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7/30/2019 Coal Mine Fire MBA DM

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Coal Mining and Coal Mine Fire

History - Timeline

First Indian mining operations begun in 1774.

Development of steam engine in 1850s

spurred coal demand.

World War I created another surge in demand.

National Coal Development Corporation(NCDC) 1956 formed.

Steel industry growth in 1950s and 1960s sent

coal demand to all time highs.

History

Demand from steel industry led to significantprivate investment in mining, mostly for cokingcoal.

Growth in private mining led to following commentby then Minister of Steel and Mines:

Rampant corruption, forced labour, dubious and dupl icaterecords, under reporting of production, non-payment of full

wages, extended hours of shift without payment of lead orlift, lack of safety and welfare measuresseemed to bethe guiding principles of a large num ber of privatecollieries

Nationalization of the industry. Coking Coal Mines Nationalization Act of 1972

Coal Mines Nationalization Act of 1973

Coal India Ltd


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MINING IN INDIA

600 COAL MINES

35 OIL PROJECTS

6000 METALI EROUS MINES

PRIMARY LABOUR INTENSIVE

ONE MILLION PERSONS EMPLOYED

OPENACAST COAL MINING ON INCREASE

26% IN 1972 AND 75% IN 2000


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Coal in India

Worlds largest coal mining company.

Responsible for approximately 85% of

total Indian production. 324 million tons in 2005.

1) Eastern Coalfields LTD

2) Bharat Coking Coal LTD

3) Central Coalfields LTD

4) Central Mine P lanning

5) Northern Coalfields LTD

6) South Eastern Coalfields LTD

7) Western Coalfields LTD

8) Mahanadi Coalfields LTD

9) North Eastern Coalfields

Source: Coal India LTD.

CIL :COAL PRODUCING1

8 SUBSIDIARIES5 4 3

EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD. (1)

BHARAT COKING COAL LTD. (2)

CENTRAL COALFIELD S LTD. (3)

NORTHERN COALFIELDS LTD. (4)

WESTERN COALFIELDS LTD. (5)

SOUTH EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD. (6)

MAHANADI COALFIELDS LTD. (7)

2 NORTH EASTERN COALFIELDS. (8)( A UNIT UNDER CIL(HQ) )

COAL

LIGNITE7SINGARENI COLLIERIES CO. LTD . (9)

6NEYVELI LIGNITE CORPORATION (10)

910

PRODUCTIVITY IN COAL SECTOR(CIL & SCCL) Tonnes per man shift

Co./Year 2000- 01- 02- 03- 04-01 02 03 04 05

UG 0.63 0.64 0.69 0.68 0.69

CIL OC 5.92 6.08 6.30 6.67 7.34

OVER 2.30 2.45 2.67 2.82 3.07ALL

UG 0.79 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.85

SCCL OC 5.94 6.74 7.67 7.67 8.88

OVER 1.50 1.67 1.89 1.81 1.99ALL

Indian Productivity is about 1/8th of US Productivity.

al : Prime Source of Energy in India

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel

resources in India

CoalisthekeycontributortotheIndian

energy scenario.

55% of the current total commercial

energy needs is met by coal.

By 2024-25, the share of coal wouldcome down marginally to about 50% ofthe total energy needs.


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Coal Requirement in India

Year Coal for Power

Generation (MT)

Coal for Non Power

use (MT)

Total Coal (MT)

2006-07 337 123 460

2011-12 463 164 627

2016-17 603 221 824

2021-22 832 299 1131

2026-27 1109 408 1517

2031-32 1475 562 2037

Demand of coal as assessed by Integrated Energy Policy 2006 (IEP) based on 8% GDP growth

Fuel wise Electricity Generation Share

Nuclear, 2%Diesel, 1% Wind, 2%

Gas, 11%

Hydel, 25%

Coal, 59%

World Coal ResourcesPROVEDCOALRESOURCESOFTHEWORLD (Coal&Lignite)

Others 19%

USA 27%S.Africa 5%

Australia 9%

Russian Federation 17%India 10% China 13%

Total Proved Resources (Coal & Lignite) - 909 BT

ource: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005

Coal potential and possibilities

Total coal reserves 260 billion tonnes

25% mined by open cast mining

Rest must be mined by underground mining

methods

Open cast mining may reach its

peak/plateau up at 1500 MT/yr by nextdecade

Current underground mining levels 55 MT

This needs to be scaled up 10 times


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Key Players in Indian Coal SectorProductionCoal Producing Companies

(Mtes)

324Coal India Ltd (CIL)(85%)( A Govt. of India Enterprise)

Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd. 36(9%)(SCCL)

(AP St. Govt. & Govt. of India Jt. Venture)

22Captive Producers(Steel & Power) (6%)

382Total (During2004-05)

* Coking Coal mines in India were Nationalised in 1971 & NonCoking Mines in 1973

Heat value of Coal Types

Anthracite

Bituminous

Peat

Lignite

Gondwana,, Tertiary and Lignite Coal

Health & Safety Issues

Key risks faced by miners: Gas and coal dust exposure.

