cmi - speciation, natural selection, migration, homology embryology

7/24/2019 CMI - Speciation, Natural selection, Migration, Homology Embryology

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SPECIATION

Variation, information and the created kind ... 4

Refuting EvolutionChapter 2 7

Refuting Evolution 2Chapter 4 . 9

Ligers and wholphins? hat ne!t? "4

#peed$ species s%rprise .. "&

'at $o%r (r%ssels spro%ts) "*

+- / C0'-1/1#-# 3' ( 5C0'-' 61#

5arade of 3%tants8edigree ogs and rtificial #election 2

-he %stralian dingoa wolf in dog8s clothing ...22

:enke$, ;onke$, ;e

5ast mo%se e=ol%tion8 claims .2&

0es%rrecting a 5prehistoric8 horse ...27

+# C0'-1/1#- 0'#'0C+ /@ #'C11C 'A3L'# / 13L# -+- 0' 1 -+' #3' (031

*

-he 1sland r%lerecipe for e=ol%tion or e!tinction? . . &

3olec%lar limits to nat%ral =ariation .. &"

GalHpagos with a=id tten


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lants and animals aro%nd the world "> Genetics and geographical distri4

+/ /'# -@0L #'L'C-1/ 1- 1-/ C0'-1/1#-# 01G3

at%ral selection N e=ol%tion .">>

arwin8s finches ">&

/'# 1- -6' L/G '01/# / -13' /0 -@0L #'L'C-1/ -/ /CC@0' (risk 9 0apid tomcod 5e=ol%tion


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3ammalDlike reptilesF maQor trait re=ersals and discontin%ities . "9* alking whales, nested hierarchies, and chimerasF do the$ e!ist? ..24

0' '0L '3(0/# V'0 #131L0?/ -+' 0'C1--@L-' 'V/L@-1/0 +1#-/0?

-he 5fish gills8 girl ...29

'=angelist for e=ol%tion and apostle of deceit ...29

fish$ stor$ .2""

-he h%man %m


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an$ e=ol%tion at all. ($ sa$ing 5we accept micro


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/( M#tation#ince m%tations are


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-ake a h$pothetical created kind tr%l$ a


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inherits half its genetic information from its mother, and half from its father. #o there are two genes at a gi=en position B locus,pl%ral loci coding for a partic%lar characteristic. n organism can


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respecti=el$.4 large pop%lation as a whole is less likel$ to lose esta


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dogRwolf kind.3an$


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ho%se mice on 3adeira.&nother good e!ample is a new 5species8 of mos%ito that can8t inter-h%s, science welcomes the possi


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with new genetic infor!#tion. /nce again, 5e=ol%tion8 is a =ac%o%s catchDall term, with an$ change in pop%lation n%m


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wo%ld slow ner=e imp%lses, making the snake8s m%scle mo=ement slower.#o either of these wo%ld


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Patho0n% and $o#n0 a0 mod)-he phenomenon descri


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:onke$s res%lt from a cross kg B"," l mph.

Lions and tigers


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Col%


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0yDavid Catchpoole#n1Carl Wieland

0esearchers in -rinidad relocated g%ppies B7oecili# reticul#t# from awaterfall pool teeming with predators to pre=io%sl$ g%pp$Dfree pools a


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these s%


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-hese plants thC (C, likel$ earlier Closest to the original, or 5wild8, ca


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Dan0r% for farmr%-he a


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'arl$ dog


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-he dangers of in


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0yDavid Catchpoole

+ere8s an animal that s%re co%ld %se an 5image makeDo=er8and p%


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prominentl$ in


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1n meatDpoor so%thDeast sia, =illage dingoes predominantl$ make do with food scraps of cooked rice and =egeta


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Comparati=e genome maps


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had to di=ersif$, e=en speciate, fairl$ %ickl$ afterwards Bdog kind into wol=es, dingoes, co$otes, etc. another kind intohorses, ;e


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-arpans and -arpanDst$le horses-r%e -arpans are e!tinct wild horses that seem to ha=e li=ed principall$ in 'astern '%rope, some on the steppes, some inscr%


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precio%s little


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Conse%entl$, 1 can assign 72W of the oaceae to one h$


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Idntifi!ation of %&!i% 3ithin th %h&90oat "ind T%oan mono-aramin0yJean +. !ightner

nimals were created according to their kind with the a


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3arkhor B;$ f#lconeri, est Ca%casian or 6%r


