clinical infectious disease -...

Clinical Infectious Disease

This is a clinically oriented, user-friendly text on infectious disease. Written to ad-dress the needs of both general internists and infectious disease specialists, this book focuses on the diagnostic protocols and treatment strategies with which physicians must be familiar when managing infectious disease patients.

The orientation of the volume is multi-faceted: in addition to the traditional orga-nization of organ system and pathogen-related information, this text includes specifi c sections on the susceptible host (with individual chapters on the diabetic, the elderly, the injection drug user, and the neonate), travel-related infections, nosocomial infec-tions, infections related to surgery and trauma, and bioterrorism.

Informative algorithms, tables, and high-quality color photographs supplement many of the chapters. Moreover, the size of this book places it between the available encyclopedic tomes and the small pocket guides, making it a comprehensive but convenient and practical reference for the practicing clinician.

David Schlossberg, MD, FACP, is Professor of Medicine at Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; and Medical Director of the Tuberculosis Control Program for the Philadelphia Department of Public Health. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians and a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In addition to winning numerous teaching awards, he has been invited to lecture throughout the United States and East Asia. He is a reviewer for a number of medical journals, including the New England Journal of Medicine, Clinical Infectious Diseases, the Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of Infectious Disease, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521871123

http://www.cambridge.org


Clinical Infectious Disease

Edited by

David Schlossberg






CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521871129

© David Schlossberg 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United States of America.

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Clinical infectious disease/edited by David Schlossberg. p. ; cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-87112-9 (hardback)1. Communicable diseases. I. Schlossberg David. II. Title.[DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases. WC 100 C6416 2008]

RC111.C562 2008616.9–dc22 2007050649

ISBN 978-0-521-87112-9 hardback

Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information that is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publisher therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate orappropriate.






This book is dedicated to Dr. Bennett Lorber – physician, teacher, musician, artist, raconteur, colleague, and valued friend.

“and gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche.”– Chaucer, Canterbury Tales






Contents

Preface page xviiContributors xix

Part I. Clinical Syndromes – General

1. Fever of Unknown Origin 3 Burke A. Cunha 2. Sepsis and Septic Shock 9 Carmen E. DeMarco and Rodger D. MacArthur 3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 21 N. Cary Engleberg

Part II. Clinical Syndromes – Head and Neck

4. Pharyngotonsillitis 31 Itzhak Brook 5. Infectious Thyroiditis 39 Jeanne Carey and Stephen G. Baum 6. Otitis Media and Externa 45 Stephen I. Pelton 7. Sinusitis 55 Charles D. Bluestone and Todd D. Otteson 8. Dental Infection and Its Consequences 59 Bridget Hathaway, Jennifer Rubin Grandis, and Jonas T. Johnson 9. Infection of the Salivary and Lacrimal Glands 65 Souad Youssef, Ray Y. Hachem, and Issam Raad 10. Deep Neck Infections 73 Anitra S. Birnbaum and Jeremy D. Gradon

Part III. Clinical Syndromes – Eye

11. Conjunctivitis 79 Elmer Y. Tu12. Keratitis 87 Francis S. Mah and Jules Baum13. Iritis 97 Sarah S. Zaher and Elizabeth Graham14. Retinitis 103 Daniel M. Albert and Amol D. Kulkarni 15. Endophthalmitis 109 Roy D. Brod and Harry W. Flynn, Jr.16. Periocular Infections 117 Marlene L. Durand

Part IV. Clinical Syndromes – Skin and Lymph Nodes

17. Fever and Rash 123 John W. Sensakovic and Leon G. Smith

vii






18. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic Shock and Kawasaki Syndromes 129 Aristides P. Assimacopoulos and Patrick M. Schlievert19. Classic Viral Exanthems 135 Henry M. Feder, Jr., and Jane M. Grant-Kels20. Skin Ulcer and Pyoderma 141 Joanne T. Maffei21. Cellulitis and Erysipelas 151 Mandi P. Sachdeva and Kenneth J. Tomecki22. Deep Soft-Tissue Infections: Necrotizing Fasciitis and Gas Gangrene 157 Stephen Ash23. Human and Animal Bites 161 Ellie J. C. Goldstein24. Lice, Scabies, and Myiasis 167 William L. Krinsky25. Superfi cial Fungal Diseases of the Hair, Skin, and Nails 173 Evelyn K. Koestenblatt and Jeffrey M. Weinberg26. Mycetoma (Madura Foot) 181 David M. Brett-Major and Kenneth F. Wagner 27. Fever and Lymphadenopathy 187 Gustine Liu-Young and Gerald Friedland

Part V. Clinical Syndromes – Respiratory Tract

28. Acute and Chronic Bronchitis 197 Sanford Chodosh29. Croup, Supraglottitis, and Laryngitis 205 Irmgard Behlau30. Atypical Pneumonia 211 Thomas M. File, Jr.31. Community-Acquired Pneumonia 221 Rebecca Edge Martin32. Nosocomial Pneumonia 229 Burke A. Cunha33. Aspiration Pneumonia 233 Arash Heidari and Matthew Bidwell Goetz34. Lung Abscess 241 Lisa L. Dever35. Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula 245 Charlotte E. Bolton and Dennis J. Shale

Part VI. Clinical Syndromes – Heart and Blood Vessels

36. Endocarditis of Natural and Prosthetic Valves: Treatment and Prophylaxis 253 Mashiul H. Chowdhury and Paola R. Solari37. Acute Pericarditis 265 Richard A. Martinello and Michael Cappello38. Myocarditis 271 Catherine Diamond and Jeremiah G. Tilles39. Mediastinitis 279 Keith S. Kaye and Ravi Karra40. Vascular Infection 285 Susan E. Beekmann and David K. Henderson41. Pacemaker, Defi brillator, and VAD Infections 293 Stacey A. Rizza and James M. Steckelberg

viii Contents






Part VII. Clinical Syndromes – Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, and Abdomen

42. Acute Viral Hepatitis 299 Harmit Kalia and Paul Martin43. Chronic Hepatitis 309 Michelle E. Freshman and Lawrence S. Friedman 44. Biliary Infection: Cholecystitis and Cholangitis 321 Robert V. Rege45. Pyogenic Liver Abscess 327 H. Franklin Herlong46. Infectious Complications of Acute Pancreatitis 331 Daniel Wolfson and Jamie S. Barkin 47. Esophageal Infections 339 Joshua Forman and Jean-Pierre Raufman48. Gastroenteritis 349 Douglas R. Morgan and Robert L. Owen49. Food Poisoning 359 Andrew T. Pavia50. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea 367 John G. Bartlett51. Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections 371 Thomas C. Quinn52. Acute Appendicitis 377 S. Frank Redo †