Mine roof and wall collapses.

Mine fires.

Fatal and serious accidents have steadily

deceased since 1972 (see table).

Between 1950-1961 the 10-yearly avg. death

rate per 1,000 people employed was 0.91.Between 1991-2000, figure dropped to 0.32. Nationalization in 1970s.

Technological advancements, specifically the

mechanization of many tasks in the m ining process

(i.e. mechanized roof bolting system, long wall

miners, etc).

Year Fatal Accidents Serious Accidents

Accidents Fatalities Accidents Injuries

1972 200 217 1534 1616

1975 222 664 2135 2211

1985 176 204 1007 1060

1993 156 176 854 903

1994 156 241 717 775

1995 137 219 757 813

1996 131 146 677 723

1997 143 165 677 725

1998 128 146 523 560

1999 127 138 595 650

2000 117 144 661 707

2001 106 141 667 720

2002 81 97 629 650

2003 83 113 563 578

2004 90 99 599 608

2005 34 35 340 344

Source: Government of India, Ministry of Coal.

Effects on Health

Black Lung

Disease

(Miners)

Respiratoryillnesses

(Public)


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Causes of mine disasters in thelast quarter of 20th century

Indundation

Explosion

Mine Fire

Causewise analysis ofmine disasters (%)

Cause 1901-23 1924-47 1948-73 1974-99

Explosion 65 76 76 11

Indundation 11 06 20 75

Fire 00 09 00 10

Roof fall 09 03 04 04

Others 15 06 00 00

Total (%) 100 100 100 100

Mine Fires

Mine Fires are consuming coal seams in major coal producingcountries including China, United States, India and Indonesia

Numerous seams have been burning for decades and some inChina for several centuries

Environmentally catastrophic effects for the coal fires include the emission of noxious gases particulate matter into the atmosphere for air pollution condensate products responsible for water and soil pollution

There are 3 major coal fires in the world Coal fires in Northern China Coal fire in Pennsylvania of USA

Coal fire in Jharia coalfields in India

In India major coal fires in Jharia and Raniganj have killed peopleforced entire communities to abandon their homes and business

Coalmine fires are caused due to spontaneouscombustion of coal and carbonaceous matter inthe rocks. All coals when exposed to air undergonatural oxidation of carbon forming CO & or CO2and producing heat. Occasionally, due to bacterial

action some heat is generated which whenreaches 350C, coal is automatically set to fire.This phenomenon is generally considered as

spontaneous combustion of coal.

Causes of Coal Fire


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Thermal capacity of coal is inversely proportional to its

ash content, that is, great the ash content lesser is the

thermal efficiency and vice-versa. In this reaction, so

long as the heat produces is dissipated, the

temperature of coal does not increases. Concentration

of heat, when dissipation does not occur, causes coal

to catch fire. Most of the fire in coalfields have taken

place due to spontaneous heating (endogenous fire)of

coal, which depends on mining, geological and coal

factor. Certain exogenous factors that have contributed

to mine fires are frictional sparks, electrical short-

circuiting, dumping of hot ash etc.

Mine disasters by Explosions

Explosion: is a sudden increase in volume & releaseof energy in an extreme manner, & generation ofhigh temperatures and release of gases.

It creates a shock wave and turns into a coal minedisaster.

Methane is main reason behind gas explosion incoal mine.

When methane is mixed with air, at 5-15% of themixture, it is highly explosive and generallyresponsible for the explosions in underground coalmines all over the world.

Mine disasters by Explosions

Other two important factors are: presence ofexplosive mixture of Methane - Oxygen and source ofignition.

Once ignited flame will self propagate throughout themixture independently and away from source ofignition.

In the case of explosion, it is normally associated with

coal-dust explosion as the temperature rises up to 700degree centigrade and it can cause explosion in theair-coal-dust mixture.

For ignition of Methane explosion, there should be aspark or heated-surface for a definite time.

