code compliance and execution - rev 03

8/10/2019 Code Compliance and Execution - REV 03

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CODE COMPLIANCE and EXECUTION

CEILING STRUCTURE

DCTS

july 2014

SOURCES: BASED ON DETAILED PROJECTS AND NATIONAL AND ONTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS 1


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Earthquake Damage

A survey of 25 damaged commercial buildings following the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake

revealed the following breakdown of property losses:

A similar survey of 50 damaged high-rise buildings, which were far enough away from the

earthquake fault rupture to experience only mild shaking, showed that none had major structural

damage but major nonstructural damages:

37

3456

structural damage

electrical and

mechanical

exterior finishes

interior finishes

43

18

15

8 drywall or plaster

partitions

elevators

broken windows

air-conditioning

systems

SOURCES: BASED ON FEMA E 74/2011 2


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Distribution of Costs

SOURCES: TAGHAVI AND MIRANDA 2003 3

2013

8

6270

48

18 17

44

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Office Hotel Hospital

StructuralNon Structural

Contents

Within the nonstructural components

category, the interior construction,

to witch the suspended ceilings belong,

represents the largest sourceof costs 30%.


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Impact

- Economicimpact: losses of inventory and business income;

- Threat to life safety: injuries and death;

- Loss of function.

4


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CODE COMPLIANCE

SOURCES: P100-1/2013 ROMANIAN SEISMIC DESIGN CODE 5

P100-1/2013 ROMANIAN SEISMIC DESIGN CODE

CODE PRESCRIPTIONS:

The suspended ceilings of IIII importance class buildings situated on ag>0.25g sites need torespect the following additional rules:

- the panel support grid is to be made of laminated T-shaped steel profiles;

- the closing marginal L-shapes flange is to be of at least 50 mm;

- on each of the 2 orthogonal horizontal directions, one end of the support grid ofthe ceiling is to be fastened to the end L-shape and the other end will have at least a 20 mmfree displacement;

- ceilings with the surface >100sqm will have lateral connections to the mainstructure;

- ceilings with the surface >250sqm will be divided into surface areas


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CODE COMPLIANCE



CODE PRESCRIPTIONS:

The partition walls fixed at the suspended ceiling level, as well as any other partition walls taller

than 2.00 m, regardless of the material they are made of, are to be laterally fastened to the main structure,

independently of the suspended ceiling fixing system. In case of framed structure buildings, the connectionswill not favor the creation of short-wall situations.

The plan layout of lateral fixing elements and their dimensioning is to be done so that the lateral

displacements of the top ends of walls are compatible with the lateral displacements of the suspended ceiling

in that room.


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1

CODE COMPLIANCE



CODE PRESCRIPTIONS:

The equipments connected directly to the ducting system (such as fans, dust blowers,

heat changers, humidifiers) that have an exploitation weight greater than 0.35kN/35kg must be

propped and connected laterally, independently from the pipeline system.

For pipes/ducts connected directly to the equipment, the lateral fixing is not

mandatory if they have the necessary flexibility to undergo relative displacements with respect to

the attachment points.


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1

EXPERIMENTALRESEARCH


The research was carried out by building an indoor model with the in plane dimensions of 8.2x4.95 m

(approx. 40 sq.m) and the height of 3.40 m, in which ceilings were fitted having 60cmsuspension wires.

Four types of ceilings were tested using combinations of the 3 ordinary means of suspension

recommended by the US regulations:

- 1 fastening the beams to the edge elements;

- 2 suspension wires at the end of the beams;

- 3 inclined wires and rigid columns.


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SOURCES: ARMSTRONG SEISMIC CEILING DESIGN 9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I8TCoQhqdIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I8TCoQhqdIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I8TCoQhqdI


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CEILINGON SITE

10


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5drgyGJKwghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5drgyGJKwg


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RESEARCH RESULTS


The A-type composition corresponds to the ASTM E580-96 US regulations and the D-type tothe common practice in non seismic areas.

Ceiling type FastenersFailure

acceleration Failure mode

1 2 3

A Yes Yes Yes >1.5g Virtually no failure.

B Yes Yes No 1.5g

The beams were separated from the edge elements;

several cracked panels and a few beam ends deformed

due to contact with the end wall.

C Yes No No 0.8gThe beams began to rupture and fall. Most panels

cracked at 0.8g. At 1.5g the ceiling collapse occurred.

D No No No 0.25gThe beams were separated from the edge elements;

the end beams began to rupture and fall at 0.4g.


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WORLDPLATE TECTONICS

13


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WHY FOREIGNNORMS and REGULATION

FIRS ROMANIAN SEISMIC DESIGN CODE FOR STRUCTURES WAS IMPLEMENTED IN 1963 P13-63.

IN 1973 United States of America HAD A SPECIFIC REGULATION SUSPENDED CEILINGS UBC 1973.

AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF LAQUILA IN 2009ITALY STARTED PAYING ATTENTION TO THE NON STRUCTURAL

ELEMENTS AS THE ECONOMIC LOSSES WHERE SIGNIFICANT.

IN 2014 NEW ZEELAND PROPOSED REVISION OF THE SEISMIC DESIGN CODE FOR SUSPENDED CEILINGS DUE TO

ECONOMICAL LOSSES PRODUCED BY THE CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKE FROM 2010. THEY PERFORMED

ADDITIONAL RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS AND THEY DISCOVERED THAT BOTH CODE AND EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH WHERE CORESPONDING AND THE DAMAGES OCCURRED DUE TO EXECUTION AND DESIGN LEVEL OF

PERFORMANCE.

SOURCES: A.POURALI, R.P.DHAKAL & G.A.MACRAE Seismic performance of suspended ceilings:Critical review of current design practice 14


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CEILING LEVEL OF DUCTILITY

The point where the system loses its originally intended operation SLS and the

point where it loses integrity and undergoes collapse, thereby endagering occupants

ULS are rather close.

SOURCES: A.POURALI, R.P.DHAKAL & G.A.MACRAE Seismic performance of suspended ceilings:Critical review of current design practice 15
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgco9mOgZRshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgco9mOgZRs


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LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE



CODE PRESCRIPTIONS:

The general behavior description of the CNS subassembly, for each of the four levels of seismic performance (NPS) ofthe building, was made as following:

I.Completely functional/operational: Only minor damage is produced to CNS, that keeps on functioning and thebuilding is available for normal use. (Refitting, locally and isolated, if necessary, can be done at the beneficiarys will.Meeting this level depends also on the equipment characteristics seismic qualification and on the executionquality. Sometimes the existence of backup electrical supply is necessary.)

II.Functional: CNS is safe and, if the power supplies are available, most of them can function. Vital systems (LifeSafety Systems) are operational. (Minor damage to some CNS is produced, some windows are smashed and someequipment may fail. Access paths and life safety equipment are generally available and functional if the powersupply exists. Refitting, at times more numerous, can be done at the beneficiarys will. The risk of injuring/life lossdue to CNS damage is very low. If the structure does not present major damage, the occupants can remain safely inthe building but, sometimes, under reduced comfort conditions.

III.Life protection: Significant damage to the CNS is produced. These are safe from the stability and strength point ofview but there is a possibility, in most cases, for the installation and equipment to stop working. (Extended and costlydamage to the CNS are produced, that require a long period of time to repair, but no dislocation or systematicfailures are produced. Access paths can be partially blocked by rubble or by fallen construction elements. Significantdegradation of the building. People can be wounded by falling of CNS but the risk of life loss is, generally, very low,both inside and outside of the building.

IV.Pre collapse: It is possible that several CNS to be displaced or to present damaged/ruptured connections and forthis reason to represent a major risk of collapse and, hence, danger for life safety. (In the correctly designedbuildings, the heavy/massive elements that represent major danger in case of collapse are assured and do not fall inareas of possible people congestions. For this damage level one cannot assure the protection of access routes,neither the equipment that to assure life safety ( fire extinguish installation, for example.)


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PROPEREXECUTION



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PROPEREXECUTION



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PROPEREXECUTION



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PROPEREXECUTION



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PROPEREXECUTION



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IMPROPER EXECUTION

SOURCES: BASED ON DETAILED PROJECTS AND AS BUILT DOCUMENTATION 22


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IMPROPER EXECUTION



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IMPROPER EXECUTION


SEISMIC JOINTS IN EXISTING STRUCTURE SEISMIC JOINT IN CEILING STRUCTURE


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IMPROPER EXECUTION

CEILING BRACEINGS



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SEISMIC KNAUF

RIGIDSUSPENSION

SOURCES: KNAUF SEISMIC DESIGN Edition 08/2004 New Zeeland 26


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STELL STRUCTURE OVERVIEW



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STELL STRUCTURE OVERVIEW



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CEILING CRASHESIN ROMANIA

SOURCES: adevarul.ro stirileprotv.ro a1.ro zf.ro realitatea.net 29

City Park Mall Constanta: Adidas - 2013, B&B Collection - 2008

Galleria Arad - 2012Cora Lujerului - 2014

Mall Vitan 2010

Comercial Centrum Vitantis - 2010

Ploiesti Shoping City - 2013

AFI Palace Cotroceni - 2013

Financial Administration 5thDistrict - 2014

Restaurant Targoviste - 2011

Underground Unirea 2 2011

Iulius Mall Cluj, Timisoara - ploi


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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT ANA-MARIA POPA AT:

30

[email protected]

+40 721 308 407

www.dcts.ro
mailto:[email protected]://www.dcts.ro/http://www.dcts.ro/mailto:[email protected]

code compliance and execution - rev 03

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