerns the development of inventory of key air pollutants from agricultural sector in Tanza-nia from 1995 to 2005. Pollutants were detected using the methodologies provided by IntergovernmentalPanel of Climate Change (IPCC) for greenhouse gases and Air Pollution Information Network for Africa(APINA) for non-greenhouse gases. Activity data were gathered from key ministries (Ministry of Agricul-ture, Food Security and Cooperatives and Ministry of Livestock and Developments) and others fromresearch organisations, regulatory bodies and NGOs such as National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Na-tional Environmental Management Council (NEMC) and Centre for Energy, Environment, Science andTechnology (CEEST). Using the best estimate and reasonable assumptions, emissions factors were ob-


tained from the established national and international sources. The main sources of air pollutants weredomestic livestock, rice cultivation, savanna burning, agricultural soil management and field burning ofagricultural residues. Based on analysis, the inventory of the CH4, NH3, N2O, NOX, CO, NMVOC,SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 were developed. The results show that the total annual emissions of CO burningsub sector lead the emissions by 56% from 1995 to 2005. It is followed by methane emissions (22%) andPM10 (8%). The trend of emissions varied across the years due to changes in activities data such asannual crop productions, application of mineral fertilizers, soil-natural process, farm management prac-tices and annual livestock populations. For example, CH4 and NH3 were increasing throughout the yearsof study while those of CO, SO2 and NMVOC were fluctuating; the N2O, NOX, PM10 and PM2.5emission were almost constant.

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ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT FACTORS CONSTRAINING SUCCESS-FUL PUBLIC PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN TANZANIA CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY

A case of Project Managers’ Performance

Faustine Rainald Kangwaya

Master of Engineering Management

The purpose of this study was to develop effective public project management practice in Tanzania con-struction industry. Public construction projects in Tanzania encounter problems: Inefficiency of executionprocess and poor perceived quality of the project deliverables. The study used literature review andqualitative research methodology that concerned with extensive narrative data collection, statistical dataanalysis and quantitative presentation of results. The study conducted has found that, public Projectsperformance in Tanzania construction industry needs project management practice improvement in orderto achieve successes in completed projects. This is due to the fact that over 50% of public projects studieddid not achieve the expected results and success. Factors that constrain successful project execution were:funding characteristics, lack of effective and efficient project organization, project manager’s competence,capability of contractor managing project milestones; and uncontrolled political/social based project ex-ecution risks, which influenced projects performance. Successes in public projects are achieved if effec-tive project management practices are used in project execution. Achievement of an improved projectmanagement practice requires that the top management of project organization should sufficiently state theproject objectives, planned scope, budgets, schedule and deliverables. Enhanced and/ or development ofproject management guidelines and regulatory frames are essentially needed in the industry for improvedproject performance.

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STRATEGIES FOR PERFOMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIESIN TANZANIA

A Case of Tanzania Electrical Mechanical and Electronics Services Agencies (TEMESA)

Adelard Paul Seria Kweka


The importance of having well performing public institutions including government departments is a key tothe development and growth of any country including ours. The move by the government to establishpublic Agencies was meant to improve efficiency, productivity and accountability in the public sector.Perhaps one may wonder if these Agencies’ performance is inline with the Government expectations.

The objective of this study was to establish the performance levels of public Agencies and proposestrategies that can be adopted to improve their performance. The study focused on one public Agencyknown as TEMESA. The study used a questionnaire approach in collecting data and developed a perfor-mance improvement framework that was used to formulate strategies for improving performance ofTEMESA. The development of the framework was inspired by the philosophy of Total Quality Manage-ment and a systemic technique known as Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing.

The study has concluded that low performance of public Agencies is caused by a number of factorsincluding low accountability, low employee morale, shortage of funding, unrealistic pricing, poor manage-ment, and improper financial control. The consequence of all these is poor quality of services to the publicaccompanied by low public trust. These factors also make public Agencies to be inefficient and thusdefying the purpose for their establishment.

The study recommends that Public Agencies must embark on the implementation of Quality Improve-ment programmes, strengthen responsibility and accountability among all ranks, introduce incentive schemesaimed at improving performance and effectiveness and adopt a competitive pricing system for its services.

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STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR TANZANIA NATIONAL PARKS(TANAPA)

A case of Serengeti National Park GMP and Tourism Development

Albert Mziray

Master of Integrated Environmental Management

There are a number of development activities/projects proposed to be undertaken in Serengeti NationalPark (SENAPA). While each development activity/project may have its own EIA, the overall picture and


cumulative impacts of a set of development projects may not be known until it is too late. SEA of TANAPAusing SENAPA General Management Plan (GMP) and Tourism Development was carried out as a solu-tion to the above stated problem. Specifically the study involved review of the SENAPA GMP, descriptionof the environmental baseline situation of SENAPA, identification of the planned park’s and tourism devel-opment activities/projects, prediction and evaluation of key impacts and finally suggesting mitigations andenhancement measures for the identified impacts of planned activities/development projects in SENAPAGMP and Tourism Development Program. The results from the study indicated that there are significantimpacts, risks and hazards associated with the implementation of the planned development projects. Thereis also an inadequacy in the current SENAPA GMP and Tourism Development Program such that it doesno adequately address environmental impacts prediction and evaluation of different proposed develop-ment activities/projects to be undertaken in the park. The study has concluded that there are strong groundsfor using SEA process in integrating environmental issues in GMP and Tourism Development Program.Moreover, the study recommends that: there is a need for mainstreaming environment into GMP of allTanzania’s parks via SEA; There is a need of studying the consequences of economically and politicallymotivated decisions that encourage tourism and private sector development on Tanzania’s parks environ-ment.

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ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS HINDERING COMPETITIVENESS AND TRADEPERFOMANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN ZANZIBAR

Abdillah Mzee Mataka

MEM (Project Management) November 2008

The purpose of this dissertation was Assessment of Factors Hindering Competitiveness and Trade Perfor-mance of Manufacturing Industries in Zanzibar. A sample of 88 respondents categorized into staff (52) andmanagement team (36) from 20 Zanzibar manufacturing industries were selected. The study has providedthe conceptual framework upon which Competitive Manufacturing Industry is based as well as the type ofactivities involved. The survey method was used as the research design; the method of proportional allo-cation was used to identify the sample drawn from two strata of manufacturing industries (1 – 9 and 10+establishments). Data analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)version 11.0 for Windows and Microsoft Office Excel 2003 programs. Hypotheses were formulated andtested by using Chi - Square Test and ANOVA (F – Test) and relationships were obtained by crosstabulation.

Findings revealed that tax regime, improper human resource management and lack of subsidizationwere among critical factors hindering competitiveness of manufacturing industries in Zanzibar. In general,findings revealed that the existing environment is not conducive for industrial development in Zanzibar. It isrecommended that Government scheme for finance should be reviewed as well as to establish fundingagency/agencies that will support bank loans that will support manufacturing industries for innovation orenter into new markets. A productivity and competitiveness council should be established to developproductivity culture.

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KINETIC STUDY OF CATALYTIC WET PEROXIDE OXIDATION OF MALEIC ACIDUSING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS

Lilian Daniel

Master of Science (Chemical and Process Engineering) September2008

Catalytic wet oxidation of organic pollutants (i.e. maleic acid) using Cu/AMP-MTS CNSL, Cu/AC, Pd/AC and Pd/AMP-MTS CNSL, and its kinetic parameters were investigated. The activated carbon sup-port was prepared by physical activation, while the MTS-AMP CNSL was prepared by one pot method.The heterogeneous palladium and copper catalysts supported on AC and MTS-AMP CNSL were thendeveloped. The performance of Cu/MTS-AMP CNSL, Pd/MTS-AMP CNSL, Cu/AC and Pd/AC cata-lysts and the two catalyst supports which were used in this research had been evaluated in the catalytic wetoxidation of maleic acid using a batch stirred tank slurry reactor (BSTR). Copper on MTS-AMP CNSL,Cu/AC and Pd/AC were found to be most suitable for aqueous phase oxidation of maleic acid comparedto Pd/MTS-AMP CNSL. Maximum conversion of maleic acid oxidation to CO2 and H2O was observedwith Cu/MTS-AMP CNSL, Pd/AC and Cu/AC of 91.6, 90.2 and 86.4%, respectively while Pd/MTS-AMP CNSL was 44.7% in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at 30°C. The order of reaction was firstorder with respect to maleic acid, activation energy Ea, was, 67.052 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factorwas 108 x 108 s-1. It was concluded that Cu/ MTS-AMP CNSL, Pd/C and Cu/C catalysts and ACsupport were effective for liquid phase oxidation of organic compounds and can be applied for catalyticwastewater treatment systems. The results of the research described in this work contribute to knowledgeefficient and environmental friendly technologies used in treating industrial wastewater, containing non-biodegradable organic compounds.

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STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MASASI DISTRICTCOUNCIL’S INTERIM LAND USE PLAN

Gabriel Joshua Kaserwa

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM) October, 2008

Masasi District Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Land and Human Settlements Developmenthas prepared a 10 years Masasi Interim Land Use Plan starting 2006 to 2016. The plan has been pre-pared as an intervention measure to curb currently experienced rapid and haphazard growth of the town.According to this plan there will be a very large change to the state of land use in Masasi town. Althoughthe plan shows large changes to land use, it does not show clearly the associated negative impacts and theirmitigations. This is an obstacle to the plan’s aim of promoting a sustainable land use of the town andfacilitating the provision of adequate and affordable shelter to all income groups of Masasi residents.

In order to attain the plan’s aim, this study has opted to incorporate Strategic Environmental Assess-


ment (SEA) to the plan; where by researcher together with key stakeholders identified activities related tothe proposed land use patterns and then predicted the associated key potential impact characteristics. Theresult of analysis of impact characteristics showed that, all impacts were most significant to land use changesplanned at Masasi Town, and therefore recommended impacts mitigations. This study has also recom-mended that; Masasi District Council accept and approve the findings of this research to be incorporatedinto Interim Land Use Plan; the incorporation of SEA is to be done to all other plans and programmes ofMasasi District Council which are seem to be in need of SEA; and that, critical study should be done onthe population dynamics in Masasi Town.

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A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF USER FEE IN ROAD MAINTENANCE

The Case of Dar es Salaam and Coast Regions

Orupa Michael Tendwa

MEM (Project management) November, 2008

The essence of this study was to explore how user fee affect road maintenance as an efficient, effective andsustainable system in the Tanzania context. The study covered two regions of’ Tanzania mainland namelyDar es Salaam and Coast. Information and views from road users and road authority were collected usingquestionnaires, interviews and physical observations and narrative stories. As well data were analysedusing Microsoft excel and presented using maps, tables and figures, content analysis was employed torealise whether or not the money collected will curb maintenance backlog.

