coastal communities and processes: beach and dunes introduction to coastal management
TRANSCRIPT
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Coastal Communities Coastal Communities and Processes: Beach and Processes: Beach
and Dunesand Dunes
Introduction to Coastal Introduction to Coastal ManagementManagement
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Coastal Communities and Coastal Communities and ProcessesProcesses
• Beach and DunesBeach and Dunes• Shrub Thicket and Maritime ForestShrub Thicket and Maritime Forest• Freshwater WetlandsFreshwater Wetlands• Tidal MarshTidal Marsh• Estuarine Waters/Sand and Mud Estuarine Waters/Sand and Mud
FlatsFlats
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Barrier Island Barrier Island transect from transect from
ocean to soundocean to sound
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Beach, Dunes and Shrub Beach, Dunes and Shrub ThicketThicket
Cumberland Island, Georgia
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Dune FormationDune Formation
SandSand WindWind ObjectObject
• Elements required for dune Elements required for dune formationformation
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Dune FormationDune Formation
Sand, moved by the process of saltation, accumulates around objects including vegetation and flotsam
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American American Beachgrass Beachgrass (Ammophil(Ammophil
a a breviligulatbreviligulat
a)a)
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Sea OatsSea Oats (Uniola (Uniola paniculata)paniculata)
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Panic Grass Panic Grass (Panicum (Panicum amarum)amarum)
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SaltmeadoSaltmeadow w
Cordgrass Cordgrass (Spartina (Spartina patens)patens)
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Sea Elder Sea Elder (Iva (Iva
imbricata)imbricata)
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Primary DunesPrimary Dunes
• Most Most seawardseaward
• UnmodifiUnmodified dunesed dunes
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Secondary Dunes Secondary Dunes
• large large landward landward dunesdunes
• modified modified primary primary dunesdunes
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Strand Line or Wrack Strand Line or Wrack LineLine
• Line of debris Line of debris at spring tideat spring tide
• Debris is Debris is called called “wrack”“wrack”
• Most dunes Most dunes form hereform here
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Strand Line or Wrack Strand Line or Wrack LineLine
• Large quantities Large quantities of sand moved of sand moved across strandacross strand
• Common on Common on prograding prograding (growing) (growing) beaches beaches
• Rare on eroding Rare on eroding beachesbeaches
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Dune EnvironmentsDune Environments
• Youngest strand lines lie most Youngest strand lines lie most seawardseaward
• Multiple dune ridges form as Multiple dune ridges form as strand lines are colonizedstrand lines are colonized
Oldest - - - - - - > Youngest
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Dune EnvironmentsDune Environments
• Dunes and colonizing plants Dunes and colonizing plants grow in concertgrow in concert
Year 3Year 3Year 2Year 2Year1Year1
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Dune Environmental Dune Environmental Conditions Conditions
• Low soil Low soil nutrients nutrients (N and P) (N and P)
• Desiccating Desiccating windswinds
• Blowing Blowing sandsand
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Dune Environmental Dune Environmental ConditionsConditions
• Air and soil Air and soil temperaturtemperatures are es are highly highly variablevariable
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Dune ProcessesDune Processes
• Unvegetated Unvegetated dunes “migrate” dunes “migrate” or move from <1 or move from <1 m to >15 m m to >15 m annuallyannually
• Migrating dunes Migrating dunes engulf engulf surroundingssurroundings Natural revegetation a long term processNatural revegetation a long term process
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BlowoutsBlowouts
• Occur when Occur when vegetation vegetation mantle is mantle is destroyeddestroyed
• Difficult to Difficult to stop, once stop, once startedstarted
• Creates Creates environment environment called “slack”called “slack”
blowoutblowout
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Natural and Man-Natural and Man-induced Impacts on induced Impacts on
DunesDunes• Oceanic Oceanic
overwashoverwash• ““erosion”erosion”
Washovers Washovers
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Natural and Man-Natural and Man-induced Impacts on induced Impacts on
DunesDunes
• Off-road Off-road vehicle vehicle (ORV) traffic(ORV) traffic
• Sand Sand fencing: fencing: wooden, wooden, brush, treesbrush, trees
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Salt Aerosol Impact on Salt Aerosol Impact on PlantsPlants
Source of salt aerosol (ocean side)
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Source of Salt AerosolsSource of Salt Aerosols
Salt AerosolsSalt Aerosols
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Salt Aerosol ImpactsSalt Aerosol Impacts
Salt aerosol effects on plants
Salt aerosol source
this side
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Salt Aerosol Impact on Salt Aerosol Impact on PlantsPlants
• Generally decreases Generally decreases from strand line, from strand line, landwardlandward
• Highest on foredunesHighest on foredunes• Lowest in slacks and Lowest in slacks and
lee of duneslee of dunes
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Shrub Thicket Shrub Thicket EnvironmentsEnvironments
• Early colonizers Early colonizers (survive low (survive low nutrients)nutrients)
• Best examples are Best examples are in dune slacksin dune slacks
• Reduced salt Reduced salt aerosol aerosol environment environment allows arborescent allows arborescent vegetation to vegetation to flourishflourish
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Wax Myrtle Wax Myrtle (Myrica (Myrica pennsylvanica)pennsylvanica)
• Northern Bayberry Northern Bayberry is common in is common in thickets from Cape thickets from Cape Hatteras northward Hatteras northward into New Englandinto New England
• Bayberry candles Bayberry candles are made from the are made from the waxy coating on waxy coating on the berriesthe berries
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Yaupon Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria)(Ilex vomitoria)