cmpt771 introduction 1 introduction jiangchuan liu spring 2015 cmpt 771 internet architecture and...
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CMPT771 Introduction 1
Introduction
Jiangchuan LiuSpring 2015
CMPT 771 Internet Architecture and Protocols
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CMPT771 Introduction 2
CMPT 771 Internet Architecture and Protocols
Jiangchuan (JC) Liu Professor
School of Computing Science TASC9005
E-mail: [email protected]
Class Period and Venue: Mon/Wed/Fri 12:30-1:20pm AQ4150
Office Hours: 10:45-11:45am, Wed You can always send me email to ask questions or schedule
a meeting Course Web: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~jcliu/cmpt771
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CMPT771 Introduction 3
Q: What is Network?
Telephone network Dialup Local area network (e.g., home network) Internet Mobile phone …
Nodes -- Interconnected
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Motivation: Communication
Need some common interface to communicate network protocol
A->B: Hi B->A: Hi A->B: What time is it ? B->A: 1:00pm
What if no protocol… Woi kx ioa nio ? #@!>? … …
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An Example: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Scenario Email client: Outlook, TheBat, NetscapeMail … Email server: in Unix, Windows …
Messages from a client to a mail server HELO MAIL FROM: <email address> RCPT TO: <email address> DATA
<This is the text (mail body) end with a line with a single .>
QUIT Messages from a mail server to a client
status code– 1xx - Informative message– 2xx - Command ok– 3xx - Command ok so far, send the rest of it.– 4xx - Command was correct, but couldn't be performed for
some reason.– 5xx - Command unimplemented, or incorrect, or a serious
program error occurred. mail body
user mailbox
outgoing message queue
mailserver
useragent
useragent
useragent
mailserver
useragentuser
agent
mailserver
useragent
SMTP
SMTP
SMTP
POP3,IMAPSMTP
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CMPT771 Introduction 6
Why Internet ?
The most successful network Open Heterogeneous
• Interconnects different networks Simple network, complex end-terminals
• Computer based• End-to-end argument
How about other networks? Telephone Mobile phone Wireless LAN Cable TV
IP convergence…
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Questions (not a test) Briefly explain the “end-to-end” argument.
What’s the key difference between the Internet and telephone networks ?
What’s the difference between congestion control and flow control ?
What’s the difference between interior gateway routing and border gateway routing ?
What’s the basic functionality of UDP ?
Why cloud ?
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CMPT771 Introduction 8
A Brief History of the Internet
1957 USSR launches Sputnik, US formed Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) as a response 1968
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) was awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs) for ARPANET
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1969 ARPANET commissioned: 4 nodes, 50kbps
A Brief History of the Internet
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Initial Expansion of the ARPANET
Dec. 1969 March 1971July 1970
Apr. 1972 Sep. 1972
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Multiple Networks
1974: Initial design of TCP to connect multiple networks 1986: NSF builds NSFNET as backbone, links 6
supercomputer centers, 56 kbps; this allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities
1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts
WELCOME by Leonard Kleinrock …
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Web and Commercialization of the Internet
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net; World Wide Web released
1992: 1 million hosts Today: backbones run at 10Gbps, 100s millions
computers in 150 countries an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the
Internet
Internet history and Timeline http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
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Growth of the Internet in Terms of Number of Hosts (early time)
Number of Hosts on the Internet:
Aug. 1981 213Oct. 1984 1,024Dec. 1987 28,174 Oct. 1990 313,000 Jul. 1993 1,776,000Jul. 1996 19,540,000Jul. 2000 93,047,000Jul. 2002 162,128,493
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
19811984198719901993199619992002
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Growth of Internet Hosts *Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
Time Period
No
. of
Ho
sts
The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which timethere were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP.