Findings from this study revealed that there is a wide gap between maintenance needs and the actualamount of money collected to the Road Fund Board despite the fact that, donors contribute 40 percent formaintenance work. This situation result to backlog maintenance hence poor road condition. However, thisis not always the case; other factors contributed to this situation include limited sources of road funds,inefficient control of weighbridge and incapacity of local contractors. This study concluded that maintain-able infrastructure depends on a number of factors and requires that all resources be considered equally.Among other factors, recognised apart from sufficient money for maintenance work, were shortage ofequipments and limited qualified local contractors. The study also recognises that, there is always poorroad condition due to backlog maintenance, where as user fee contributes about 60% of the total contri-butions which cover only 40% of the maintenance needs. However, this study recognises some sources ofRoad Fund which do not suffice the maintenance needs but requires an improvement. Another issue stressedis overloading which directly damage roads hence affect the effort of road maintenance.

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267COET

INVESTIGATIONS ON INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWER-AGE SERVICE DELIVERY: THE CASE OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA

Neema Nsangalufu Mumghamba

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management)

Inadequate service provisions in urban and rural areas are challenges especially in developing countries. InTanzania Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authorities (UWSAs) are the water utilities legally mandatedto operate the services since 1998.

The study aimed at investigating institutional models of managing water supply and sewerage utilities inTanzania. Case studies on seven water utilities namely, Babati, Sumbawanga, Songea, Lindi, Morogoro,Tanga and Dar es salaam were conducted. Variables, which were measured included autonomy, externalaccountability, market orientation, corporate culture, internal accountability, regulations and effective co-ordinated decentralization of authority as institutional features in order to establish the effectiveness of theinstitutional model. Concurrently, variables on the performance indicators were studied to see the differ-ence of performance level of UWSAs, established linkages and relations with institutional features. Meth-odology employed was interviews were conducted involving the management for each UWSA selectedfor study and documentary review.

The study revealed that performance of service delivery by UWSAs has improved due to reforms inthe water sector. Various levels of institutional features have been attained. UWSAs facilitations in capitalinvestments and public awareness on water value as well as cost sharing are necessary for sustainability ofthe services.

Area for further study should be on the appropriate institutional model for UWSAs management andeffect of human resource on UWSAs performance.

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INTRODUCTION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THEGOVERNMENT CHEMIST LABORATORY AGENCY (GCLA), DAR ES SALAAM –

TANZANIA

Musa Kuzumila

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM) October 2008

The Government Chemist Laboratory Agency (GCLA) faces environmental management challenges re-lated to its activities and services. A study was conducted to assess the possibility of introducing an EMS.It was aimed specifically on reviewing the existing environmental management practices, to identify existinggaps, assessment of barriers to the implementation of best environmental management practices and toassess efficiencies in utilization of water, chemicals and electricity, and to propose a framework for intro-ducing an EMS.


Data were obtained through questionnaires, semi structured interview and observation. Steps for intro-duction of an EMS were followed as specified in the ISO 14001[2004(E): Requirements with guidancefor use].

Generally, gap analysis has revealed that the existing environmental management practice at GCLA(Safety manual) covers approximately 30% of the EMS requirements. Key issues such as commitment forcontinuous environmental performance, compliance to legal requirements and prevention of pollution arenot covered. The existing environmental management practice (safety plan/program) has not been imple-mented fully as it is not given high priority by the top management and due to insufficient fund. Furthermore,the utility efficiency of water and chemicals is poor and there is a piling of expired chemicals (since theinception of the laboratory) and e-wastes. Introduction of an EMS may improve the situation. It is there-fore recommended that the top management should commit itself in implementing the EMS to help achievethe overall environmental performance of GCLA.

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THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON THE EPIDE-MIOLOGY OF MALARIA INAMANI AREA, NORTHEASTERN - HIGHLANDS OF

TANZANIA

Chrisantus Kalenzi Macgorwa

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM) November 2008

This study was conducted in Muheza District, Northeastern Tanzania where, Amani area is located be-tween 5º 06´-5º 13´S and 38º 32´-38º 41´E. at an altitude of 1130 m. The objective of the study was todetermine the anthropogenic environmental impact on the epidemiology of malaria in the past thirty years.On primary data, random surveys for field observations were made in the study area. The secondary datawere accessed through annual medical reports, parasitological and meteorological data base for retro-spective study.The data were analysed by using SPSS version 11.0, MS Excel 2003, MINITAB 14 to determine theregression analysis and correlations between malaria prevalence underfive years with rainfall, temperatureand clearance of vegetation cover during the period under study.

The study observed significant correlation patterns of malaria prevalence underfive years with totalannual rainfall, r = -0221 (P>0.05); annual mean temperature, r = 0.06 (P = 0.001); and vegetationclearance in terms of hectares, r = -0344 (P =0. 05). The study marks for the first time an importantstriking database on warming earths’ mean surface temperature of 0.132oC in Tanzania.In conclusion, the human environmental activities have had an impact on the epidemiology of malaria in theAmani area during the past thirty years.

It is hereby, recommended that anthropogenic activities especially deforestation, should be abandonedin Amani so as to minimize source of mosquito breeding sites and increase carbon sinks, the appropriateway is conservation of Amani natural forest. Research on trends of environmental climatic impact onepidemiology of malaria found in other highlands in Tanzania is highly important.

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269COET

APPLICATION OF FACTS TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE THE TANZANIA NORTH-WEST GRID TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Janeth Secha

Master of Science (Power Systems and High Voltages) October 2008

The northwest grid network of TANESCO (Tanzania state power company) suffers the stressful condi-tion caused by factors such as worst climate condition affecting hydropower sources (which is 75% of thetotal generated units), an over exploitation of the existing transmission system and less or no number ofnew power system projects. Together, the lack of reactive power sources into the system has also resultedin voltage fluctuations.

Some indication of the stated severe conditions and methods to relieve the system from voltage insta-bility are researched in this work. The involved grid section was modeled in MATLABTM Simulink, bydividing it into smaller sections and then simulated to obtain the existing condition results. FACTS devices(SVC, STATCOM and UPFC) were applied one after another. Starting with a section up to the entiresystem, simulated and the results were recorded. The obtained results were compared with those from asystem without FACTS. Implemented models were limited to hydropower sources located in the southernpart of Tanzania fed at Mtera and the northern part fed at Njiro- Arusha.

The applied FACTS improved the voltage condition with the ability of damping oscillations. Applica-tion of FACTS in power system, upgrade the grid and reduce the delaying period of its replacement.UPFC provided the most efficient performances of power system when proper location and economicanalysis are considered.

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AN IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES CEDRELA ODORATA L ON NATIVE PLANTSPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY IN KIMBOZA FOREST RESERVE;

MOROGORO, TANZANIA

Charles Patrick

Masters of iIntegrated Enviromental Management

Cedrela odorata L is an invasive species threatening natural forest in Kimboza Forest Reserve. A studywas carried out to determine an impact of C. odorata on native species composition and diversity inKimboza Forest Reserve; Morogoro, Tanzania on an assumption that this species is spreading outwardsfrom its introduced three stands, namely Blocks A, B, and C. Twelve Transects, each 1 km long, dividedinto ten (20 x 50) m plots were established from C. odorata stands towards forest interior. In each plot,trees, shrubs and herbs of all species were recorded.


A total of 147 tree species in 52 families were recorded in the study area. The density of C. odoratatrees ranged from 10 to 340 ha-1 (Mean 41 and std 22), saplings 0 to 1.1 m-2 (Mean 3 and std 5.1) andseedlings 0 to 13m-2 (Mean 2 and std 1.2). C. odorata trees recorded a relative frequency (R.F) of 60%ranking second after Sorindeia madagascariensis (R.F 65%) in Block A, and ranked fifth (R.F 55%) inBlock B and C. C. odorata seedlings were the most frequent in Blocks A and B with R.F 77.5 and 75%respectively. Overall, species diversity ranged from 1.03-2.95 for trees, 0.79-2.45 for shrubs and 0-2.14for seedlings. There was no clear pattern of density of C. odorata with increasing distance from theirstands, an indication that probably other factors such as canopy cover and soil play role in their regenera-tion and establishment. A reversed J-shaped diameter at breast height size class reflects an expandingpopulation. Seed source removal and enrichment planting in disturbed parts of the reserve with indigenousspecies that show high regeneration and growth rates is recommended.

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INTRODUCTION OF MULTIPLEX OPERATOR FOR DIGITAL BROADCASTINGIN TANZANIA

Abdulkadir Rweyemamu Mbeo

M.Sc. (Electronics Engineering and Information Technology) October, 2008

In this dissertation techniques, systems and networks for signal multiplexing have been analysed, with themain objective of identifying the best suitable methods/technology for digital broadcasting industry plannedto be launched in Tanzania. A comprehensive study on TDM and OFDM have been analyzed. Numerousfigures and tables have been included.

Chapter one is analysing the present status of the broadcasting industry in Tanzania, starting with thehistory of broadcasting as launched during the colonial times. It also covers various stages of broadcastinggrowth in Tanzania. It further introduces the issue of establishment of multiplex operation as a result ofintroduction of digital broadcasting in the country. In chapter two various multiplexing techniques wereanalysed and hence recommendations of suitable digital multiplexing technique and best Modulation Schemedrawn. In chapter three TDM specifications are analysed to determine the most suitable ones for adoptionby our digital broadcasting industry. In chapter four TDM-Transmitter equipment configurations is dis-cussed, OFDM performance, ITU agreed technical standards and receivers for digital modulated signalreception are discussed. Chapter five is a discussion on the planning of multiplex network operation inTanzania territory during transition period and thereafter. Various recommendations are discussed whichinclude establishment of MUX at various geographic levels countrywide. Chapter six concludes the studyand puts up final suggestions and recommendations with regard to analog to digital broadcasting in Tanza-nia.

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271COET

CRYPTANALYSIS OF CAVE ALGORITHM USED IN CDMA MOBILE SYSTEM

Zam Shawal Zam

Master of Science in Electronics Engineering and Information Technology October, 2008

The Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks make use of a cryptographic algorithm known asCellular Authentication and Voice Encryption (CAVE), which is used in various stages of the proceduresthat provide security in the network. In mobile communication system CAVE is used for:-

i. Generation of a set of cryptovariable for the message encryption process in Cellular Message En-cryption Algorithm (CMEA)

ii. Generation of subscriber’s Shared Secret Data (SSD) from the unique Authentication Key (A-Key)

iii. Generation of 520-bit for the duplex Voice Privacy Mask (VMP).iv. Make authentication procedure

The crypto graphical analysis (cryptanalysis) of the CAVE algorithm done by William and PraveenGuaravaram of Information Security Research Center, of Queensland University of Technology, in theirpaper titled Cryptanalysis of the cellular authentication and voice encryption algorithm showed that a fouror eight round cryptographic algorithm currently used in mobile telephone is insecure as a hash function forauthentication or data integrity applications. This dissertation focuses on to develop an algorithm modelthat will improve the performance of the existing CAVE algorithm and therefore provides better authenti-cation and security in the mobile telecommunication systems. The main aim of the dissertation is thereforeto provide a CAVE algorithm that will provides greater security of the information and data while enjoyingthe low cost in the mobile telecommunication systems. Hence this research proposes a modified CAVEalgorithm that provides more security of data in the mobile telephone system than that provided by theoriginal CAVE algorithm.