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colo%r pattern and densit$ of the hair coat.-here is considera and "". -hese differences are attri


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e!pression of em


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Ta-) '(List of canid species andtheir normal diploid B2n n%m


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Maor hi%to!om&ati-i)it$ !om&); 0n%-he maQor histocompati


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and g%stator$ Btaste receptors has occ%rred nearl$ " times faster than in the closel$ related species 8$ si!ul#ns. orthose genes which remained intact, 8$ sechelli#appears to ha=e fi!ed nonDs$non$mo%s s%


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that there is a large sparrowDfinch mono


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mono


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E"9 EMBERI@IDAESporophil# c#erulescenso%


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of s%ch mechanisms


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generating the new genetic information re%ired. '=ol%tion from micro


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which has redDorange and $ellowDwhite stripes on its wings. -he$ did this, the article said,


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a%thors concl%ded that '(s were not random and show e=idence of re%se. -heir reconstr%ction of a p%tati=e ancestrale%therian genome


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toda$ still remain


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it co%ld


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in the past chose to %se the word 5cat8 and we contin%e to %se it


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%se to the em


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1i0#r '(-he late #tephen Ma$ Go%ld %sed #cilla8s coral as an icon to ill%stratethe str%ct%re of arwinian theor$. -he tr%nk represents nat%ral selection.1n art 1of this article 1 pointed o%t that information is con=entionall$ treated as a oneDdimensional st#tistic#l entit$,


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impro


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-heoretical (iolog$."9(ar


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1i0#r '(-he crossDspecies clone of a $o%ng ga%r


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comple! entit$ Ba cell is act%all$ more like a cit$ than a


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B


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alga ;hl#!y1o!on#s, de=elopment is =er$


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of it. -he e=idence is there for those who want to see it. or e!ample, #tephen Ma$ Go%ld said at the end of his disting%ishedcareer in paleontolog$,5 the central fact of the fossil record SisT geologicall$ a


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inherited a longDhair gene from one parent and a shortDhair gene from the other parent. 0es%ltF medi%mDlength hair BQ%st likethe mother and father.-he dog at the far right has inherited its mother8s longDhair gene and its father8s longDhair gene.0es%ltF long hair. cas%al o


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of informationDgaining m%tations, an uphillprocess,


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#hrew-he same can


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ancestral species =ia nat%ral selection of nat%ral =ariation. -wo main points contri


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hile there is enormo%s potential for =ariation


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that were not directl$ essential. -he a%thor concl%ded that 5there has pro


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1i0#r K(anicle =ariations within %stralian speciesof 7uccinelli#. -he contracted panicle with a =ariet$ of


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plants for repressing growth


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in=ol=e sorting andRor loss of e!isting gene information. +ence the$ do nots%pport arwinian Bi.e. micro


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nonDfinches. lso, an "*D$ear st%d$


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tten


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'arth /


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=ariations in the speed of these processes. 1n an en=ironment e!posed to famine, nat%ral selection wo%ld select theindi=id%als that had greater rates of


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are ne=er remo=ed. -he e$e of a da$lightDdwelling salamander is like the earth, hit


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affecting coloration are in=ol=ed in pigment prod%ction or de=elopment Bi.e. reg%lating the de=elopment and migration ofpigment cells d%ring em


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the '%ropean wild


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"2 m%tations affecting pigmentation in mice show %n%s%al phenot$pic insta


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resistance to adopting the c%rrent model of %rine concentration


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two microscopic lim


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properties


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Loo& of Hn)2 -he mammalian nephron loop, named after its first descri


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e wo%ld also e!pect most species to ha=e onl$ one reprod%cti=e mode


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classified in the same gen%s Bor sometimes not e=en the same famil$. -he most important diagnostic differences 3ore recentresearch has reclassified these animals into ten different generaand at least three families, of which man$ are not s%pposed to

ha=e an$thing to do with the horse series


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Thr !om&)t)$ diffrnt anima)%-he animals that ha=e


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interpretations.1n the case of the horse, it co%ld


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and 4* are fo%nd in indi=id%als carr$ing one or two copies respecti=el$ of this f%sion. h$logenomic anal$sis s%ggests that*2 ma$ ha=e


