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Coasts and beaChes

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tourists choosing Calabria as their journey destina-tion are for the most part (92%) attracted by its 800 km Region coasts with its well-equipped, sunny and

wild beaches, offering all kinds of holidays’ solutions as well as relax, privacy, sports and animation proposals.the morphology of Calabrian coasts and beaches, from white sand to cliffs, offers different seaside resort opportu-nities within few kilometres distance.In the following pages we introduce you those seaside re-sorts and those towns on Calabrian wide coasts and bea-ches, which for their particular landscapes and touristic sites are first-class holiday places.

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22

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“Wildcliffs

alternatewith sandy

shores”

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the Coast of aChaeansfrom Roseto Capo spulICo to Rossano

the coast of achaeans clearly refers to the achaeans’ settlement in this area and the re-lative foundation of the ancient sybaris colony. the total length of this coast is about 150 kilometres of shores in the sybaris piana within the pollino high mountain northwards and the last spurs of the Greek sila southwards, ploughed by a myriad of torrent-like water-courses.Calabrian high-Ionic beaches lie down the bulky pollino Mountain, thus offering a real-ly extraordinary coup d’oeil. but in all the sybaris piana area there are very important archeological sites like the native site of francavilla Marittima enotri, the ancient Cossa in paludi area and sybaris itself , where the namesake archeological park is precious witness of the ancient Magna Graecia civilization.the nothern part of achaeans coast is among the seaside resort sites of Roseto Capo spulico, amendolara Marina e trebisacce.

the IonIC Coast

BY CARSS106 Jonica – A3 Sa-Rc

BY PLANELametia Terme airport

BY TRAINSybaris railway station

DISTANCE From the airport 150 KmFrom Sybaris railway station 4 km

32.007

HOW TO REACH

Roseto Capo Spulico

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RoCCa IMpeRIaleYou can find Rocca Imperiale in the prestigious Gui-

da Blu and Italian Touring Club since 2006 with two

sails. The Rocca Imperiale Marina is on the shores

of Ionio Sea for 7 km and its coast alternates cliffs,

shingles and golden sand towards Lucania. It is only

4 km far from the old town and it is a first-class holi-

day destination thanks also to a wide range of diffe-

rent seaside beach facilities. Of important historical

significance is the massive warehouse built by the

Duke Fabio Crivelli in the XVIII century (1731) to-

gether with the Torre di Guardia in the XVI century

(1563-69), both witnessing the maritime and com-

mercial relevance of Rocca Imperiale.

Roseto Capo spulICoAt the time of Magna Graecia Roseto was one of the

Sybaris’ satellite cities. In Roseto a lot of roses were

cultivated, because their petals were used to fill Sy-

baritic people’s mattresses. Roseto is in the 2009

Guida Blu with two sails for its touristic facilities and

it has three stars out of five for its environmental

and landscape conservation. Again in 2010 it is still

in tha Guida Blu with two sails. It is also known for its

Castrum Petrae Roseti ( Roseto’ Stone Castle), a for-

tified castle, one of the most important monuments

in Calabria to defend the High Ionio Cosentino co-

ast. Dating back to Norman times, this medieval ca-

stle overlooking the sea (XIII century) is a place of

cultural interest at a national level.

sYbaRIsAmong the most popular seaside resorts of the

Achaeans coast, Sybaris is rich in touristic villages

offering high quality facilities. The fine sand of its be-

aches leaves place to gravel and stones at a few km

distance. This part of the Ionic coast differs from the

others for its wide beaches full of bars and kiosks

near the sea as well as for wild and free beaches

close to the pinewoods. Going southwards you can

visit the dock of the Sybaris Lake, a 420.000 square

metres area very close to the coast with 2800 berths

for mantainance and shelter for boats. The Achae-

ans coast continues southwards with Schiavonea,

Rossano Scalo and its famous Zolfara waterpark, its

Amarelli ancient liquorice factory and museum .

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the saRaCens Coastfrom CaRIatI to Isola Capo RIzzuto

among the wildest and richest areas of the Ionic coast there is the very eastern one in Calabria between Cariati and the area all around the hills of the Crotone Marchesato.the different morphology of the saracens coast is characterized by alternating headlan-ds and bays. furthermore wide areas close to the sea, often rich in plants and marine pinewoods, have permitted a very fast touristic development of high-level guest accom-modations, to enjoy blue sea and natural attractions. the whole coast is rich in historical artifacts referring to the hellenic civilization and in medieval and byzantine buildings (castles, fortified cities, churches, etc).the all around landscape’s beauty, the blue sea (2009,2010 blue flag), the wide range of typical food products, the sila mountains nearby, make Cariati a very appreciated touristic site, visited every summer by thousands of people.