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A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ABATTOIRS ON WATER BODIES

A Case of Nyabugogo Abattoir Facility in Kigali City, Rwanda

Umubyeyi Naila

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management) July2008

Nyabugogo Abattoir, the biggest in Kigali city, Rwanda, discharges its untreated effluent in Mpazi River.This research aimed at studying environmental impacts caused by the abattoir on its receiving water bodyand its users. It quantified the amount of water used and wastewater generated, identified and character-ized the impacts, determined their significance and proposed mitigation measures. The overall water usedand wastewater generated were estimated at 50 m3 and 43m3 per day respectively. The qualities of the


effluent and the river water were studied. The samples were collected weekly, preserved and analyzed ineach case using Standard Methods. The parameters studied for river water upstream and downstreamwere as follows: pH 7.62, 7.83; COD 67.50, 971.33 mg/l; BOD 38.17, 325.50 mg/l; DO 0.237, 0.026mg/l; TSS 67.5, 848 mg/l; nitrates 7.33, 21.35 mg/l and phosphates 18.62, 27.68 mg/l. Except for pH, theother parameters were not meeting the WHO and EHSG standards of effluent. This resulted into anoxicconditions of the river. Also, data was collected for impacts of the abattoir on the people living in its vicinityusing questionnaires; 80% complained about bad odors from the plant and 40% about skin diseasescaused by using River water. Nyabugogo Abattoir generates large quantities of highly concentrated efflu-ent which adversely impacts the environment. Blood collection and dry cleaning should be adopted inorder to reduce the effluent concentration and volume. A subsurface flow constructed wetland was pro-posed for Nyabugogo Abattoir effluent treatment.

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CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION:PROCUREMENT FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTESTO COST OVERRUNS OF PUBLIC PROJECTS IN TANZANIA

Victor William Meena


There is a positive relationship between construction output and economic growth. However in Tanzaniaconstruction industry suffers a lot of problems. One of the problems is cost overruns caused by procure-ment factors.

The research involved primary, secondary and interview data collection. Also this research collectedextracts from construction project executed by Tanzania National Roads Agency and Tanzania BuildingAgency between 2006 and 2008 to supplement the questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Statis-tical Package for Social Sciences.Findings revealed that there is no standard pricing rates and cost evaluation base in construction industry inTanzania and many Procuring Entities award contract to the lowest priced bids in most cases. Lack ofeducated staff with knowledge in tendering for a responsive bid was found problem from many contrac-tors

Lack of standard pricing rates in construction industry and cost evaluation base, and the practice ofmost Procuring Entities award contract to lowest bids significantly contribute to cost overruns of publicconstruction projects in Tanzania

Contractors Registration Board and National Construction Council should try their best to educatecontractors on procurement and bidding techniques to improve construction industry in Tanzania. Furthermore Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) should find ways of establishing standard rates forconstruction at various zones in the country. Also construction stakeholders should find ways of harmoniz-ing the term lowest evaluated bidder.

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273COET

INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND IT’S IMPACT ON PRODUCTIONOF MAIZE AND SORGHUM IN MOROGORO REGION, TANZANIA

Neema Khamisi

MSc (Water Resources Engineering). September, 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the rainfall variability and its implication on productivity of maizeand sorghum in Morogoro region. The objectives of the study were to determine the changes on season-ality of rainfall including onset, cessation, and length of rainfall, to determine trends in rainfall variablesaffecting crop production and to determine the performance of maize and sorghum under variable climatein the study area. Data used included temperatures, humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed for 10 years(1995-2005) and rainfall data for 25 years (1980-2005) from Tanzania Meteorological Agency. Cropdata for 23 years (1981/82-2004/05) which includes crop productions and area cultivated to the majorrain fed crops (Maize and Sorghum) obtained from Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security was used toobtain the crop productivity. Seasonal rainfall in five stations shows an increasing trend, while three showsincreasing trend in annual rainfall.

No significant trend was observed in onsets, cessations and length of rains, although they vary from oneyear to another. On the other hand, five stations show number of dry spells within the rainy season areincreasing. Maize productivity is observed to be increasing while sorghum is decreasing.

The variability of the amount of rainfall, dry spells and WRSI from year to year have shown their impacton the maize and sorghum productivity. As rainfall amount increases, both maize and sorghum productivityincreases. Large number of dry spells decreases the crop productivity while large value of WRSI causesan increase

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ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The Case of Kigoma/Ujiji Municipality in Kigoma Region, Tanzania

Weransari Moses


This study was carried out to assess the water supply system in Kigoma/Ujiji Municipality. The currentwater supply is about 27% of the demand compared to the supply in 2007 which was 38% and in 2006which was 50% (Table 4.3). The only source of water supply is from Lake Tanganyika. Water is pumpedto the storage tanks and then distributed by gravity scheme. The findings of this study are followed byrecommendations that will relieve the community from extremely shortage. Different approaches applied inthis study; including, Surveying of water supply system, analysis of the quality of water, estimation of


demand and supply and analysis of revenue collection process and ability to recover operating and main-tenance costs. The deficit in water was assessed and the main problems, namely technical and poormanagement, are discovered. Technical problems identified include inefficiency of supply infrastructureincluding pumping units, intake and distribution networks. Most of the technical problems caused bydropping of water level in the lake, old age of pipes and pumps and lack of reliable power supply forpumping water full time. Managerial problem include poor billing system, low revenue collection and lackof qualified staff. Revenue collection covers only 96% of operating and maintenance costs and staffingratio found to be seven employees per thousand connections where the billing is carried out manual.Recommendation made to look new location for new intake, refurbishment of existing intake and mainte-nance of distribution network. Full metering, employ of qualified staff and using advanced billing systemlike VYEMA, are recommended as a key towards financial sustainability and reduction of Unaccountedfor Water.

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FOR SELECTED WATER AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA

Case of Moshi and Mbeya Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authorities

Nasra Hussein


Water Demand Management (WDM) is a key focus area for most water utilities. Moshi and Mbeyaauthorities surveyed suffer to manage water demand; the reasons include limited physical coverage, dilapi-dated physical infrastructure, high levels of UFW, and low customer education among others. The objec-tive of the study was to identify the current technical and socio economic aspect of WDM practices,community perception, gaps and constraints and then to propose WDM strategy. The study covered twoauthorities Mbeya and Moshi authorities. The methodology used was survey to water authorities, inter-viewing staffs and water consumers with the help of questionnaire, literature review. Data were analyzedby the use of Microsoft Excel. Moshi UWSA serves 95% of the population which is 150,000 with a15,791 number of customers. Mbeya UWSA serves 93% of the population which is 330,000 with 18,791numbers of customers.

Results indicate O&M problem where unaccounted for water is high which is 32.5% and 32% whilemeter usage is 100% and 70% for Moshi and Mbeya respectively. The time that water supply is availableis 23hrs in Moshi with good water quality while in Mbeya is 21hrs with high turbidity value where sourceshave higher than the standard which is 15 NTU. More than 50% of consumers from both towns are noteducated regarding to WDM. Major obstacles and constraints observed are poor tariff setting, publicperception and lack of awareness, poor technology, and financial problems. Finally, WDM strategy wasproposed and recommended to be adopted, the strategies is categorized into two parts, water demandreduction strategies; and supply rationalization strategies.

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275COET

POVERTY IN CHIVI DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Rejoice Madobi


Access to irrigation is important in improving household economies as it allows poor people to increasetheir production and incomes as well as enhancing opportunities to diversify their income base therebyreducing the vulnerability caused by seasonality of agricultural production and external shocks. This studywas designed to investigate the linkages between water access for agricultural purposes and poverty athousehold level in Chivi District in Zimbabwe. This was done by comparing poverty levels of householdsinvolved in irrigation farming with those of households depending on rain fed agriculture. A study wasconducted in five villages and five government-owned irrigation schemes. Data was collected from house-hold heads and WMCs using questionnaires; interviews were done with AREX officers and with NGOsoperating in the district. The results obtained show that though poverty levels in the district are high,irrigated agriculture’s impact is recognisable on food security and also incomes (though low). Though nomajor differences were observed between irrigating households and those who depend on rain fed agricul-ture in terms of education, amount of household incomes, access to sanitation and domestic water as wellas housing type, access to water for irrigation is having a positive impact on poverty levels in the district asirrigating farmers contribute financially towards the management of schemes despite the economic hard-ships. Zimbabwe’s economic problems are impacting negatively on both rain fed and irrigation farming inthe district. Due to the complex nature of poverty it is apparent that access to water for agriculturalpurposes is not the only solution to poverty reduction but overall economic growth and government inven-tiveness will play a role.

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DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELFOR THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CATCHMENTS IN THE EASTERN ARC

MOUNTAINS OF TANZANIA

Birhanu Zemadim Birhanu

Doctor of Philosophy

Eastern Arc Mountains (EAMs) catchments have experienced significant flow reductions since late 1970s,and due to varied physiography and hydro-climatic conditions the available hydrological networks are notwell enough for sound assessment of water resources. Various sources attributed the flow reductions tolanduse and land cover changes in the catchment over the years.

In this study the effects of catchment cover changes were studied together with the hydrological behaviourof the EAMs catchments. Distributed and physics based hydrological model and empirical and conceptualmodels were developed using results of remote sensing, GIS technology and hydro-metrological data.

The results of the study showed no significant impact on the simulated flows due to the effect of land


cover changes. For example, using a scenario land cover changes in some 8.34 % of the catchment area,a change in annual flow to the extent of only 4.7% was observed which nearly 84% was attributed toground water flow alone. The research also indicated that parameter reductions and use of catchmentcharacteristics in hydrological model development improved the efficiency of hydrologic variables predic-tions. This research further demonstrated that streamflow reductions in the studied area were attributed tovalley bottom cultivation though current abstractions at the valleys are not documented but indicative ofcreating soil moisture deficit with high loss of water by evaporation. The developed hydrological modelsare suitable tools for environmental modeling and wider applications are recommended for comprehensiveunderstanding of the hydrological processes of tropical catchments.