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indels sho%ld


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%rthermore, Merr$ Co$ne remains %ncon=inced that changes in genetic switches are the ke$ to e=ol%tionF Ithe e=idence forthis critical h$pothesis, howe=er, rests more on inference than on o


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switches.#cientific literat%re is c%rrentl$ drowning in information a


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53ost e=ol%tionar$ change in the meta;oa Sm%ltiDcelled animalsT since the Cam


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1i0#r +(Gene switches aree!tremel$ comple! de=ices,compara


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and negati=e kind, m%ltiDo%tp%t Ls that reg%late n%mero%s genes sim%ltaneo%sl$, singleDinp%t mod%les, and denseo=erlapping reg%lons that can reg%late one or h%ndreds of o%tp%t genes, and the$ can ha=e one or h%ndreds of inp%ts from=ario%s so%rces.Switches associated with develop#ento=er the lifetime of the organism. -hese incl%deF positi=efeed


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t a later stage, if there are no longer an$ instr%ctions from the mother, and the cell8s speciali;ed li=er circ%it is / and all itsneighand more or less of the calci%m reg%latorproteinc#l!o1ulinprod%ces long or short


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Let8s stand


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#ometimes genes can


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31G0-1/Mi0ration aftr th 1)ood

+ow did plants and animals spread aro%nd the world so %ickl$?0yDo#inic Statha#

%


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don8t find an$ of these. 1nstead, we find raccoons, Qag%ars, armadillos and oposs%ms. hen we go to %stralia we findmars%pials like kangaroos. B#ee here. '=ol%tionists claim that the reason we find these different animals on these differentcontinents is that the$ e=ol=ed in the different parts of the world. #o, the$ sa$, gorillas are fo%nd in frica and not merica,


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N3 8or)d mon"$%e find monke$s in #o%th merica, frica and sia. or e!ample, we find the #pider 3onke$ in #o%th merica, the /li=e(a


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-e!t


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man$ different plants are confined to the same distinct and often small regions Bsee fig%re 4


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1i0#r(9reo0olus trackBfrom the (%ffalo3%se%m of #cienceew ork, @#.3orerecentl$, the rafting ideahas


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-he h%man race spread o%t o=er the wholeof the earth.E"0emarka


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+ow did animals make the long Qo%rne$ from the rarat region? '=entho%gh there ha=e


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#ome pro


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washed %p on one of the island8s eastern


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oceans. -his is s%ch a consistent pattern that migration and transportation seems a m%ch million $ears ago. +owe=er, a recent disco=er$ of what appears to


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ear Creation.com,1 am impressed and pleased for $o%r le=el of de=otion to this we1t is possi


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3$ other iss%e is that of $o%r answer to genetic hierarchies. irstl$, if it neither pro=es nor dispro=es e=ol%tion, it cannot


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#o in s%mmar$, creationism is =alid Bin m$ opinion,


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generation to generation. -here are man$ wa$s that all sorts of organisms can get into partic%lar locations where the$ are%ni%el$ fo%nd. /nce there, the$ find a 5niche8 for themsel=es and are a


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were


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-he formation of new species act%all$ fits the creation model =er$ comforta


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-he #acred Lot%s Beastern sia and ellow Lot%s Beastern orth merica are classified as two different species, Nelu!0onucifer#and Nelu!0o lute# Bfig. >.&+owe=er, their h$


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NATURAL SELECTIONRefuting Evolution

hand


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is isolated, e.g.,


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o


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a


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those from a =er$ different en=ironment. SS6*2Y*ETone of this is news to informed creationists. /nce again, there is nonew information,


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co%rse ha=e serio%s conse%ences. (%t the newts were also dri=ing the 5e=ol%tion8 of the snakesthe$ also had =ario%sdegrees of resistance to the newt to!in. re these concl%sions correct? es, it is pro


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information was #lre#1y present, and 1 pre=io%sl$ e!plained how a loss of information co%ld confer resistance. #ometimesY7,


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Ada&tation1n s%ch a wa$, creat%res can


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has


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8#rwin presente1 co!pelling evi1ence for evolution in /n the /rigin #n1 since his ti!e the c#se h#s 0eco!eoverwhel!ing$/ften those who declare the e=idence to