53. Diverticulitis 381 Ronald Lee Nichols and James R. Korndorffer, Jr.54. Abdominal Abscess 387 Donald D. Trunkey55. Splenic Abscess 391 Naveed Saqib and Thomas R. Howdieshell56. Peritonitis 397 Linda A. Slavoski and Matthew E. Levison57. Whipple’s Disease and Sprue 403 Phillip B. Amidon

Part VIII. Clinical Syndromes – Genitourinary Tract

58. Urethritis and Dysuria 409 Georgios Pappas and Matthew E. Falagas 59. Vaginitis and Cervicitis 415 Sebastian Faro60. Epididymo-Orchitis 427 Brandon Palermo and Thomas Fekete61. Genital Ulcer Adenopathy Syndrome 433 Allan Ronald62. Prostatitis 441 Jonathan M. Zenilman63. Pelvic Infl ammatory Disease 445 William J. Ledger64. Urinary Tract Infection 449 Henry M. Wu, Judith A. O’Donnell, and Elias Abrutyn †

65. Candiduria 457 Jack D. Sobel66. Focal Renal Infections and Papillary Necrosis 461 Louise M. Dembry and Vincent T. Andriole

Contents ix

† Deceased






x Contents

Part IX. Clinical Syndromes – Musculoskeletal System

67. Infection of Native and Prosthetic Joints 469 Shahbaz Hasan and James W. Smith68. Bursitis 475 Richard H. Parker69. Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis 479 Daniel P. Lew and Francis A. Waldvogel70. Polyarthritis and Fever 485 Robert S. Pinals71. Infectious Polymyositis 491 Upinder Singh72. Psoas Abscess 495 Pamela A. Lipsett

Part X. Clinical Syndromes – Neurologic System

73. Bacterial Meningitis 505 Allan R. Tunkel74. Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome 513 Burt R. Meyers and Mirella Salvatore75. Acute Viral Encephalitis 521 David N. Irani76. Intracranial Suppuration 531 Brian Wispelwey and Kristine M. Peterson77. Spinal Epidural Abscess: Diagnosis and Management 541 Mark J. DiNubile78. Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy 547 Rodrigo Hasbun and Newton E. Hyslop, Jr. 79. Reye’s Syndrome 563 Omar Massoud and Rajiv R. Varma80. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 569 Joseph R. Berger81. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections 575 Elisabeth E. Adderson and Patricia M. Flynn82. Prion Diseases 581 Richard T. Johnson

Part XI. The Susceptible Host

83. Evaluation of Suspected Immunodefi ciency 587 Thomas A. Fleisher84. Infections in the Neutropenic Patient 593 Rafi k Samuel85. Infections in Patients with Neoplastic Disease 601 Amar Safdar and Donald Armstrong 86. Corticosteroids, Cytotoxic Agents, and Infection 605 Babafemi O. Taiwo and Robert L. Murphy87. Infections in Transplant Patients 611 Raymund R. Razonable and Carlos V. Paya88. Diabetes and Infection 625 Stefan Bughi and Sylvia J. Shaw89. Infectious Complications in the Injection Drug User 631 John Schmittner and Carlo Contoreggi 90. Infections in the Alcoholic 637 Laurel C. Preheim and Ahmad R. Nusair






Contents xi

91. Infections in the Elderly 643 Kent Crossley 92. Neonatal Infection 647 Patrick G. Gallagher and Robert S. Baltimore 93. Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Infectious Risks 655 Raul E. Isturiz and Jorge Murillo 94. Dialysis-Related Infection 663 Peter Mariuz and Roy T. Steigbigel 95. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection 671 Larry I. Lutwick, Amy Wecker, and Monica Panwar

Part XII. HIV

96. HIV Infection: Initial Evaluation and Monitoring 681 Fouad Bou Harb and Aaron E. Glatt 97. HIV-1 Infection: Antiretroviral Therapy 689 Dionissios Neofytos and Kathleen E. Squires 98. Immune Reconstitution Infl ammatory Syndrome 699 Samuel A. Shelburne III 99. Differential Diagnosis and Management of Opportunistic Infections Complicating HIV Infection 707 Anthony Ogedegbe and Marshall J. Glesby100. Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infection 721 Judith A. Aberg

Part XIII. Nosocomial Infection

101. Prevention of Nosocomial Infection in Staff and Patients 733 Nimalie D. Stone and John E. McGowan, Jr.102. Percutaneous Injury: Risks and Management 739 Elise M. Beltrami and Denise M. Cardo103. Hospital-Acquired Fever 745 Susan K. Seo and Arthur E. Brown104. Transfusion-Related Infection 749 William R. Jarvis and Virginia R. Roth 105. Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections 755 Dany Ghannam and Issam Raad106. Infections Associated with Urinary Catheters 761 Lindsay E. Nicolle

Part XIV. Infections Related to Surgery and Trauma

107. Postoperative Wound Infections 769 E. Patchen Dellinger108. Trauma-Related Infection 775 Mark A. Malangoni109. Infected Implants 779 Isabella Rosa-Cunha and Gordon Dickinson110. Infection in the Burn-Injured Patient 783 Roger W. Yurt and Rafael Gerardo Magaña

Part XV. Prevention of Infection

111. Nonsurgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis 791 James P. Steinberg and Nadine G. Rouphael






xii Contents

112. Surgical Prophylaxis 797 Thomas L. Husted and Joseph S. Solomkin113. Immunizations 807 Elaine C. Jong

Part XVI. Travel and Recreation

114. Advice for Travelers 825 Phyllis E. Kozarsky and Jay S. Keystone115. Fever in the Returning Traveler 833 Martin S. Wolfe116. Systemic Infection from Animals 837 David J. Weber, George S. Ghneim, and William A. Rutala117. Tick-Borne Disease 845 Steven C. Buckingham118. Recreational Water Exposure 849 Andrea K. Boggild and Mary Elizabeth Wilson119. Travelers’ Diarrhea 859 Karen J. Vigil and Herbert L. DuPont

Part XVII. Bioterrorism

120. Bioterrorism 865 Eleni Patrozou and Andrew W. Artenstein

Part XVIII. Specific Organisms – Bacteria

121. Actinomycosis 881 Thomas A. Russo 122. Anaerobic Infections 887 Sydney M. Finegold123. Anthrax and Other Bacillus Species 897 Boris Velimirovic124. Bartonellosis (Carrión’s Disease) 903 Craig J. Hoesley125. Cat Scratch Disease and Other Bartonella Infections 905 William A. Schwartzman126. Bordetella 913 Sarah S. Long127. Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis 917 Lisa S. Hodges and Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr.128. Brucellosis 921 Carlos Carrillo and Eduardo Gotuzzo129. Campylobacter 925 David W. K. Acheson130. Clostridia 929 Richard Quintiliani, Jr., and Richard Quintiliani, Sr.131. Corynebacteria 937 Carlos H. Ramírez-Ronda and Carlos R. Ramírez-Ramírez132. Enterobacteriaceae 945 L. W. Preston Church133. Enterococcus 953 Ronald N. Jones134. Erysipelothrix 961 W. Lee Hand135. HACEK 965 Vivian H. Chu and Daniel J. Sexton