Scenario of Coal Mine Disasters

Coal Mining is probably one of the most disasterprone industries

History of mining globally marked by manydisasters

Worst: Couriers Mine in France in 1906 when anexplosion took toll of 1100 precious lives

In India there were 53 disasters (10 or moredeaths) from 1901 and 2000 and 4 disastersbetween 2001 and 2008


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SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF CIL IN 2005COMPARED TO THE YEAR OF ITS INCEPTION, 1975

PARAMETER 1975 2005

FATAL ACCIDENTS 177 73

FATALITIES 233 94

SERIOUS ACCIDENTS 1456 354

SERIOUS INJURIES 1515 364

FATALITY RATE / M.TE. OF PRODUCTION 2.62 0.28

FATALITY RATE / 3,00,000 MANSHIFTS 0.52 0.27

SERIOUS INJURY RATE / M.TE. 17.03 1.08

SERIOUS INJURY RATE / 3,00,000 MANSHIFTS 3.41 1.06

Figures for 2005 are subject to reconciliation with DGMS

SAFETY IN OPERATIONS IN COAL MINES

Two of the major objectives of Nationalization of

coal mines in India in the early 70s were:

Enhancement of safety in coal mine

Conservation of coal property.

Kick start Indias drive towards energy sufficiency.

To this end Coal mines accords the first priority to

safety in operations as embodied in its mission.

FRAMEWORK FOR SAFETY IN COAL MINES

Safety in coal mines in India are regulated by

The Mines Act, 1952 & the rules/Regulations/ bye- laws framed

thereunder.

The Indian Electricity Act, 1910 & Rules thereunder. - The Indian

Explosives Act, 1984 & Rules framed thereunder.

Environmental aspects are governed by

The Environmental (Protection) Act 1986 & Rules framed thereunder

The Directorate General of Mines Safety, under the Ministry of Labour,administers the provisions of the Mines Act.

Mines Act of 1952 Key piece of Indian legislation that regulates health, safety, and

welfare of miners.

Administered by Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS). Falls under control of Ministry of Labour

DGMS mission:

Reduction in risk of occupational diseases and casualty to persons

employed in mines, by drafting appropriate legislation and settingstandards, by overseeing compliance thereof and through a variety of

promotional initiatives and awareness programmes creating anenvironment where safety is given due priority.

Among issues covered by the Mines Act are the following: Appointment of Chief Inspector.

On-site medical care.

Sufficient potable water within mines.

Timely reporting of accidents to Chief Inspector.

Right of government to appoint of court of enquiry to look into accidents.


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Key Environmental Legislation

Water Prevention and Pollution Control Act, 1974 (1988)

Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Air Prevention and Pollution Control Act, 1981

Environmental Protection Act, 1986

Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1957 (1987)

Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1988

Water Prevention and PollutionControl Act, 1974 (1988)

Initiated the Pollution Control Boards and the Central PollutionControl Board.

Power of entry and inspection in industrial establishments andauthority to take samples.

Empowered to set standards of effluents that may bedischarged into water sources.

Power to impose penalties for contravention of provisions.

Forrest Conservation Act, 1980

Legislation enacted to check deforestation.

Prohibits use of forest land for non-forest purposes (includingmining) without prior approval of the Central Government.

Reforestation or compensatory reforestation is primarycondition for approval of proposals for diversion of forest land.

Air Prevention and Pollution

Control Act, 1981 Act enjoins industry not to discharge emissions of any

pollutant in excess of standards established by State Board.

Establishes power to inspect and collect samples and vestspower with the Central and State Pollution Control Boards.


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Effects on Air

Greenhouse gases 3/4 sulfur dioxide

1/3 nitrogen oxides

1/2 carbon dioxide

Toxics Mercury

Uranium

Effects on Land

Coal sludgereleases

Mountaintopremoval

Huge water use Slurry pipelines

CONTROL OF ACCIDENTS(A) NEW INITIATIVES - MANAGEMENT

NINTH SAFETY CONFERENCE

RISK ASSESSMENT : SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN

EMBRACE ORGANISATIONAL, BEHAVIOURIAL AND

CULTURAL SYSTEMS OVER ENGINEERING INITIATIVES

ROLE OF MANAGER AS PROMOTOR AND FACILITATOR

TEAM BUILDING AND COMMUNICATION

SAFETY PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN BOARD

MEETINGS

SAFETY POLICY OF COAL INDIA LTD

Plan operations & systems to eliminate / reduce mininghazards Implement statutes

To improve working conditions by technology up gradation

Dedicated provision of material & money for safety Deploy safety

personnel wholly for safety Implement worker participation in safety

management Draw & implement Safety Plans

Establish Internal Safety Organisation Multi-level monitoring of safety

Senior Management to inculcate safety awareness & practice it intheir functioning

Training & retraining to promote safety oriented skills Strive to improve the living conditions & health of employees


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25-01-1994, Caused by spontaneous heating of roofcoal about 28 m thick layer in the undergroundworkings . 55 person died due to carbon monoxidepoisoning.

Kenda Coal Mine Fire MINE FIRE IN JHARIA COALFIELDS (JCF)

Most fires in JCF were caused by the spontaneouscombustionof coal subsequent to open cast and/orshallow underground mining.