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,e ten1 to #ssu!e th#t #ll ch#r#cteristics of pl#nts #n1 #ni!#ls #re #1#pt#tions th#t h#ve #risen through n#tur#l selection$#ny #re neither #1#pt#tions nor the result of selection #t #ll$-he 2Dnanometer motor Bheight, - s$nthase Bone nanometer is one tho%sandDmillionth of a metre. -hese rotar$ motorsin the mem


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1f the$ ha=e another f%nction, then it is compati


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-he act%al evi1encesa$s the opposite. 3ost m%tations ha=e a small effect, so are imm%ne from selection press%re. ndgenetic drift can often eliminate 0enefici#lm%tations.#ee diagram Bright from r #anford8s


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reg%lation of s%pposedl$ d%plicated gene cl%sters and gene families is irred%ci


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However when the environ!ent ch#nges such loss of function c#n !#)e # 0ig 1ifference #s one pri!#te 1iscovere1 onlong se# voy#ges$-his ma$ well


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-he rainforest fl$ 8rosophil# 0irchiilikes li=ing in, not s%rprisingl$, rainforests, where the air is h%mid and e=er$thing is niceand moist.(%t %stralia 8s pockets of tropical rainforest are

#o, what we ha=e here is not e=ol%tion, Q%st nat%ral selection. &,7ot a creati=e, limitless process,


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Dfinin0 trm%'=ol%tionist r Mohn 'ndler8s refreshing clarit$ a the colo%rf%l fish now named 'ndler8s g%pp$,or 'ndler8s li=e


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to properl$ st%d$ and doc%ment it. -he li=e specimens ofoecilia wingei that 'ndler collected himself were the firste!amples of this fish to make it to the a%ari%m trade.I-h%s nat%ral selection ma$ affect the patterns of the originsof !om-ination%of traits, e=en tho%gh it 3i)) not ;&)ain th m!hani%m% of thir ori0in%( -his was tangentiall$disc%ssed 9,2E


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5microe=ol%tion8,


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A r*i3 of enetic Entrop" : %he M"ster" of the eno#e-$ ohn C( Sanford,1=an ress, Lima, ew ork, 2>


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0ed%ctionist, materialistic thinking pre=ents more effecti=e reasoning constr%cts from


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semester Bwhether the$ recei=ed the


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a gene or n%cleotide, instead of whole organisms with all the contradictor$ infl%encing factors Bp. >2.5or the most part,other


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#ome of the widerDranging seeds coloni;e the islandBshortDranging seeds can8t easil$ reach it

3ost of the seeds on the island are now of the shortDrange t$pe,creating the apparent B


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grown, incl%ding some which co%ld resist potato


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Ban"in0 on 0n%1n recognition of the pro


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predators, the re=erse happenedF fine gra=el promoted larger spots and coarse gra=el smaller. gain, this makes sensethe less camo%flaged males stand o%t


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f%nctional molec%lar architect%re and machiner$,a mod%lar reg%lator$ s$stem that maintains cell%lar f%nction


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#peciesDle=el =ariation in the %stralian salt grassPuccinellia#alt grasses of the gen%s 7uccinelli#are distri


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floret. Condition has lost the lower gl%me. -he series ', , G and + ill%strate the same pattern of retrogression


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contradictor$th%s the remaining 5m$ster$8.0ecent disco=eries of fossil flowers show that angiosperms were alread$ welldi=ersified when the$ first appeared in the fossil record. -he 5anthoph$te theor$8 of origin, the dominant concept of the "9*sand "99s, has


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resistance. (%t here too, the information #lre#1y e3iste1, so this is note=ol%tion.Information9)o%in0 m#tation%can conferresistance. #%ch m%tations are often harmf%l in an 5ordinar$8 en=ironment witho%t anti


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ut#tions #re # f#ct of lifegreed. 1n this fallen world, s%ch genetic cop$ing mistake are e!actl$ thatmistakes. hat do we o


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this shows %s a comple! informationDtransfer and constr%ction s$stem Bthe machiner$


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'=ol%tion is


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2. -here are man$ instances in which germs


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widespread prior to the introd%ction of /s.9-h%s, the de=elopment of resistant "$ cuprin#pop%lations appears to


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Q%st


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8hat ha&&nd 3ith th !o34% %#&r-#0%71n this case of the cow, if one were to ass%me that the farmer8s 5treatment8 act%all$ ca%sed the c%re Band 18ll ret%rn to that%estion shortl$, one co%ld rightl$ sa$ that it wo%ld not ha=e


