clinical pearls: dermatology
TRANSCRIPT
Clinical Pearls in Dermatology
Lisa H Scatena, M.D. F.A.A.D.Rocky Mountain Dermatology, Boulder
Assistant Clinical ProfessorDermatology & Internal Medicine
University of Colorado, Denver
6 February 2009
What Can We Glean from the Largest Organ in the Body?
What Can We Glean from the Largest Organ in the Body?
Earlier detection, diagnosis and treatment of systemic diseases.
Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
2006- The skin biopsy
2008- Common dermatoses
2009- Systemic diseases and skin findings
2010- ?
Learning Objectives Recognize newly described skin diseases
Review newer skin signs of well-established systemic diseases
Based upon skin findings, make appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic decisions for systemic diseases
Case 1: A 54 year old man with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure complains of swelling, tightness and darkening of the skin on
his arms and legs. His symptoms have developed over the past 2-3 weeks following a
failed kidney transplant and imaging. Upon further questioning, this patient is most likely to
also complain of:
Case 1: Upon further questioning, this patient is most likely to also complain of:
1. Burning and itching in his arms and legs
2. Changes in his vision3. Colicky abdominal pain4. Difficulty swallowing5. Oral ulcers
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy 15 patients with renal disease Extensive thickening and hardening of the skin
with brawny hyperpigmentation Nearly all had extremity lesions, tendency to
spare the trunk Some had diffuse thickening, others papules or
subcutaneous nodules
Cowper et al. Lancet 2000; 356:1000
CD 34
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
Fibrosis may lead to calcification and dermal ossification
Extension from skin and subcutaneous tissue into the underlying fascia and muscle
Flexion contractures continue to worsen with resultant severe disablility
Increased mortality
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
The dominant cell is a dual staining CD34-procollagen fibrocyte corresponding to a circulating cell that expresses markers of both connective tissue cells and leukocytes
Aberrant fibrocyte recruitment, activation or proliferation the cause? Possibly related to ischemia
Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003, 15: 785
CD 34
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy 33 patients in St Louis with NFD
Most had received dialysis Only 1 patient had not been exposed to gadolinium 4/33 had NOT been exposed to gadolinium for more
than a year (range: 16-68 months)
Gadolinium exposure has some causative role in NFD.
CDC NFD associated with exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast agents-St Louis, Missouri, 2002-2006. MMWR 2007 Feb 23;56;137-41
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy Cross sectional study of 186 dialysis patients in
Boston 25/186 had NFD skin changes identified (13%) 94% had exposure to Gadolinium Mortality rate among dialysis patients with NFD was
statistically greater than “usual” dialysis patients
NFD is a predictor of early mortality.
Todd et all. Cutaneous changes of NSF. Predictor of early mortality and associated with gadolinium exposure. Arth Rheum 2007 Sept 28;56:3433.
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
Topical steroids, retinoids, and lactic acid, systemic retinoids, and electron beam all tried without effect
Individual patients have responded to prednisone,plasmapheresis, IVIG, thalidomide, UV-A1, extracoporeal photopheresis and interferon-alpha, many others have not
Improvement of renal function or transplantation may improve NFD, but not always
Current favored therapy is PREVENTION
BJD 2005; 152: 531
PEARL #1Consider alternate imaging processes when possible in patients with renal failure. If a patient must have an MRI, prompt dialysis
after MRI is suggested.
This 63 year old man has been on this medication for years. Not only has he experienced the skin changes below, he has developed arthralgias and a (+) ANCA.
Causative agents for his skin changes include:
1. Amiodarone2. Gold3. Minocycline4. Plaquenil
Minocycline Well known agent to
result in hyperpigmentation as a result of both melanin and iron deposition
Locations Blue-black scars Blue gray legs &
forearms Muddy brown on sun
exposed areas
Reported to cause a lupus-like syndrome
(+) ANA, (+) pANCA Occurs at a greater
rate in those patients on minocycline for longer duration of time
Resolves when minocyline is discontinued
PEARL #2If a positive ROS is elicited for connective tissue disease in minocycline recipients,
consider serologic testing including ANCA.
Case 3: Looking at What We Know from A Different Vantage Point…
Courtesy of Dr. William James
Case 3: A 56 year old woman with arthralgias, malaise, scaling scalp, and intractable itching develops this bizarre eruption. What other findings would you expect on examination?
