Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Closing the phosphate cycle locally

within a Dutch and European context Kimo van Dijk - European Sustainable Phosphorous Platform

kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

Nutrient cycling in the biosphere

Biosphere 2 project

Phosphorus (P) cycle

Short movie: The Phosphorus Challenge

Phosphorus is essential for worldwide food security

www.phosphorusplatform.eu/links-and-resources/p-facts

Link to the short movie: http://youtu.be/Y17HqUsaoj8

The phosphorus challenges

Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:

Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-

Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.

Non-renewable at human time scale

Spatially concentrated: geopolitical

dependency and tension

Relatively low price, but price

volatility (2008 case)

Lower P-rock quality:

● Decreasing P content

● Increasing impurities (e.g.

cadmium, uranium)

Pollution and eutrophication

Reducing energy demand (nitrogen)

Availability of macro & micronutrients

Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:

Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.

AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het

voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.

A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity

R/P ratio = reserve / production

Nutrient challenges in Europe

Phosphorus use in the EU-27

Detergent,

wood, paper

& fibres

Crops, fish,

food products &

mineral additives

Animal feed,

mineral additives

& live animals

Mineral fertiliser,

seeds & pesticides

Solid & liquid

organic waste

Organic waste

Wood, paper &

fibres

Slaughter

residues, solid &

liquid waste

Crops &

food products

Manure losses

Live animals

Leaching & runoff

Seeding materials

Input 2392

Output 1468

Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year

Van Dijk et al. (2016)

Per ha phosphorus use EU-27 vs NL

Van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O.

Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States

Sci Total Environ 2016.

DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048

Flows & stocks in:

kg P / hectare agricultural land /year

Nutrient hotspots in Europe

Annual regional agricultural P balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15

Source: Grizzetti

& Aloe, 2007

Agricultural P balances per country for

2005 & period 1905-2005

Van Dijk et al. (submitted) Van Dijk et al. (2016)

128 Mtons P accumulated

in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

Nutrient challenges in the Netherlands

Phosphorus flows in NL for 2011

IMPORT

110.5 ± 4.0 EXPORT

69.0 ± 4.0

SURPLUS

41.6 ± 3.9

Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in the food production, processing and

consumption system of the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2

Gg P per year

Phosphorus balance & losses in NL in 2011

Import Export Net balance

Fertilizer 7 +7

Feed 67.1 +67.1

Food 32.9 49.2 -16.3

Non-food 3.4 1.3 +2.1

Animals 0.2 +0.2

Manure 16 -16

Waste 2.4 -2.4

TOTAL 110.6 68.9 41.7

Potential losses Gg P/year

Sequestered 23.2

Accumulation soils 11.8

Emissions to water 6.6

TOTAL 41.6 Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in

the food production, processing and consumption system of

the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2

Average phosphate surplus in Dutch

agriculture 1880-2010

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

Su

rplu

s,

kg

P2O

5/h

a

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000C

um

ula

tive s

urp

lus, k

g P

2 O5 /h

a

AnnualCumulative

Target2015

1 kg P = 2.29 kg P2O5 Ehlert et al., 2011

Animal feed P origin in EU-27

Source: Miterra-Europe model, CAPRI &

FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Do

me

stic

fo

od

P s

up

ply

[k

g/c

a/y

ea

r] Animal

Plant

Domestic food P supply & intake in EU-27

Domestic food P supply necessary to fullfill human dietary P intake requirements at consumption level

Van Dijk et al. (submitted)

Minimum P intake requirement

Mean EU P intake

Maximum P intake level

Reuse of organic waste in EU-27

Based on Barth et al. 2008

Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010

Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu;

based on Eurostat 2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 &

Destatis 2011

Nutrient challenges in a city: Rotterdam

Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk

(2013). Urban farming in

Rotterdam: an opportunity for

sustainable phosphorus

management. MSc thesis,

Wageningen University

http://kimovandijk.weebly.co

m/rotterdam

Phosphorus (P) flows in

Rotterdam city in 2011

related to

households

(HH, yellow)

and

non-households (NHH,

blue)

Quantities in tons

P/year

Uncertainty range in %

Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk

(2013). Urban farming in

Rotterdam: an opportunity for

sustainable phosphorus

management. MSc thesis,

Wageningen University

http://kimovandijk.weebly.co

m/rotterdam

Phosphorus (P) flows in

Rotterdam city in 2011

related to

households

(HH, yellow)

and

non-households (NHH,

blue)

Quantities in tons

P/year

Uncertainty range in %

Destination P flows from Rotterdam

households Tons P /year

% of

total

Incineration

Sludge 261.4 44.9

Organic waste 122.9 21

Cat & other animal excreta 44.7 7.7

Textiles 11.2 1.9

Paper & carton 7.4 1.3

Household & sanitary paper 0.8 0.1

Wood 0.6 0.1

Environment & sequestration

Dog excreta 61.4 10.6

Effluent wastewater 58.5 10.1

Compost Garden waste 2.4 0.4

Organic waste 1.2 0.2

Bioenergy plant Wood 1.4 0.2

Garden waste 1 0.2

Recycling & reuse Paper & carton 4.2 0.7

Textiles 2.2 0.4

Wood 0.6 0.1

Total P quantity 582 100%

Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk (2013). Urban farming in Rotterdam:

an opportunity for sustainable phosphorus management. MSc thesis,

Wageningen University http://kimovandijk.weebly.com/rotterdam

Urban farming area = 32 ha Potential P availability: 17,875 kg P/ha Max. application limits arable land (NL): 19,984 ha required