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CIRò MaRInaPunta Alice, Ciro Marina, the ancient Krimisa, near

Ciro, are among the most famous touristic destina-

tions of the coast, they speak and have Greek ori-

gins. In 2010 Ciro Marina gains the Blue Flag for its

beaches for the tenth time.

Capo ColonnaThe Crotone beach area goes from the city port

northwards to the Colonna Cape headland, its sho-

re is characterized by long sand tiziano-coloured

beaches. From Colonna Cape archeological site a

short but wonderful series of headlands made of

BY CARIonic SS106 – SS107 Sila- Crotone , connecting Crotoneto Paola trough Cosenza.

BY PLANECrotone s. Anna airportLametia Terme airport

BY TRAINrailway line from Reggio Calabriato Taranto (trough Roccella, Catanzaro, Crotone, Sybaris)

DISTANCESFrom the airport Crotone S. Anna airport 10 KmLametia terme airport 90 km

Posti letto 17.229

HOW TO REACH

sandstone mixed to clay begins alternating with

plain sandy inlets.

Colonna Cape, Cimiti Cape, Rizzuto Cape and Punta

Le Castella are the most important touristic attrac-

tion centres of all the Saracens coast. All the zone is

in the Rizzuto Cape marine reserve, 40 ha long with

a rigid system to protect waters and the numerous

species inhabiting them.

Crotone

Cirò Marina

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Copanello

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the oRanGes Coastthe squIllaCe Gulf

Whereas the geographical extreme points of this coast are characterized by low and plain beaches made of sand and shingles, mainly near the rivers ‘ estuaries, the very central part of the oranges coast is made of rocky white-granite headlands that gently slope toward the sea. opposed to the pebbly long beaches of botricello, Cropani and sel-lia Marina to the north, of Isca on the Ionio sea and badolato Marina to the south there is the massive headland of staletti, offering the most suggestive glimpses of the whole oranges coast. this headland rises southwards on the long squillace beach and follows northwards to Copanello beach, softly sloping toward the white sands of Montepaone and soverato. In the middle of the headland there is Caminia in the town of staletti, well known for its granite cliffs on the blue sea creating small and big coloured caves.the natural beautiful landscape of the oranges coast is the ideal frame for the whole archeological heritage of the squillace Gulf with its beautiful well-equipped seaside resorts like soverato ,Caminia and Copanello. this area also offers artistic and mo-numental signs of an ancient past, like the squillace 344 m high medieval town , overlooking the same gulf or the archeological park of scolacium ,where you can visit the remains of an ancient Roman colony as well as the monumental basilica in s. Ma-ria of Roccella, built in the XI century by normans and still considered one of the most important templar churches in Italy.

Copanello It is in the very heart of the Oranges coast on the

Squillace Gulf and it is connected to other eight

villages you can reach by SS 106. The most fa-

mous are: Copanello, considered the pearl of the

whole coast, Caminia, Pietragrande and Soverato.

Copanello is one of the most important seaside

resorts in Calabria.

The town is on a very high cliff on the sea which

shortly interrupts the beach.

Its beach is wide and its marine waters, typical of

the Ionic coast, are clear and blue, because of the

presence of plankton which makes them rich in

fish. There are also many hotel facilities and re-

sorts equipped for an elite tourism.

The other sites in the Staletti coast present more

or less the same characteristics: wide beaches in a

sea-hill frame of an uncontaminated nature.

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CaMInIa of stalettIIt is a wonderful bay which lies on a strip of coast,

famous all over the world for its particular unconta-

minated natural beauty, representing an exclusive

destination for many tourists . Its ivory-coloured

sand is surrounded by a beautiful grey- granite cliff.

In summer season it represents a touristic meeting

point for young people, in winter a paradise recrea-

ting the man-nature fusion.