Jharia Coal Fire started in the year 1916 and by 1970it spread up to an area of 17.32 sq. km. affectingaround 41 collieries and burning 37 Million Tons ofcoal.

Around 1.8 billion tons of coking coal was locked in bycoal fire.

Enormous effort and thrust was made by thenationalized coal company and Government of India todeal with the fire.

MINE FIRE IN JHARIA COALFIELDS (JCF)

Strategy adopted:

Dozing and leveling the ground to fill-up surfacecracks and prevent air/oxygen to subsurface fires

Blanketing surface fires with sand to extinguish it

Cutting trenches around fire to prevent spreading

Removal of burning coal by open cast methodwherever possible by using remote controlequipment

The Present Status of JMF Ten mine fires have been successfully dealt-with. The locations with

blazing fire is now having green forest

The fire is now contained to an area of 8.9 sq. km. and only 1.4 billion tons

of coal is locked in

Master Plan has been prepared to deal with the fire effectively/completely

which includes inter-alia:

Rehabilitation and re-settlement of the entire population and township (Jharia, Kathras,

Karkend, etc.) effected by the coal fires to non coal bearing areas.

Re-alignment of Dhanbad Sindri, Dhanbad Chandrapura and Dhanbad - Gomoh

Railway Lines.

Re-location of coal sidings.

Construction of peripheral road (ring road) and diversion of all the public road to ring road

to avoid vehicular movement to the coal fires except for the purpose of m ining.

Mining of the entire coal of affected seams by the m ethod of open cast.


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The Chasnala Mine Disaster occurred on the evening of 27December 1975, and killed 372 miners in Dhanbad, India

Explosion and Flood

On 27 December 1975, an explosion rocked the Chasnala Colliery in Dhanbad,

India. The explosion was most likely caused by sparks from equipment ignitinga pocket of flammable methane gas. Even a small spark can ignite the surges ofgas that may suddenly fill a mine. Clouds of coal dust raised by the explosionand accompanying shock wave contribute to these sorts of mine explosions,making the flames self-sustaining.

The Chasnala Colliery explosion was so severe that the mine collapsed, andmillions of gallons of water from a nearby reservoir rushed into the pits at a rateof seven million gallons per minute. Those miners who werent killed in the blast

now found themselves trapped under debris, or drowned as the water quicklyfilled the mine. Rescue workers continued their efforts to dig out bodies andsurvivors until 19 January 1976. Sadly, there were no survivors, and most of thebodies were never recovered

Coal Mine Fire: Disaster Management

Most crucial factor while managing coal fire disaster in coal mine

would be using the right life saving equipment immediately &deploying rescue personnel within the least possible time. Minersworking underground should immediately wear escape apparatus(Filter Self Rescuer-FSR) & escape from deadly CO. For survivalman need at least 17% oxygen in the air inhaled. Not less than17% O2& not more than 1% CO.

To provide complete protection to miners self-contained self-rescuers should be provided at strategic locations. Thesestrategic points are know as Rescue Chambers.


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Rescue Chambers are:

Mobile chambers having charged O2 self-rescuers.

Established at strategic points underground.

Replacement of depleted self-rescuers, healthatmosphere, safe drinking water, telephoniccommunication & first-aid facilities.

A place of safety for trapped miners

After self-rescuer miner should know where to

proceed- escape routes (Kenda disaster)

Abide Mines Rescue Rules (MMR), 1985

Establish Fresh Air Base (FAB) provided with

Doctor, Rescue Trained Officers, Breathing

Apparatus & Accessories also stand by team

Disaster Management: Basic Needs

Preparedness- Preparedness plans, drill etc

Warning/Prediction Real time monitoring,prediction of spread & depth & pollution content

Relief- Delineation of affected areas, way to arrestthe spread of fire & provide support to affected

people.

Rehabilitation

Agencies involved in Coal FireManagement in India

Coal India Ltd

Indian Schools of Mines

Geological Survey of India

Indian Space Research Organisation Central Mining Research Stations


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Self-Contained Self-Rescuer (SCSR) is of two types

Compressed Oxygen Cylinder Type- O2 isprovided from cylinder & exhaled air is recirculatedafter cleaning the CO2 in the exhaled air by CO2absorbent placed within the self rescuer.

Chemical Type: Super potassium oxide is usedwhich continuously provide O2 for about 1 hr

Technologies adopted to reducenumber of accidents

Design of support system based on Rock MassRating (RMR) studies

Increased use of roof bolting

Introduction of modern large dia drills

Introduction of mass production technologies

De-watering of old workings

Control of Jharia and Raniganj Fires

Use of computerized continuous mineEnvironmental Tele-Monitoring System (ETMS)

coal mine fire mba dm

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