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ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FRAMEWORK AND MONITORINGAND EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE MAINTENANCE OF LOCAL GOV-

ERNMENT AUTHOURITIES’ ROAD NETWORKS

A Case Study of Songea District Council

Ngomano Felix Velevesyo Petro

MEM (Project Management) November, 2008

Developing countries, and Tanzania, in particular, are facing problems of insufficient budget allocations formaintenance of their respective road networks due to weak revenue bases; As a result, road networks arenot fully maintained. In a few years to come, these countries suffer three times from small budgets inrehabilitation of respective road networks. Thus, the main objective of this study was to develop commu-nity participation framework and monitoring and evaluation system that will enhance sustainable mainte-nance of Songea District Council (SDC) road network, it involved 88 respondents.Study findings established community participation framework necessary for sustainable maintenance ofLocal Government Authorities’ (LGAs) road networks. However, for smooth implementation of the es-tablished framework the following areas and steps have been recommended to be given further attention:villages to establish by-laws that will give power to Village Road Maintenance Groups (VRMGs) to sueroad vandalisms; the Government should iron out criteria and modalities that will suit for VRMG to beregistered by CRB to carry out road maintenance interventions and LGAs should start outsourcing toVRMGs roads, which are already in good conditions. Thereafter, roads in fair and poor conditions shouldfollow immediately after respective spot and periodic maintenance.

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AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN TANZANIA

277COET

Rose Michael Kyando

Master of Integrated Environmental Management, November 2008

The study on the development of air pollution inventory for the industrial sector in Tanzania from 1995 to2005 was done to estimate the key pollutants which are emitted during production processes. Pollutantswere identified using the methodologies provided by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)for greenhouse gases (GHG) and Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) for non-green-house gases. Activities data were gathered from the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing, NationalBureau of Statistics. Other sets were from the Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology(CEEST).

The main pollution sources of Greenhouse gases (GHG) from this sector include cement production,metal production, alcohol beverages and solvent production. The gases considered were: NOX, CO2CO, NMVOC, SO2 and PM10. Generally, the results showed that the amount of emissions from thissector increased from year to year. Furthermore the percentage total annual emissions of CO2 fromcement production topped the list with 90% contribution. It was followed by CO (7%), PM10 (2%), andSO2 (1%), while NOx was almost zero. From this study, it can be concluded that the contribution of theindustrial sector in the emissions of GHG or non-GHG is low compared to other sectors. Furthermore it isobserved that the emissions trend was increasing annually and CO2 is the most significant pollutant.

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TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN TANZANIA FOR BUILDING PROJECTS:PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Neema Shabani


Time has the least amount of flexibility, meanwhile impacts from schedules arrangements always result intoconflicts, especially during the second half of building construction projects (implementation stage). As aresult the main purpose of this research was to investigate on time management practices associated withbuilding projects in Tanzania.The approaches used to collect data in this research were questionnaires and interviews conducted fromconsulting and construction firms. It was revealed from this research that time management practicesperformance in building construction projects is poor.

Numerous problems hindering the performance in time management for building projects have beenfound out. About 90 percent of respondents agreed on lack of knowledge and experience of people whoare involved in building construction projects as the major reasons which, caused time management prac-tices performance in building construction projects to be poor. Also Bar or Gantt chart technique waswidely used in building projects as compared to other techniques such as LOB, CPM, PERT, and PMS.

It is therefore recommended that professional bodies and institutions like AQRB, ERB, CRB andNCC to prepare more continuing training on time management practices, in order to raise awareness to allprofessionals and workers who are involved in building projects.

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ASSESSMENT OF SUITABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FORUNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS: A case of Kinondoni Municipality –Dar es Salaam

Qambayot Maria Albin

Master of Integrated Environmental Management (MIEM), November 2007

Human gathering in unplanned settlements like Kinondoni Municipality results to accumulation of wastesbecause of poor access and lack of basic amenities. This study was conducted in three (3) selected wardswith twelve (12) streets in unplanned settlements of Kinondoni Municipal Dar es Salaam. The sample wasdrawn basing on the criterion that the area posses the typical features of unplanned settlements.Sample questionnaires were collected from 25 houses in each street (from 12 street) making the total of300 responses. The field study took four months. Some data were obtained through interview and groupdiscussion from DAWASA and DAWASCO offices.

It was found that the houses accommodate the greatest number of poor families and, almost by defini-tion, those families without access to ordinary public services such as water and wastewater collection andtreatment facilities. Most of these houses are congested to the extent that space is a limited factor. Themain method of handling wastewater is through pit latrines and few households use septic tanks. With fullpit latrine, it is not possible to construct another one due to lack of space, it is rather not possible to emptyit using trucks because there are no roads to reach most of the houses. The whole of the study area is notconnected to the sewer system.

Ecological sanitation toilets and community pay toilets were suggested as suitable wastewater handlingand treatment technologies for the study area. These technologies are expected to eliminate the nuisance ofwastewater from human settlements with minimum cost.

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THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS PRINCIPLES IN MANAGING AIR CARGOAND BAGGAGE IN TANZANIA: A Case of Swissport International Tanzania Limited

John Kafuku


This study was conducted at Mwalimu J. K. Nyerere International Airport (the former Dar es SalaamInternational Airport - DIA) to evaluate application of ergonomics principles at workplace; to examineergonomics mismatches at workstations; and to investigate occupational health problems to workers in theSwissport Company.

The methodological direction of this study was guided by literature review; research questions; objec-tives of the study; work analysis by the use of ILO standards; and OSHA standards for ergonomicsprinciples. Data for this study were collected through questionnaires, interviews, general observations anddocumentary reviews.

279COET

Findings revealed that ergonomics is still a new discipline to workers in the Swissport Company. Thestudy results indicated that there was an increasing occupational health problem. It was also found that highrates of back pain, pain on leg joints resulted from frequent lifting/handling of baggage in very awkwardpostures. Other hazards included eye problems, violence from aggressive passengers, poor welfare facili-ties, and uneven workload distribution. Further to that, it was revealed that occupational health problemswere common among Swissport workers and might lead to temporary or permanent disability.

This study recommends for training programmes on ergonomics principles and occupational health andsafety matters. It also recommends regular risk assessments at workplaces, introduction of health check-up routines and mechanical lifts in sorting area and improve labelling that indicate cargo and baggageweight to be visible.

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STUDY OF SEDIMENT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UPSTREAM OF NYUMBAYA MUNGU RESERVOIR RIVER SYSTEM

Herbert Kijazi

M. Sc. (Water Resources Engineering), September 2006

There is an increasing need for information concerning the sources of sediment load leaving a catchmentsand erosion causing factors, such information is difficult to obtain due to the complexity of the variablesaffecting land degradation and sediment flow.

Desk mapping of aerial photograph using stereoscope, parallax bar and crack meter was done toidentify the spatial distribution of active sediment sources and gully size and morphology for selectedsampling sites in the Upstream Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir catchment. A cubist model was used topredict gully density in the areas where no gully measurements were made using environmental variables.Under Arc View GIS environment gully erosion contribution to sediment yield in the catchment was esti-mated. Based on the rating curve technique an annual sediment yield of 212,850.49 t/yr was estimatedusing one year round suspended sediment-sampling program data.

Modelling results indicate that four environmental variables (i.e. Upland slope, altitude, mean annualrainfall and water holding capacity) have been found to influence the spatial distribution of gully features inthe Pangani basin. The average gully densities as predicted for entire catchment and measured for sampledareas are 2.1 and 3.45 km/km2 respectively. Besides, it has been estimated that gully erosion contributesonly 0.68% of the total sediment yield in the Pangani catchment, which suggest that sheet or interill erosionis a dominant erosion processes in the basin. In order to improve the result of this study a high-resolutiondata of soil, land use and rainfall spatial is recommended.

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TOWARDS EFFECTIVE OUTSOURCING OF MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATIONROAD WORKS IN TANZANIA

Ladislaus Bigambo

M.Sc. (Highway Engineering), September 2007

Outsourcing of Maintenance and Rehabilitation road works in Tanzania started in the early 1990s, but todate no significant value for money has been realized over the traditional Methods. Outsourcing as amanagement legitimate tool is implemented to improving efficiency and effectiveness of public servicedelivery. Outsourcing has not been a panacea nor directly related to savings and other benefits, insteadproper management and adaptation of a business like manner of service delivery is required to ensureseamless services to recipients. Outsourcing success has shown direct dependence on practicing environ-ments. It is effective where there is proper understanding of procurement procedures, market characteris-tics (regulations and procurement system), and sound indicators for monitoring. Lack of market disciplineleads to an ineffective system; a poorly managed system results into higher costs, wasted resources, im-paired performance and considerable public apprehension on the associated outcomes. The study hasbeen conducted to establish weaknesses and potentials of outsourcing in Tanzania. The Tanzania NationalRoads Agency, the Road Fund Board, Contractors Registration Board, and financial institutions were themajor institutions studied. Questionnaires, physical surveys, and literature review were used to collectdata. The study established that in outsourcing quality depends on selection of capable and experiencedcontractors. There is acute shortage of resourceful and experienced local contractors especially in themiddle class contractors’ category. Critical and objective reforms have been recommended within theagencies and on the overall policy framework.

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EVALUATION OF THE EXTENT OF DIFFUSION OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRAC-TICES (BMP) IN TANZANIAN INDUSTRIES: A CASE OF SELECTED CHEMICAL

INDUSTRIES IN DAR ES SALAAM

Nyangi Chacha

Master of of Integrated Environmental Management, September, 2007

This study evaluated the extent of diffusion of best management practices (BMP) in some chemical indus-tries in Dar es Salaam. The data were collected from ten (10) different chemical industries through struc-tured questionnaires and observations. The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package forSocial Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The Chi-square (?2) test at the 5? level of significance was fre-quently used to test the homogeneity or the significance of respondents (general managers, productionmanagers and laboratory technicians) against several environmental aspects (variables).

The findings indicate that most of the industrial staff are not aware of best management practices andthe level of awareness did not differ (P>0.05) among respondents. Lack of information regarding BMP,

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inadequacy of pollution management training and lack of corporate environmental policy (CEP) wereconsidered to be the major factors which contribute to low level of awareness among industrial employ-ees. The study found further that lack of expertise hindered the formulation of CEP, implementation ofcleaner production technologies and certification to ISO 14000.

In order to comply with pollution prevention and control strategies, the study proposes and recom-mends the adoption of a BMP procedural model. This model includes strategies, practices and efforts thatare intended to reduce environmental pollution (environmental best management practices) resulting fromchemical industrial activities.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF LIME AND POTASSIUM NITRATE ONTHE PLASTICITY AND SWELLING POTENTIAL OF EXPANSIVE SOIL IN TANZANIA:

A CASE STUDY OF DAR ES SALAAM

Haruni Mnunka

Master of Science (Highway Engineering), November, 2007

This project compared the effect of commercial lime and potassium nitrate on the plasticity and swellingpotential of expansive clay soil from Coastal area (Case study Dar es Salaam) in Tanzania.Laboratory tests on classification, compaction characteristics, Atterberg limits, swelling potential, chemicalcomposition and strength in terms of CBR were done. The percentages of the stabilizers (2%, 4% and 6%of dry weight of the soil) and the curing time (7, 14 and 28 days) are the variables which were consideredin this study.

From the laboratory tests, it was observed that potassium nitrate is not as good as lime in improving theplasticity and swelling potential of the investigated soil.