Between Caminia and Copanello there are different

sites like the famous Vasche of Cassiodoro where

the Romans raised eels, whose seabed is made of

very white sand; the great variety of concretions on

the rocks, the presence of rocky arcs, holes and

cracks, where basses, breams and even groupers

find shelters, represents a real paradise for all kind

of diving activities, mainly during the night. This area

has a great importance from an archeological point

of view. Other places to be absolutely visited are:

the famous “Spiaggetta”, only reachable by boat;

the Torre of Palombaro, famous among divers and

among those who want to swim in warm and parti-

cularly clean waters of these natural tanks; the S.

Gregorio cave.

pIetRaGRande In the middle of the Oranges coast, at a very few

km from Catanzaro and Soverato, Pietragrande is

known as one of the highest-level seaside resorts

for over 30 years , one of the most famous beaches

in Italy and abroad for its beauty and its particular

discos facilities. Its natural cliffs and crags end in a

real blue sea and some of its beaches can be rea-

ched only by boat. In summer season this is famous

for its nightlife, in other periods of the year it offers

fascinating natural relaxing habits.

soVeRatoIn the South part of the Squillace Gulf ,Soverato re-

presents one of the most known touristic centres of

the Ionic coast. Its climate is mild and pleasant all

the year thanks to positive climatic factors . It has

several seaside resort and tourist accomodation fa-

cilities. During summer time it is animated by many

Soverato

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“Along this coastnature mixes itself with clay rocks looking at the cobalt blu of seabed, paradise of divers”

cultural events such as the Magna Graecia Film Fe-

stival. One of the main activities in this area is fi-

shing, also big fish such as “veal” or “cow” fish that

fishermen then sell to restaurants to delight their

clients. In August its promenade welcomes lots of

young people and all the beach facilities promptly

change into discos.

badolato MaRInaThis is a developing small town also thanks to the

summer touristic increase and to its port for small

– medium boats. The beach is between the touristic

port and a very small natural headland covered with

oleanders. The sea is rich in plankton thus in fish.

The sand is white and thin, you can find gravel on

the shoreline from storm surges flow.

The old town of Badolato is on the top of a 240

m high hill. This suggestive medieval small town is

famous for its Byzantine churches built in the shape

of a Latin cross full of typical lanes. Thanks to its

location it offers the tourist the possibility to change

his habitat in a few minutes from sea to hill, from

mountain to lake.

BY CARA3 Sa-Rc

BY PLANELametia terme airport

BY TRAINPaola – Cosenza railway line

DISTANCE From the airport 50 Km

9.101

HOW TO REACH

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Between Punta Stilo and Spartivento Cape there is a

part of coast characterized by marble-clay hills and

green terraces rich in citrus and olive trees going up

to a mountainous heart that is the National Park of

Aspromonte. This is a land strip with 42 municipalities,

taking the name of a typical flower of the Calabrian

High Ionio, but little known to mass tourism. Never-

theless those who choose this coast are those who

like a kind of simple almost rural holiday, who prefer

to live in uncontaminated places but full of history, le-

gends and vivid traditions.

The first touristic sites this way long are Riace Marina,

the JasMIne Coast from RIaCe to loCRI

the most southern coast of Calabria is the Jasmine coast that is the whole coast of Reg-gio Calabria on the Ionio sea. It stretches along 90 km on low and sandy beaches, often closed into high rocks on the sea where you can find seaside well equipped facilities. the name of this coast comes from the typical cultivation of jasmine, a delicate and beautiful but also strong and climbing flower, spread throughout the province of Reggio Calabria but mainly here. Women (called Jasmine women – gelsominaie) collected these flowers to sell them by weight and to export them to france to make scents. In 1928 the expe-rimental station of essences and essential oils was created in Reggio Calabria.

Roccella Ionica and Marina of Gioiosa Ionica. South-

wards there is the small Grotteria piana from which

the Jasmine coast starts with its towns of Siderno and

Locri, an ancient colony founded in the VII century

b.C. and the small villages of Sant’Ilario in Ionio, Ardo-

re Marina and Bovalino. After the Bonamico river , the

most important in Aspromonte, the last part of the Ja-

smine coast begins and it ends to Spartivento Cape. In

this area there are sites like Africo, Bianco, Brancaleo-

ne Marina and Ferruzzano cape with its cliffs interrup-

ting the monotony of the landscape. All the Jasmine

coast with its wide and long beaches has often been

awarded with the Legambiente prestigious blue flags

to confirm the Calabrian absolute water cleanliness.