Contents xiii

136. Helicobacter Pylori 969 Ping-I Hsu and David Y. Graham137. Gonococcus: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 977 Michael F. Rein138. Haemophilus 983 Timothy F. Murphy139. Legionellosis 987 Thomas J. Marrie140. Leprosy 993 Fiona Larsen, Arlo Upton, J. B. Stricker, and Clay J. Cockerell141. Meningococcus and Miscellaneous Neisseriae 997 Edmund C. Tramont and Charles Davis142. Listeria 1005 Bennett Lorber143. Nocardia 1013 Lisa Haglund144. Pasteurella Multocida 1017 Naasha J. Talati and David S. Stephens145. Pneumococcus 1023 Maurice A. Mufson146. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Burkholderia 1031 Titus L. Daniels and David W. Gregory147. Rat-Bite Fevers 1039 Neil S. Lipman148. Salmonella 1043 Bruce S. Ribner149. Staphylococcus 1049 Suzanne F. Bradley150. Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, D, and G 1055 Dennis L. Stevens, J. Anthony Mebane, and Karl Madaras-Kelly151. Viridans Streptococci 1061 Caroline C. Johnson152. Poststreptococcal Immunologic Complications 1065 Barbara W. Stechenberg153. Shigella 1069 David W. K. Acheson154. Tularemia 1073 Richard B. Hornick155. Tuberculosis 1077 Asim K. Dutt156. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 1087 Timothy R. Aksamit and David E. Griffi th157. Vibrios 1095 Duc J. Vugia158. Yersinia 1099 Royce H. Johnson159. Miscellaneous Gram-Positive Organisms 1103 Sohail G. Haddad, Roberto Baun Corales, and Steven K. Schmitt160. Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Organisms 1111 Sampath Kumar and Kamaljit Singh

Part XIX. Specific Organisms – Spirochetes

161. Syphilis and Other Treponematoses 1121 Adaora A. Adimora 162. Lyme Disease 1127 Janine Evans and Stephen E. Malawista






xiv Contents

163. Relapsing Fever 1135 Joseph J. Burrascano164. Leptospirosis 1139 Christopher D. Huston

Part XX. Specific Organisms – Mycoplasma and Chlamydia

165. Mycoplasma 1145 Ken B. Waites 166. Chlamydia Pneumoniae 1157 Margaret R. Hammerschlag167. Chlamydia Psittaci (Psittacosis) 1161 Alfred E. Bacon III

Part XXI. Specific Organisms – Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma

168. Rickettsial Infections 1167 Paul D. Holtom169. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 1173 Johan S. Bakken and J. Stephen Dumler

Part XXII. Specific Organisms – Fungi

170. Candidiasis 1179 Christopher F. Carpenter and Jorgelina de Sanctis171. Aspergillosis 1187 Sanjay Ram and Stuart M. Levitz 172. Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) 1195 Scott F. Davies173. Sporotrichosis 1201 Ronald A. Greenfi eld174. Cryptococcus 1205 William G. Powderly 175. Histoplasmosis 1211 Alvaro Lapitz, Mitchell Goldman, and George A. Sarosi176. Blastomycosis 1215 Peter G. Pappas177. Coccidioidomycosis 1219 Laurence F. Mirels and Stanley C. Deresinski178. Pneumocystis Pneumonia 1229 Walter T. Hughes179. Miscellaneous Fungi and Algae 1233 George A. Pankey and Donald L. Greer

Part XXIII. Specific Organisms – Viruses

180. Cytomegalovirus 1239 Jeffery L. Meier181. Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness 1247 Niranjan Kanesa-thasan and Charles H. Hoke, Jr.182. Enteroviruses 1251 Michael N. Oxman 183. Epstein–Barr Virus and Other Causes of the Mononucleosis Syndrome 1263 Jeffery L. Meier184. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome in the Americas 1271 Gregory Mertz and Michelle J. Iandiorio






Contents xv

185. Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 1275 David W. Kimberlin and Richard J. Whitley186. Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 1281 Ruth M. Greenblatt187. Infl uenza 1289 Leanne Gasink, Neil Fishman, and Harvey M. Friedman188. Papillomavirus 1295 Lawrence J. Eron189. Acute and Chronic Parvovirus Infection 1301 Neal S. Young190. Rabies 1305 Anita Venkataramana, Nicoline Schiess, Anita Mahadevan, Susarla K. Shankar, and Avindra Nath191. Varicella-Zoster Virus 1311 John A. Zaia192. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 1319 Daniel G. Bausch

Part XXIV. Specific Organisms – Parasites

193. Intestinal Roundworms 1335 Kathryn N. Suh and Jay S. Keystone194. Tissue Nematodes 1343 Thomas A. Moore195. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes 1353 James H. Maguire196. Tapeworms (Cestodes) 1359 Zbigniew S. Pawlowski197. Toxoplasma 1365 Roderick Go and Benjamin J. Luft198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis 1371 Phyllis E. Kozarsky, Deborah J. Nicolls, and Jay S. Keystone199. Human Babesiosis 1381 Tempe K. Chen and Peter J. Krause200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases 1389 Anastácio de Queiroz Sousa, Selma M. B. Jeronimo, and Richard D. Pearson201. Intestinal Protozoa 1399 Paul Kelly and Michael J. G. Farthing202. Extraintestinal Amebic Infection 1405 Robert Huang and Sharon Reed

Part XXV. Antimicrobial Therapy – General Considerations

203. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy 1413 Richard A. Gleckman† and John S. Czachor204. Antifungal Therapy 1423 Nathan P. Wiederhold and Thomas F. Patterson205. Antiviral Therapy 1433 Frank L. Tomaka and Roger J. Pomerantz206. Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics 1445 Gulfem E. Celik and N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr. 207. Antimicrobial Agent Tables 1457 Divya Sareen, Michael Kessler, Rosalie Pepe, and David Schlossberg

Index 1499

† Deceased






Preface

David Schlossberg, MD, FACP

Our goal with Clinical Infectious Disease is to provide to physicians a complete and user-friendly guide to both the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

The book is divided into 10 sections. First, clinical presentation by organ system provides a traditional anatomic orientation, although within this section additional chapters are devoted to particularly challenging entities that are often diffi cult to research, such as infectious thyroiditis, deep neck infection, periocular infection, lymphadenopathy, mediastinitis, pacemaker infection, sexually transmitted enteric infection, bursitis, polyarthritis, psoas abscess, splenic abscess, spinal epidural abscess, cerebrospinal shunt infection, myelitis and peripheral neuropathy, and prion disease.

