CO2 as a Fuel Feedstock

John L. McCormick

Energy Policy Center

“I do not come to bury CO2 ,

I come to prize it.”

Black line shows the annual figure

Red line shows the trend over the full 33 years

Blue lines show the varying rate of the trend over 10 year periods

Arctic Sea Ice Melt Record 1979-2008Arctic Sea Ice Melt Record 1979-2008

     

CO2 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT MAUNA LOA TO 2007 WITH PROJECTED INCREASE TO 2020 USING ANNUAL

GROWTH RATE OF 1.95 PPM/YR

 

310

330

350

370

390

410

430

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

CO

2 (P

PM

)

1970 – 1979: 1.3 ppm/y

1980 – 1989: 1.6 ppm/y

1990 – 1999: 1.5 ppm/y

2000 – 2007: 2.0 ppm/y

2007: 2.2 ppm/y

Year 2007 Atmospheric CO2 concentration: ≈ 383 ppm

37% above pre-industrial

Data Source: Pieter Tans and Thomas Conway, NOAA/ESRL

Atmospheric CO2 Concentration

15 LARGEST CO2 EMITTING STATES - 2007 DATA

STATE MWHR ACCUM. TOTAL TONS CO2 ACCUM. TOTAL

TX 321 x 106 321 x 106 262 x 106 262 x 106

OH 143 x 106 464 x 106 138 x 106 400 x 106

FL 162 x 106 626 x 106 134 x 106 535 x 106

IN 133 x 106 759 x 106 132 x 106 667 x 106

PA 133 x 106 992 x 106 123 x 106 790 x 106

IL 106 x 106 1.098 x 106 109 x 106 899 x 106

KY 96 x 106 1,194 x 106 102 x 106 1,001 x 106

GA 110 x 106 1,304 x 106 101 x 106 1,102 x 106

AL 106 x 106 1,410 x 106 95 x 106 1,197 x 106

WV 96 x 106 1,506 x 106 91 x 106 1,287 x 106

MO 82 x 106 1,588 x 106 80 x 106 1,367 x 106

MI 71 x 106 1,659 x 106 79 x 106 1,446 x 106

NC 71 x 106 1,730 x 106 78 x 106 1,524 x 106

AZ 84 x 106 1,814 x 106 66 x 106 1,590 x 106

TN 64 x 106 1,878 x 106 64 x 106 1,651 x 106

NAT. TOTAL 4.025 x 109 46% 2.5 x 109 66%

Volume of 15 States’ CO2

Liquid phase:

Liquid density (at -20 °C (or -4 °F) and 19.7 bar) : 1032 kg/m3

0.348 Cubic Miles

Gaseous phase:

Gas density (1.013 bar and 15 °C (59 °F)) : 1.87 kg/m3

192 Cubic Miles

COCO22 STATIONARY SOURCES (Metric Tons) STATIONARY SOURCES (Metric Tons)

Add A Dash Of Gas PipelinesAdd A Dash Of Gas Pipelines

COCO22 SEQUESTRATION SITES SEQUESTRATION SITES

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

MASSACHUSETTS ET AL. v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

No. 05–1120. Argued November 29, 2006—Decided April 2, 2007

“EPA does not dispute the existence of a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. At a minimum, therefore, EPA’s refusal to regulate such emissions “contributes” to Massachusetts’ injuries.”

“§202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles in the event that it forms a “judgment” that such emissions contribute to climate change. We have little trouble concluding that it does. “

“EPA has offered no reasoned explanation for its refusal to decide whether greenhouse gases cause or contribute to climate change. Its action was therefore “arbitrary, capricious, . . . or otherwise not in accordance with law.”