The Jasmine coast has been inhabited since ancient

times and it has important historical past remains in

the Archeological Park of Locri Epizefiri or in the sites

of ancient Kaulon ( the today Monasterace) and in the

medieval village of Gerace with its 100 churches and

Stilo with its famous church of Cattolica.

Roccelletta Ionica

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BY CARA3 SA – RC, SS 682 Ionio – Tirreno ( Gioiosa – Rosarno), which connects the A3 highway from Rosarno to Gioiosa Marina Ionica linking the Tyrrhenian sea to the Ionio sea in Reggio Calabria.

BY PLANEStretto airport

BY TRAINRailway line from Reggio Calabria to Taranto(through Roccella, Catanzaro, Crotone and Sybaris.

DISTANCE From the airport 140 KmFrom the Railway 140 km

6.476

HOW TO REACH

Gerace

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tYRRhenIan seathose coming from the noce valley meet a succession of reefs, marine terraces, caves

with fantastic names, rock arches and bridges, beaches lunettes, wall mountains with oak, heather, mastic and myrtle. the dino isle looks like a big whale, emerging from the sea waters. Walking from fiuzzi to s. nicola arcella one is dazzled by the colours and the glitter of the sea. but the landscape changes along the coast: headlands, quaternary terraces with houses like beehives and on the coast a series of artificial reefs. before reaching Cetraro the Rizzo cliff suddenly appears with its one hundred-metres-high walls. after san lucido, among the crowded beaches of torremezzo, fiumefreddo and longobardi you can find secluded and free beaches and little southwards between the belmonte Marina and amantea the Isca rocks outcrop just off the shore and because of their wonderful seabed they are a WWf oasis.With pizzo, where you can taste delicious truffles ice cream in a lively medieval atmo-sphere the high Green coast made of small beaches and coves of white quartz sand begins. the parghelia stacks also known as la pizzuta, announce that tropea is near. tropea is the tyrrhenian emblem of the touristic Calabria. nature is there to reign: the sandy bays are inside a jagged coastline and the landscape you enjoy from Capo Vatica-no is of a poignant beauty. the Grotticelle beach is sandy, but cliffs emerging from the sea waters make this place still more attractive; from the belvedere on there is the praia du focu, a small beach with different shape cliffs just off the blue sea. Many olive plants tell us that Gioia tauro is here to come with its important port.

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pRaIa a MaRe

Dark thin sandy beaches and pebbles, jagged co-

astlines, depths inhabited by corals, starfishes and

other species of fishes are some of the charac-

teristics that make Praia a Mare one of the most

famous touristic sites in Calabria mainly from the

60s years on.

The Praia a Mare town not so far from Maratea and

its border with Basilicata and Campania is in the

National Pollino Park: extreme sport lovers could

also try rafting on the Lao river, one of the most

important torrent-like river in Calabria, coming

down by canoe or rafts.

Do not miss a visit to the Dino isle just in front of

Capo dell’Arena: this massive outcrop of rock whe-

re you can admire the primrose palinuri, protected

species among the most ancient of the Italian flora,

is famous for its suggestive caves such as the Blue

Cave, the Lion Cave, the Fronton Cave , the Sardi-

nian Cave, the Monk Cave and the Waterfalls Cave.

the CedaRs Coastfrom pRaIa to aMantea

the Cedars coast, so called because of the cedars plant used to make drinks and candies, is the name identifying this wonderful Calabrian piece of land also known as Calabrian high tyrrhenian. It traditionally includes also a part of the mountain land over the coast.

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sCalea Scalea is 20 km southern from Praia a Mare and it is an

important seaside resort. Its origins go back to the Pale-

olithic period. The Scalea village is a touristic destination

for many people for its beauty and its wonderful old he-

art town developing itself in steps along the hill (hence

its name) and it maintains signs of ancient walls and

Diamante

suggestive narrow lanes. On the contrary the new town

develops itself along the beach with lots of resorts.

dIaMante Today Diamante is known as the Murales sea town:

there are over one hundred paintings on the fisher-

men’s house walls in the old town. In the Diamante

municipality there also is Cirella with its small isle. At

the end of the summer season in the very first days of

September there is the Red Hot Pepper Festival and all

the citizens take actively part in the organization of this

event together with the Italian Academy of Red Hot

Pepper whose head office is just in Diamante.

