AMY LOFLEYCASE STUDY #2

Clinical Case Study: Acute Onset Heart Failure

Objectives

Overview of Acute Heart Failure Physiology Pathophysiology Treatment

Multidisciplinary team

Case Study Medical Hx Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Intervention Prognosis Conclusion

CLINICAL UPDATE

Acute Heart Failure

Normal Physiology

The heart pumps blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and bring back carbon dioxide and waste.

A normal heart is able to pump this blood effectively throughout the body.

http://filer.case.edu/dck3/heart/intro.html

Pathophysiology (1)

In heart failure the heart isn’t able to pump adequate blood supply to the rest of the body. This is indicated by a low ejection fraction and a high

B-natriuretic peptide (BNP). It does not mean that an individual has had a

heart attack or that the heart is no longer working.

The beginning stages of HF are usually asymptomatic and can progress if not treated.

http://www.annerporterco.com/is-your-heart-failure-systolic-diastolic-or-both.html

Pathophysiology

http://www.annerporterco.com/is-your-heart-failure-systolic-diastolic-or-both.html

Pathophysiology

http://oyiabrown.com/2013/03/20/

Stages of Heart Failure (2)

Classification of Heart Failure (1)

Class I – No undue symptoms associated with ordinary activity and no limitation of physical activity

Class II – Slight limitation of physical activity; patient comfortable at rest

Class III – Marked limitation of physical activity; patient comfortable at rest

Class IV – inability to carry out physical activity without discomfort; symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or chest pain at rest

Risk Factors

HypertensionDMCoronary Heart DiseaseLeft ventricular hypertrophy AgeDyslipidemia \ObesityAtherosclerosis

Practice Recommendations

Primary treatment Treated with IV lasix

Primary intervention MNT

Fluid restriction 1500 mg Na restriction

Evidence-Based Practice (3)

Referral to a RD for MNT when an individual has HF. An initial visit lasting 45 minutes and up to three planned follow up visits lasting 30 minutes to improve diet and quality of life.

Protein needs for patients are based on their nutrition status. Patients that are clinically stable but protein depleted should have at least 1.37 g/kg and patients with a normal nutrition status should have 1.12 g/kg actual body to preserve body composition and limit hypercatabolism.

Evidence-Based Practice (3)

Energy needs are best determined with indirect calorimetry but if not possible usual predictive equations should be used adjusting with increased needs for a catabolic state.

Fluid should be limited to between 1.4 and 1.9 L per day, depending on symptoms of edema, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Sodium intake should be limited to less than 2000 mg per day from AND and 1500 mg from the AHA.

Patients with HF should consume the DRI for folate, B6, and B12.

A multi-vitamin/mineral should be recommended that contains B12, B6 and folate.

Evidence-Based Practice (3)

Thiamine status should be monitored closely because of diuretic use. Encouraging the patient to consume the DRI of thiamine is important until further research is conducted.

Magnesium should be consumed at the DRI because of the increased risk for HF patients to have an irregular heart beat.

Multidisciplinary team

Physician Hospitalist Cardiologist

Registered Dietitian Nurses

PCT RN HF RN

Case Study

Mr. F

Age: YOM, Caucasian Presents to hospital with shortness of breath, weakness, and

chest pain

Medical Diagnosis Acute episode of heart failure UTI

Past Medical/Surgical/social History

Past Medical History Stage 4 CKD HTN UTI Hypothyroidism CHF Severe mitral

regurgitation Non-ST elevation

myocardial infarction with possible (A1)

Paroxysmal atrial fibrilation

Past Surgical History No significant hx

Social History Lives with wife at

home

Clinical Data

Physical Exam Appears to be at a

normal weight Resting comfortably in

the bed Stage 2 decubitus

ulcer on bottom Heels red Decreased appetite

Nutrition Assessment Height: 64 inches Weight: 68.9 kg No wt changes pta BMI: 26.07

Labs/Medications

Lab Lab Value Normal ValueAlbumin 2.6 3.5-5

Creatinine 1.7 .6-1.2 mg/dL

FSBS 94-106

Medications: lasix

Dietary data

According to patient, he follows a no added salt diet at home.

Nutrition Assessment

Calorie Needs 25-29 kcals/kg/d 1725-2000 kcals

neededFluid Needs

2000 mL Fluid Restriction

Protein Needs 1-1.2 g/kg/d 69-80 g needed

Nutrition diagnosis

Increased nutrient needs (protein/kcals) RT increased demands for wound healing AEB skin breakdown, delayed wound healing, decreased intake x 2 days.

Food and nutrition related knowledge deficit RT lack of prior diet education AEB lacks understanding of prescribed diet

Nutrition Intervention

PO intake at least 50% in 5 days.50% intake of supplement next 5 days.

Add berry magic cup BID and pb grahams BIDMaintain wt within 1 kg of 68.9 kg over next 5

days.Prevent further skin breakdown and help heal

decubitus ulcers next 5 days.Pt will identify high fat/chol/sodium foods

within the next 5 days.HF nutrition education to caregiver. Good

comprehension and expect good compliance

Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitor and evaluate: GI tolerance Labs PO intake Skin integrity and wound healing Weight Monitor 2 times weekly

Follow Up Assessment

Diet order: 1500 mg Na, 2000 FR

New PES: Inadequate oral intake RT decreased appetite AEB <50% PO intake.

PO intake 50-75%, < 240 ml fluid per meal

Assessment Wt. 54.9 kg No change in skin

noted

Tolerating food with no complaints

Labs Alb 2.6, Cr 1.9, FSBS

93-124Hospice is being

consultedGoal: Intake to meet

> 50% of needs next 3-4 days ( met and continue)

Monitor GI, labs, PO adequacy, skin and wt

Expected Outcomes

Prognosis is goodA full recovery from Acute episode of HF

should occur within the next week Wound healing will take time.

References

1. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Medical nutrition therapy for heart failure and transplant. Krause. 2008: 884-897.

2. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Case DE, et al. 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelins for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009; 53(15):1343-82.

3. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence Analysis Library. Available at: http://andevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=2800