The second section, “The Susceptible Host,” includes individual chapters on a variety of immunocompromised states, including diabetes, transplantation, neutropenia, dialysis, pregnancy, and asplenia. Subsequent entire sections are devoted to HIV, nosocomial infection, surgery and trauma, prophylaxis, travel and recreation, and bioterrorism.

Organism-specific chapters follow, with separate chapters dedicated to individual bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens, and then a major section on antimicrobial therapy comprises chapters on principles of antibiotic therapy, antifungal therapy, antiviral therapy, and hypersensitivity to antibiotics. A fi nal chapter lists antimicrobial agents in tabular form, providing a convenient reference for dosage, side effects, cost, preg-nancy class, effect of food, and dose adjustment for renal dysfunction. All chapters include suggested readings.

We hope this text provides a practical, clinically oriented, and convenient resource for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease.

I am enormously grateful for the vision, talent, and dedication of the staff at Cambridge University Press, particularly publishing director Marc Strauss and editorial assistant Carlos Aguirre. I also thank Jennifer Bossert and Barbara Walthall for their valuable contributions and guidance.

xvii






Judith A. Aberg, MD, FIDSADepartment of Medicine (Infectious

Diseases and Immunology)New York University School of Medicine,

New York, New York100. Prophylaxis of Opportunistic

Infections in HIV Infection

Elias Abrutyn, MD†

Division of Infectious DiseasesDrexel University College of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania64. Urinary Tract Infection

David W. K. Acheson, MDU.S. Food and Drug Administration.Rockville, Maryland129. Campylobacter, 153. Shigella

Elisabeth E. Adderson, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,

Departments of Molecular Sciences and Pediatrics

University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee

81. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections

Adaora A. Adimora, MD, MPHDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina

School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

161. Syphilis and Other Treponematoses

N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr., MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy CenterDivision of Allergy and Clinical

ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland 206. Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics

Contributors

Contributors xix

† Deceased

Timothy R. Aksamit, MD, FCCPDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care

Medicine and Internal MedicineMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota156. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Daniel M. Albert, MD, MSDepartment of Ophthalmology and

Visual SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine

and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin14. Retinitis

Phillip B. Amidon, MD, FACPLiver and Digestive Disease SectionMaine General Medical Center,

Waterville, Maine57. Whipple’s Disease and Sprue

Vincent T. Andriole, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineYale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut66. Focal Renal Infections and Papillary

Necrosis

Donald Armstrong, MDMember EmeritusMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,

New York, New York85. Infections in Patients with Neoplastic

Disease

Andrew W. Artenstein, MD, FACP, FIDSAPhysician in Chief, Department of MedicineDirector, Center for Biofeedback and

Emerging PathogensMemorial Hospital of Rhode IslandAssociate Professor of Medical and

Community HealthThe Warren Alpert School Medical School

of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island120. Bioterrorism






Stephen Ash, MB, BS, FRCPInfection and Immunity UnitEaling Hospital, London, UK22. Deep Soft-Tissue Infections: Necrotizing

Fasciitis and Gas Gangrene

Aristides P. Assimacopoulos, MD, FIDSADepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of South Dakota, Sanford School

of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota18. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic

Shock and Kawasaki Syndromes

Alfred E. Bacon III, MD, FACPClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineJefferson Medical College, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania Section of Infectious DiseaseChristiana Care Health System,

Newark, Delaware167. Chlamydia Psittaci (Psittacosis)

Johan S. Bakken, MD, PhDSt. Luke's Infectious Disease Associates,

Duluth, Minnesota169. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

Robert S. Baltimore, MDProfessor, Departments of Pediatrics and

Epidemiology and Public HealthDivision of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine

New Haven, Connecticut92. Neonatal Infection

Jamie S. Barkin, MD, MACG, FACP, AGAF, FASGE

Professor of Medicine University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine

Chief, Division of GastroenterologyMt. Sinai Medical Center, Miami, Florida46. Infectious Complications of Acute

Pancreatitis

John G. Bartlett, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland50. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

xx Contributors

Jules Baum, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyTufts University School of Medicine, Boston,

Massachusetts12. Keratitis

Stephen G. Baum, MDSenior Associate Dean for StudentsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, New York 5. Infectious Thyroiditis

Daniel G. Bausch, MD, MPH&TMDepartment of Tropical MedicineTulane School of Public Health and Tropical

Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana192. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Susan E. Beekmann, RN, MPHCoordinator, Emerging Infections

Network ProgramDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa40. Vascular Infection

Irmgard Behlau, MDInstructor, Medicine and OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infi rmary,The Schepens Eye Research Institute,

Boston, MassachusettsInfectious Diseases Division, Mt. Auburn

Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 29. Croup, Supraglottitis, and Laryngitis

Elise M. Beltrami, MD, MPHDivision of Healthcare Quality PromotionCenter for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention,

Atlanta, Georgia102. Percutaneous Injury: Risks and

Management

Joseph R. Berger, MDInstructor, Harvard Medical School,

Boston, MassachusettsInfectious Disease Service/Opthalmology,

Massachusettes Eye and Ear Infi rmary (Harvard), Boston, Massachusetts

The Schepens Eye Reasearch Institute, Boston, Massachusetts

Infectious Diseases Division, Mount Auburn Hospital (Harvard), Cambridge, Massachusetts






Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Tufts/Harvard, Newton, Massachusetts

Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky

80. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Anitra S. Birnbaum, MDDepartment of MedicineSinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore,

Maryland10. Deep Neck Infections

Charles D. Bluestone, MDDivision of Pediatric OtolaryngologyChildren's Hospital of Pittsburgh,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania7. Sinusitis

Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr., MDDepartment of PediatricsLouisiana State University Health Sciences

Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana127. Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis

Andrea K. Boggild, MSc, MD, DTMHDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

118. Recreational Water Exposure

Charlotte E. Bolton, MDDepartment of Respiratory MedicineWales College of Medicine, Cardiff

University, Wales, UK35. Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula

Fouad Bou Harb, MDMember of Infectious Disease Society of

AmericaMember of American Academy of HIV

Medicine, Bellerose, New York96. HIV Infection: Initial Evaluation and

Monitoring

Contributors xxi

Suzanne F. Bradley, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases and

Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical School,

GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan

149. Staphylococcus

David M. Brett-Major, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division

of Infectious DiseasesNational Naval Medical Center, Bethesda,

Maryland26. Mycetoma (Madura Foot)

Roy D. Brod, MDDepartment of OpthalmologyHershey Medical CenterPennsylvania State School of Medicine,