IsCa blue oasIsIn the wonderful sea mirror between Amantea and

Belmonte Calabro the two Isca rocks outcrop from

the water. This is an obliged visit for those who love

diving among reefs and Mediterranean corals. De-

39

ACCESSI

clared a WWF oasis in 1991 the blue oasis of the

Isca rocks is a protected area, deep over 20 m with

a wonderful seabed. The mixture between rocks

and sand has created a very rich flora and fauna.

In this waters you can find seagrass meadows as

well as dolphins and Caretta Caretta tortoises. The

rocks , remains of an ancient promontory, emerge

on the sea a few hundred metres from Amantea’s

beach. To reach this area it is necessary to drive on

the Tyrrhenian SS18 from North and once reached

Belmonte Calabro, just follow the WWF site’s in-

dication. Furthermore it is possible to do seabed

watching with diving instructors. It is also possible

to admire the seabed from boat having glass keels.

BY CARA3 Sa-Rc, SS585, SS18

BY PLANELametia Terme airport

BY TRAINPaola railway station

DISTANCEFrom the airport 100 kmFrom Paola railway station 40 km

28.799

Cetraro

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the Gods Coastfrom pIzzo to nICoteRa

the coast of Gods or the beautiful coast is the name of a coastside piece of land along the southern tyrrhenian sea in the Vibo Valentia area. Its borders create the so-called Cala-bria horn, 55 km long with a varied morphology. You can find long white sand beaches, jagged rocks, small bays only reachable on foot or by boat. Its name, beautiful Coast, is due to the wonderful landscapes with the aeolian Islands only 32 nautical miles far. the name, Gods coast, evokes dreamlike images of a total relax and delight. here you can live the dream of a clear sea, of blue waters, of seabed rich in precious living creatures and of very white beaches. this is also the dream of the divers for its marine flora and fauna. exam-ples of all this are: tropea and its suggestive beaches, its blue cave but also its 12 churches; parghelia and its la pizzuta, so called for its granite pinnacles rising from sea waters, its white beaches as well as its suggestive rocks; zambrone recalling us tropical villages and its Galera cliff, rich in small cavities and cells.

pIzzo CalabRo Seaside and fishing resort overlooking the sea in a

very particular location near the S.Eufemia gulf. Ac-

cording to some sources it was built on the Napitum

ancient site with the castle of Gioacchino Murat; it is

also famous for its delicious handmade ice-cream and

for spaghetti cooked with squid ink.

Pizzo Calabro

41

BY CARA3 Sa-Rc, SS18

BY PLANELametia Terme airport

BY TRAINLamezia Terme railway station

DISTANCEFrom the airport 60 kmFrom Lamezia Terme railwaystation 60 km

18.488

ACCESSI

42

tRopea It is one of the most visited sites of the beach tourism.

It has a young touristic port with ships leaving every

day for Aeolian Islands particularly the Stromboli Vul-

can, often visible from the southern Tyrrhenian Cala-

brian coast. In July there are the Bluefish Festival and

the Tropea Red Onion Festival (which has been given

the top quality trademark). This last festival takes place

in September in the same old town of Tropea . Tropea

Capo Vaticano

43

Capo VatICano

The headland of Capo Vaticano is located in front of

Stromboli and the Aeolian Islands. It separates the S.

Eufemia gulf from the one of Gioia Tauro. It includes

the coast of the Tono Bay up to the one of Santa Maria

and up to Poro Mountain. On this headland there is a

cylindrical-towered lighthouse since 1870.

The most suggestive bay is the one in Grotticelle, made

of three smaller bays close one to another. The famous

Venetian writer Giuseppe Berto, after having travelled

all around Italy, decided to live here describing in one

of his books that “the part of coast ending to Capo

Vaticano is full of history and beauty. It could be called

Costabella with a hint of regret and nostalgia.”

Capo Vaticano is also known as the best ground in the

world producing red onion, the so-called Tropea red

onion which is particularly sweet. In fact thanks to the

special properties of this ground “only the one cultiva-

ted in Capo Vaticano “ results so particularly sweet that

is also why it is very much requested in national and

international food markets.

Furthermore suggestive beaches and clear sea with a

seabed rich in fish make Capo Vaticano a special de-

stination for divers and Italian and foreign tourists also

attracted by typical food products like the ‘nduja di

Spilinga and pecorino del Poro’.