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means certain. B-he fact that the rec%rrent infection a few da$s later seems to ha=e


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Bnot Q%st =ir%ses to infect. -hese incl%de its a


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1f an ill%sionist asks $o% to select a card from a pack, and s%rprises $o% with something new, $o% know it is an ill%sion, asleight of hand. e need to learn to see the e=ol%tionists8 sleight of hand when the$ claim to ha=e p%lled something 5new8o%t of the pack. #election is alwa$s from a preDe!isting series or range it creates nothing new.-his ill%stration appliese%all$ to 5selection8 in the


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place in a few cent%ries. 1t doesnt need millions of $ears. -he arg%ment is strengthened


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ed%cated e=ol%tionists ha=e not graspedthis simple point? +ow can the$ keepres%rrecting the same strawDman B5an$inherited change d%e to selection pro=esthat the $o%ng age model is wrong,arwin was rightparticles did


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approaching the answer to the m$ster$ of the origin of species. erhaps the o


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s%rprise to read that onl$ I>W of the fish in the near


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arrow stem in the


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shown in ig%re 4. 'ach


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BE-his e%ation can


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peacock s%ch as the n%m


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|m. +owe=er, keratin can


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Good-$, &&&rd moth% classic e=ol%tionar$ stor$ comes %nst%ck


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3assach%setts8 -heodore #argent, are less forgi=ing, pointing o%t that the sit%ation was totall$ artificial. -he


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proced%res were s%


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0y!es E"#n1Don attenS#mmar$1n his


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the pro


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the$ inherited them from a common ancestor that had e$es. #imilarl$, the legs of these animals are 5homologo%s str%ct%res8


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#o what are we to make of all the similarities? h$ do so man$ animals ha=e two e$es, two ears, a heart, l%ngs etc? h$are the forelim


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E*idn! for *o)#tion7'=ol%tionists sa$ that similarities %ndenia


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Refuting Evolution 2Chapter &6 se


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. pes and h%mans are


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with the same se=en, m%ch larger, neck


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conferring a s%r=i=al ad=antage.#ome e!amples in h%mans are as followsFttached earlo


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de=elopment of new organs, or those in the process of e=ol=ing, wo%ld


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1n another e!ample, the gene that controls mo%se e$e colo%r also happens to control the mo%ses ph$sical si;e


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appeared, it has


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@ntil this st%d$, scientists considered


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-he n%m


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I3%tation is random in two senses. irst we cannot predict which of a large n%m


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-he nonDrandom nat%re of m%tations in mitochondrial can >>


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stress. #%rprisingl$, howe=er, radioacti=it$ has now


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1n the =ario%s reports and commentar$ spawned


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for the e$es of e!isting species are o


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white =ision."2,"*%t another wa$, chickens, h%mans and mice all ha=e the rhodopsin pigment mice in addition ha=e


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Ta-) +(Land and ilsson8s widel$ %sed classification s$stem of e$e designs. /ther s$stems are also %sed toda$, ill%stratingthe pro


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similarities that e!ist are d%e to pres%med e=ol%tionar$ con=ergence.2&1n essence, 5we don8t know how it co%ld possi


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Con!)#%ion%ennett wrote that the e$e lens is 5e!%isitel$ wellDdesigned to do its Qo


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ph$logeniesRlineages into disarra$.-his fate seems recentl$ to ha=e o=ertaken the relationship


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for the m%scles in=ol=ed in lateral %nd%lation of the


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Mo%ai! rathr than tran%itiona)3an$ of the alleged transitional forms do not ha=e str%ct%res in transition from one form to another. 0ather, the allegedtransitional nat%re is a com


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B


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2 ad=anced pel$cosa%rs 'daphosa%ridae

E primiti=e sphenacodont +aptod% "

4 o=erall sphenacodont #phenacodontidae E

> primiti=e therapsids (iarmos%chia 29

& primiti=e therapsids nteosa%ridae E2

7 primiti=e therapsids 'stemmenos%chidae E2

* =aried therapsids nomodonti EE

9 primiti=e therapsids Gorgonopsidae 4E

" ad=anced therapsids -herocephalia >2

"" primiti=e c$nodont =inia *

"2 primiti=e c$nodont roc$nos%ch%s *"