The CBR strength at 95% maximum dry density of the untreated sample was increased from 6% to 20% when treated with 6% lime and cured for 28 days, whereas the CBR of the untreated sample increasedfrom 6% to 17% on treatment with 6% potassium nitrate and cured for 28 days.The costs per kilometre of trunk road at current prices of potassium nitrate required to improve 150mmthick of subgrade is 100% higher than that of lime required to improve the same.

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THE ROLE OF HYDRATED LIME IN REDUCING STRIPPING AND DEFORMATIONIN HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENT

Frank Adams

Master of Science in Highway Engineering, November 2006

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is used for road construction in order to provide a waterproof road surface anda pavement that is able to resist loads imposed by traffic. HMA is also used for road maintenance andrehabilitation. Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement (HMA) however, is subjected to wear and tear caused byfactors such as weakness of materials, environment and the traffic which ultimately reduce the pavementlife. Either where maintenance and rehabilitation measures have been applied, the cost of such measures


are high. The addition of hydrated lime in the HMA has been reported to improve its properties. This studyis concerned with the investigation on how hydrated lime improves resistance against stripping (moisturedamage), resistance to permanent deformation (rutting) when varying percentages of hydrated lime areadded. The results obtained indicate that the addition of 2% hydrated lime increases the mix stability by12%, the mix flow by 52%, and the index of retained strength, an indicator of resistance to stripping by17.1%. The results also shows that Lime minimizes strains for about 10%.The results of economic analysisindicate also that the use of hydrated lime in HMA is cost effective. The maximum savings obtained in NetPresent Value (NPV) of costs is 36%. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that addition ofhydrated lime in HMA improves its mix properties. It gives additional resistance to deformation and theresistance against stripping. Addition of lime is also cost effective and therefore there are life cycle benefitsof adding lime in HMA mixes as compared to mixes without lime. It can be concluded from the LCCAresults that lime adds life to the period that the pavement normally performs.

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EFFECTS OF SAFETY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AT CONSTRUCTION SITES

The case of Uganda’s Construction Industry

Eunice Naigaga

Master of Engineering Management, MEM (Project Management) October, 2007

This dissertation analysed the effects of safety on productivity at Uganda’s Construction sites, with specificemphasis on analysis of the effects of job size on productivity, analysis of the Productive labor yield forworkers at each construction site, studying the Utilization of on-site worker’s time, analysis of differentconstruction processes at the various sites, specific emphasis being put on the safety of each process anddeveloping a Construction process simulation model.Two construction companies were analyzed, and a total of five construction sites in Uganda thoroughlystudied to provide data for this research. Data Envelopment analysis, Productivity trend studies, andlabour site productivity yield were used to analyze information from the visited sites.

The research observed that safety is a major player in affecting profitability, which in turn affects pro-ductivity at any construction site. It was therefore established further, that in order to improve productivityin construction, safety is of paramount importance. However, for the case of the sites visited in Uganda,there was a lot of ignorance of these facts, safety practices were very poor or lacking, and training in thesame was found to be of urgency.

The research recommended a simulation model for productivity improvement, which involves thoroughinvestigation of work practices at each site, training for all workers in safety, provision for safety in theprocurement processes, provision of proper safety tools in construction, provision of on-job training insafety for all safety-illiterate workers, vetting of construction materials and safety of equipment for use onconstruction sites. Lastly, further research was recommended, with more sites and more in-depth cover-age emphasised, to ensure that a more general and accurate figure for productivity yield is found forUganda.

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MODELLING PCE (Tetrachloroethylene) DISSOLUTION IN CHEMICALLY HETEROGE-NEOUS POROUS MEDIA

Godfrey Kabula Mbabaye


Non Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) includes commonly occurring organic contaminants such as gasoline,diesel fuel, chlorinated solvents, etc. When released to environments their spreading and dissolution is acomplex process. At contaminated sites, depending on the heterogeneity of the subsurface, NAPL remainin the subsurface in the form of small pools. Dissolution of these pools will control the overall quality of thecontaminated subsurface soil and associated ground water. This dissertation was carried out to examineeffectiveness of MISER to model the dissolution of DNAPL in fractional wettability heterogeneous porousmedia.

DNAPL dissolution in a two dimension sand box was studied in this thesis. The computational domain(30cm horizontal, 40cm high, and 1.7cm width) was discretized using a grid of 80 vertical nodes and 30horizontal nodes (spacing 0.5cm vertical and 1.0cm horizontal). Mixtures of F20/F30, F35/F50 and F70/F110 Ottawa sand were packed in the sandbox and thereafter the domain was simulated using MISERmodel.

The simulation results indicated that MISER model yields good predictions of DNAPL dissolution inheterogeneous porous media with fractional wettability.

The hydraulic properties of the computational domain used in this study correspond to an infiltrationstudy conducted before. I would recommend that natural wettability parameters and subsurface formation(probably in Dar es Salaam) be quantified and investigate dissolution behaviour in heterogeneous naturalenvironment using the same MISER model.

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RISK ASSESSMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA

Method Harry Mtana

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management) November 2007

Risk management has substantial influence on construction Projects achievements in Tanzania. Projects’failures result from time, cost and poor quality because of little attention given to the management of therisks involved during their execution.

The study aims at assessing risk management; and hence, seeks to analyze the extent of particular risks,knowledge and understanding. Additionally, it aims at analyzing partnering and communication of riskissues in the construction industry and suggests measures to be taken in mitigating risk occurrences. Themethodology adopted in carrying out this research includes literature review, data collection through dis-cussion and interview with construction projects stakeholders, site observation and document review inDar es Salaam and Coastal regions in Tanzania.


The findings indicate that the construction industry is plagued with different types of risks, namelytechnical, organizational, financial, political, legal and market risks. Technical and organizational risks arethe most predominant as they occur more frequently when compared to the others. Furthermore, the studyindicates that there are no formal procedures, partnering and proper risk communication methods in termsof better tools laid down to handle the risks. Finally, lack of understanding and knowledge becomes one ofthe problems faced by construction projects stakeholders in Tanzania.

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INVESTIGATING TREND OF RAINFALL PATTERN IN MALAWI AND ITS IMPLICA-TION FOR MAIZE YIELD

Hyde Rudolph Gwalawala Sibande

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management August, 2007

Trends in rainfall at annual, seasonal, monthly and daily time scale were analyzed for a period of 40 yearsfor 8 stations across Malawi, one from each ADD. The analysis was done to establish an understanding ofthe variations in rainfall, which can assist stakeholders in agriculture and food security in the country tomake informed decisions to avert any possible decline in maize yield resulting from variations of rainfall.Some trends were detected in 4 of the 8 stations. Decreasing trends in annual and seasonal rainfall weredetected in Karonga. There is also decreasing trend in length of the rainy season in Karonga caused by lateonset of rains and earlier cessation of the rains. Increasing trends in annual maximum daily rainfall wereobserved in Kasungu and Mangochi. Kasungu also exhibited increasing trend in longest dry spells. De-creasing trend in rainy days both per annum and per season were detected in Chitedze. The study has alsorevealed that there is no significant trend in maize yield in all ADDs in the country except for Blantyre(positive trend). The maize crop experiences water shortages in some of the years more especially in ShireValley ADD, where the crop experiences water stress for almost every season. Significant relationshipbetween rainfall amount and maize yield exists in areas where there are serious water shortages due to lowrainfall. In most parts of Malawi, there is adequate rainfall most of the seasons to satisfy the maize cropwater demand. The problem in these areas is probably the temporal distribution of seasonal rainfall and notthe cumulative total and as a result the maize yield tend to be sensitive to variations in dry conditions suchas length of dry spells

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NYUMBA YA MUNGU RESERVOIR SYSTEM SIMULATION BY USING HEC-ResSIMMODEL IN PANGANI RIVER BASIN IN TANZANIA.

Rejea Ng’ondya

Master of Science (Water Resources Engineering) June 2006

The focus of this Research was to study the water balance in the NyM reservoir.Different models were used, Rainfall run-off model (GFFS) were used to fill missing data during analysisperiod. The effective inflows to the NyM reservoir were determined using HEC-ResSim model and the

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reservoir water balance model (NWBM) was developed to check the total water losses in the system.Further analysis was done to investigate the water loss through irrigation abstractions in Kikuletwa andRuvu reaches before it enters the NyM reservoir. The loss was estimated to be 27% of the total inflows atthe gauging station. Reservoir evaporation was estimated using pan evaporation data collected from NyMmeteorological station. Effective inflows determined were the mandatory data to the reservoir systemsimulations for power production. HEC ResSim model were used to simulate the system, where thesimulated releases were used to determine the power production at NYM hydro power plant. The firstsimulated alternative favored storage conservation in the reservoir. The power achieved in this alternativewas 7% above the TANESCO production (41.6GWh/yr). The Second simulated alternative was to maxi-mize power production at NyM hydro power plant. This alternative yielded 13% above TANESCOproduction. Despite of high energy attainable in maximization option, the reservoir water trend were viewedto draw down drastically. Study also investigated the extent of impact brought about by the abstractedwater. If Irrigation abstractions were restricted from the two reaches then Power production would in-crease by 11.5GWh. This increment was about 24% above the production when abstraction was enter-tained in Ruvu and Kikuletwa reaches.

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DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON WATERQUALITY OF MINDU RESERVOIR AT MOROGORO

Sadiki Ramadhani.

Master of Integrated Water Resource Management August, 2007

The research was conducted to determine the effects of agricultural activities on water quality of Mindureservoir at Morogoro municipality, which experiences recurrent water shortages and problems of waterquality like other towns in Tanzania.

The problems facing the impoundment are pollution from both point and non-point sources. Waterquality of Mindu reservoir is being affected by nutrients enrichments (N-Nitrates and P-Phosphate were6.49mg/l and 0.03mg/l respectively) and heavy siltation (this is shown by decrease in depth from 11m to8m nowadays) due to poor agricultural activities are done very close to the reservoir (i.e. less than 500m).

The research was comprised of literature review and field research, which was involving Laboratoryanalysis of samples and physical observations.

The results of study showed that nutrients available in the soils of the different visited fields along thereservoir was significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing rate of fertilizers application on the farm.Most of fields were less than 500meters from the reservoir and the riverbanks. This had two main effects,first it caused severe land degradation and second it led to sediments and excess nutrients remained (i.e.1.75kgN/ha and 1.28kgP/ha) in the soil to entry into the reservoir.

Concluded that agricultural activities had very negative effects on the water quality of the reservoir dueto poor farming practices done by people around the reservoir.

In order to improve water quality of this vital resource should be training farmers on timing and applica-tion rate of agro-chemicals especially those who are responsible for the dam catchment’s land use andshould have stakeholder’s participation at all level such as local and Government departments responsiblefor this vital resource.