WORLD OIL PRODUCTION AND DEMAND 2004-2007

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

2004 2005 2006 2007

TOTAL WORLD OIL SUPPLY MMBPDTOTAL WORLD OIL DEMAND MMBPD

2004 2005 2006 2007

Oil Supply

OECD

United States 8.70 8.32 8.33 8.46

Other OECD 14.11 13.56 13.26 13.00

Total OECD 22.81 21.88 21.59 21.46

Non-OECD

OPEC 34.45 36.09 35.83 35.42

Former U.S.S.R. 11.34 11.77 12.15 12.60

Other Non-OECD 14.50 14.84 14.97 14.96

Total Non-OECD 60.29 62.70 62.96 62.98

Total World Supply 83.10 84.58 84.54 84.44

Petroleum (Oil) Demand

OECD

United States 20.73 20.80 20.69 20.68

Other OECD 28.70 29.03 28.89 28.46

Total OECD 49.44 49.83 49.57 49.14

Non-OECD

China 6.44 6.72 7.20 7.58

Former U.S.S.R. 4.04 4.07 4.21 4.28

Other Non-OECD 22.49 23.20 23.97 24.75

Total Non-OECD 32.97 33.99 35.37 36.60

Total World Demand 82.41 83.82 84.95 85.75

An Oxy-fired Coal Plant and FTS With H and O2

Supplied From HTR-driven Water Splitting

Candidate nuclear heat sources:Candidate nuclear heat sources: Advanced Light Water Reactors

- Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) - Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (APWR) - Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR)

Advanced Liquid-metal-Cooled Reactors - Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) - Pb/Pb-Bi Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)

Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors - Advanced Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (AGMHR)

- Pebble bed Modular Helium Reactor (PB HTGR) - Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) - Gas Fast Reactor (GFR)

Advanced High-Temp. Reactor (AHTR)

Reactor Technology Candidates for HReactor Technology Candidates for H2 2 ProductionProduction

Reactor Technology Toutlet (oC) ηth (%)

Super Critical Water Reactor 400 - 600 47 - 51

Advanced High Temp Reactor 750 - 1000 NE

Supercritical CO2 Cycle 650 - 750 38 - 45

Helium Gas Cooled Reactor 850 - 950 45 - 48

Advanced Light Water Reactor 285 - 320 32 - 34

Yildiz & Kazimi, MIT-NES-TR-001, Sept. 2003

Comparison of thermal-to-hydrogen efficiencies of Comparison of thermal-to-hydrogen efficiencies of HTSE and SI processes as a function of temperature HTSE and SI processes as a function of temperature

   

Yildiz & Kazimi, MIT-NES-TR-001, Sept. 2003

T outlet (oC)

Oxy-combustion SchemeOxy-combustion Scheme

Vattenfall’s 30 MW Oxy-combustion Test Facility at Vattenfall’s 30 MW Oxy-combustion Test Facility at the Schwarze Pumpe Power Plant in Germanythe Schwarze Pumpe Power Plant in Germany

REVERSE WATER GAS SHIFTREVERSE WATER GAS SHIFT

COCO2 2 + H+ H22 = CO + H = CO + H22OO

We know the chemistry.We know the chemistry.

At proposed throughput rate, mechanics At proposed throughput rate, mechanics and economics are unknown.and economics are unknown.

From Veld to FactoryFrom Veld to Factory

The location of Sasol’s huge new factory, Secunda

Sasol Synfuels complex, Units 2 & 3 – Secunda South Africa

2007 Production: approx. 160,000 bbl/day

Progress Energy’s Crystal River FL PlantProgress Energy’s Crystal River FL Plant2442 MW Coal; 890 MW Nuclear2442 MW Coal; 890 MW Nuclear

Unit 1: 440 MW Coal-fired (on line 1966)Unit 1: 440 MW Coal-fired (on line 1966)

Coal Gasification and FTS Reliant upon H2 Provided by HTR Driven HTSE or SI

     

“I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable.”  Jules Verne, The Mysterious Island (1874) 

Borrowing a note of Borrowing a note of commercial optimism:commercial optimism:

‘We can do it. You can help.’