"E medial c$nodont Galesa%ridae *>

"4 =aried c$nodont -hrina!odon *7

"> ad=anced c$nodonts C$nognathia *2

"& ad=anced c$nodont ro-he 1 n%m


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"2 primiti=e c$nodont roc$nos%ch%s "

"4 =aried c$nodont -hrina!odon > E

"7 ad=anced c$nodont ro "E

Ta-) +. 3ammalness inde! for mammalDlike reptiles calc%lated from %adrate skeletal characters from L%o andCrompton."91 n%m* >4

22 mammal #inoconodon " "4

2E mammal +aldanodon "E" "2

24 mammal -riconodontidae "E9 "E"

2> mammal innetheri%m "E4 "2&

2& mammal 3organ%codon "E2 "2*

27 mammal 3ega;ostrodon ""7 "22

Ta-) . 3ammalness inde! for mammalDlike reptiles calc%lated from dental and cranial characters from L%o. "1 n%m


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stark contrast, no fewer than 77 of the "&> showed re=ersals of character. 2&-his is not an isolated instance. s noted earlier,9 of the "4 %adrate characters %sed


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BE4 and >4. rom there, another great g%lf m%st 4 with the earliest mammals B"4Y"E".-h%s, the gapsare as large, or larger, than the range of soDcalled mammalian traits act%all$ present.-his makes it diffic%lt to maintain that e=en a cr%del$, e=erDmoreDmammalian, %asiDlineage e!ists among the mammalDlike reptiles. %rthermore, the re=ersing traits aremore common than the gapDfilled progressi=e traits. 1t is diffic%lt to escape theconcl%sion that the e=ol%tionisticDconstr%cted pel$cosa%rDtherapsidDmammal chain islittle more than a motle$ gro%p of e!tinct creat%res cr%del$ co


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e!tinct#!phi0i#ngro%p as the transitions Bor stratomorphic intermediates leading %p to mammals. Cladograms wo%ld


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1i0#r +( generali;edpedigree of s%pposed whalee=ol%tion. hile not strictl$indicati=e of inferred ancestorDdescendant relationships, eachof the fossil organisms iss%pposed to


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1i0#r ( mock cladogram of wheeled=ehicles, showing 5transitional8 changes leadingto the 5e=ol%tionar$8 emergence of "*Dwheeledtr%cks. @sing this as an analog$,


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of =iew, organisms sit%ated at the point of trait re=ersal are chimeras consisting of 5primiti=e8 and 5deri=ed8 feat%res, and the$will not fit an$ nested hierarch$.1n spite of the pro


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anal$sis>9has demonstrated that the respecti=e dental comple!es of meson$chids and cetaceans stand o%t in %niting thetwo gro%ps into a clade. -his is s%pported


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own interesting anecdotes on this topic. 0ecentl$ in erth, estern %stralia, a middleDaged lad$ approached me and said,5+i, 18m Carol. 18d like $o% to meet o%r li=ing fossil. +ere she iso%r da%ghter, Leanne. li=ing fish fossil.8Carol and es (%rgess, with da%ghter Leanneand not a fossil, nor fish, in sight.#eeing m$


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'=er$thing a


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still in its fish stage so $o% are Q%st c%tting %p a fish8 is %sed to this da$


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head and neck region, str%ct%res which ha=e nothing to do with gills in either form or f%nction.-hese str%ct%res incl%dese=eral which contain cartilage Bs%ch as the =oiceD


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Merr$ (ergman and George +owe,D?estigi#l 9rg#ns 6re *ully *unction#l, Creation 0esearch #ociet$ (ooks "99.ndrew Lam9Y"929, whowas rofessor of :oolog$, natom$ and Comparati=e h$siolog$ at 3ontpelier @ni=ersit$, so%thern rance, arg%edFI'=entho%gh the teeth in the whale do not pierce the g%ms and f%nction as teeth, the$ do f%nction and act%all$ pla$ a role in theformation of the Qaws to which the$ f%rnish apoint 1#puion which the 7, a prominent (ritish creationist who strongl$ ref%ted e=ol%tionar$ arg%ments aro%nd 2, s%pported Vialleton8sarg%ment in se=eral wa$sFthe em


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mesoderm co=ering the wall of the %m

cmi - speciation, natural selection, migration, homology embryology

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