P losses from Rotterdam households

98.2%

0.6% 1.2%

Household P destinations

Lost

Reused

Recycled

21.5%

11.3% 45.7%

0.4%

10.2%

10.8%

Lost P destinations

Incineration oforganic waste

Incineration of non-food solid waste

Incineration ofsludge

Biomass/energyproduction

Effluent water tosurface water

Dog excreta left inparks/incinerated

Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk (2013). Urban

farming in Rotterdam: an opportunity for

sustainable phosphorus management. MSc

thesis, Wageningen University

http://kimovandijk.weebly.com/rotterdam

Transition towards sustainable P use

•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents)

•match P requirements more closely (precision agriculture)

•utilise legacy P stores

Realign P inputs

•optimise input management

•minimise runoff and erosion

•strategic retention zones

Reduce P losses to water

•avoid wastage

•improve utilization efficiency

•adopt integrated production systems

Recycle P in bioresources

•recover P in societies' wastes

•produce fertilizer substitutes

Recover P in wastes

•influence dietary choice

•define end-user P requirements

•re-connect crop and animal production systems

Redefine P in the food chain

Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

Dutch Nutrient Platform

From problem to opportunity: closing the P cycle

and other nutrients

Joint responsibility of all value chain stakeholders

P value chain agreement: create a market for

recycled phosphorus

● 35 organisations, concrete milestones,

clear goals

Actions

● Removing barriers in legislation

preventing market creation

● Raising awareness, sharing success stories

of nutrient recycling

● Facilitating concrete projects

and business cases

www.nutrientplatform.org

Dutch Success Stories in nutrient recycling

Success stories in the Netherlands www.nutrientplatform.org/succesverhalen

For Europe: www.phosphorusplatform.eu/successstories

Wastewater nutrient recycling

Manure nutrient recycling

Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Regulatory drivers - EU 2014: EU Consultative Communication on Sustainable Use of Phosphorus

2014: phosphate rock on EU Critical Raw Materials List

2015: EU Circular Economy Package

2016: EU Fertilisers Regulation

revision proposal (underway)

2016: CEN position on standards

needs to support P-recycling

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/phosphorus.htm

http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-377_en.htm

Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Regulatory drivers – national 2005: Denmark tax on P in livestock feed

2013: Denmark Resource Strategy

80% recycling of sewage P

(in. biosolids to crops (objectives only)

2013: Baltic HELCOM Ministerial Declaration

to enhance P recycling

2015: Sweden 40% P and 10% N recycling

inc. biosolids to crops (objectives only)

2015: Netherland recovered P added to

fertiliser regulations inc. struvite

2016: Switzerland decree P-recovery

from sewage (obligation - promulgated)

2016: Germany decree P-recovery from sewage

(obligation wwtp > 50 kpe, notified to EU)

2017: Austria plans for sewerage P-recycling

Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017

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2016- 2017 EU Fertilisers Regulation - Currently in Council - Parliament decision process

- Fertilisers (mineral & organic), soil amendments, etc

- EU criteria for composts, digestates,

food industry wastes and animal by-products

- Sewage biosolids excluded

- No provision for traceability

- STRUBIAS JRC expert group underway,

addition of: struvite, ashes, biochars

- Large discussions about contaminations (Cd)

and definition organic vs. mineral fertilisers

- Many issues remaining! see www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory

http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/15949

Global nutrient recycling in practise

Dutch recovered struvite sailed back to south America to be used as fertiliser to grow cacao

beans for chocolate factory in Amsterdam (www.treshombresreep.nl)

Local nutrient recycling in practise

Festival collected urine used for growing barley for the production of beer in Denmark

(Pisner made by local brewery Norrebro Bryghus, Copenhagen)

Thank you for

your attention

Questions? Suggestions? Collaboration? kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu kimovandijk@gmail.com Twitter: www.twitter.com/kimovandijk Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com

Additional literature and links

Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.

Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.

Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.

Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.

Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013

Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe

and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653

K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New

York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM

European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf

Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and

European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu

Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017

www.phosphorusplatform.eu

ESPP: a coalition for action • Bring together industry, R&D, authorities, stakeholders

water & waste industries, mineral and organic fertilisers,

chemicals, P-recycling technology suppliers, national & regional

governments, knowledge institutes …

• Build awareness and share a vision

for sustainable phosphorus in Europe

• Dialogue & network expertise and experience

• Assess and propose policy & regulatory developments

• Disseminate innovation, business cases, value chains

www.phosphorusplatform.eu/enews