Tropea

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45

46

the puRple Coastfrom palMI to VIlla san GIoVannI

the ‘small heaven’: the writer leonida Repaci so called this part of coast which from palmi goes to bagnara.It was already called ‘purple Coast’ for the particular colour that the marine waters have in certain hours of the day. We are now in the very end of the boot Italia, a coast to be discovered. the sea is opened , deep and without shelters, thus being very chal-lenging but also generous. Clear sea waters protect in fact the rich Mediterranean life together with the archeological remains of ancient civilizations. the seabed of Cava-ianculla, pietrosa, Chianiti, pietragalera, Capo barbi takes care of archeological and natural treasures.

palMI On a sloping terrace to the sea and protected by

the hill of S. Elia (582 m) Palmi is at the same time a

sea and a mountain town, benefiting of both effects.

Together with the golden beaches of Tonnara, Pie-

trenere and Scinà, the wide granite coast of Palmi,

full of wonderful bays and suggestive seabed, offers

the visitors the possibility to relax under a huge pi-

newood, to enjoy suggestive landscapes, to make

naturalistic tours. It also offers the opportunity to

visit archeological excavations in Taureana with its

early Christian crypt of the IV century and its small

church of San Fantino, the most famous saint in

Calabria as well as to explore the Neolithic caves of

the great Byzantine - Monastic settlement of Tarditi

with their stories about buried treasures, myths and

legends. In Palmi there is also the diving center for

those who want to explore the wonderful seabed.

baGnaRa CalabRaBagnara is famous for the beauty of its beaches. The

Marturano hill divides this very long beach into

two parts, which goes from the Cucuzzo mountain

to Ruggiero tower. Going northwards the landsca-

pes completely changes, the beautiful white beach

disappears and the landscape is dominated by the

ups and downs of the mountains which seem to join

Palmi

47

sea, Bagnara Calabra enjoys a peculiar geographical

position like an amphitheatre inside a circle made of

hills, full of vineyards, facing at the Messina Stretto,

at Stromboli and Aeolian islands creating one of the

most suggestive landscape in Italy, as Eduard Lear

described it in 1847.

From 1965 on, every year at the end of July in Ba-

gnara Calabra there is the Swordfish Festival now

the sea waters. In these frame we can find the won-

derful natural caves among which the most famous

are: the ‘Grotta del Monaco’ and the ‘Grotta delle

Rondini, destinations of boats full of tourists and

divers. The glittering of the sun and of the rocks

in the sea waters is able to colour the seabed with

purple, hence the name Purple coast.

In the middle of this coast , among the hills, to the

BY CARA3 Sa-Rc SS18

BY PLANEStretto airport

BY TRAINReggio Calabria railway station

DISTANCEFrom the airport 30 kmFrom Reggio Calabriarailway station 25 km

4.873

ACCESSI

Bagnara

48

Scilla

49

at the 45th edition. Bagnara is also famous for the

nougat. The first homemade nougat factories in Cala-

bria were built in Bagnara Calabra and they began a

tradition which still exists, making this kind of nougat

one of the most appreciated calabrian products. Al-

monds and honey, still processed according to the

original traditions make the Bagnara nougat still more

delicious and original. The almonds roasting is the first

step of a long handmade process ending with the nou-

gat preparation. Almonds must cook more than six

hours together with the egg white part and the honey.

These ingredients must continuously be mixed until

they reach a perfect cooking. Then the friable nougat

must be cut in small bars with a white or dark choco-

late, nougat, wafer and hazelnut or orange covering.

sCIlla It is famous all over the world for Ulysses’ stories in

Homer’s poems as well as in Virgilio’s . In the Reggio

Calabria area Scilla is particularly famous for its loca-

tion, its history and its marine culture. Considered the

pearl of the Purple coast, Scilla extends its territory to

the Aspromonte foothills, form which it takes crafts,

food and agricultural traditions . It counts 5000 inha-

bitants but during summer season thousands of tou-

rists reach Scilla for its seaside resorts and for swor-

dfishing, carried out as Spring begins in the waters of

the Stretto of Messina by using special boats, inheri-

ted by the ancient luntre, with patrol and harpoon, a

fishing method dating back to the Phoenician period.