Chart by William F. Slater, III
Sept. 1, 2002
Dot-Com Bust Begins
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
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Growth of Internet Hosts *Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
Time Period
No
. of
Ho
sts
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Backbone:National ISP
Local/RegionalISP
Local/RegionalISP
Internet Physical Infrastructure
Residential Access
Modem DSL Cable modem
Access to ISP, Backbone transmission T1/T3, OC-3, OC-12 ATM, SONET, WDM
Internet Service Providers Local/Regional/
National They exchange
packets at Point of Presence (POP)
Campus network access
Ethernet FDDI Wireless
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Local Access: ADSL
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Telephone company’s solution to “last mile problem”
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Local Access: Cable Modems
Fiber node: 500 - 1K homes Distribution hub: 20K - 40 K homes Regional headend: 200 K - 400 K homes
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AT&T
Telus
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ATT Global Backbone IP Network
From http://www.business.att.com
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Web and Commercialization of the Internet
http://research.lumeta.com/ches/map/
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Internet Pioneers
Vannevar Bush(APARNet)
Claude Shannon(Information theory)
Paul Baran(Packet switching)
Leonard Kleinrock(Pakcet switching)
Ted Nelson(Hypertext)
Lawrence Roberts(APARNet)
Vinton Cerf(TCP/IP)
Robert Kahn(TCP/IP)
Tim Berners-Lee(WWW)
Mark Andreesen(Mosaic/Netscape)
Microsoft, Google, BitTorrent, YouTube …
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Killer applications - Email
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Killer applications - FTP
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Killer applications – WWW 1990-
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
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Killer applications – P2P 2000-
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
Web2.0/Media streaming (Internet TV) YouTube, Pandora, Netflix, Hulu
E-commerce Ebay, Amazon, Craigslist, Groupon
Online game PS3, XBOX 360, Wii App
…
Social networking (2004-) Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp…
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
Cloud computing/Data center (2006-) Microsoft, Google, Amazon …
Total cost of building a large data center: $100 to $200 million Total cost of powering data center servers: about 0.6% of total electrical use within US
• 1.2% with additional costs of cooling and other usage • 14% annual growth in electrical use
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) report: • power consumption is on track to double by 2011 to more than 100 billion kWh, for a total energy bill of $7.4 billion
annually.
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
Green Internet Smart power grid
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
Mobile Internet iPhone/Android/Windows 8 End of PC ?
Pervasive/ubiquitous Anywhere, any time, any person, any device
1G/2G/3G/4G/5G …
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Killer applications- what’s next ? Wireless sensor networking
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Killer applications- what’s next ? Machine to Human Machine to Machine (M2M)
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Killer applications- what’s next ? Cyber Physical System (CPS)/Internet of Things (物联网 )
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
Crowdsourcing
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Killer applications- what’s next ?
Twitch TV (2011 -)• start from Justin.tv• thousands of live channels, particularly live gaming, from users of PCs, PS3/Xbox
… • 44+ million visitors per month, and• 4th largest source of US Internet traffic
Twitch Plays Pokémon (Feb 2014)• a crowdsourced attempt to play Pokémon Red • system translating chat commands into game controls• 6.5+ million total views (5 days)• 70K+ online viewers, 10%+ participating
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Technologies/Applications change fast, but
The fundamental design philosophy of data communication networks, in particular, the Internet, has no significant
change, nor will change in the near future
- dramatic change in the application/user level - slow change in the network access level - little change in the network core level (except for bandwidth
increase)
- difficulty in change ? - should not change ? - are we studying old stuff ? No. It’s the state-of-the-art and the (at least, near)
future Then what’s the “real” old stuff ?
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Internet Evolution
Architecture/Infrastructure Layers (ISO 7 layer, Internet 4 layer) : Cross layer State : stateless End-to-end : hop-by-hop Core : Edge Centralized : distributed Client/server : P2P -> Cloud Wired : wireless Static : mobile Throughput : energy …
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Internet Evolution cont’d
Application Killer application
• Telnet, FTP, email, WWW, P2P, UGC Video, Social networking, Cloud …
Media Byte – Text – Hypertext Audio (VoIP) Video (Live, on-demand) 3D Video Social media (hyper media)
Application/media driven design (top-down approach)
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Case study: Multimedia Networking
Key issue: Media Streaming: Media (audio/video) at source transmitted to client streaming: client playout
begins before all data has arrived
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Streaming Multimedia: What’s it ?C
um
ula
tive
data
streaming: at this time, client playing out early part of video, while server still sending laterpart of video
time
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MM Networking Applications
Fundamental characteristics:
Typically delay sensitive end-to-end delay delay jitter
But loss tolerant: infrequent losses cause minor glitches
Opposite to data, which are loss intolerant but delay tolerant.
Classes of MM applications:
1) Streaming stored audio and video (YouTube, GoogleVideo …)
2) Streaming live audio and video (IPTV, P2PTV)
3) Real-time interactive audio and video (Online game, distance learning)Jitter is the variability of packet delays within the same packet stream
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(1) Streaming Stored Multimedia
1. videorecorded
2. videosent
3. video received,played out at client
Cum
ula
tive
data
streaming: at this time, client playing out early part of video, while server still sending laterpart of video
networkdelay
time
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(1) Streaming Stored Multimedia: Interactivity
VCR-like functionality: client can pause, rewind, FF, push slider bar 10 sec initial delay OK 1-2 sec until command effect OK RTSP often used (more later)
timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for playout
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(2) Streaming Live Multimedia
Examples: Internet radio talk show Live sporting eventStreaming playback buffer playback can lag tens of seconds after
transmission still have timing constraintInteractivity fast forward impossible rewind, pause possible!