1. Deep red-violaceous patches on extensor forearms
2. Lichenified, excoriated plaques periumbilical area
3. Scarring alopecia4. Violaceous tender nodules on shins
Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 665 J Rheum 1999;26:692
DermatomyositisCentripetal Flagellete Erythema
Edematous, erythematous streaks on the trunk and proximal extremities
Histology – interface dermatitis, positive direct immunofluorescence
Parallels disease activity Only reported in dermatomyositis, not seen in
other connective tissue diseases, in a review of 183 patients from one institution
Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 665J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 692
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis: Gingival Telangiectases
Five patients with juvenile DM 1 boy, 4 girls All had similar nail fold telangiectases Other oral findings of DM include edema,
erosions, ulcers and white plaques
Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 1370
What finding is most predictive of an underlying malignancy in DM?1. Cutaneous
Necrosis2. Gottron Papules3. Itching4. Mechanics Hands5. Shawl sign
DermatomyositisCutaneous Necrosis
Cutaneous necrosis – rare in adults
1990: 5 cases reported in a study of 32 patients with dermatomyositis In 4 of 5 cases, patients had associated malignancy
7 of 10 in a larger series had malignancy
Positive predictive value of cutaneous necrosis is 71.4%
Cause uncertain, some with antiphospolipid antibodiesArch Dermatol 2003; 139: 539
DermatomyositisRisk of Internal Malignancy
Classic dermatomyositis has a definite association with occult malignancy <25%
Women: ovarian carcinoma Asian men: nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Negative risk factor: Interstitial lung disease
Little-to-no increase risk of malignancy in polymyositis
Lancet 2001; 357:85-86Br J Cancer 2001; 85:41-45
Curr Opin Rheumatol 2000; 12:498-500
DermatomyositisWhat about cutaneous amyopathic DM?
Sontheimer reviewed world literature which reported a total of 300 cases 10% of these were associated with malignancy
Mayo Clinic 1976-1994 found 32/746 patients had cutaneous amyopathic dermatomyositis 25% found to have malignancy in 2-10 year follow-up All were women Lung CA, ovarian CA, breast CA, endometrial CA and
metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary
Dermatol Clin 2002; 20:387-408
DermatomyositisOccult Malignancy Work-up
Repeat malignancy surveillance measures every 6-12 months for the first 3-5 years following the diagnosis
After 5 years, the risk of malignancy returns to that of the general population for that age and sex
Dermatol Clin 2002; 20:387-408
PEARL #3In the case of a new diagnosis of
dermatomyositis in an adult, at a bare minimum, age appropriate screening for
malignancy should be performed. Strongly consider imaging if clinically indicated.
Case 6 month history of this minimally itchy eruption. Started with 1 red patch and spread after application of a prescription medication.
What prescription medication did he put on his skin with this resultant rash?
1. Efudex2. Eucerin Calming
Lotion3. Neosporin ointment4. Retin-A cream5. Triamcinolone cream
Tinea Versicolor Not really a dermatophyte, caused by Malassezia
furfur or pityrosporum ovale As a yeast, considered normal follicular flora As hyphae, results in skin disease Common in summer months Treatment
Azoles,selenium sulfide lotions, Zinc pyrithione soap PO Azoles for difficult to treat cases
Ketoconazole 400mg doses repeated monthly Itraconazole 200mg qd x7days Fluconazole 400mg once monthly
PEARL #4If there is scale, SCRAPE IT!!
64 year old man presents with asymptomatic 1-2mm firm, white-flesh colored bumps all over his face since his 30’s.
5.
PMHx: HTN, history of pneumothorax Medications: Lisinopril, ASA Wears sunscreen routinely 5-10 blistering sunburns in his lifetime
Our patient:
Our patient and his family members are at risk for:1. Adenocarcinoma2. Anticardiolipin
Syndrome3. Basal Cell
Carcinomas4. Factor V Leiden
Deficiency5. Renal Cell
Carcinoma
Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome
Multiple smooth skin colored to whitish papules Face 60-70% Neck 80% Upper trunk 90%
Oral fibromas 25% Acrochordons 30% Lipomas and collagenomas 15%
Birt-Hogg-Dube SyndromeAssociated Abnormalities
Skin papules develop in 30’s Pulmonary cysts and pneumothorax, symptoms
begin in late teens or 20s, odds ratio 50.3 Renal cancers, onset in 50s, 10% of hereditary
renal cancer patients with BHD, odds ratio 6.9, abdominal CT and renal ultrasound
Five patients with parotid oncocytomas
JAAD 2000; 43:1120
JAAD 2003; 48:111
Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome
Described in 1977 as an autosomal dominant triad of skin findings fibrofolliculomas trichodiscomas acrochordons
Penetrance 88% over age 25, gene isolated on 17p, mutation in gene for protein folliculin
Understanding of cutaneous tumors, relationship to renal cancer and pulmonary cysts recently understood in the past five years
J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:698,717
PEARL #5If you see a patient with numerous
monomorphic firm small papules on his face, ASK about family members. If others
in the family have similar bumps, this warrants further evaluation including skin
biopsy and renal imaging.
