cmc/cc a paradigms for interaction
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CMC/CC A Paradigms for Interaction. Master IK, CIW, MMI L.M. Bosveld-de Smet Hoorcollege 3; ma. 18 sept. 2006; 16.00-18.00. Paradigms for designing usable interactive systems. Primary objective of interactive system: Allow user to achieve particular goals in some application domain - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CMC/CC AParadigms for Interaction
Master IK, CIW, MMIL.M. Bosveld-de SmetHoorcollege 3; ma. 18 sept. 2006; 16.00-18.00
Paradigms for designing usable interactive systems
Primary objective of interactive system: Allow user to achieve particular goals in some application
domain Two open questions for designers:
How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?
How can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?
Succesful interactive systems Enhance usability Serve as paradigms
15 paradigms
Principal historical advances in interaction designs since mainframe technology
1.Time-sharing systems
1960s: explosion of growth in computing power
Licklider (ARPA) Truly interactive exchange between
programmer and computer Real human-computer interaction
Time-sharing system
2. Video Display Units (1) Mid 1950s: SAGE project (US Air Force)
Video Display Units (2)
1962: Ivan Sutherland, Sketchpad Computer can do more
than merely data processing
Contribution of one creative mind
3. Programming Toolkits
1960s: Douglas Engelbart ‘augmenting man’s
intellect’ NLS: oNLineSystem Pioneering computer
system: mouse, graphical display, writing machine
4. Personal Computing
1970s: emergence of computing power aimed at the masses
Using the computer becomes available to any one Seymour Papert: LOGO Mid 1970s: Alan Kay (PARC): Smalltalk
LOGO programming language
forward 50 right 90 forward 50 right 90
forward 50 right 90 forward 50 right 90
Typical Smalltalk display
5. Window Systemsand WIMP interface
6. Metaphor
Spreadsheet metaphor Ex. travel planning
assistent
7. Direct Manipulation (1)
1982: Shneiderman Graphics-based interactive systems Attractive features:
Visibility of objects of interest Incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback on
all actions Reversibility of all actions (exploration is not punished) Syntactic correctness of all actions (every user action is
legal) Replacement of complex command languages with
actions to manipulate directly visible objects
Direct Manipulation (2)
1984: Macintosh PC by Apple Computer, Inc. Ed Hutchins, Jim Hollan, Donald Norman:
model-world metaphor No intermediary between user and world of
interest Direct engagement The interface is the system
Widgets are interaction objects WYSIWYG paradigm is related to DM
paradigm
8. Language paradigm
Advantageous for generic and repeatable procedures
2 interpretations: Interface need not perform much translation Interface is an agent
Action and language paradigms: programming by example
9. Hypertext
1945: Vannevar Bush: ‘As We May Think’ MEMEX Random associative links between pieces of
knowledge Mid 1960s: Ted Nelson: Xanadu
Worldwide publishing and IR system Non-linear and associative linking schemes
10. Multimodality
11. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (1)
1960s: first computer networks Reconnection to workstations
in immediate working environment Throughout the world
CSCW systems allow interaction between humans via the computer Ex. Electronic mail
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (2)
12. World Wide Web
Built on top of internet Predominantly graphical interface to
information 1989: Tim Berners-Lee Free access to information and virtual social
environment
13. Agent-based interfaces
Aspects of both actions and language paradigm Email agents Web crawlers
Agents act on user’s behalf Agent acts within world user could also act
upon
14. Ubiquitous Computing
Late 1980s: Mark Weiser Moving human-computer interaction away from
the desktop Think of computing technology in different sizes
Pocket-sized electronic bible Stanford Interactive mural
Electronic bible
Interactive Mural
15. Sensor-based and Context-aware interaction
Interaction gets implicit nature There is no conscious interaction anymore