Cloning

Same phenotype

Same identical copies of an individual

Same genotype

Clone

Gene\DNA clone

Molecular clone

Embryo twinning

clone

Duplication of strings of DNA containing genes in a host

bacterium

Copies of a cell are made, resulting in a ‘cell line’

Embryo which has already been formed sexually is split

into two identical halves

History • CLONEGreek word ‘klon’ referring to process whereby a new plant is created from a twig • Hans Driesch separated the blastomeres of a two-cell embryo of sea urchin• (Driesch, 1891)• Hans Spemann repeated in a vertebrate (salamander) using a hair from his baby

boy to separate the cells (Spemann, 1902)

EARLY SUCCESS

Cloned sheep were created from embryonic

cell nuclei transferred into enucleated oocytes

1986 by Willadsen

Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

Transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an oocyte.

In Cattle, Mice, Pigs, Goats, Rabbits by Edward in 2001

World’s first cloned of mammal from adult somatic cells, Dolly, in 1996 by wilmut

Types of cloning

Recombinant DNA / DNA Cloning/ Gene Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Therapeutic Cloning/ Embryo Cloning

STEPS IN CLONING/procedureCollection of Ovaries/ oocytesIn-Vitro Maturation of OocytesEnucleation of oocytesFusion of somatic cell nucleus with recipient oocyteActivation & Culture Of EmbryosEmbryo Transfer into recipient animal

enucleation

reconstructed embryos

blastocystsclones

egg donor

donor cell

Somatic cell donor

recipient cytoplast

foster mother

Cloning Procedure

Transgenic animal produtionby cloning

enucleation

reconstructed embryos

blastocystsclones

egg donor

donor cell

Somatic cell donor

recipient cytoplast

foster mothertransgene

Induced division for cloning

Cell collected from a sheep’s udder.

Stage 1

Stage 2

Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg of second sheep.

Stage 3

Udder cell nucleus is inserted into egg with no nucleus.

Stage 4

Insertion is successful.

Stage 5

Electrical charge is supplied.

Stage 6

Cells begin to divide.

Clone application

To produce desired

individualTo rapid

propagate desired

individuals

To produce genetic target

genes/ different organsClones of

endangered species

cloned animals is for testing new

drugs and treatment

To produce desired

individuals for research purpose

Drawbacks of Clone

Very expensive Time consuming

Cell mutation may occur

Organ Rejection Because of Cell

Mutation

Clones do not always look

identical

Some clone can not survive