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BENCHMARKING OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE FOR SMALL SCALE SUGAR-CANE SCHEMES IN SWAZILAND

The Case of Ingcayizivela, Umtfombo Wemphilo and Nhlanguyavuka irrigation schemes

Musa Douglas Masilela


With increasing number of irrigation systems failing before their lifetimes, irrigation schemes in many coun-tries have to find ways to improve performance. The research aims at benchmarking operations andmaintenance (O&M) for sugarcane irrigation schemes in Swaziland. Three irrigation schemes were se-lected as case studies. These schemes use floppy, rain-bird and centre pivot irrigation systems respec-tively. Monthly data collected include repair costs, electricity used (KWH and KVA) and costs, irrigationlabour costs, water abstractions, yields (tonnes of sugarcane and sugar produced) and elevation head forthe schemes. Analysis was done on a ha-1 basis. Since the benchmarks are in a ha-1 year-1 format, annualaverages were then calculated from the monthly data for compatibility and comparability. Actual perfor-mance for the smallholder irrigation schemes was then compared against known benchmarks for the sug-arcane industry in Swaziland. All irrigation schemes utilised water below their benchmark (allocated wa-ter); electricity utilisation and expenditure was above the benchmark for floppy; repair costs were high forthe rain-bird sprinkler and electricity costs increased with increase in elevation depending on the type ofirrigation system and distance from the water source. To recap, O&M activities for irrigation schemes inSwaziland are reactive instead of being preventive. This is indicated by frequent system breakdowns andconsequent decline in yield performances. Hence, it is recommended that irrigation schemes choose flatterareas for development and consider surface irrigation, prioritise O&M activities and prepare programmesand action plans and irrigation schedules, and choose the relevant irrigation system suitable for the land.This can reduce O&M costs

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THE STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY IN MASERU AND THE POTENTIAL OF WATERDEMAND MANAGEMENT

Leshoboro ‘Nena


The main raw water sources for Maseru are Mohokare River with an average flow rate of 25m3/secondand an off-channel reservoir (Maqalika Dam) with the total yield of 23.7 Ml/day. WASA’s treatment plantin Maseru produces 24 Ml/day with a seasonal peak of 28 Ml/day (CEC, MM, and GWC 2003). Inrecent years; it has become apparent that this production capacity is far less than the customers demandboth in Maseru and other towns. The study therefore presents the factors influencing the water shortage

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and the existing water demand management strategies. The primary data used for this study was collectedfrom Water and Sewage Authority (WASA) which is a parastatal responsible for water supply in the city,and from Department of Water Affairs. The data collected was on water abstracted, produced, and billed,water users and the existing water demand management strategies.

The data was analyzed through the use of MS excel and using statistics techniques like correlation andregression. The water demand in the city is currently estimated at 28, 099m3/day. The driving forces interms of water demand include increasing population, and massive surge in industries. The main waterusers in the city are the industries at 37%, domestic use at 32% and government institutions 14%. It wasconcluded that, water demand management has a potential to address water shortages in Maseru. WDMpromotion in Maseru must be infused with ideas of water supply, considering that the largest populationstill lacks access to potable water and taking into consideration the increasing economic activities such asindustrialization and urbanization.

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STUDY OF NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION IN LAKE VICTORIA

Pascal Emmanuel

Master of Integrated Water Resources Management, September 2006

This study was aimed at identifying the sources and sinks of nitrogen in Lake Victoria. Spatial and temporalvariations of nitrogen were studied by use of Arcview GIS and Microsoft excel while Stella II softwarewas used to simulate the nitrogen transformation processes.

Results show that high amount of nitrogen are found in the lake areas subjected to high municipal andindustrial loading. For urban centres, municipal loading (1777kg/day) outweighs industrial loading (654kg/day) as TN. The quality conditions of the lake were found to be deteriorating highly during the rainyseason. Thus, runoff from agricultural activities and wet atmospheric deposition must be contributing nitro-gen in the lake. However, the study also revealed average high concentrations of IN (0.477mg/l) andDON (0.406 mg/l) at the bottom of the lake. This result was approved through nitrogen modeling fromwhich accretion (0.1309g/m3.d) of nitrogen into sediments was found to be the governing process ofnitrogen transformation in the lake. With time, this situation might affect species biodiversity through chang-ing lake bed characteristics.

This situation calls for immediate mitigation measures that include: public awareness, use of propersanitary and wastewater treatment facilities, cleaner production technology, compliance to effluent stan-dards, and improvement of agricultural practices.

This study is highly valuable as it provides nitrogen pollution inventories, which can accelerate environ-mental compliance, make informed decisions, and identify opportunities for nitrogenous waste minimiza-tion and cleaner production.

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PERFORMANCE OF PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WASTEWATERRENOVATION IN IRINGA MUNICIPALITY

Aidan Aidan Ndomba

Master of Science (Environmental Engineering) October, 2006.The performance of two practical Horizontal Subsurface Constructed Wetlands planted with reeds(Phragmities mauritianus) macrophytes at Iringa Municipality was investigated. The first wetland has baffleswith four compartments and has a total coverage area of 400 m2 and serves a population of about 600residents of Kleruu Teachers’ College. The other wetland is at Ruaha Secondary School. There are twoparallel cells serving the school community of about 600 people. Each cell has a coverage area of 108 m2.During this research some students had left for vacation as a result the wastewater production was low andtherefore only Old Ruaha wetland was in use. Thus samples were taken from only one wetland cell. BOD5removals for Kleruu and Old Ruaha wetlands were 70 % and 87 % respectively. BOD5 effluents wereabout 12 mg/l in both wetlands. Total Suspended Solids removal in both wetlands was 99.9 %. Ammo-nium ions increased by 4.6 % for Kleruu and 11.5 % for Old Ruaha wetland, respectively. Nitrate ionswere reduced by 62.5 % at Kleruu and 57 % at Old Ruaha wetland. Total nitrogen was removed by 2.3% at Kleruu and increased by 0.16 % at Old Ruaha wetland. Orthophosphate ions removals were 4.4 %and 3.1 % for Kleruu and Old Ruaha wetlands, respectively. Total phosphorous removals were 3.1 % and2.5 % for Kleruu and Old Ruaha, respectively. The pH was found to increase only slightly in the wetlands.The variations were found to be +2 % and +5.6 % for Old Ruaha and Kleruu wetlands, respectively. TheTotal dissolved solids were reduced by 32.3 % and 28.05 % for Kleruu and Old Ruaha wetlands, respec-tively. The effluent levels from wetlands were found to be within Tanzania Standards except for ammoniumions whose values were slightly above the standard.

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ACCESS TO AND USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY(ICT) IN THE TANZANIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Case Study of Local Contractors/Consultants in Dar es Salaam

Gislar Edgar Kifanyi


Information and Communication Technology (ICT) introduces opportunities for improving communicationto enhance effectiveness of many construction processes as well as creating new opportunities. The re-search aimed to determine access to and use of ICT in Tanzanian construction industry. The researchbased on Medium class local contractors and consultants in Dar es Salaam. Data for the research wascollected data through a survey of randomly selected construction enterprises. A total of 38 valid replieswere received, representing a response rate of about 51 percent. Out of which 24 contractors and 14consultants were surveyed.

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The research has revealed that level of access to and use of ICT in Tanzanian construction industry isrelatively low; however, the industry is at least starting to use ICT. The use of available ICT facilities ishighly restricted to most commonly known information activities and it has not gone further to advanceduse of technologies like LAN, WAN, Internet and World Wide Web (WWW). Further more the extent ofICT applications among contractors/consultants in Tanzanian construction industry in most of the corebusiness processes is relatively low. General administration and supporting areas are among the businessprocesses that are highly computerized. There is a growing gap in managing ICT where, high investmentand expenditure on hardware and software on one hand is coupled with poor human resource develop-ment on the other hand. From a strategic point of view, Tanzanian construction industry is still in a reactivemode of ICT management and the industry shows a limited understanding of the value and potential ofICT. The main factors that hinder access to and use of ICT in the industry are lack of ICT skills develop-ment and training, lack of funding and finance, lack of companies’ ICT policy, lack of awareness of avail-able ICT, rapid changes in technology, Integration/compatibility problems, poor ICT infrastructure andtelecommunication systems. The research also suggests a need to aggressively push relevant governmentinitiatives that would increase strategic use and adoption of ICT. Government and public agencies shouldconsider policies that encourage the use of ICT in the construction industry thus making this industry sectormore competitive.

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TRANSFER IN HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

Bilha Eshton

Master of Science (Environmental Engineering) October 2006

The BOD5 reaction kinetics and mass transfer from three constructed wetlands of different sizes and flowrates planted with Phragmites mauritianus were studied. The plug flow model was assumed and the con-centrations of BOD5 were used to determine the overall removal rate constant of dissolved organic mat-ter. The rate constants were determined at inlet flow rates of 2m3/d, 4m3/d, 7.7m3/d, and 44m3/d. Theircorresponding rate constants were found to be 0.06/d, 0.1/d, 0.15/d and 0.7/d, respectively. The removalrate constants were observed to increase with increasing flow velocity. This implies that, the obtained rateconstants were heavily influenced by mass transfer in the system.

Correlation of dimensionless groups namely Reynolds Number, Sherwood Number and Schmidt Numberwas applied to the obtained rate constants. Plot of the log Kov against log u yielded a straight line with x= 0.86. The correlation matched the literature values of x for packed beds although the constant x ob-tained was higher than the literature values for laminar situation in the wetland, i.e. x = 0.67.

It was concluded that, the removal rate and thus the efficiency of constructed wetlands for the removalof BOD is highly influenced by the hydrodynamics situation in the wetland. Because of the strong depen-dence on mass transfer, all measures that increase mass transfer will increase the performance of con-structed wetlands.

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EFFECTS OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY ON COST PERFORMANCE INCONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Amri Salim

MEM (Project Management) August 2007

The main objective of this research is to find out how labour cost estimation is established from differentcontractors and to analyse the impact of labour productivity on cost performance. Questionnaires tocontractors, consultants and interview to craftsmen along with field observation were main methods fordata collection. Contractors prefer easier way of updating previous labour rates of similar works ratherthan building up hourly rates for items concerned. Field productivity rates were found to be lower thanthose recommended in construction manuals and books, estimators therefore tend to overstate productiv-ity rate consequently understate schedule as well as cost budget. Contractors also keep cost-accountingrecords in monetary form and not in man-hours. Extent of training is one among the most important factorsmentioned to affect productivity rate at sites but majority of craftsmen do not have formal training.It is concluded that lack of labour productivity data for Tanzania’s environment hinders contractors frombuilding up hourly labour rates hence relying on updating their previous information. Contractors are urgedto keep cost- accounting records in both man hours as well as in unit costs. Formation of trade unions isnecessary to register and approve craftsmen. It is also possible to establish national and regional standardlabour rates thus contractors will have no rooms in squeezing labour wages hence project performance willmostly depends on contractors’ ability in dealing up with factors affecting site labour productivity. Earnedvalue analysis (EVA) is a useful tool in measuring performance of projects as it provides ‘’early warnings”for prompt corrective actions hence bed news does not age well.