Associated Disease?
Associated disease?1. Deep fungal infection2. Diabetes Mellitus3. Hepatitis C Virus4. Lupus Erythematosus5. Sarcoidosis
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum Women are over represented 3:1 to men <3% diabetics have NLD
80% DM diagnosis preceeds NLD 10% DM FOLLOWS NLD diagnosis
Chronic indolent course Complicated by ulceration (35%) Increased rate of microvascular disease in
this subset of diabetic patients
PEARL #6If you see a patient with a waxy yellow atrophic plaque on the anterior tibia,
without a diagnosis of diabetes, check for it. If you see a patient with known diabetes
and NLD, aggressive management to minimize the risk of microvascular
complications is a must.
38 yo IVDA, ETOH, HTN with tender plaques that began on his feet and hands.
Which of his pre-existing conditions has likely contributed to his dermatoses?
Alc
ohol
Coca
ine
use
Dia
betes
Mel
litus
Hyp
erte
nsion
IVDA
20% 20% 20%20%20%
10
1. Alcohol2. Cocaine use3. Diabetes Mellitus4. Hypertension5. IVDA
Necrolytic Acral ErythemaHepatitis C
Ten patients, 4 reports 7 women, 3 men Ages 11-55 All hepatitis C positive
Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 85
Tender well-defined, velvety or scaly surfaced dusky red plaques
Occasional blisters and erosions Usually involves the dorsal feet, but legs
and hands also affected May respond to interferon, ribaviron, or
zinc treatment
Necrolytic Acral ErythemaHepatitis C
PEARL #7A number of cutaneous clues can steer you towards Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the
appropriate patients.
55yo man presents with an indolent onset of thick skin on the back of his neck and shoulders. He also complains of “chipmunk cheeks” which he did not have 6 months ago.
Far and away, the most common association with his finding is:
Am
yloi
dosis
Der
mat
omyo
sitis
Dia
betes
Mel
litus
Hyp
othy
roid
ism
Sys
tem
ic L
upus
Er...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
10
1. Amyloidosis2. Dermatomyositis3. Diabetes Mellitus4. Hypothyroidism5. Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus
Scleredema Characterized by stiffening and hardening of
subcutaneous tissues on face, neck, upper back, and chest
Variants Type 1:
Women primarily Following URI, especially GAS; may involve tongue,
pharnyx (self limiting <2y) Type 2:
No antecedent illness. MUGAS Type 3:
Middle-age men Associated with diabetes mellitus
Scleredema Associated systemic symptoms can include:
Serositis, dysarthria, dysphagia, myositis, parotitis, ocular and cardiac abnormalities
DDx: Scleroderma, scleromyxedema, cellulitis
Treatment: Type 1: self limiting Type 2 and 3: PUVA, cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
PEARL #8Biopsy THICK skin
Consider fasting glucose, SPEP, UPEP, ASO titer
58 year old man presents with painful genital sores and “thrush” in his mouth.
The thrush has not improved with nystatin swish and spit regimen. He recently got
new glasses, but he still finds his vision has changed and feels as if something is in his
eyes.He wonders if it could be from a lack of Vitamin D because his dermatologist has
beaten into him the need for daily sunscreen.
Direct Immunofluorescence Study
IgG
Your Leading Clinical Diagnosis is:
1. Cicatricial Pemphigoid
2. Herpes Simplex Virus
3. Major Apthous Ulcer Disease/Sutton’s Disease
4. Stevens Johnson Syndrome
5. Vitamin D Deficiency
Anti-Epiligrin Cicatricial Pemphigoid
IgG
Anti-Epiligrin Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Mucosal predominant blistering disease Mouth, eye and genital Skin involvement not uncommon
Pathogenic IgG antibodies against Laminin 5
Arch Dermatol 1994, 130:1521
Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Immunologically distinct immunobullous dieases with scarring
Oral (90%), conjunctival (66%), Cutaneous lesions (25%)
Circulating autoantibodies targeting hemidesmosomal proteins: BP 180, BP 230 and integrins CP with antibodies directed against Laminin 5 or
epiligrin is associated with an increased risk for solid tumors, especially adenocarcinoma.
Vodegel RM, et al JAAD 2003;48:542.
Anti-Laminin 5 Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Retrospective study of 35 patients, median age 65 10 had solitary solid tumors lung, stomach, colon, endometrial
Overall relative risk= 6.8; RR 1y after diagnosis = 15.4
8 of 10 developed cancer AFTER blisters 7 of 8, within 14 months of onset 8 of 8 died within 21 months of diagnosis
Lancet 2001; 357: 1850
PEARL #8Wear your sunscreen. You wouldn’t want an
autoimmune blistering disorder AND a skin cancer.