code: 12414. copyright 2007 2.5 force/movement
TRANSCRIPT
Code: 12414. Copyright 2007 www.schoolhistory.co.nz
2.5 FORCE/MOVEMENT
2.5 FORCE/MOVEMENT
To achieve at the Excellence level:
• Comprehensively and accurately explain cause(s) and / or consequence(s) of action(s) and / or event(s) related to a force or movement in an historical setting, and
• Comprehensively explain the influence on people’s lives of the force or movement in the historical setting.
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ContentsContents
• What are Revolutions
• Features of Revolutions
• Causes of Revolutions
• Models of Revolutions
• Modern Revolution
• Life-cycle of Revolutions
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• All involve change
• Involve sudden events or increasing rates of change
• Have considerable and momentous results
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FEATURES OF REVOLUTIONSFEATURES OF REVOLUTIONS
Organisation
LeadershipInternational
context /influence
Ideology
Violence and terror
FEATURES
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OrganisationOrganisation Organisation
LeadershipInternational
context /influence
Ideology
Violence and terror
FEATURES
• Links ideology, leadership and action
• Organisation needed to harness the energy of the revolution
Three Forms 1. Political Organisation
-small, elite, dominated by strong activists- controlled, disciplined - - intolerant of dissent
-‘ends’ justifys ‘means’2. Military Organisation
- Often large
- sometimes only 30-50 men or guerilla
3. Popular Organisation
- spontaneous – by the people
- Trade unions, councils, clubs and societies
- Sometimes links between people and revolution
- Sometimes crushed
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ViolenceViolence and terrorand terror
Organisation
Leadership
International
context /influence
Ideology
Violence and terror
FEATURES
“A revolution is certainly the most authoritarin thing there is.; it is the act whereby one part of the population imposes its will upon the other part by means of rifles, bayonets and cannon.” Frederich Engels.
Revolutions
Use violence to undermine the government
- destroy opposing forces
- force population to comply by assainations and murder, sabotage, destruction of property and terrorism.
The Army is pivotal as a supply of arms and support either for or against the revolution
“A revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past. The old are always resistant to the death and the new society fights with all its energy to survive.” Fidel Castro
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IdeologyIdeologyOrganisation
Leadership
International
context /influence
Ideology
Violence and
terror
FEATURESA revolution’s hopes and dreams for the future and
includes solutions to society’s problems
Can be simple or complex
Can be abandoned or changed
Includes
-nationalism or
-patriotism or
-liberty
Used for propoganda
Some attention to morals and emotions
Exagerates or distorts truth
Uses slogans and symbols
Uses social controlIdeologies are ideas to gain power – do they continue?
“…an emotion-laden, myth-saturated,
action-related system of beliefs and values…”
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InternationalInternational context /context /influenceinfluence
Organisation
Leadership
International
context /
influence
Ideology
Violence and terror
FEATURES
Usually requires foreign force either military or diplomatic
Large powers can influence revolution
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Left: Tsar Nicholas and the Kaiser on HMS Hohenzollern in 1907. photographer unknown.
Right: Explosion at the siege of Port Arthur during Russo-Japanese war circa 1904. Photographer B. L. Singley (www.schoolhistory.co.nz collection)
“…in any form of government
revolution always starts
from the outbreak of
internal dissension in
the ruling class.” Plato
LeadershipLeadership Organisation
LeadershipInternational context /influence
Ideology
Violence and terror
FEATURES
Most revolutions occur spontaneously
-Little planning
-Leaders often unprepared
Often ‘leaders’ are imprisoned or exiled
Leaders shape the course of the revolution
Leaders are
-usually neither young nor old (30s-40s)
- urban roots
- Male
- Very well educatedwww.schoolhistory.co.nz
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PRECONDITIONSPRECONDITIONS TRIGGERSTRIGGERS
EconomicEconomicPsychologicalPsychological
PoliticalPoliticalSocialSocial
Historical eventsHistorical eventsSubversive activitiesSubversive activities
Specific eventsSpecific events
REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
++
CAUSES OF REVOLUTIONSCAUSES OF REVOLUTIONS
PRECONDITIONSPRECONDITIONS TRIGGERSTRIGGERS
EconomicEconomicPsychologicalPsychological
PoliticalPoliticalSocialSocial
Historical eventsHistorical eventsSubversive activitiesSubversive activities
Specific eventsSpecific events
REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
++++
CAUSES OF REVOLUTIONSCAUSES OF REVOLUTIONS
Causes of Revolutions
• Not so much caused by long periods of repression but by times of steadily improving social and economic conditions followed by a sudden crisis or recession.
• The most dangerous time is when a repressive governent begins reform. ie. When a government is divided.
• Governments are not necessarily overthrown, they usually fall under their own decay. Eg. France, China, Russia.
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Models of RevolutionsModels of Revolutions• Karl Marx (1818-1831) and Frederich Engels (1820-895) developed
this theory that human history followed stages which involved violent revolution but eventually led to ‘civilisation’.
SLAVE SOCIETY
Slaves exploited
by masters
FEUDAL SOCIETY
Peasants exploited
by landowners
CAPITALIST SOCIETY
Workers exploited
by capitalists
SOCIALIST SOCIETY
Dictator-ship of the proletariat
COMMUNIST SOCIETY
Classless utopia
REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION
Evolution of stages
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Modern RevolutionModern RevolutionFirst symptoms of
unrest
Advanced symptoms of unrest and violence
Overthrow / collapse of government
Rise of extremists
Reign of terror Post-revolution society
demonstrationscreation of mob
growing discontent protests
violence
death / prison / exile of former leaders
Civil war Rule by moderatesOR
create constitutionrevolutionaries vs
counter-revolutionaries
Unfulfilled expectations
Dictatorship
compromise of ideals
purge rise of revisionists
Life-cycle of RevolutionsLife-cycle of Revolutions
Increased fervour of radical change until climax of intensity reached
Disillusionment
Decline in revolutionary energy
Restoration of stability and order
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Bulygin, Paul. and Alexander Kerensky. The Murder of the Romanovs, Hutchinson, London, 1935.
• Fulop-Miller, Rene. Rasputin The Holy Devil, Putnam, London, 1928.
• Moorehead, Alan. The Russian Revolution, Panther, London, 1958.
• Morcombe, Margaret & Mark Fielding. The Spirit of Change – Russia in Revolution, McGraw-Hill, Roseville NSW, 1998.
• Wilson, Colin. Rasputin and the Fall of the Romanovs, Citadel Press, New Jersey, 1964.
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