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DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR RIVERBASINS IN TANZANIA

The Case of Great Ruaha River Basin for Electricity Power Generation

Gilbert Simon Mrosso

Master of Engineering Management September, 2007

Electricity as a form of energy is amongst the most important services in the world that shapes the humanlife and development. Electrical energy is an engine to support economic growth of the country and theircitizens. Tanzania has fallen into power crises at different times from 1992 due to failure of Mtera damwhich is the main water reservoir for power generation. From early 1990s, great irrigation projects andanimal grazing were established and developed in the upstream of the Mtera reservoir. These projects ledto environmental degradation and excessive water use for irrigation schemes instead of flowing to the

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reservoir for power generation. The main objective of this study is to develop sustainable water and riverbasin management, planning and development model and management framework in the case of GreatRuaha River Basin to links to effectiveness of demand, social and economic activities in the basin.

Water balance approach which based on water accounting methods was employed to study the waterbalance in the basin which leads to development of sustainable management model and managementframework. The results from the study indicate unsustainable use of water in the basin. Successive irriga-tion, illegal water use, environmental degradation, excess use of water than permitted, excessive evapora-tion and animal grazing were found to be the main reasons. The water balance approach becomes apowerful tool of water use analysis in the basin. It is recommended to use the approach and implementa-tion of the developed sustainable management model and management framework to attain sustainablebasin use for environmental sustainability

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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIAL WATERBORNE DIS-EASES

A Case Study of Temeke Municipality, Dar es Salaam

John Bosco Isunju


Whereas waterborne diseases continue to ruin health and livelihoods of many poor people in Temekemunicipality of Dar es Salaam, it was paramount for this study to investigate the factors associated withthese occurrences. To achieve the study objective, an observational and cross-sectional household surveywas done in to a couple of key informant interviews. Research tools aimed at acquiring information oncommunity’s level of knowledge and awareness, attitudes and opinions towards waterborne diseases, andhygiene practices as well as household water management and sanitation. It was found out that respon-dents were knowledgeable on transmission mechanisms of waterborne diseases by the fact that 93.9%mentioned contaminated water, 75.8% mentioned diseases vectors and 86.9% mentioned contaminatedfood. Although there was relatively high level of awareness, behavioral change was very limited. The healtheducation received was mainly passive instead of being participatory, and about 43% of respondents hadnot received health education at all. Although 86% of the people said they boiled their drinking water, therewere greater chances of recontamination due to poor storage because 22% of drinking water storagecontainers were uncovered and 34% were dirty. Other sources of contamination included poor personalhygiene and flies from filthy uncovered latrines as it was found out that 64% of the sanitary facilities werein a poor state of hygiene. Public health authorities should embark on integrated health education with aparticipatory approach of stakeholders while encompassing aspects of household water management,food hygiene and safe excreta disposal.

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ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE KIHANSI RIVER CATCHMENT

Daniel Ng’ang’a Kimani


This study was aimed at quantifying the PET and AET in the Kihansi River catchment. The catchment areais about 580 km2. Three meteorological stations with climatic data were used. They are Udzungwa(983506), Mapanda (983508) and Uhafiwa (983509). The methods used for the estimation of PET aremodified pan evaporation, Penman combination, Penman for East Africa and Thornthwaite. In case ofestimation of AET storage (water balance), Turc and Pike, Schreiber, Ol’Dekop and Morton complemen-tary models were used. Mann-Kendall and linear regression methods were used to identify trend in theestimated annual evapotranspiration in the catchment. It has been realised from the study that the meanmonthly PET ranges from 50 mm to 176 mm. The annual mean AET ranges from 858mm to 1683mm,686mm to 1188mm, 603mm to 1052mm and 744mm to 1268mm by storage, Turc and Pike, Schreiberand Ol’Dekop method respectively. The Morton complementary estimate of mean monthly and annualAET ranges from 15 mm to 143mm and 677 mm to 1051 mm respectively. Estimates of PET fromPenman for East Africa and Thornthwaite methods were highest and lowest respectively. Estimation ofAET by Turc & Pike, Schreiber and Ol’Dekop methods had a good relationship when compared withcomputed storage method. The study realized that there is no significant trend in the estimated annualevapotranspiration values in the catchment. Penman combination and Morton complementary are thesuitable models for the estimation of PET and AET respectively in the catchment when it is gauged. Turcand Pike model is suitable for estimation of evapotranspiration if the catchment is ungauged.

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ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREPAID BILLING SYS-TEM (LUKU) IN TANESCO

Hassan S. Saidy

MEM (Project Management), September 2007

Two metering systems are currently used by TANESCO - conventional meters (credit sales) and LUKUmeters (prepayment). TANESCO is intending to extend its prepayment system to other regions and finally,throughout the country. Introduction of prepayment system had followed the World Bank’s advice afterTANESCO experienced major problems with billing and collecting revenues in 1990s. Initially, LUKUproject started as a pilot study, with an initial plan of 300 meters to be installed in selected parts of Dar esSalaam city. However, before being fully proved, the pilot was greatly expanded, first, to 2000 meters andthen, to 42000 meters within the space of a year or so.

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The objective of this research was to carry an analytical evaluation of prepaid system in Tanzanianenvironment. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered using questionnaires and interviewschecklist.

The research showed important discoveries about effectiveness of prepaid system. Rationality to sup-port the decision of extending LUKU system to other regions was also ascertained. In due regard, poten-tial advantages and setbacks of prepayment system and the credit sales system were established as well ascompared. Other factors that influence validity of a payment system have been discussed throughout thisdissertation and a number of important conclusions and insights have been gained. At the end, the researchconcluded that prepaid system is much effective in all; technical, economical and social aspects. In general,the prepaid system was found to have improved billing and hence, revenue collection. Similarly, customersatisfaction and preference were found in favour of prepaid system.

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MODELI YA UKADIRIAJI JOTO NA NISHATI CHINI YA ARDHI KWA KUTUMIAMIAMBA YA MAHALI HUSIKA KWENYE CHEMCHEM ZA MAJI MOTO KUSINI

MAGHARIBI MWA TANZANIA

Lightness J. Mnzava

Ph.D. (Thesis), Novemba 2009

Modeli ya upimaji joto na nishati chini ya ardhi kwenye chemchem za maji moto kusini magharibi mwaTanzania iliandaliwa na kutumika kufanyia uchunguzi wa joto na nishati katika maeneo ya Songwe, Kyelana Rungwe. Mbinu zilizotumika ni pamoja na kuchora ramani ya eneo la juu ili kuona viashiria vya jotoardhini kama vile chemchem za moto, mimba iliyobadilishwa na majimoto,matope yachemkayo n.k.,ukusanya maji moto kutoka ardhini na uchanganuzi wa kemikali ndani ya maji, uchunguzi wa isotopu nautafiti wa miamba husika kwa kutumia jiofizikia ya njia ya ukinzani wa umeme.

Chanzo cha joto kali kilionekana kutokana na vipimo vya madini yaliyoko ndani ya maji ya motoyaliyotoka ardhini. Maji yalionekana kuwa na bikabonati (magadi) na kiasi kikubwa cha soda (Na) yenyepH kati ya 6.0 na 8.4. Madini yaliyopatikana kuwa na ikwilibria na maji husika ndani ya ardhi kwenyemiamba ni Albite-K-felspar-K-mica na kwatzi. Joto la wastani wa nyuzi joto (200-220oC) lilirekodiwakwa kutumia pembe tatu ya Na- K-?Mg ya Giggenbach. Kipimo cha mchanganyiko wa maji na madinikilionesha kuwepo joto kubwa la zaidi ya nyuzi joto 280 oC. Isotopu zilionesha kuwa mchemko namwako umetokea kwenye mfumo wa joto la maji ardhini na kuziongezea chemchem deuteriamu na okisijeninamba kumi na nane (?D na ?18O). Uhamishaji wa ?D na ?18O kuelekea upande wa kulia wa mstari wametioriki wa maji katika maeneo husika yote umeonesha kuwa chemchem zote zinatoka katika chanzokimoja. Umri wa maji ulipimwa kwa kutumia madini ya Tritiamu na umeonesha kuwa kati ya miaka 30-40.Tathmini isiyo ya moja kwa moja ya joto lililohifadhiwa ndani ya mifumo ilifanyika na kuonekana kuwa jotokubwa linavyopotea (Rungwe) ndivyo hifadhi ya joto inavyoaminika kuwa kubwa. Hivyo nishati iliyopoardhini ilikokotolewa kwa kutafuta hifadhi ya nishati iliyopo kwenye miamba, majimoto na mvuke.Iligunduliwa kuwa jumla ya nishati inayoweza kutumika ya Songwe ni 2.52 x 108 J na uwezo wa kuzalishanishati kiasi cha megawati umeme 107 (Mwe) kiligunduliwa.

Kipimo cha ukinzani wa umeme kwa kutumia njia ya Schlumberger kimeonesha miamba ya matabakamatatu upande wa Kaskazini Mashariki mwa mto Songwe; tabaka la juu zaidi lenye ukinzani wa 5-38


ohm-m (Miocene na Pleistocene); tabaka la pili likiwa na ukinzani wa 4-10 ohm-m (Jurassic and Creta-ceous beds) na tabaka la tatu likiwa na ukinzani wa 7-8 ohm-m (Karoo beds). Utafiti wa joto kwakutumia mtindo wa potenshali ya ardhi yenyewe umeonesha shughuli za maji moto za kunyonya kemikalikatika miamba husika kwa kuonesha tofauti za ncha mbili: ncha moja kwa kiwango cha hasi (kiwango chachini -184mV) na ya pili kiwango cha chanya (kiwango cha juu +140 mV). Hii uonesha kuwa majimotoyameweka kiwango kikubwa cha madini ya salifa katika eneo husika.

Hivyo, Modeli inayofaa iliyotumika katika kukokotoa joto lililohifadhiwa, uwezo wa nishati na jotolinaloweza kutumika moja kwa moja itakuwa msingi wa kurekebisha modeli ya mfumo wa joto ulioandaliwawakati wa kuchimba na wakati wa uzalishaji nishati. Modeli ya pamoja ya chemchem zote imeoneshachanzo cha joto kuwa Milima ya Volkano ya Rungwe.

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS IN HARVESTING AND HANDLINGCASHEW NUT AND APPLE: A Case of Tanzania

John Stanislaus Ndunguru

Doctor of Philosophy November, 2009

Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale), one of the most important commercial and foreign earning crops,is grown in Tanzania. Harvesting and handling of the nuts are tedious, very labour intensive and timeconsuming activities. Generally this involves stooping workers in collecting the nuts that have dropped tothe ground after maturing. Workers scour the area and detach the nut from the fruit.

This research was performed to collect necessary information regarding different systems for harvest-ing and handling tree nuts and other relevant crops. Findings revealed that cashew fruit (apple) and itsattached nut do not ripen simultaneously which is a challenge if mechanization involving use of shake-catchharvesting from the tree is employed.