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(3) Interactive, Real-Time Multimedia
end-end delay requirements: audio: < 150 msec good, < 400 msec OK
• includes application-level (packetization) and network delays• higher delays noticeable, impair interactivity
session initialization how does callee advertise its IP address, port number, encoding
algorithms?
applications: IP telephony, video conference, distributed interactive worlds
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When media meet Internet …
Multimedia applications: network audio and video(“continuous media”)
network provides application with Quality-of-Service needed for application to function.
QoS
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Internet: Vehicle for Media Distribution
Heterogeneous network Protocols, routing, links, network technologies, end-hosts,
bandwidth, delay, etc Best effort service
Available BW is unknown and variable Loss rate and loss pattern are unknown and variable
Resources are shared TCP/IP is the dominating protocol stack
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Multimedia Over Today’s InternetTCP/UDP/IP: “best-effort service” no guarantees on delay, loss
But you said multimedia apps requiresthem to be effective!
?? ???
?
? ??
?
?
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The Reality
Rapid growth of multimedia streaming Popularity of the Web and the Internet High-bandwidth access (Cable, DSL, LAN)
High overhead imposed on the Internet Long, high-bandwidth streams Unfriendly to traditional TCP traffic
Poor and inconsistent quality of streams Small picture size Low frame rate Fluctuation in quality
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How should the Internet evolve to better support multimedia?
1. Laissez-faire no major changes more bandwidth when
needed
2. Integrated services philosophy:
Fundamental changes in Internet so that apps can reserve end-to-end bandwidth
3. Differentiated services philosophy:
Fewer changes to Internet infrastructure, yet provide 1st and 2nd class service.
What’s your opinion?
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Alternatively…
Media adaptation Can media (audio/video) adapt to network ? How to do ?
Network monitoring Adaptive coding …
Where to do ? Source Enroute …
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Architecture: Client-Server?
Limited scalability Single point of failure Limited & unstable quality Asynchronous access could be
inefficient Increasing network capacity doesn’t
solve these problems? Multicasting ?
Server
ClientClientClient
Internet
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New Distribution Architectures
Extending client-server architecture Proxy Caching Content Distribution Networks (CDN)
Replacing client-server architecture Peer-to-Peer Networks
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Proxy Caching for Streaming Media
Client
Client
Client
Client
Client
Server1Internet
Server2
Client
Client
Proxy
Proxy
ISP
Campus
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CDN for Streaming Media
Client
Client
Client
Client
Client
Server1Internet
Server2
Client
Client
Server1
Server1
ISP
Campus
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Peer-to-peer Streaming
Client
Client
Client
Client
Client
Server1Internet
Client
Client
ISP
Server2
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Social Media ?
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Cloud Media ?
PS4: November 15, 2013
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What will be covered in this course ?
Transport layer issues UDP/TCP protocol TCP fairness/TCP modeling/TCP friendly rate control ITU/IETF media streaming protocols
• H.323 video conferencing • Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP)/RTCP/RTSP, SAP/SDP
Digital media background Digitization Transform coding and entropy coding Motion estimation and compensation Video/audio standards MPEG-1,2,4,7, H.261/263/264, JPEG, MP3
Network layer issues Current and next-generation Internet Best-effort model Integrated Service (IntServ) model: RSVP Differential Service (DiffServ) model Multicasting: routing and scalable video multicast
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What will be covered in this course ?
Application layer issues Proxy caching Peer-to-peer networks
Wireless Basics Wireless basics TDMA/FDMA/CDMA From 1G to 4G wireless networks Media over wireless
Advanced topics Wireless mesh/sensor networking Data center/Cloud/Social networking
Research in the general networking area How to select a topic ? Important journals/conferences
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Class Information
Class structure Lectures (midterm exam) Paper presentation and summary (survey) Project
Goals: To become familiar with fundamental and advanced
issues, design and evaluation methodologies of Internet architecture and protocols
To evaluate previous work and identify interesting open research problems in this area
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Grading Scheme
Course participation 25%
Midterm 30%
Survey, presentation/Summary/Project 45%
Most important: what you have learnt in this course?
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Grading Scheme
Course participation 25%
Midterm 30%
Survey, presentation/Summary/Project 45%
Plagiarism is absolutely unacceptable !
Violators will have FD score (failed for academic dishonesty) !
A simple rule: Every single sentence in your report/homework must be written by yourself !Check: www.sfu.ca/students/academicintegrity/resources/academichonestyguide.html