Hershey, Pennsylvania15. Endophthalmitis

Itzhak Brook, MD, MScProfessor of PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsGeorgetown University School of Medicine,

Washington, D.C.4. Pharyngotonsillitis

Arthur E. Brown, MDInfectious Disease ServiceMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,

New York, New York103. Hospital-Acquired Fever

Steven C. Buckingham, MDDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science

Center, Memphis, Tennessee117. Tick-Borne Disease

Stefan Bughi, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Keck School

of MedicineUniversity of Southern California, Los

Angeles, California88. Diabetes and Infection






Joseph J. Burrascano, MDInternal MedicineSouthampton Hospital, Southampton,

New York163. Relapsing Fever

Michael Cappello, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Microbial

Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology and Public Health

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

37. Acute Pericarditis

Denise M. Cardo, MDDirector, Division of Healthcare Quality

PromotionNational Center for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention,

Atlanta, Georgia102. Percutaneous Injury: Risks and

Management

Jeanne Carey, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesBeth Israel Medical Center, New York,

New York5. Infectious Thyroiditis

Christopher F. Carpenter, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infections Diseases William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,

Michigan170. Candidiasis

Carlos Carrillo, MD, MScInstituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander

von Humboldt Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Departamento de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

128. Brucellosis

Gulfem E. Celik, MDAssociate Professor, Department of AllergyAnkara University School of Medicine,

Ankara, Turkey206. Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics

xxii Contributors

Tempe K. Chen, MDDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of

Infectious DiseasesDavid Geffen School of Medicine at the

University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

199. Human Babesiosis

Sanford Chodosh, MD, FCCPBoston University School of Medicine

(retired), Boston, Massachusetts28. Acute and Chronic Bronchitis

Mashiul H. Chowdhury, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania36. Endocarditis of Natural and Prosthetic

Valves: Treatment and Prophylaxis

Vivian H. Chu, MD, MHSDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious Diseases and International Health

Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

135. HACEK

L. W. Preston Church, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesMedical University of South CarolinaRalph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical

Center, Charleston, South Carolina132. Enterobacteriaceae

Clay J. Cockerell, MDDepartment of Dermatology, Division of

DermatopathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical

Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas140. Leprosy

Carlo Contoreggi, MDClinical Director, National Institute on

Drug AbuseNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center,

Baltimore, Maryland89. Infectious Complications in the Injection

Drug User






Roberto Baun Corales, DOCommunity Health Network, Rochester,

New York159. Miscellaneous Gram-Positive

Organisms

Kent Crossley, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases and

International MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical School,

Minneapolis, Minnesota91. Infections in the Elderly

Burke A. Cunha, MD, MACPInfectious Disease DivisionWinthrop-University Hospital, Mineola,

New YorkDepartment of MedicineSUNY School of Medicine, Stony Brook,

New York1. Fever of Unknown Origin, 32.

Nosocomial Pneumonia

John S. Czachor, MD, FACPDivision of Infectious DiseasesWright State University Boonshoft School

of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio203. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy

Titus L. Daniels, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University School of Medicine,Associate Hospital Epidemiologist

Nashville, Tennessee146. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas,

and Burkholderia

Scott F. Davies, MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolHennepin County Medical Center,

Minneapolis, Minnesota172. Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)

Charles Davis, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineInstitute of Human VirologyDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland141. Meningococcus and Miscellaneous

Neisseriae

Contributors xxiii

Anastácio de Queiroz Sousa, MDDepartment of Clinical Medicine and

Director, São José Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil

200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases

Jorgelina de Sanctis, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infection DiseaseWilliam Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,

Michigan170. Candidiasis

E. Patchen Dellinger, MDDivision of General SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of

Medicine, Seattle, Washington107. Postoperative Wound Infections

Carmen E. DeMarco, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesWayne State University School of Medicine,

Detroit, Michigan2. Sepsis and Septic Shock

Louise M. Dembry, MD, MS, MBASection of Infectious Diseases, Department

of MedicineYale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut66. Focal Renal Infections and Papillary

Necrosis

Stanley C. Deresinski, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of MedicineStanford University School of Medicine,

Stanford, California Santa Clara Valley Medical Center,

San Jose, California177. Coccidioidomycosis

Lisa L. Dever, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of MedicineNew Jersey Medical School, Newark,

New Jersey34. Lung Abscess






Catherine Diamond, MD, MPHDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California, Irvine School of

Medicine, Orange, California38. Myocarditis

Gordon Dickinson, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesMiller School of Medicine, University of

Miami, Coral Gables, Florida109. Infected Implants

Mark J. DiNubile, MDMedical Communications DepartmentMerck Research Laboratories, North Wales,

Pennsylvania77. Spinal Epidural Abscess: Diagnosis

and Management

J. Stephen Dumler, MDDivision of Medical Microbiology,

Department of PathologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland 169. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

Herbert L. DuPont, MDUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center

at HoustonSchool of Public Health, Center for

Infectious DiseasesSt. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital and Baylor

College of Medicine, Houston, Texas119. Travelers’ Diarrhea

Marlene L. Durand, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston,

Massachusetts16. Periocular Infections

Asim K. Dutt, MDChief, Medical Service (retired)Alvin C. York Veterans Administration

Medical Center, Murfreesboro, TennesseeProfessor and Vice Chairman (retired)Department of MedicineMeharry Medical College, Nashville,

Tennessee155. Tuberculosis

xxiv Contributors

N. Cary Engleberg, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases, Departments

of Internal Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology

University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan

3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lawrence J. Eron, MDDepartment of MedicineJohn Burns School of Medicine, University

of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii188. Papillomavirus

Janine Evans, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut162. Lyme Disease

Matthew E. Falagas, MD, MSc, DScAdjunct Associate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of Medicine, Boston,

MassachusettsDirector, Alfa Institute of Biomedical

Sciences, Athens, Greece58. Urethritis and Dysuria

Sebastian Faro, MDClinical Professor of Obstetrics and

GynecologyThe University of Texas Health Sciences

Center at Houston, Houston, Texas59. Vaginitis and Cervicitis

Michael J. G. Farthing, MD, FRCPMedicineSt George's University of London,

London, UK 201. Intestinal Protozoa

Henry M. Feder, Jr., MDDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Connecticut Health Center,

Farmington, Connecticut19. Classic Viral Exanthems

Thomas Fekete, MD, FACPInfectious Disease SectionTemple University School of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania60. Epididymo-Orchitis