Different concepts for harvesting and handling processes of cashew nuts and apples were determined.Proposed concepts were mechanical aids and intermediate mechanical systems (semi mechanization) thatprovide workers with some assistance, and machines (full mechanization) that do the harvesting. These arepossible systems to meet the requirement of alternative harvesting methods. Most of the harvesting sys-tems presented require large cashew fields with high tree densities.

Anticipated number of workers increases tremendously with increase of farm size and tree densitywhich necessitate application of mechanization in harvesting cashews. Economic cashew harvesting andhandling systems of the proposed concepts were developed which showed that it is economically feasibleto use machines for a labour cost per hour of USD 1.25 and above in harvesting a ton of raw cashews forlarge fields with high tree densities.

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ASSESSMENT OF ROAD FUND ALLOCATION SYSTEM TO MAIN AND LOCALROADS IN TANZANIA

Ephata Lucas Mlavi

Master of Engineering Management (MEM), October 2007

In 1998, a dedicated Road Fund Board was established to collect, distribute and monitor utilization ofroad funds for road maintenance to reverse the deteriorating road condition. Since 1999, the Road FundBoard allocates 70% of the funds to main roads network and 30% to the local network. Several scholarsindicate that road financing will only be sustainable if allocation of resources will follow the user payprinciple, also known as cost responsibility or work load principle on the basis of engineering economicapproach because of budget limitations. This study is aimed at assessing whether the current allocationstrategy is in line with sustainability requirements.The study utilized selected network data such as traffic, road condition, maintenance standards and main-tenance costs from TANROADS and PMO-RALG and the strategy analysis capability within HDM-4 toestablish the unconstrained needs of the network for 15 years. Due to budget limitations optimization wasperformed on the basis of constrained funding to determine optimum financing proportions based onsustainability principles.

The research has established that, under budget constraints a proportion of 60% and 40% to main andlocal network respectively represent the better allocation given the unstable nature of unpaved roads.

It is recommended that engineering economic approach (optimization) be utilized in allocation of re-sources subject to the collection of sufficient network data and establishment of the optimum levels ofservice under different traffic volumes.

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IMPACT OF TRUNK ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT:

A Case Study of Dodoma- Manyoni Road

Lukaza Jones

Master of Engineering Management (MEM), October, 2007

The main reason why the road construction is undertaken is to improve the country economy and people’ssocial welfare in general. However the implementation of the road construction is facing a number ofproblems, the destruction of environment along the project area had been among such problems. Althoughthe government is aware of the problem and is trying to balance the economic development and sustainabilityof people and their environment the achievement has been to minimum. Efforts are taken to ensure that theenvironmental impact assessment (EIA) as a mandatory requirement before commencement of any trunkroad construction project is carried out. However this process is never exhaustive and can not solve all theinherent problems.


The main objective of this study is to assess effects of the project on environmental factors of Dodoma-Manyoni road project and propose the environmental management measures to mitigate these effects.

The study revealed that there is environmental destruction occurring due to the implementation of theproject. However since the project is still in construction process these effects can be mitigated and furtherenvironmental destructive avoided. Proposed in this dissertation are a number of measures that if under-taken could solve the environmental problems.

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PERFORMANCE AND BENCHMARKING OF SMALL TOWNS WATER UTILITIES

Ahmad Hassan Ngoda

Master of Engineering Management

The water supply and sanitation sector in Tanzania has undergone several reforms in tandem with itspolitical system. One of the reforms is establishment of Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authorities(UWSAs) in regional, district headquarters and other urban centres, whose obligation is to provide waterservices to urban centres.

The purpose of this study was to assess and evaluate the performance of small UWSAs with the viewto identify areas for performance improvements through comparison among the utilities. To achieve studyobjectives, 25 UWSAs out of 65 were sampled whereby interview and documentary analysis were usedas data collection instruments. The analysis approach used descriptive and inferential statistics including25% top quartile and mean value. The analysis used data obtained from 20 utilities and 14 performancemonitoring indicators to assess performance of utilities. Analysis shows that there are very little improve-ments in provision of water services in two years of observation (2003/04 and 2004/05). Results furtherindicate inadequate system maintenance, lack of technical staff, high level of unaccounted-for-water, lowmetering rates and many others are some of problems facing water utilities. Generally, results could beused as baseline data for benchmark of water utilities.

The study recommends support for small water utilities as a strategy to improve their service delivery tomeet increased water demand due to rapid urbanization because most of them are unable to raise substan-tial funds for capital development.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INPRIMARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN TANZANIA:

A Case Study of Kinondoni Municipal Council

Febronia Aloyce Mlingi

Master of Engineering Management,October 2007

The dissertation analyses the current condition of primary school buildings, the maintenance managementsystem employed, its effectiveness, and finally proposes an effective maintenance management system.Data was collected regarding the condition of primary school buildings and the maintenance management

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system employed. Interviews were conducted to primary school teachers, school committee members,municipal officers, and officials from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training.

Based on the information collected, the data was analyzed and performance indicators developed totest the effectiveness of the system. It was established that primary school buildings are in various condi-tion, very good, good, fair and very poor condition. The maintenance management system employed wasdesignated ineffective with the following weaknesses: lack maintenance guidelines, lack of proper buildingrecords, inadequate funds for carrying out maintenance of school buildings, improper criterion used inallocation of maintenance funds. Inefficiency utilization of maintenance funds. Personnel concerned withmaintenance of the buildings at school level lack appropriate expertise, community participation is lackingin maintenance of primary school buildings.

Effective maintenance management system was proposed by modifying the present system based onthe weaknesses observed. The system was hypothetically tested using improved performance indicatorsand proved to be effective.

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PROJECT SCOPE PERFORMANCE TRENDS – AN ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ROADPROJECTS IN TANZANIA

Nyamuhanga Gotora Moroni

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), August 2007

Quality projects deliver products; goods and services within the agreed scope, on time and within thebudgets. However, in cases where clients fail to define projects scope upfront, creep may lead to produc-ing a product that the client does not desire. This dissertation presents results of investigations of circum-stances behind uncontrolled scope changes or scope creep in major road projects in Tanzania with theobjective of developing a framework and a basis for establishing scope control system for major roadprojects in Tanzania.

Three major road projects in Tanzania, completed in the period between 1996 and 2005 have beenstudied. These include rehabilitation of roads under the Mwanza Region Transport Project, upgrading ofMuhutwe – Kagoma and Musoma – Sirari roads to bitumen standards. In all three cases scope controlsystems were not uniform rather dependent on source of funding and project management personnel inplace.

It is concluded that major road projects in Tanzania require uniform approach, data sources, method-ologies, processes and procedures to ensure that effort expended on scoping activities is commensuratewith size and complexity of the project. Preparation of scope statement may be built on deliverables,assumptions and constraints in the preliminary project scope statement. Completed project scope can beverified by inspection; measuring and examining the extent and sources of scope changes.

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THE EFFECT OF LIME AND CEMENT ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LATERITESOIL FROM KIGOMA REGION IN TANZANIA

Cornelius Bukuru Lulikela

Master of Science in Highway Engineering, August 2007

The scarcity of natural gravel materials in Kigoma region forced the use of stabilization of the laterite soil asthe alternative material in construction of roads. Laterite being one of the soils obtained in Kigoma region;lacks most of the desirable engineering properties, hence needs to be improved by stabilization using limeand cement.

It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the effect of lime and cement on strength properties oflaterite soil from Kigoma region. The Unconfined Compression Strength tests were conducted with vary-ing amount of lime and cement in three curing periods, namely:- 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.

The physical properties of the soil before and after stabilization were determined using the standard testmostly based on standard specification for road works and laboratory test methods of the Ministry ofWorks (Tanzania). The chemical composition and mineral analysis were determined in order to see theinterface reaction of lime or cement during stabilization.

The test results have indicated the increase of lime and cement causes a decrease in dry density andincrease in optimum moisture content. On Atterberg limits tests the addition of the lime and cement de-creases both the liquid limit and plasticity index. Further, on strength, the increase of the lime and cementincreases the strength and the longer the curing time the higher the strength.

In this study lime has been proved to more effectively stabilize the laterite soil material for use asmodified material for road construction as compared to cement.

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AN EVALUATION OF COST PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC CONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS: A Case of Tanzania

Deodat Sigelepa Hokororo

Master of Engineering Management (MEM), October 2006

One of the cardinal problems in local government authorities is to improve the critical financial conditioncaused by lack of revenue. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness ofcollecting revenue: a case of Produce cess in Korogwe District Council.

In examining the effectiveness of the method, control mechanism instituted and criteria used in levyrating by the council in collecting produce cess were taken into account.

A total of 100 respondents were contacted from the district. The data were collected using threeinstruments namely; documentary review, interviews/discussions and questionnaires. These instrumentswere applied to the 100 respondents purposefully chosen. The data collected are presented and analyzedthrough tables, graphs and percentages.

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The study found out that produce cess collection has surpassed development levy collection because therevenue has increased by an average of 71.4 percent over and above revenue collected per annum throughdevelopment levy method. The study also found that the guidelines and procedures used in collectingproduce cess as the major source of council’s revenue, has been very effective in comparison to theprevious method. Thus, making produce cess the major source of revenue.

The above finding led the researcher to conclude that the procedures and guidelines instituted by thecouncil have been very effective in ascertaining maximum revenue collection. However, a number of rec-ommendations are put forth, all aimed at tightening effective control and supervision in revenue collection.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF POOR FRONT-END PROJECT MAN-AGEMENT TO DELAY AND/OR COST OVERRUN IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUS-

TRY IN TANZANIA: A Case Study of Tanesco Projects

Roman Raphael Akaro

Master of Engineering Management (Project Management), September 2007

The client’s objective to undertake a construction project is to achieve a structure, which satisfies thedesired purposes at a final cost within estimated budget and within scheduled time. Poor front-end projectmanagement has been perceived to have a significant contribution to factors causing delay and/or costoverruns.

Experience and literature review indicated such factors and data from four sample-TANESCO com-pleted construction projects that suffered delay and/or cost overrun were collected by studying contractdocuments, drawings, tendering documents, progress and close out reports with the aim of ascertainingthe factors. Also, primary data and information was collected from client’s staff, contractors and consult-ants using interview method to assess the contribution of poor front-end management to those factors thatcause delay and/or cost overruns. Analysis of the data was done using Siegel technique. Results of the casestudy indicated that contribution of poor front-end management was highest on the major factor of Financefollowed by Project organization, Planning and controlling and Changes in design and scope of the project,Beyond control of Project Management and lastly by Contractual Relationship.

It was concluded that good project management at the early stages of the project focused at thosefactors can provide significant opportunities for eliminating or reducing delay and/or cost overrun; andrecommended that poor front-end project management could be mitigated by engaging a qualified ProjectManager and by conducting feasibility study right at the inception of the project.

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