Thomas M. File, Jr., MD, MACP, FCCPProfessor, Internal MedicineHead, Infectious Disease SectionNortheastern Ohio Universities College

of Medicine, Rootstown, OhioChief, Infectious Disease Service, Summa

Health System, Akron, Ohio30. Atypical Pneumonia

Sydney M. Finegold, MDInfectious Diseases SectionVA Medical Center, West Los AngelesDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology

and Molecular GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine,

University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

122. Anaerobic Infections

Neil Fishman, MDDirector, Antimicrobial Management

ProgramHospital of the University of

PennsylanviaAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School

of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

187. Infl uenza

Thomas A. Fleisher, MDChief, Laboratory of MedicineNational Institutes of Health,

Bethesda, Maryland83. Evaluation of Suspected

Immunodefi ciency

Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MDDepartment of OphthalmologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of

MedicineBascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami,

Florida15. Endophthalmitis

Patricia M. Flynn, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,

Memphis, Tennessee81. Cerebrospinal Fluid

Shunt Infections

Contributors xxv

Joshua Forman, MDSenior Fellow, Division of

Gastorenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School

of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland47. Esophageal Infections

Michelle E. Freshman, MPH, MSN, APRN, BC

Nurse Practitioner/Ambulatory Services Coordinator

Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts

43. Chronic Hepatitis

Gerald Friedland, MDProfessor of Medicine and Epidemiology

and Public HealthDirector, Yale University School of Medicine,

AIDS Program Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

27. Fever and Lymphadenopathy

Harvey M. Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineChief of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of Pennsylvania, School of

Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania187. Infl uenza

Lawrence S. Friedman, MDProfessor of Medicine, Harvard Medical

School, Boston, MassachusettesProfessor of Medicine, Tufts University

School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

Chair, Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts

Assistant Chief of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

43. Chronic Hepatitis

Patrick G. Gallagher, MDProfessor, Department of Pediatrics,

Division of Perinatal MedicineYale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut92. Neonatal Infection






Leanne Gasink, MD, MSCEInstructor in Medicine, Division

of Infectious DiseasesAssociate Hospital Epidemiologist,

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

187. Infl uenza

Dany Ghannam, MDDepartment of AnesthesiaStanford University School of Medicine,

Stanford, California105. Intravascular Catheter-Related

Infections

George S. Ghneim, DVM, MPVM, PhDRTI International, Research Triangle Park,

North Carolina 116. Systemic Infection from Animals

Aaron E. Glatt, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEAPresident and Chief Executive Offi cerProfessor of Clinical MedicineNew Island Hospital, Bethpage, New York96. HIV Infection: Initial Evaluation and

Monitoring

Richard A. Gleckman, MD †

MedicineMt. Sinai Medical Center, New York,

New York203. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy

Marshall J. Glesby, MD, PhDDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College, New York,

New York99. Differential Diagnosis and

Management of Opportunistic Infections Complicating HIV Infection

Roderick Go, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineSUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook,

Stony Brook, New York197. Toxoplasma

xxvi Contributors

Matthew Bidwell Goetz, MDChief, Infectious Diseases,Veterans Administration Greater Los

Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California

Professor of Clinical Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California

33. Aspiration Pneumonia

Mitchell Goldman, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Indiana

University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana

175. Histoplasmosis

Ellie J. C. Goldstein, MDDirector, R.M. Alden Research LaboratoryClinical Professor of Medicine, David

Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

23. Human and Animal Bites

Eduardo Gotuzzo, MD, FACPPrincipal Professor of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaAlexander von Humboldt Instituto de

Medicina TropicalLima, Peru128. Brucellosis

Jeremy D. Gradon, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseaseSinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore,

Maryland10. Deep Neck Infections

David Y. Graham, MDDepartment of Medicine, Section of

Gastroenterology and HepatologyMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas136. Helicobacter Pylori

Elizabeth Graham, FRCP, DO, FRCOMedical Eye UnitSt. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK13. Iritis

† Deceased






Jennifer Rubin Grandis, MD, FACSDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8. Dental Infection and Its Consequences

Jane M. Grant-Kels, MDDermatology Residency Program, Residency

DirectorUniversity of Connecticut School of

Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut19. Classic Viral Exanthems

Ruth M. Greenblatt, MDDepartments of Clinical Pharmacy,

Medicine, and EpidemiologyUniversity of California, San Francisco

Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, San Francisco, California

186. Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8

Ronald A. Greenfi eld, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of

Infectious DiseaseUniversity of Oklahoma College of

Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma173. Sporotrichosis

Donald L. Greer, PhDProfessor EmeritusDepartment of DermatologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences

Center, New Orleans, Louisiana179. Miscellaneous Fungi and Algae

David W. Gregory, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, EmeritusDivision of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt University School of Medicine,

Nashville, Tennessee146. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas,

and Burkholderia

David E. Griffi th, MDProfessor of MedicineThe University of Texas Health Sciences

Center, Tyler, Texas156. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Contributors xxvii

Ray Y. Hachem, MDDepartment of Infectious Diseases,

Infection Control and Employee HealthUniversity of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer

Center, Houston, Texas9. Infection of the Salivary and Lacrimal

Glands

Sohail G. Haddad, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesCleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland,

Ohio159. Miscellaneous Gram-Positive

Organisms

Lisa Haglund, MD, FACPDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Cincinnati College of

Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio143. Nocardia

Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineDirector, Division of Pediatric Infectious

DiseasesSUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,

New York166. Chlamydia Pneumoniae

W. Lee Hand, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine,

Division of Infectious DiseasesTexas Tech University School of Medicine,

El Paso, Texas134. Erysipelothrix

Shahbaz Hasan, MDInfectious CarePresbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas,

Texas 67. Infection of Native and Prosthetic Joints

Rodrigo Hasbun, MDInfectious Diseases SectionTulane University School of Medicine, New

Orleans, Louisiana78. Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy

Bridget Hathaway, MDDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8. Dental Infection and

Its Consequences






Arash Heidari, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine,

Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases

David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,

Kern Medical Center, Bakersfi eld, California

33. Aspiration Pneumonia

David K. Henderson, MDAssociate Professor, Department of

PsychiatryHarvard Medical School, Boston,

Massachusetts40. Vascular Infection

H. Franklin Herlong, MDDivision of Hepatology, Department of

Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of

Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland45. Pyogenic Liver Abscess

Lisa S. Hodges, MDDepartment of PediatricsLouisiana State University Health Sciences

Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 127. Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis

Craig J. Hoesley, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham,

Birmingham, Alabama124. Bartonellosis (Carrión’s Disease)

Charles H. Hoke, Jr., MD, FIDSAMilitary Infectious Disease Research

ProgramU.S. Army Medical Research and

Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland

181. Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness

Paul D. Holtom, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and

OrthopaedicsKeck School of Medicine, University

of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

168. Rickettsial Infections

xxviii Contributors

Richard B. Hornick, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, University

of Florida, Florida State University, and University of Central Florida

Orlando Regional Healthcare, Orlando, Florida

154. Tularemia

Thomas R. Howdieshell, MD, FACS, FCCPDepartment of Surgery, Trauma/Surgical

Critical CareUniversity of New Mexico School of

Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico55. Splenic Abscess

Ping-I Hsu, MDDivision of Gastroenterology,

Department of Internal MedicineKaoshiung Veterans General Hospital National Yang-Ming University,

Kaohsiung, Taiwan136. Helicobacter Pylori

Robert Huang, MD, DTM&HDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego School

of Medicine, San Diego, California202. Extraintestinal Amebic Infection

Walter T. Hughes, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,

Memphis, Tennessee178. Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Thomas L. Husted, MDDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Cincinnati College of

Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio112. Surgical Prophylaxis

Christopher D. Huston, MDAssistant Professor, Departments of

Medicine, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics

University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont

164. Leptospirosis






Newton E. Hyslop, Jr., MDProfessor of Medicine EmeritusInfectious Diseases SectionTulane University School of Medicine, New

Orleans, Louisiana78. Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy

Michelle J. Iandiorio, MDDivision of Infectious Disease, Department

of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of

Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico184. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary

Syndrome in the Americas

David N. Irani, MDDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan Medical School,

Ann Arbor, Michigan75. Acute Viral Encephalitis

Raul E. Isturiz, MD, FACPDepartamento de MedicinaCentro Medico de Caracas, Caracas,

VenezuelaCentro Medico Docente La Trinidad,

Caracas, Venezuela93. Pregnancy and the Puerperium:

Infectious Risks

William R. Jarvis, MDPresident, Jason and Jarvis, Hilton Head

Island, South Carolina104. Transfusion-Related Infection

Selma M. B. Jeronimo, MD, PhDDepartment of BiochemistryBioscience Center Universidade Federal

do Rio grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases

Caroline C. Johnson, MDPhiladelphia Department of Public Health

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania151. Viridans Streptococci

Jonas T. Johnson, MDDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8. Dental Infection and Its Consequences

Contributors xxix

Richard T. Johnson, MDDepartment of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland82. Prion Diseases

Royce H. Johnson, MD, FACPKMC Department of MedicineUCLA David Geffen School of Medicine,

Los Angeles, California158. Yersinia

Ronald N. Jones, MDJMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa133. Enterococcus

Elaine C. Jong, MD, FIDSADepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of

Medicine, Seattle, Washington113. Immunizations

Harmit Kalia, DODivision of GastroenterologyNew Jersey Medical School, Newark,

New Jersey42. Acute Viral Hepatitis

Niranjan Kanesa-thasan, MD, MTMHEarly Development, Novartis Vaccines and

Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts181. Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness

Ravi Karra, MD, MHSClinical Fellow, Harvard Medical SchoolDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and

Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts39. Mediastinitis

Keith S. Kaye, MD, MPHDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious Diseases and International Health

Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina

39. Mediastinitis

Paul Kelly, MD, FRCPBarts and The London, Queen Mary’s

School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK

201. Intestinal Protozoa






Michael Kessler, Pharm DCooper University Hospital, Camden,

New Jersey207. Antimicrobial Agent Tables

Jay S. Keystone, MD, MSc. (CTM), FRCPCTropical Disease Unit, Toronto General

HospitalUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada114. Advice for Travelers, 193. Intestinal

Roundworms, 198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis

David W. Kimberlin, MDDivision of Pediatric Infectious

DiseasesUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham

School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama

185. Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2

Evelyn K. Koestenblatt, MSDepartment of DermatologySt. Luke’s/Roosevelt Hospital Center,

New York, New York25. Superfi cial Fungal Diseases of the

Hair, Skin, and Nails

James R. Korndorffer, Jr., MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryTulane University School

of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana53. Diverticulitis

Phyllis E. Kozarsky, MDProfessor of Medicine and Infectious

Diseases, Travelers' Health and Tropical Medicine Section

Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia

114. Advice for Travelers, 198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis

Peter J. Krause, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Connecticut School of

Medicine, Farmington, ConnecticutDirector of Infectious Disease Connecticut Children’s Medical Center,

Hartford, Connecticut199. Human Babesiosis

xxx Contributors

William L. Krinsky, MD, PhDDivision of EntomologyPeabody Museum of Natural History,

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut24. Lice, Scabies, and Myiasis

Amol D. Kulkarni, MDDepartment of Ophthalmology and

Visual SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of

Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin

14. Retinitis

Sampath Kumar, MDDepartment of Infectious Diseases,

RML Specialty Hospital, Hinsdale, Illinois160. Miscellaneous Gram-Negative

Organisms

Alvaro Lapitz, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of Medicine,

Indianapolis, Indiana175. Histoplasmosis

Fiona Larsen, MBChB, FRACPDepartment of Dermatology, Division

of DermatopathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical

Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas140. Leprosy

William J. Ledger, MD, FACOGWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York Presbyterian Hospital,

New York, New York63. Pelvic Infl ammatory Disease

Matthew E. Levison, MDAdjunct Professor of Medicine, Department

of MedicineDrexel University College of MedicineProfessorDrexel University School of Public Health,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania56. Peritonitis

Stuart M. Levitz, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases and

ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School,

Worcester, Massachusetts171. Aspergillosis






Daniel P. Lew, MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland69. Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis

Neil S. Lipman, VMDProfessor of Veterinary Medicine in

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Research Animal Resource Center

Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York

147. Rat-Bite Fevers

Pamela A. Lipsett, MD, FACS, FCCMProfessor of Surgery, Anesthesia, Critical

Care, and NursingProgram Director, General Surgery and

Surgical Critical CareThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland 72. Psoas Abscess

Gustine Liu-Young, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine,

Division of Infectious DiseaseYale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut27. Fever and Lymphadenopathy

Sarah S. Long, MDProfessor of PediatricsDrexel University College of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania126. Bordetella

Bennett Lorber, MDThomas M. Durant Professor of Medicine

and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology

Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

142. Listeria

Benjamin J. Luft, MDDepartment of MedicineSUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook,

Stony Brook, New York197. Toxoplasma

Larry I. Lutwick, MDDirector, Infectious DiseasesVA New York Harbor Health Care System,

Brooklyn, New York (Brooklyn Campus)95. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy

Infection

Contributors xxxi

Rodger D. MacArthur, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesWayne State University School of Medicine,

Detroit, Michigan2. Sepsis and Septic Shock

Karl Madaras-Kelly, PharmDDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy, Idaho State

University, Boise, Idaho150. Streptococcus Groups A, B, C,

D, and G

Joanne T. Maffei, MDAssociate Professor, Department of

Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases/HIV

Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana

20. Skin Ulcer and Pyoderma

Rafael Gerardo Magaña, MDDepartment of SurgeryNew York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell

Medical College, New York, New York 110. Infection in the Burn-Injured Patient

James H. Maguire, MDDepartment of Epidemiology and

Preventive MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland195. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes

Francis S. Mah, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School

of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania12. Keratitis

Anita Mahadevan, MBBS, MDDepartment of NeuropathologyNational Institute of Mental Health and

Neurosciences, Bangalore, India190. Rabies

Mark A. Malangoni, MDDepartment of SurgeryCase Western Reserve University School

of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio108. Trauma-Related Infection






Stephen E. Malawista, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut162. Lyme Disease

Peter Mariuz, MDAssociate Professor in MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rochester, School of Medicine

and Dentistry, Rochester, New York94. Dialysis-Related Infection

Thomas J. Marrie, MD, FRCP(C)Department of MedicineUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada139. Legionellosis

Paul Martin, MDProfessor of Medicine Chief, Division of Hepatology, Schiff Liver

Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

42. Acute Viral Hepatitis

Rebecca Edge Martin, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans’ Healthcare System

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas

31. Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Richard A. Martinello, MDAssistant Professor, Departments of

Medicine and Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases

Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut

37. Acute Pericarditis

Omar Massoud, MD, PhDHepatology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin79. Reye’s Syndrome

John E. McGowan, Jr., MDDepartment of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public Health, Emory

University, Atlanta, Georgia101. Prevention of Nosocomial Infection

in Staff and Patients

J. Anthony Mebane, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesVA Medical Center, Boise, Idaho150. Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, D, and G

Jeffery L. Meier, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of

MedicineIowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Iowa City, Iowa180. Cytomegalovirus, 183. Epstein–

Barr Virus and Other Causes of the Mononucleosis Syndrome

Gregory Mertz, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of

Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico184. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary

Syndrome in the Americas

Burt R. Meyers, MDClinical Professor MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases,

Department of MedicineMt. Sinai School of Medicine,

New York, New York74. Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome

Laurence F. Mirels, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department

of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California

Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California

177. Coccidioidomycosis

Thomas A. Moore, MD, FACPClinical Professor and Associate

Program DirectorDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine,

Wichita, Kansas194. Tissue Nematodes

Douglas R. Morgan, MD, MPHDivision of Digestive Diseases, School of

MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School,

Chapel Hill, North Carolina48. Gastroenteritis

xxxii Contributors






Maurice A. Mufson, MD, MACPDepartment of MedicineJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine,

Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia

145. Pneumococcus

Jorge Murillo, MDInfectious Diseases and Internal Medicine,

Miami, Florida93. Pregnancy and the Puerperium:

Infectious Risks

Robert L. Murphy, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School

of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois86. Corticosteroids, Cytotoxic Agents,

and Infection

Timothy F. Murphy, MDDistinguished Professor of Medicine and

Microbiology Chief, Infectious Diseases, University at

Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York

138. Haemophilus

Avindra Nath, MDDepartment of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,

Baltimore, Maryland 190. Rabies

Dionissios Neofytos, MDDepartment of Medicine,Division of Infectious DiseasesJefferson Medical College of Thomas

Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

97. HIV-1 Infection: Antiretroviral Therapy

Ronald Lee Nichols, MD, MS, FACSWilliam Henderson Professor of Surgery

Emeritus, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology

Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine,

New Orleans, Louisiana53. Diverticulitis

Lindsay E. Nicolle, MD, FRCPSProfessor, Departments of Internal

Medicine and Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg,

Manitoba, Canada106. Infections Associated with

Urinary Catheters

Deborah J. Nicolls, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division

of Infectious DiseasesEmory University School of Medicine,

Atlanta, Georgia198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis

Ahmad R. Nusair, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine,

Infectious Disease DivisionMarshall University School of Medicine,

Huntington, West Virginia90. Infections in the Alcoholic

Judith A. O’Donnell, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesDrexel University College of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania64. Urinary Tract Infection

Anthony Ogedegbe, MDDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College,

New York, New York99. Differential Diagnosis and Management

of Opportunistic Infections Complicating HIV Infection

Todd D. Otteson, MDDivision of Pediatric OtolaryngologyChildren's Hospital of Pittsburgh,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania7. Sinusitis

Robert L. Owen, MDGastroenterology Section IICIDepartment of Veteran Affairs Medical

Center, San Francisco, California48. Gastroenteritis

Michael N. Oxman, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California, San Diego School

of Medicine, La Jolla, California182. Enteroviruses

Contributors xxxiii






Brandon Palermo, MD, MPHTemple University School of Medicine,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania60. Epididymo-Orchitis

George A. Pankey, MD, MACPDirector, Infectious Disease ResearchOchsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans,

Louisiana179. Miscellaneous Fungi and Algae

Monica Panwar, MD, MACPFellow in Infectious DiseasesOchsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans,

Louisiana95. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy

Infection

Georgios Pappas, MDInstitute of Continuing Medical Education

of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece 58. Urethritis and Dysuria

Peter G. Pappas, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Alabama School of Medicine,

Birmingham, Alabama176. Blastomycosis

Richard H. Parker, MDSection of Infectious DiseasesProvidence Hospital, Washington, D.C.68. Bursitis

Eleni Patrozou, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown

University School, Providence, Rhode Island

120. Bioterrorism

Thomas F. Patterson, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of

Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center

at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas204. Antifungal Therapy

Andrew T. Pavia, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine,

Salt Lake City, Utah49. Food Poisoning

Zbigniew S. Pawlowski, MD, DTMHProfessor Emeritus of Parasitic and

Tropical DiseasesPoznan University of Medical Sciences,

Poznan, Poland196. Tapeworms (Cestodes)

Carlos V. Paya, MD, PhDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota87. Infections in Transplant Patients

Richard D. Pearson, MDDepartments of Medicine and PathologyDivision of Infectious Diseases and

International HealthUniversity of Virginia Health System,

Charlottesville, Virginia200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases

Stephen I. Pelton, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyBoston University Schools of Medicine and

Public HealthChief, Section of Pediatric Infectious

DiseasesBoston Medical Center, Boston,

Massachusetts6. Otitis Media and Externa

Rosalie Pepe, MDDepartment of Infectious Diseases Cooper University Hospital, Camden,

New Jersey207. Antimicrobial Agent Tables

Kristine M. Peterson, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases and

International HealthUniversity of Virginia Health System,

Charlottesville, Virginia76. Intracranial Suppuration

Robert S. Pinals, MDDepartment of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical School,

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey

70. Polyarthritis and Fever

Roger J. Pomerantz, MD, FACPTibotecYardley, Pennsylvania205. Antiviral Therapy

xxxiv Contributors






clinical infectious disease -...

Documents